FLOUTING THE MAXIM IN CONVERSATION AT ELLEN DEGENERES SHOW AND THE TONIGHT SHOW STARRING JIMMY FALLON THESIS Submitted to the Board of Examiners In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Literature Degree at English Literature Department by MARYATUL KIPYA NIM. AI 150311 ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI 2019
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FLOUTING THE MAXIM IN CONVERSATION AT ELLEN
DEGENERES SHOW AND THE TONIGHT SHOW STARRING JIMMY
FALLON
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiners
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
Literature Degree at English Literature Department
by
MARYATUL KIPYA
NIM. AI 150311
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2019
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iii
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v
MOTTO
(٧٠وقولوا قولا سديداا)يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الل
The Meaning:
“O you who have believed, fear Allah and speaks words of
appropriate justice.” (Q.S. Al-Ahzab:70)1
1The Noble Qur’an. (2016). Qur’an.com (Also Known as The Noble Qur’an, Al Quran,
Holy Quran, Koran). Retrieved from https://www.quran.com Accessed on April, 12th 2019 at
the daily activity. Also, give additional knowledge and information to those who
are interesting in this research especially give the contribution as to the English
Literature Department.
The second is theoretically significant. This significant provides the theory
of H. Paul Grice about maxim theory and theory of Geoffrey Leech about
Politeness principle that can be useful and it can be reference for helping the next
researcher who wants to analyze the same subject but a different point of view
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is one of the branches of Linguistics which focuses on
utterance meaning between speaker and hearer in doing conversation depends on
context, Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context
that are grammatical or encoded in the structure of a language.9 We have known
pragmatics is the study of utterance meaning which every utterance is unique
that speaker and hearer convey in getting the meaning.
Pragmatics deals with inference that listeners and readers make, or that-
when speaking or writing- they invite others to make. These inferences are often
conscious, so pragmatics tends to be easier to understand than semantics,
because the latter is about abstract potential meanings that are often best
described by means of notations drawn from logic and set theory.10It means that
pragmatics is the way speaker and hearer interprets to get the meaning and it
shows that there is a relationship between speaker and hearer with context while
taking the inference that is relevant in their utterance.
According to George Yule, pragmatics is the study about contextual
meaning.11 It can be defined that from what their saying both speaker and hearer
should convey the meaning from their conversation based on the additional
context that influences the content what they want to say.
9Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York, United States America: Cambrigdge
University Press.p9. 9Griffiths, P. (2006). An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.p.xi. 10Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.p.3.
8
2.2 Cooperative Principle
Speaker and hearer are involving in conversation to convey something
that they want to deliver to reach their purpose and to reach the purpose in the
conversation itself they should obey the rule of doing the conversion.
Conversation can be said successful if both obey the rule of conversation as long
as the conversation running well, but here in doing conversation people often
find the conversation trick, confuse. Even irrelevant with content what is talking
about with the speaker or hearer.
According to George Yule, in most circumstances, the assumption of
cooperation is so pervasive that it can be stated as a cooperative principle of
conversation and elaborated in four sub-principles, called maxim.12 It means that
every situation while doing conversation the cooperation should be applied due
to the influence in doing conversation is too much.
Interlocutors would exchange the idea what is in their mind in order to
make the inference easier to be understood and sometimes theidea that comes in
their mind will be unconscious said with contrast meaning to state what they
assume in getting the inference, as H. Paul Grice stated, Make your
conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by
the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged.13 The contribution that speaker and hearer should do here is they can
cooperate as it is required when they are conversing.
2.3 Grice Maxim’s of conversation
Maxim is a statement which should be truthful in conducting the
conversation. In short, maxim can be understood as the rule of conversation that
should be obeyed during the conversations. It is necessary to make the
successful communication in order to make the content of the communication
itself makes sense in taking the inference, Maxim itself can lead the good
conversation and avoid the misunderstanding. According to H. Paul Grice
12Ibid, p.37
13Grice, P. Op.cit.,p.26
9
proposed that: There are certain default assumptions about how conversation
works. He stated these in the form of a general cooperative principle and several
specific sub-principles which he labeled “maxim”.14
Below the four maxims as follow:
1. Maxim of Quality
Grice’s formulation of the maxim Quality is composed of the following
two sub-maxims:
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
It means that in conversation speaker should be responsible the truth what
we have to say to other by giving enough evidence before giving the statement
2. Maxim of Quantity
Grice’s formulation of the maxim of Quantity has two parts:
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current
purposes of the exchange.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
In this maxim speaker is asked to give enough information not to over
or less when giving the information because it can be useless by widespread the
information that is not required during the conversation
3. Maxim of Relation
The maxim of relation is sometimes called the Maxim of Relevance, because it
is composed of only the following two-word dictum:
Be Relevant.
