CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of The Research Language is very important thing in human life. Language is everywhere it permeates our thoughts, mediates our relations with others, and even creeps into our dreams. Most human knowledge and culture is stored and transmitted in a language which is so ubiquitous that we take it for granted and without it, however, society as we now know it would be impossible. Any aspects of life do not far from the language to be the tools of communication. By using language, people can bring them into the relationship among the environment. Besides that, people can explore their thought and their want to their society. When two or more people communicate each other in speech, of course they use language it self. Language has its own definitions, according to Sapir (1921:8): “Language is a purely
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Research
Language is very important thing in human life. Language is
everywhere it permeates our thoughts, mediates our relations with others,
and even creeps into our dreams. Most human knowledge and culture is
stored and transmitted in a language which is so ubiquitous that we take it
for granted and without it, however, society as we now know it would be
impossible. Any aspects of life do not far from the language to be the tools
of communication. By using language, people can bring them into the
relationship among the environment. Besides that, people can explore their
thought and their want to their society. When two or more people
communicate each other in speech, of course they use language it self.
Language has its own definitions, according to Sapir (1921:8): “Language is
a purely human and non- instinctive method of communicating ideas,
emotions, and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”. It means
that to produce some language to be communicated is using the terms of
ideas, emotion and desire, but the most inherently particular in
communication is the idea it self and there are many systems of voluntarily
produced symbols that it only counts as language in what the human feels to
be an extended sense of the word “language”.
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“Language can be defined as general system of sounds used to link sound using words and sentences to meaning (Finegan&Besnier 1989, p.1)”.
It means that by using the sounds, human being can make their
meaning of communication as the sign of what they are feeling and how
they are feeling to their society. As the definitions that stated, it can be
concluded that language has important role in the human activities, as it can
be seen many people can explore their mind and thought by using their own
language through many media. It can be spoken or written form. Now days,
people can give their own opinion of something or describe something
through mass media. Mass media is one of tools how people give and
describe their mind through written form.
Beth (2007) states that mass media are any medium used to transmit
mass communication. It means that mass media is a medium that transform
any information that needed by the people among the world. It can be
politic, health, science, education, etc. Through mass media people can
communicate easily with their environments. Until recently mass media was
clearly defined and was comprised of the eight mass media industries;
Books, Newspapers, Magazines, and Recordings, Radio, Movies, Television
and The Internet. Talking about newspaper, it must be known the definition
of it first. A newspaper is regularly scheduled publication containing news,
information, and advertising, usually printed on relatively inexpensive, low-
grade paper such as newsprint. There are many kinds of newspapers that can
be found, such as: Spot, Headline, Column, and Editorial.
thematization, expressing the newsworthiness of information, etc.), or more
simply, the rhetorical structure of a text. What is a subordinate clause? What
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is an independent clause? These are the kinds of questions that deal with the
textual element of meaning. Systemic functional grammar deals with all of
these areas of meaning equally and within the grammatical system itself.
In SFG, text is the basis of its analysis. The meaning of text is
composed of functional meaning components and has to be understood in
relation to its context. It is inseparable from its context of culture and
context of situation. Semiotic system, the fundamental element in analyzing
language based on SFG, starts from the abstract systems to the concrete
ones. They are ideology, genre, register, text structure, texture covering
cohesion and lexicogrammar, phonology and graphology.
B. Understanding of Context of Situation (Register)
Register or context of situation refers to the social condition to which
a certain meaning is made. The existence of a text can not be separated from
context. On the other hand, we can say that context is in text. Text is defined
as “the socially and contextually complete unit of language” (Kress,
1993:24 as cited in Emilia, 2005) while context refers to “something that
woven together” (Emilia, 2007) that this something refers to “those
elements that accompany text” (Christie & Misson, 1998 in Emilia, 2005). It
is the connection between text and its context which happen to be the
concern of systemic linguistics. This is appropriate with what has been
suggested by Eggins (2004:87) who states “Systemic linguistics is interested
in exploring just how context gets into text”. That is how language uses
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changes depending upon the situation. At this point, context of situation can
be classified into three variables: field, tenor and mode.
