CHAPTER ONE1.0 Introduction ....11.1 Background of study....1 1.2 Problem statement.......21.3 Objectives of the study....31.4 Research questions..31.6 Scope of the study....31.7 Significance of the study.....31.8 operational key words 4
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0. Concepts, ideas, opinions from different authors/experts.5 2.1 Introduction5 2.2 Types of NGO and Their Development..6 2.3 Range of NGO Activities.......7 2.4 Role of Nongovernmental Organizations......8 2.5 Sustainable Community Development...12 2.6 what is employment generation? Why is it a necessary condition?.......................................................16 2.7 Somaliland youth employment......19CHAPTERTHREE: METHODOLOGY. 3.0 Research design..........23 3.1 research population..233.2 sample size .......23 3.3 sampling procedure ....24 3.4 research instrument24 3.5 Validity and reliability ..24 3.6 Data analysis, processing and presentation ....24 3.7 reference list....25
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction1.5 Background of study
According to ILO in 2009, about 81million young people were unemployed, the most ever. The youth unemployment rate rose from11. 9 percent to 13.0 percent between 2007 and 2009, an increase of 7.8 million.
Across the globe, economic fluctuations and economic crisis have left an impact on the young people like the challenges facing when seeking jobs. Between 2008 and 2009, the youth unemployment rate has seen the largest annual increase on record, reversing the pre-crisis trend of declining youth unemployment rates since 2002 and rising to 13 per cent in 2009. Unemployment rates, however, reflect only the tip of the iceberg. Young people are used to work longer hours under informal, intermittent and insecure work arrangements characterized by low productivity and earnings and reduced social protection. Young workers are more exposed to poverty than other age groups. In 2008, an estimated 152 million young workers were living with their families on less than US`11$1.25 a day, amounting to more than 28 per cent of all young workers in the world (smith Andrew, 2013). A publication written by Shantayanan Devarajan Chief Economist of the World Banks Africa Region B.A. in mathematics from Princeton University and his Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley says that In low-income African countries, most people cannot afford to be unemployed. Lacking any significant safety net, 70 to 80 percent of the labor force seeks a living by working in low-productivity, informal farms or household enterprises. Private-sector wage and salary jobs have been growing at a fairly rapid clip at 7.3 percent a year between 1992 and 2005 in Uganda The challenge of youth employment in Africa, therefore, is not just to create more wage and salary jobs important as this may be but to increase the productivity, and hence earnings, of the majority of young people who will be employed in informal farms and household enterprises. How can this be done? In general, workers productivity can be increased by (i) demand-side measures, such as better infrastructure and business climate, that lower the costs of production and thus increase the demand for labor; and (ii) supply-side measures that improve the skills of workers.Somaliland, unemployment is noted to be at an alarming rate. With regards to SONYO (2010), The situation of the youth in Somaliland is well described in a study carried out by the Somaliland National Youth Organization (SONYO), in partnership with Oxfam-Novib, in December 2010. The term youth in the study was defined to mean young people between the ages of 15 and 30. Altogether, 800 individuals were interviewed, distributed across the regions. The median age of the participants was 21. 51% of the survey sample came from urban areas, while rural communities accounted for 49%. The gender breakdown of the sample was 61% male, 39% female. This study covered both qualitative and quantitative variables about the challenges facing youth with regard to employment, education, health, HIV/AIDs, young girls/woman's situation, sports and recreation, political participation and information communication and technology. 1.6 Problem statementLocal organizations play a vital role in the youth development specially youth employment creation and other people who oppose this argument and saying local organizations like SONYO do only their self-interest. Be that as it, with reference Ahmed (2013), an indigenous person criticizes the role of LNGOs in halting unemployment. In particular, blames are put on SONYO which bears the name of the Somaliland youth. This person started his article that SONYO is an entity organized in a way they do business, and that do not meet standards established under the umbrella of Youth, their aim is only seeking financial basis as long as the leader has, which until now has never been asked young idea how things are going. Therefore, this thesis aims to reveal the role of LNGOs in the nationwide struggle to reduce youth unemployment.