This maxim conveys that the rule in conversation which speaker should
give a relevance topic in conversing not to give that irrelevant that make a bit
difficult to catch what have been conversing during the conversation.
1. Maxim of Manner
14Kroeger, P. R. (2018). Analyzing Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics and
Pragmatics (Textbooks in Language Sciences 5). Berlin: Language Science Press.p.142
10
The last of Grice’s maxim is also, ironically, the least straightforward. This
maxim, the maxim of manner, states:
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
Be orderly.
This maxim deals if speaker should not be obscure, brief and be order in
conveying the conversation to avoid the flouting the maxim of manner while
conversing.
2.4 Non-Observance Maxim
People do not always follow the maxim while conversing, sometimes
people intentionally do not apply the maxim in every conversation. As Grice
clarifies people may fail to observe a maxim because, for example they are
incapable of speaking clearly or because they deliberately choose to lie.15 Thus
non-observance maxim became the way to violate the maxim, there are five
ways to failing observe the maxim:
1. Flouting Maxim
Grice explains the flouting the maxim is a situation which a speaker
blatantly fails to observe a maxim, where speaker here wants hearer to look
for other meaning in its utterance.
2. Violating a Maxim
Grice explains violation very specifically as ostentatious non
observance of a maxim, if a speaker violates a Maxim she or he will be liable
to mislead, violating maxim happens when a speaker wants to tell something
true and honest for conveying flam or something that interlocutor hides it.
15Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S.
Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.p.64
11
3. Infringing a Maxim
Thomas explains that infringing maxim could occur because the
speaker has an imperfect command of the language (a young, child, or a
foreign learner), the speaker’s performance is impaired in some way,
infringing maxim happens because speaker gives incapable of speaking.
4. Opting out a Maxim
Thomas explains a speaker opts out of observing a maxim by indicating
unwillingness to cooperate in the way the maxim requires. Opting out a
maxim frequently occurs in public life, when the speaker cannot, perhaps for
the legal or ethical reasons, reply in the way normally expected.
5. Suspending a Maxim
According to Thomas suspensions of the maxims may be culture-
specific or specific to particular events. Suspending maxim happens when
some words or inappropriate sentence or in other word “taboo”.
2.5 Flouting the maxim
As Grice’s theory about conversation, we have to obey the four maxims
to make our communication being successful but sometimes people do not
always follow the rule and they flout the maxim. Flouting the maxim is type of
non-observance maxim that occurred in conversation which meant in a
pragmatic and discourse a resource book for student,” when speaker appears not
to follow the maxim but expect hearer to appreciate the meaning implied, as in
the case of dress shop assistant, the romantic date and the chilly room, we say
that they are ‘flouting’ the maxims.16
Flouting maxim is also ignoring the rule in cooperative principle either
conscious or unconscious to flout the conversation while conversing. A flout
16Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse:A Resource Book for Students. London
and New York: Routledge.p.51 16Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S.
Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.p.65
12
occurs when a speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim at the level of what is
said, with the deliberate intention of generating an implicature.17
Flouting the maxim is one of the non-observance who only can make the
speaker create a deliberate choice without depends on maxims that always obey,
thus in cooperative principle may be broken by the participant of conversation.
Therefore, there are four types flouting the maxims as follow:
1. Flouting Quantity
The speaker flouts the maxim due to give too little and too much
information to the hearer. Thus either speaker or hearer cannot do that to avoid
the broader information that can be useless in conversation.
Example:
A: How are we getting there?
B: Well, we’re getting there in Dave’s car.18
In this dialogue, B blatantly gives less information than A needs, thereby
generating the implicature that A will not be traveling with them. It could be
analyzed as the flouting maxim of Quantity.
2. Flouting Quality
The speaker may flout the maxim due to in lack adequate of evidence. It
happens during the conversation when speaker cannot give appropriate evidence
or enough evidence about something that she/he is trying to deliver to
interlocutor. Therefore, speaker may flout this flouting quality.