Field, as suggested by Gerot (1994:11), “refers to what is going on”
or the on going activity (Halliday, 1975). It deals with the status of social
activity and subject matter. To this, we are likely to ask in what social
circumstance a certain activity occurs/ensued/comes about. Tenor is
oriented to “the social relationship” (1994, 2000) or “role relationship”
between interact ants (Halliday, 1975; Eggins 1994). The subject to be
discussed in tenor is ranging from status of power (i.e. hierarchic relations),
degree of affective/emotional value (i.e. like or dislike) and the value of
contact (i.e. frequency, duration and intimacy) (Gerot, 1994: 11).
Ultimately, mode has to do with the symbolic channel through which
communication is carried out. That is whether the language is used in
spoken (action) or written communication (reflection). The existence of
context of situation results in the easiness of envisaging the meanings that
are likely to be exchanged and the language likely to be used. Halliday
(1994) notes that while people are communicating they make predictions by
using the values of field, tenor and mode to understand register and that
their assessment facilitates their own participation. The three variables of
register above are contextual elements for realizing semantic meanings
(metafunction) in a form of lexicogrammar wording. These three work on
together to make the texture of a text. The following diagram shows the
relationship between context, meanings and lexicogrammar:
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Figure 1 the relationship between context, meanings and wordings (lexicogrammar) (see Gerot, 1994:13)
The explanation of Figure 1 above relies on the bi-directionality
between meaning and text, also meaning and context. The interpretation
may move to the left, meaning to context or to the right, meaning to text.
Halliday in Eggins (2004, 111) elaborate those connections by this way:
The field of a text can be associated with the realization of ideational meaning; these ideational meanings are realized through the Transitivity and Clause Complex patterns o the grammar.
The mode of a text can be associated with the realization of textual meanings; these textual meanings are realized through the theme patterns of the grammar.
The tenor of a text can be associated with the realizations of interpersonal meanings; these interpersonal meanings are realized through the Mood patterns of the grammar.
C. Understanding of Tenor
Tenor refers to the negotiation of social relationship among
participants. Within register, it is the projection of interpersonal meaning,
and so it is realized primarily through the interpersonal metafunction in
language (Martin, 1992). Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan in Jones et. al
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(1989) state that, “Tenor refers to the nature of the relationship between the
participants and includes an understanding of the roles and status within the
social and linguistic context” (p. 12). This aspect predicts the interpersonal
metafunction.
In relation to interpersonal function, Halliday (1985) states that
“Interpersonal meaning is meaning as a form of action: the speaker of writer
doing something to the listener of reader by means of language. The
interpersonal function of the clause is that enhancing roles in rhetorical
interaction: statement, question, offer and command, together with
accompanying modality” (p. 53).
In the level of grammar, tenor is realized by MOOD (Martin, 1992).
Santosa (1994) argues that MOOD has a function to know whether the
clause is indicative: interrogative or declarative, or imperative. Meanwhile,
in the clause, tenor is realized through mood. This mood is used to see the
meaning of clause, whether the clause is proposition of proposal.
Proposition is the semantic function of a clause in the exchange of
information whereas proposal relates to the exchange of goods and service.
In this case, subject and finite have an important role informing constituent,
Mood. Beside, through finite we could see modality.
In realizing the relationship between participants in the text, tenor is
concerned with the semiotic of relationships which mediates along three
aspects, namely, status, contact and affect (Martin, 1992). Status refers to
the relative position of interlocutors in a culture’s social hierarchy. This
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aspect could be known through modulation system to show whether the
relation is vertical or horizontal. Contact refers to the degree of institutional
involvement with each other to know the degree of language difficulty used
by the writer. This can be realized through clause system, nominal
complexity, familiarities of technical terms, and metaphor system (Santosa,
1994a). Then, affect refers to as the “degree of emotional charge” in the
relationship between participants (Martin, 1992) or “degree of judgements”
between participants (Santosa, 1994b). Affect is like a stereo system that
can be turned on or off and balanced between speakers (both off, one on,
both on) and whose volume can be adjusted to normal listening levels or
turned on really loud when the occasion desires. As far as content form is
concerned, amplification is achieved largely through interaction-effectual
meanings are repeated until the appropriate volume is realized (Martin,
1982).