1.7 Objectives of the study
1.3.1 The general objective: to assess the role of local nongovernmental organizations on youth employment in Hargeisa Somaliland.
1.3.2 Specific objectives:1. To examine the roles of SONYO with regards to youth employment.2. To explore the ways through which SONYO creates employment opportunities for the youth.3. To analyze the fairness of employment opportunities created by SONYO 4. To forward workable recommendations, responding to the findings of the research.
1.4. Research questions1. What are the roles of SONYO with regard to youth employment?2. How SONYO creates an employment opportunity for the youth members? 3. Does SONYO make fair youth employment opportunity?
1.5Scope of the study1.5.1 Time scopeThe study covered the period between Marchs July, 2015. 1.5.2Geographical scopeThe research was conducted at Somaliland national youth organization (SONYO) main branch in Hargeisa capital city of Somaliland.
1.6 Significance of the studyThis study will be useful in different groups like, local non-governmental organisations, government institutions as MOYS, MONPD, policy makers and management of SONYO, academicians and even in current and future researches. The research will also help the management of SONYO to discover the role of local none governmental organizations in the youth employment generation. This will help them come up with better management techniques which will result into improved job creation in the country.The research will also benefit the future researchers who will carry out research about the same topic of the role of local none governmental organizations in the youth employment and will learn more about local organizations, factors contribute employment, the role of local none governmental organizations in the youth employment. This study as well advises government organizations, private companies and other people with authority to come up with effective realistic policies of youth employment.1.7. Operational Definition of key terms: Youth: is best understood as a period of transition from the dependence of childhood to adulthoods independence.Employment: Employment is an agreement between anemployerand an employeethat the employee will provide certain services on the job, and in the employer's designatedworkplace, to facilitate the accomplishment of the employer organizations goals andmission, in return for compensation.NGO: A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a citizen-based association that operates independently of government, usually to deliver resources or serve some social or political purpose.SONYO: The Somaliland National Youth Organization (SONYO Umbrella) is dedicated to mobilizing and empowering young people in Somaliland. It is made up of young people, local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), associations, and community organizations, student committees in universities, educational institutes, colleges and secondary schools.CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW2.0. Concepts, ideas, opinions from different authors/experts2.1 Introduction:This chapter will comprise the fallowing concepts, opinion, and ideas from authors / experts Nongovernmental organization(NGO),voluntary group of individuals or organizations, usually not affiliated with any government that is formed to provide services or to advocate a public policy (Margaret P. Karns).The term NGO stands for a nongovernmental organization, and it includes a variety of organizations such as private voluntary organizations, civil society organizations, and nonprofit organization (McGann & Johnston, 2006).NGO describes a range of groups and organizations from watchdog activist groups and aid agencies to development and policy organizations. Usually, NGOs is defined as organizations that pursue a public interest agenda, rather than commercial interests (Hall-Jones, 2006).As Professor Peter Willetts said, The term, "non-governmental organization" or NGO, came into currency in 1945 because of the need for the UN to differentiate in its Charter between participation rights for intergovernmental specialized agencies and those for international private organizations. At the UN, virtually all types of private bodies can be recognized as NGOs. They only have to be independent from government control, not seeking to challenge governments either as a political party or by a narrow focus on human rights, non-profit-making and non-criminal.The United Nations, for statistical purposes, defines youth, as those persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years, without prejudice to other definitions by Member States. The Secretary-General first referred to the current definition of youth in 1981 in his report to the General Assembly on International Youth YearDefinition of youth, perhaps changes with circumstances, especially with the changes in demographic, financial, economic and social-cultural settings; however, the definition that uses 15-24 age cohorts as youth fairly serves its statistical purposes for assessing the needs of the young people and providing guidelines for youth development United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA, 2008). A youth is defined as a transitional phase from childhood toadulthood innovative by events such as completing school and further education, entering the world of work. Youth