Example:
The speaker was Lady Lucinda Lambton and she was talking about
John Patten, who at the time was Secretary of State for Education.
“I lived in the same house as that man for three years and he’s the
man I hate most in all the world. In all my greasy past, he is the
biggest grease spot”.19
18 Ibid, p.69 19 Ibid, p.68
13
It is patiently false that John Patten is a grease spot. Lucinda Lambton does
not appear to be trying to make us believe that John Patten is a grease spot. So, in
this instance the speaker is unable simultaneously to observe the maxim of
Quality. From the example above, it shows us how flouting quality is flouted by
observing the evidence during the conversation itself.
3. Flouting Relation
Flouting relation occurs when speaker gives irrelevant topic in
conversation so that is why the interlocutor cannot get appropriate inference in
doing conversation.
Example:
I finished working on my face. I grabbed my bag and a coat. I told my
mother I was going out… She asked me where I was going. I repeated
myself. ‘Out’.20
In this example, the speaker, Olivia, makes a response that is truthful,
clear, and which does answer her mother’s question. What it does not do is
address her mother’s goal in asking the question: her mother can see that Olivia is
going out, what she want to know is where she is going. It shows how flouting
goes when both speaker and hearer cannot give relevant topic that makes quite
difficult to get an inference inthe conversation.
4. Flouting Manner
Those who flout the maxim of manner, appearing to be obscure, are often
trying to exclude a third party. Flouting manner happens when speaker conveys
the information unclear, ambiguity to be understood, and give prolix statement
along conversation.
Example:
A: where are you off to?
20Ibid, p.70
14
B: I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for
somebody.
A: ok, but don’t be long-dinner’s nearly ready.21
B speaks in an ambiguous way, saying ‘that funny white stuff’ and
‘somebody’, because he is avoiding saying ‘ice-cream’ and ‘Michele’, so that his
little daughter does not become excited and ask for the ice-cream before her
meal. Sometimes writers play with words to heighten the ambiguity, in order to
make the point. From the explanation given to the example above that flouting
manner happened obviously to exclude the third party where A plays the obscure
word to B who cannot understand because the ambiguous way to exclude the
third party that played by A in that conversation.
2.6 The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim
Someone who flouts the maxim definitely having a way to flout, Inflouting
the maxim there are some strategies that can be used by the participant of
communication in many various ways. Grice in Levinson’s book states that the
use of flouting maxim causes many of the traditional ‘figures of speech’ and
figures of speech as the effect of flouting the maxim.22 Grundy states that
rhetorical strategies have been considered flouting the Gricean maxims,23 so here
rhetorical strategies are the strategies that are used by the participant in flouting
the maxim.
According to Grundy, rhetorical strategies include tautology,
overstatement, understatement, metaphor, rhetorical question and irony.24
Therefore in this research, rhetorical strategies are used as the strategies for
flouting the maxim. Some strategies are expressed as follow:
21Cutting, J. Op.cit., p. 39
22Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York, United States America: Cambridge
University Press.p.109.
23Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics (2nd Edition ed.). New York, United States of
America: Oxford University Press Inc.p.76
24 Ibid, p.76-77
15
1. Tautology
According to Grundy, tautology as an expression used frequently to express a
complex meaning in easier way.25
As a conventionalized tautology turned idiom, therefore in the conversation
tautology appears in the frequency of usage, the meaning of an expression
becomes more idiomatic.
An example of tautology is ‘boys will be boys.’ in this example ‘boys’ is used
frequently used to express if a male person, child, adult will behave as a boy
behave similarly.
2. Overstatement
According to Leech, overstatement can be considered as Hyperbole and it
refers to a case where the speaker’s description is stronger than actual state of
affairs.It is kind of figures of speech. As the term ‘hyper’ means over or above,
speaker can flout the maxim by exaggerating his/her statement as in hyperbole.
An example of overstatement is ‘I could eat a horse, I am starving to death,
and I am dying of hunger Instead of saying I am hungry, some speakers choose to
flout the maxim by exaggerating the fact, exaggerating here is a form of
overstatement.26
3. Understatement
Understatement can be said as litotes, understatement is different from
overstatement. According to Levinson, understatement describes something
weaker than the actual state of affairs.27 Besides, understatement is used in
criticism. It criticizes someone by showing negative expression.