D. Clause System
In Systematic Functional Grammar, a clause is the highest
grammatical unit, because it expresses the meaning of text. Halliday (1985a:
xxi) argues the term ‘clause’ as:
“Grammatically, where the action is; and within that, the fundamental unit of organization is the clause. It should be remembered that in Functional Grammar (where the terminology is on the whole more consistent), a clause is the same unit whether it is functioning alone (as a simple sentence) or as part of a clause complex (a compound/ complex sentence)”.
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This argument shows that a clause is the fundamental unit of
organization where a process goes on grammatically and it also shows that a
clause, in some cases, is the same as a sentence.
Within Systemic Functional Grammar, a clause is divided into two,
minor and major clause.
a. Minor Clause
A clause with incomplete constituents, having no mood and
thematic structure and no transitivity but having rhetorical function,
refers to a minor clause (Santosa, 1992, 16).
For instance: no smoking
b. Major Clause
A clause with complete constituents, having mood, thematic
structure, transitivity and rhetorical function, refers to major clause.
Within a major clause, there are two kinds of clauses, simplex and
complex.
(i) Clause Simplex
Clause simplex is a clause which performs one process.
Thus, it is a single clause without any expansion of meaning,
interdependency, i.e. ‘Elis studied English’. The example shows
one process ‘study’.
(ii) Clause Complex
In contrast, clause complex identifies more than one
process. Semantically, clause complex consists of two or more
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clauses, i.e. ‘Mother went to the market to buy some rice’. This
interprets that that there are two processes, namely, ‘went’ and
‘buy’. Consequently, this clause could be classified as a clause
complex.
Halliday (1985a) suggests that in the clause relationship,
clause complex has two distinct sets of types, namely a) Type of
Interdependency and b) the Logico-semantic relation.
a) The Type of Interdependency
The interdependency consists of two relations, namely,
modifying relation which is generally called hypotaxis or the
relation between a dependent element and its dominant. They can
be treated as ‘unequal’. The other is the relation between element
of ‘equal’ status which is called parataxis. The hypotaxis
structures will be represented by the Greek letter notation, i.e. , ,
3. Analyzing the clause system of the data according to each type: minor,
simplex or complex clause, then counting up the frequency the three
kinds of clauses.
4. Analyzing mood structure of each clause to know whether it is
proposition or proposal and MOOD system of each clause to know the
clause whether it is interrogative, declarative or imperative clause.
5. Analyzing polarity and modality of each clause in order to know the
writer’s judgment to the other participants.
6. Analyzing the nominal group of the data according to its construction or
its pattern, either simple or complicated long nominal group.
7. Analyzing technical terms of each data.
8. Analyzing the system of transitivity seen from its process. In this case,
the researcher differentiated the verbal element in each clause according
to the types of processes, material, verbal, mental, behavioral, relational
or existential process. Then, he counted up the frequency of each
processes in the data.
9. Analyzing and interpreting the data based on the information of the
analysis to know the three aspects of TENOR and making a general
interpretation/ discussion of the interpreted data.
10. Presenting the conclusion of the research.
The data will be presented in the form of tables, as depicted below:
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Table 3.1
The code of the editorial of the Jakarta post column
No Hypotaxis/ Parataxis
(Elaboration, Extension,
Enhancement) (Locution And
Idea
Statements Description
Clause
System
Mood
Structure
Mood
System
Polarity and
Modality
Process Nominal
group
1. .
2.
46
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