is alsodefined in terms of the duties a person takes on within a society, youth is seen as ending when the individual takes on adult jobs and responsibilities.Youth have unique potential assets and resources to make their country intoproductive one and overcome his challenges. Youth in Somaliland organizethemselves by establishing Youth forums, Youth organizations, Youth councils, Youth clubs and Youth alliances that are promoting youth rights, youth opinions and youthnetworks among different regions in Somaliland. The matters they deal with are as varied as the forms they take. Young people who join youth organizations have gained power and visibility through their involvement and want to bring aboutchange. Thus, the role of youth can be depicted as harmonizing and essential toSomali lands development.Employmentis an agreement between an employer and anemployeethat the employeewill provide certain services on the job (humanresources.about.com).Employment is a situation in which all available labor resources are being used in the most economically efficient way (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/) Employment can be defined in number of people working or in total working hours (http://www.economicswebinstitute.org)2.2 Types of NGO and Their DevelopmentAccording to World Bank, NGOs have been classified into four categories they are: Types of NGOs Characteristics1. Charitable NGOs Service oriented NGOs 2. Participating NGOs and Class Organization Empowering NGOs 3. Community Based Organization Community Development Oriented Organization 4. International NGO is NGOs which are working in more than one country Ali Mostashari, Iranian Studies Group at MIT June 2005 says NGOs can be distinguished into two groups: Operational and advocacy NGOs. This may be interpreted as the choice between small-scale change achieved directly through projects and large-scale change promoted indirectly through influence on the political system. Operational NGOs have to mobilize resources, in the form of financial donations, materials or volunteer labor, in order to sustain their projects and programs. This process may require quite complex organization. Finance obtained from grants or contracts, from governments, foundations or companies require time and expertise spent on planning, preparing applications, budgeting, accounting and reporting. Major fund-raising events require skills in advertising, media relations and motivating supporters. Thus, operational NGOs need to possess an efficient headquarters bureaucracy, in addition to the operational staff in the field. Advocacy NGOs will carry out much the same functions, but with a different balance between them. Fund-raising is still necessary, but on a smaller scale and it can serve the symbolic function of strengthening the donors' identification with the cause. Persuading people to donate their time is necessary, but, in addition to a small number of people giving a great deal of time, it is also necessary to be able to mobilize large numbers for brief periods. External donors may not impose onerous administrative burdens, but supporters still have to be supplied with information on an efficient regular basis. Major events will aim to attract favorable publicity rather than raise funds. Therefore, despite their differences, both operational and advocacy NGOs need to engage in fund-raising, mobilization of work by supporters, organizing special events, cultivating the media and administering a headquarters. Only the defining activities implementing projects or holding demonstrations serve to differentiate them. In reality, the distinctions are not as sharp as the labels suggest. Operational NGOs often move into advocacy when projects regularly face similar problems and the impact of the projects seems to be insufficient. All the large development and environment operational NGOs now run some regular campaigns, at least by supporting campaigning networks. Similarly, advocacy NGOs often feels they cannot ignore the immediate practical problems of people in their policy domain. Human rights NGOs and women's NGOs end up having programs to assist the victims of discrimination and injustice.2.2.1 Phases of NGOs Development In developing countries, NGOs develop through different stages which are shown below: Phase I: Most the NGOs are at first organized as emergency service providers when some natural disaster happens like earth quake, flood, landslide, and epidemic etc. Phase II: Then gradually they take up peoples welfare oriented development program such as setting up health post, saving and credit groups for women, starting literacy classes etc. Phase III: Gradually they try to empower the marginalized people and to undertake an advocacy role with the government, power holders in the society and to promote international solidarity.2.3 Range of NGO Activities Community Health Promotion and Education Contraception and Intimacy Education General Hygiene Waste Disposal Water Usage Vaccinations Youth Counseling ServicesEmerging health crises HIV/AIDS education and support Hepatitis B education Drug Addiction recoveryEnvironmental Sustainable water and energy consumption education Keeping mountains and forests cleanEconomic Microenterprises and Micro-loans Skill Training (Computers, technician, training, catering services, clothing and textile, etc.) Product