Another example of criticism is ‘this is not a man who would have been
natural member of liberal democrats’ it can be seen this is not a man giving a
negative expression.
25 Ibid, p.127
26Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pramatics. New York, United States of America:
Lonman Inc.p.145. 26Ibid 27Levinson, S. C, Op.cit., p.148
16
4. Metaphor
Another way to flout the maxim is using metaphor. According to interaction
theory, metaphor happens when ‘metaphorical’ expression is embedded ‘literal’
expression.28 In short, metaphorical expression can change the meaning to the
literal expression by describing a person or object in literary way referring to
something that have similar characteristic to the object that is trying to describe.
An example of metaphor by saying ‘my house is a refrigerator in January,
refrigerator here is metaphorical expression that can the meaning of house. It
emphasizes that house is not merely a place, it gives another meaning that house is
a very cold place which same characteristic to refrigerator.
5. Rhetorical question
Rhetorical question is a rhetorical strategy in which question is used to
make a statement, not to get an answer. According to Meriam Webster, Rhetorical
question is not a question about the art about the art of speaking effectively; it is
aquestion that is asked for effect, rather than from a desire to know the answer.29
6. Irony
According to Leech irony is a seemingly friendly way of being way offensive
(mock-politeness).30 In addition, cutting states that by using irony, a speaker
expresses a positive sentiment but implies a negative one.31 It can be understood
that irony expresses something friendly but it will give another meaning being
offensive expression.
An example of irony is if a student comes down to breakfast one morning
and says “if only you knew how much I love being woken up at 4 pm by a fire
alarm’, she is being ironic and expecting her friend to know that she means the
opposite.
28 Merriam Webster Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from http:// www.Meriam-Webster.com
on November 15, 2018
29 Leech, G. N. Op.cit.,p.144. 30 Cutting, J. Op.cit., p. 38
17
2.7 The politeness Principle
Politeness concerns a relationship between self and other, in conversation
self itself identified with the speaker while other identified with hearer, beside that
the speaker also shows politeness to the third party who may be present or not in
conversation, so politeness here still has the correlation with cooperative principle
because it happens in conversation. The Politeness principle (PP) is introduced by
Geoffrey Leech; Leech has proposed an independent pragmatic principle, to
function alongside the co-operative principle, which he calls the politeness
principle.
Leech proposes for the generation of implicatures via the politeness
principle is similar to that proposed by Grice for the co-operative principle.32 Each
principle is accompanied by a set of more specific maxims.
1. The Tact maxim
The tact maxim is oriented towards the hearer and has positive and
negative sub-maxims:
Minimize cost to the hearer.
Maximize benefit to the hearer.
impositives, that is, utterances which have the function of getting the
hearer to do something (the term impositive includes commands, requests,
beseechments, etc.). We can roughly order impositives in terms of the cost to the
hearer, greatest cost first:
Lend me your wife, Wash the dishes, Pass the salt, Say Ah, Have
another sandwich, Have a nice weekend.
Form the tact maxim explanation above, briefly we can understand that
speaker should hold on the principle to always ease his own profits and maximize
the benefits of other in conversation.
32Cruse, D. A. (2000). Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and
Pragmatic. (E. V. Keith Brown, Ed.) United Stats: Oxford University Press Inc.p.363.
18
2. The modesty maxim
The modesty maxim is the natural partner of the previous one, being
oriented towards the speaker, with the relevant 'values' reversed:
Minimize praise of self.
Maximize dispraise of self.
Praising oneself is inherently impolite, so negative politeness here is a
matter of toning down self-congratulation:
A: You did brilliantly!
B: Yes, didn't I?33
From the explanation above that modesty maxim which is center in our
selves, the participants are expected to be humble by reducing praise for
themselves.
3. The agreement maxim
The final two maxims do not form a pair. This is not, as Leech claims,
because they do not involve bipolar scales (at least one of them does), but because
they are inherently relational in a way that the others are not. That is to say,
agreement is a relation between the opinions of the speaker and those of the
hearer. This maxim is simply:
Minimize disagreement with the hearer.
Maximize agreement with the hearer.
The sub-maxims are not clearly distinct. A typical strategy is to begin with
partial agreement before expressing disagreement:
A: She should be sacked immediately. We can't tolerate unpunctuality.
B: I disagree.34
From the example above, we can see that B’s statement does not follow
the agreement from A’s statement which true opposites with the rule of the
agreement maxim.