promotion and distribution (Bazaars etc.) Cooperative creation Financial consulting Career services and job search assistanceDevelopment School construction Infrastructure construction Cultural center construction and operation Agriculture and Aquaculture expert assistance2.4 Role of Nongovernmental OrganizationsGiven this unprecedented growth in the numbers and financial power of NGOs, how has the role changed or matured? What we see is that NGOs can have a huge impact. These NGOs are unfettered, not answerable to specific agendas, and, in many instances, can act independently.Even though NGOs are highly diverse organizations, the one common goal is that they are not focused on short-term targets, and, hence, they devote themselves to long-term issues like climate change, malaria prevention, or human rights. In addition, public surveys state that NGOs often have a public trust, which makes them a useful proxy for societal concerns (Hall-Jones, 2006). Next, we will discuss four important roles of NGOs. These roles are (1) social development, (2) sustainable community development, (3) sustainable development, and (4) sustainable consumption. 2.4.1International Non-Governmental Organizations and DevelopmentThe main focus for INGOs is to provide relief and developmental aid to developing countries. In relation to states, the purpose of INGOs is to provide services that the state is unable or unwilling to provide for their people. These organizations projects in health, like HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention, clean water, and malaria prevention, and in education, like schools for girls and providing books to developing countries, help to provide the social services that the countrys government is unable or unwilling to provide at the time. International Non-governmental Organizations are also some of the first responders to natural disasters, like hurricanes and floods, or crises that need emergency relief.NGOs in general account for over 15% of total overseas development aid, which is linked to the growth and development process.It has been estimated that aid (partly contributed to by INGOs) over the past thirty years has increased the annual growth rate of the bottom billion by one percent. While one percent in thirty years does not sound like a lot of progress, credit should be given to the fact that progress has been consistently increasing throughout the years instead of remaining stagnant or falling backwardMany international projects and advocacy initiatives promoted by INGOs encourage sustainable development via a human rights approach and capabilities enhancing approach. INGOS that promote human rights advocacy issues in part try to set up an international judicial standard that respects the rights of every human being and promotes the empowerment of disadvantaged communities.Other organizations, like the International Justice Mission, are working in effective and legitimate judicial systems, which enhance a countrys legitimacy and development. Still others, such as those promoting micro-financing and education, directly impact of capabilities of citizens and communities by developing skills and human capital while encouraging citizen empowerment and community involvement. INGOs, along with domestic and international governmental initiatives, are a critical part of global development.Nearly every INGO originate and persist throughout voluntary action by individual actors with explicit rationalized goals. Under bold norms of open membership and democratic decision-making, they seek to spread "progress" throughout the world, in the purposes of encouraging safer and more efficient technical systems, more powerful knowledge structures, better care of the body, friendly competition and fair play. In order to achieve these goals, they highlight communication, knowledge, consensual values anddecision-making and individual commitment. INGOs have five basic world-cultural principles underlying between ideologies and structures, that is,universalism,individualism, rational volunaristic authority, human purposes of rationalizing progress, andworld citizenship.( Boli and Thomas, John and George M. (1997). World Culture in the World Polity) 2.5 Sustainable Community DevelopmentNGOs have shown leadership in promoting sustainable community development. Due to their particular ideology and nature, NGOs are good at 226 PART III STAKEHOLDER INTEREST AND CHOICES reaching out to the poor and remote communities and mobilizing these populations. They can also empower these populations to regain control of their lives and can work with and strengthen local organizations. In addition, such NGOs can carry out projects more efficiently and at lower costs than government agencies and, most importantly, promote sustainable development (Nikkhah & Redzuan, 2010). The five dimensions of sustainable community development are as follows:1. Increasing local economic diversity2. Self-reliance: development of local markets, local production, local processing, greater cooperation among local economic entities3. Reduction in the use of energy combined with recycling and management of waste products4. Protection and enhancement of biological diversity and stewardship of natural resources5. Commitment of sustainable communities to social justice. (Bridger & Luloff, 1999)
2.5.1. Importance of youth employment Youth are so important in this globe the world leaders that mentioned the importance of youth are By the year 2015, there will be three billion people under the age of 25. They are the future.. They are also the now James D. Wolfensohn, Former President of the World Bank (2003)We must fulfill our obligations to youth. The World Program of Action for Youth asks Governments to consider the contributions of young person on all policies affecting them. Governments must honor this commitment. They must also increase the financial, education and technical support made available to young people It is high time that we stopped viewing our young people as part of the problem and started cultivating their promise and potential. (Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary General, International Youth Day 2007)2.5.2. Objectives of youth empowerment The special fund supports youth-led initiatives within the following areas: Mobilizing young people to help strengthen youth-related policy formulation; Building the capacities of governments, non-governmental and civil society and private-sector organizations to ensure a better response to the needs and issues of young people; Supporting the development of interest-based information and communication-oriented networks; Piloting/demonstration of new/innovative approaches to employment, good governance, adequate shelter and secure tenure; Sharing and exchange of information on best practices; Facilitating vocational training and credit mechanisms to promote entrepreneurship and employment for young women and men, in collaboration with the private sector and in co-operation with other UN bodies and stakeholders, Promoting gender mainstreaming in all activities of urban youth
2.5.3 The Challenge in Youth EmploymentThe current global youth employment crisis is unprecedented, as globally young people are on aaverage three times more likely than adults to be out of a job, and four out of every ten people unemployed worldwide are young people. According to ILO estimates, the world faces a monumental challenge of creating 600 million jobs over the next decade, in order to absorb the current 200 million unemployed plus the 40 million new job market entrants each year. More youth are poor or underemployed than ever before: some 309 million young people work but live in households that earn less than the equivalent of US$2 per day. Millions of young people are trapped in temporary and involuntary part-time or casual work that offers fewer benefits and limited prospects for advancement at work and in life. Young women often face additional barriers. (ILO, 2009)Young people today build the foundations for the economies and societies of tomorrow. They bring energy, talent and creativity to economize and make important contributions as productive workers, entrepreneurs, consumers, agents of change and as members of civil society. Yet the lack of sufficient or sustainable decent jobs makes young people extremely vulnerable. The youth employment crisis is not only an integral element of the broader general employment situation; it has specific dimensions. Creating jobs for the millions of young women and men entering the labor market every year is a critical component in the path towards wealthier economies, fairer societies and stronger democracies. It is not only the quantity, but also the quality of jobs that matters. Decent Work is the best way young people can realize their aspirations, improve their living conditions and actively participate in society. (ILO, 2009)Furthermore, young people have different experiences and their needs depend on individual characteristics (e.g. Age, gender, national origin, socioeconomic background and education and training levels). (ILO 2009)The best labor market entry path for young people remains a good basic education, vocational training or higher education and initial work experience. Policies and national programs that provide incentives for enterprises to hire young people, promote youth entrepreneurship, and facilitate access to finance and to other targeted active labor market measures can also help countries to improve decent work prospects of its young population. The development of national action plans on youth employment that focus on these elements can guide countries to translate national commitment into action source: international year of youth ILO2.6 What is youth employment? Why is it a necessary condition?Creating jobs is a keystone of any economic recovery program. Many activities canfall under the rubric of job creation, including immediate short-term opportunitiesthat yield quick impact, or the development of more enduring livelihoods in the civilservice or private sector. It is important to distinguish between these different activities,recognizing that sustainability and long-term impact should be duly consideredin implementing any employment youth program. Providing jobs is vital on manylevels. Politically, employment opportunities give the population a stake in the peaceprocess by providing young men and women with alternatives to violence. Economically,employment provides income to poor families, revives domestic demand forgoods and services, and stimulates overall growth. Socially, employment can alsopromote social healing, encourage the return of displaced persons, and improve socialwelfare