33Ibid, p.365 34Ibid, p.366
19
4. The sympathy maxim
Sympathy is again a matter of a relation between speaker and hearer, andcannot,
therefore, be differentially speaker-or hearer-oriented:
Maximize sympathy (expression of positive feelings) towards the
hearer.
Minimize antipathy (expression of negative feelings) towards the
hearer.
As Leech points out, this maxim renders congratulations and
commiserationsor condolences inherently polite acts. However, once again, it
seems we canspeak of implicatures of politeness only if a discrepancy can be
intuitedbetween what the speaker says and what he or she feels.
5. The Consideration maxim
Leech presents the consideration maxim as a separate principle (the
PollyannaPrinciple), with, in my opinion, very little justification, as it works just
like theother maxims:
Minimize the hearer's discomfort/displeasure.
Maximize the hearer's comfort/pleasure.
Negative politeness under this maxim involves the softening, by variousdevices,
of references to painful, distressing, embarrassing or shocking events,facts, or
things, etc. For instance, if someone's husband has recently died, it ismore polite
to say / was sorry to hear about your husband than / was sorry to hear about your
husband's death, as the latter highlights the distressing event to a greater degree.
In short, the consideration maxim here is to consider speaker’s feeling, do not
make his or her feeling more displeased in an unpleased atmosphere.
6. The Generosity maxim
The generosity maxim is a sister to the tact maxim, and is oriented towards
Costs and benefits to the speaker:
Minimize benefit to self.
Maximize cost to self.
20
This maxim works in a way parallel to that of the tact maxim, except that
theeffects are reversed. So, for instance, offers to do something which
involvesbenefit to her hearer, but cost to the speaker must be made as directly as
possible for politeness.
a. Let me wash the dishes.
b. I was wondering if I could possibly wash the dishes.35
Both A and B above are the example which statement from the participant
if A and B minimize benefit and maximize cost to self by offering to do
something in purpose to respect other
7. The Praise maxim
The maxims of praise and modesty form another natural duo, concerned, in
this case, with the expression of positive or negative opinions about speaker or
hearer. The maxim of praise is oriented towards the hearer, and goes as follows:
Minimize dispraise of the hearer.
Maximize praise of the hearer.
As usual, negative politeness is the more crucial, hence the first sub-
maxim isthe more likely to be brought into play. The effect is to tone down any
criticism or not favourable comment:
A: Do you like my new dress?
B: *No.
Well, yes, but it's not my favourite.36
The effect of the second sub-maxim is to exaggerate praise:
Thank you somuch for inviting us. We had an absolutely wonderful
time!
From those explanations, in these talk shows it can be happened during
the conversation between speaker and hearer and definitely happened in side of
politeness as Leech propose in Politeness Principle, so it is why cooperative
principle go in same way through the conversation that shows politeness principle.
35Ibid, p.365 36Ibid, p.364
21
2.6 Review of Related Literature
In this research, there are few of previous researchers who do the same
research about flouting the maxim but have difference focus in talk show and
object.
Firstly, Faridah. 2016. Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main
Characters in LIE To ME Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters
Department Faculty of Humanities, the researcher used the theory of flouting the
maxim by Grice and used descriptive qualitative method.37 The result of the
research that there are 30 flouting maxims of data, they are 9 maxim of quantity, 7
maxims of quality, 9 maxims of relevance and 5 maxims of manner.
Secondly, Yanthi Monica Saragi. 2016. Flouting Maxim in Conversational
Implicature in The Ellen DeGeneres Show Talk Show. Thesis of English Literature
student, Faculty of Language and Arts, The researcher used the theory of flouting
the maxim by Grice and used descriptive qualitative method. The result of
research shows that in the forms of description of the embodiment and objective
of the flouting of cooperative principle Ellen DeGeneres Show. There are two
types of implicatures found; they are generalized conversational implicature and
particularized conversational implicature. The results show that every type of
maxim is violated by the participant. There are only two maxims which are
flouted in generalized conversational implicature those are maxim quantity and
quality and there are only two maxim which are flouted in particularized
conversational maxim those are maxim relevance and maxim manner and there
are four functions of flouting the maxim those are changing the subject, giving
information, explaining and entertaining.38
Thirdly, Robiatul Adawiyah. 2016. Flouting the Maxim Used By the Main
Characters in “FOCUS” Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters
37Faridah. (2016). Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main Characters in LIE To Me
Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana
Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. 38Saragi, Yanthi Monica. (2016). Flouting Maxim in Conversational Implicature in The
Ellen DeGeneres Show. English Literature, Faculty of Language and Arts. The State University of
Surabaya.
22
Department Faculty of Humanities, the researcher used the theory of flouting the
maxim by Grice and used descriptive method. The research shows that there are
four type of flouting the maxim done by the main character of “FOCUS” movie
namely flouting maxim of quality, quantity, relevance and manner.39
From review of literature above, it is clearly that this research has
difference and similarity. these thesis use the same theory from H. Paul Grice with
writer uses in this research, but these thesis highly focus on generate implicature
that become the result of the research while the writer here also uses the same
theory in analysis what are the types, besides also analyze the strategiesby Peter
Grundy theory and how flouting the maxim not only employ in cooperative
principle but also in side of politeness principle by Geofrey Leech theory in the
talk show by using two talk shows as the object of the research.
39Adawiyah, R. (2016). Flouting Maxim Used By Main Characters in “FOCUS” Movie.
English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana Malik Ibrahim State
Islamic University of Malang.
23
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Design of Research
Method is the way how we accomplish the problem to get the answer from
the problem. In this case, method itself is used to help the writer to support the
theory as appropriate as possible to the object that would be analyzed. In writing
this thesis, the writer uses qualitative research and descriptive method that is fit
with the aim of this research in analyzing the problem. Qualitative research is
concerned with the systematic collection, ordering, description and interpretation
of textual data generated from talk, observation or documentation.40 It means that
qualitative research is study that involves the aspect of pragmatics which in doing
this research is conducting the systematic way to analyze the data, the writer in
favor about qualitative research explanation above, to get the data that is
generated from talk same as the object of that writer chose.
According to Taylor at all The phrase qualitative methodology refers in the
broadest sense to research that produces descriptive data—people’s own written
or spoken words and observable behavior.41 The writer conduct the research based
on pragmatics side where it can be viewed by observing how speaker and hearer
interacts in communicating to get the goal in the communication, hence the writer
assumes that this method is suitable for helping to conduct this research relating
flouting the maxim that would be analyzed because it really relates with the
interaction we might find in behavior of person in conducting the communication
as the writer chooses object of this research is talk show, the writer want to
analyze what is going on that flouting maxim happened influencing the behavior
of each person in talk show.
40Simon C Kitto, J. C. Quality in qualitative research. Criteria for authors and assessors
in the submission and assessment of qualitative research article for the Medical Journal
Australia,p.188- 243.
40Steven J. Taylor, R. B. (2016).introduction to Qualitative Research Method A
Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition ed.). New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.p.7.
24
According to Walliman Qualitative research is practised in
many disciplines, so a range of data collection method has
been devised to cater for the varied requirements of the
different subjects, such as: qualitative interviewing, focus
groups, participant, discourse and conversation analysis
and analysis of texts and documents.42
Creswell states Qualitative Research Begins with assumptions, a world view, the
possible use of theoretical lens, and the study of research problems inquiring into
the meaning individuals or group ascribe to a social or human problem.43 Based
on this statement it describes if data obviously are taken from the social
phenomenon which the writer finds how the language generates the meaning
Based on this statement it describes if data obviously are taken from the social
phenomenon which the writer finds how the language generates the meaning
inverted of the communication that created by individual or group.
By using qualitative, this research designs the data into form of descriptive
method that generates the data from the dialog of conversation between speaker
and hearer. The writer uses descriptive method to describe the data that is found
which the writer is ready to analyze, therefore the writer uses descriptive method
in analyzing the data as Creswell stated:
Descriptive method relies on observations as a mean of
collecting data. It attempts to examine situations in order
to establish what the norm is. The important point is that
the observations are written down or recorded in some
way, in order that they can be subsequently analyzed. It is
important that the data so collected are organized and
presented in a clear and systematic way, so that the
analysis can result in valid and accurate conclusion.44
42Walliman, N. (2011). RESEARCH METHODS the basics. New York: Routledge, p.131.
43Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY & RESEARCH DESIGN Choosing
Among Five Approaches (Second ed.). California: Sage Publication, Inc.p 37. 44Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY & RESEARCH DESIGN.California:
Sage Publication, Inc.