in the long run.2.6.1 Guidance for Employment GenerationDeveloping enduring livelihoods is vital for long-term peace and economic growth, butgetting concrete results can take many years. In the emergency phases of economic recovery,the most immediate imperative is getting people back to work and getting moneyflowing, even if it the work is only temporary. The point of emergency phase economic recoveryis to get labor and capital back to work quickly to show visible benefits of peace.2.6.2 Generate positive results by focusing on public works projects.Public works projectsare effective ways to generate a lot of employment quickly while demonstratingprogress that benefits communities. Job opportunities can include small-scale food- orcash-for-work projects, such as cleaning up public places, repairing roads and facilities,or installing generators. Be sure to consult with the host nation population on theseefforts and to communicate to the population that this is a partnership effort betweeninternational actors and the host nation population.2.6.3 Keep sustainability in mind, but avoid placing undue emphasis on it in the veryearly stages of recovery:Jobs that favor quick impact cannot substitute for long-termlivelihood creation and should be viewed as much as possible through a lens of long termsustainability. Any short-term job creation program should be established in parallel with sustainable employment programs. However, focusing too heavily on thesustainability of economic activities while ignoring short-term imperatives is a mistakeWhen implemented well, quick impact projects can be effective in employing largenumbers of people in the immediate aftermath of violent conflict.2.6.4 Recognize the potential impact of the international presence on economic distortions. One distortion often occurs in the domestic labor, housing, and retail marketsin the early recovery phases. International actors often pay high salaries for expatriates,international civil servants, domestic translators, and drivers, while increasing the demandfor local housing and services attuned to foreign tastes and salaries. This createstough competition for the host nation government to attract skilled professionals forpublic service. The resulting disparity between the wealth of international actors andthe economic hardships of the host nation population risks increasing friction, particularlybetween the countrys urban centers and the rest of the country. To mitigate theseeffects, international actors should determine appropriate wage rates for local staff,making them comparable to local government pay scales. Progressive income taxes areanother way to reduce the attractiveness of working for the international communityversus the host nation government. 2.7. Somaliland youth employment:In Somaliland there are many local organizations that intended to develop the whole people by using especial programs one of these programs are the programs that is used for youth development. Although Somaliland local organization argue that they provide many projects that the youth get advantage there is many people are against this argument and saying local organization in Somaliland specially SONYO dont do anything for the youth so this research will display the reality of this issue In Somaliland ministry of planning and national development has given Special attention in the NDP, to the challenges and opportunities facing young people. In order to strengthen youth participation in the social, cultural, economic and civic development of Somaliland, the government will put emphasis on: 1. providing youth employment training, 2. supporting youth business startups, 3. Creating sports and recreational facilities,4. Establishing youth and cultural centers, and 5. Developing youth volunteering programs.2.7.1 Employment and Livelihood: With reference of Somaliland ministry of planning in national development plan book, on the issue of employment, participants were asked if they had any type of employment, paid or unpaid. 75% indicated that they had none. This was in away to be expected, because youth between the ages of 1522 could still be in school or university. In the Somali culture, young people who go to school are not normally expected to work. Only 25% of the youth stated that they had some employment. 43.1% of the employed group were 251 engaged in business, 40.6% were employed in the private sector, whereas 14.4% were employed in the public sector. Of those employed, 77% were confident that they had job security. As the business sector is the biggest employer of young people and is not yet well formalized and regulated, the youth who worked for this sector were not mostly satisfied with the remunerations they received for the work they did. 69.1% of the unemployed youth had been unemployed for more than 3 years, despite the fact that 53.2% of them had skills for different tradeDevelop employment programs that target womens and youth enterprises in urban and rural areas, including skills training and non-formal education. Provide support services to young people, including counseling and vocational guidance in and out of school; financial assistance for business start-ups; capacity building training especially in management and business skills;Today, Somaliland continues to experience the problem of unemployment although accurate estimate of the unemployment is constrained by intricacies in determining the perceived high rate of hidden unemployment. This problem is concentrated in the central region and in urban areas where 12% are unemployed which is so high compared to the 2% of rural population which is unemployed (ministry of planning and national development, Somaliland, 2010).Therefore, improving the working conditions, technology in the informal sector as well as in the agriculture sector could have substantial impact on productivity and returns derived from the sector which will boost employment and hence growth.The Somaliland government has taken a number of measures to curb unemployment and basically it refers to them as the macro economic reforms which include; poverty eradication action plan. This is a policy frame work for poverty eradication in Somaliland. The policy is built on four (4) pillars namely; sustainable economic growth and structural transformations, good governance and security, increasing the income of the poor and improving the quality of life of the poor.Besides the government, there are other employment providers among which NGOs and CBOS are the key contributors. These basically support self help projects and they render relatively higher levels of employment to the people of Somaliland. There are a number of NGOs operating in a country such as world vision, care Somaliland, the Red Cross society, DANIDA.According to Resent SONYO projects and programs that is useful for youth some of these programs are as follows Leadership and organizational development project, through which more than 10,000 young people were reached Mapping of member organizations and their division into thematic networks working on similar projects Mentoring of 150 youth organizations for capacity development and professional growth Youth Peer Education Programme through which SONYO trained 5,000 young people Participatory Education Theatre Programme that has reached 20,000 adolescents. Succeeded in creating dialogues with the Somaliland parliament and executive branch, including the Presidency, and with political parties addressing young peoples political participation and elimination of legal barriers and age discrimination. Girls Leadership Development Initiative through which they reached 3,000 young girls, training them in valuable skills and enabling education Youth Baseline Survey: the only nationwide survey which has been officially conducted in Somaliland. All further youth projects will be based upon these results. The survey was funded by Oxfam Novib. Creating Decent Work for Young People: SONYO trained 60 youth entrepreneurs, 15 of which, with the best business plans, received a grant of $1333.33. Conducted successful media programmes designed to influence the KAP of their youth society. These ranged from TV programmes to Newsletters. Human rights project with Progressio, bringing awareness and training.As one of the managers told there are many project for youth which SONYO already implemented and some projects which are currently under process like the following: In its Livelihood, Employment and Recreation Program, SONYO Umbrella will put its emphasis on addressing the livelihood-related issues. Unemployment is one of the most challenging problems that youth in Somaliland today face. SONYO Umbrella will build effective partnerships in working on the issues under this Program. For realizing this Programs strategic objective, SONYO Umbrella will: Improve youth employability skills by conducting research on the extent to which the youth access to right and proper skills trainings and through using of SONYOs land space in Hargeisa for establishing a functional National Youth Skills Development, Leadership and Resource Center. From this Center, the young people (both female and male) will acquire skills-training kits and obtain employable, right and proper skills to improve their employability for enhancing youth capacities for self-employment. This Center shall always ensure its impact on the lives of the youth communities in Somaliland; Collaborate on the establishment ofYouth Enterprise Development Fundandsupport youth entrepreneurs who come up with innovations and effective business ideas; Improve existing recreational facilities and encourage upcoming local councils to gazette new land spaces for games and sports by partnering with the government institutions that are concerned on such matter including the Somaliland Ministry of Youth, Sports and Tourism. (SONYO 2014).The Global Employment Trends for Youth, 2013 by the ILO looked at the challenge from a gobal perspective; from various continents. According to the report, from 2012 to 2018, the youth employment-to-population ratio is projected to decrease in all regions except in the Developed Economies and EU. The largest decrease is projected in the Asian regions, ranging from 1.1 percentage points in South Asia to 2.5 percentage points in East Asia. In countries and regions with high poverty levels and high shares of vulnerable employment, the youth employment challenge is as much a problem of poor employment quality as one of unemployment. for instance, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa present relatively low regional youth unemployment rates, but this is linked to high levels of poverty, which means that working is a necessity for