25
From the quotation above, descriptive method in this research show that
writer is analyzing the data with systematic way which the writer interprets and
analyzes involving the data that make sense with qualitative data, thus the data
collected in systematic to get obvious data.
The definition above the writer agreed with Taylor Walliman and Creswell
stated if in this research the writer gets the data by observing the language that
produces the conversation which generates aspect of pragmatics and from this
method the writer can observe the social phenomenon based on the phenomenon
of language in spoken.
3.2 Source of Data
Source of data is the major of data that is used the writer to answer the
problem easily, while in conducting the research source of data is taken from the
primary data, therefore in this research the writer only uses the primary data.
According to Ajayi in journal of Advance Statistical Method in Education:
Primary data is one which is collected for the first time by
the researcher while secondary data is the data already
collected or produced by others. There are many
differences between primary and secondary data, which
are discussed in this work. But the most important
difference is that primary data is factual and original
whereas secondary data is just the analysis and
interpretation of the primary data.45
From the statement above the primary of data in this research is the
original data that writer uses is video from YouTube channel. The Talk Shows are
Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in
YouTube channel. These talk shows are hosted by Ellen DeGeneres and Jimmy
Fallon which are the popular host in America, andthe writer takes some episodes
that are selected at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy
Fallon, then the writer chooses 3 episodes of each two talk shows to make the
research balance as main data that would be analyzed.
45Ajayi, V. O. (2017, september). Advance Statistical Methods in Education. Primary
Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data , p.2.
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3.3 Technique of Data Collection
Technique of data collection used to avoid an inaccurate data while doing
the research thus to get the valid data writer uses documentation technique as the
method to be processed by collecting data. Data collection is about asking,
watching, and reviewing.46 That is true the research in the procedure of collecting
the data, the writer doing the research by watching to gain the data to answer the
problem.
The writer uses documentation technique as Arikunto stated,
“Dokumentasi adalah mencari dan mengumpulkan data mengenai hal-hal yang
berupa catatan, transkip, buku, surat kabar, majalah, notulen, rapot, agenda dan
sebagainya.”47 From that statement it is obviously that in collecting the data the
writer collect the data by observing and identifying the subtitle that showed from
the video.In conducting the research the writer interprets the data in purpose to get
the data that have some steps that writer done:
First, the writer watching the Talk Show in some episodes that writer
selected to be the object of the data repeatedly, to get more understanding what is
the contain or purpose that are delivered at Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show and The
Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Second, the writer marks the data that
containing flouting the maxim during the interview or talk session at Ellen
DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Third, the writer
captures the subtitle of dialog in the picture as a form that shows data at Talk
Shows. Fourth, the writer identifies the data from subtitle that has been available
in Talk Show. Last, is classifying the data and making comparison the data that
writer has found. After the data completed, the writer processes the data to be
analyzed in this research.
46Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research A Guide to Design and Implementation.
San Fransisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.p.85. 46Arikunto, S. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Bina Aksara.p.158.
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3.4 Technique of Data Analysis
Analyzing the data is very crucial activity in this research, where the data
is processed through the information that will be concluded. Data analysis is a
dynamic and creative process. Throughout analysis, researchers attempt to gain a
deeper understanding of what they have studied and to continually refine their
interpretations.48 It means in analyzing the data, the writer processes to complete
the research by adding their own interpretation to get deeply understanding.
To support the data, the writer also uses another method in analysis the
data, the method is constant comparative. As Taylor and Bogdanstated “The
constant comparative method is used by the researcher to develop concepts from
the data by coding and analyzing at the same time.”49 Constant comparative
method shows that by using this method involved two or more variable that would
be compared in the research. Thus, the writer not only use descriptive to describe
the data but also use comparative to compare and to develop each feature of data.
To analyze the data, the writer doing some steps, following steps are:
1. Watching
The writer watches the talk shows repeatedly to get deeper understanding
in taking the data from Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring
Jimmy Fallon.
2. Marking
The writer marks the subtitle in this video that is used as the data that has
been watched to another paper from the talk shows Ellen DeGeneres Show and
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
3. Capturing
The writer captures the picture from the video because in these talk shows
do not use the script, therefore the pictures contain the subtitle in these talk from
the dialog of the picture in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show
48Steven J. Taylor, R. B. (2016). introduction to Qualitative Research Method A
Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition ed.). New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.p.169.
48Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/307632469 on December 12th