many youth people.The World Bank Development Report 2013, looked at the jobs as drivers of development. According to the report, jobs can be transformational along three dimensions: living standards, productivity and social cohesion. The report further stated that it is not only creating large number of jobs that matters but the kind of job being created but be taken into consideration because some jobs do more for development than others. It also outlined that jobs challenges vary across countries. For instance, in agrarian countries, higher productivity allows the development of off-farm employment and urban jobs connected to the world markets set the foundation for cities to become dynamic. On the other hand, countries with high youth unemployment, privileges must be removed in business entry and jobs made more accessible.According to the GLSS6 report by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), unemployment rate among people 15 years and above is higher in the urban areas (3.6%) than in rural areas (0.8%). This was conducted with a sample of 21,554 people from 2012 to 2013. In addition, in the urban area, unemployment is higher among females (3.8%) than males (3.3%).Amankrah, (2012), elaborated the youth unemployment challenge in Ghana and made some recommendations. He stated that the Ghanaian labour market needed to go through a transformation in order to address the youth unemployment challenge. He further outlined, Considering the type of jobs created by the private sector, the explosive growth of urban self-employment has brought about the emergence of various types of skills and initiatives meant to provide the needed safety nets to assist the unemployed to better manage the risks that leave them vulnerable. Soso, (2011), did a survey on the role of the church in poverty reduction, but his research was focused on the Ashanti Region of Ghana. According to him, many people see the church as a tool or place of refuge, where they can go and have solutions not only to their spiritual problems, but also to economical, health and psychological problems. Among his findings is the fact that the churchs contribution to the economy of Ghana goes beyond just meeting the spiritual needs and provision of basic infrastructure such as schools, hospitals and so on. It is directly involved alleviating poverty and extreme hunger by engaging in various interventions such as the institution of Welfare schemes, scholarship schemes, establishment of farms, formation of cooperative credit unions, and direct provision of employment to members and non-members.2.8. Contract failure theory The related theory is the contract failure theory. When people find it difficult to perceive the sense of contract, they have to find reliable agents to fulfill their needs. Therefore non-profit organizations could be more reliable or trusted agents work as contract agents between the people and the commercial finns. As commercial firms could take more/undue benefits from the consumers ignorance, in such situation the voluntary organization could be helpful to the people. Brown and Korton argue that organizations might come into existence to be remedies in case of market failure situations because markets tend to be especially vulnerable to failure in developing countries, (Brown & Korton. 1991: 48).In such cases NGOs could emerge because people trust them more than the profit organization (Krashinsky, 1986; also see Williamson 1985).Esman and Uphoff argued that NGOs play the role of local intermediaries to fulfil theorganizational gap. According to this model, a local intermediary mobilises the people to participate in government-initiated programs. NGOs could be a potentially effective medium.Which could be utilized in delivering services to the rural areas of developing countries? n this way, NGOs are taken as an alternative institutional framework through which the rural poor and socially disadvantaged groups are served better than the traditional bureaucratic mechanisms (Esman & Uphoff 1984).The relationship between the state and the NGO could have both conflicting andinterdependence and partnership. In case of sharing expertise, experiences, and resources, there could be a siwation of complementing one another. There could be a situation of voluntary failure for meeting the public needs which include philanthropic insufficiency for generating voluntary resources to scale tip their functions and philanthropic paternalism an absence of self-reliance (Salamon & Anheier 1998: 224-225). Under such situation the theory of interdependence or the partnership theory applies to emerge NGOs as the partners (Salamon. 1987). In such situations non-profit organization could not be alternatives to the state in the provision of public goods, but rather the state and the non-profit sector could grow in parallel and even in co-operation with each other for expansion of public goods and work hand to hand.
Chapter three3.0 Research designThis study will follow case study design. This study and the researchers will investigate the role of local non-governmental organizations on youth employment in Somaliland National Youth Organization (SONYO), located on Shaab area Hargiesa Somaliland.3.1 Research PopulationThe population of the study included the management of SONYO, beneficiaries of the youth projects together make 30 from SONYO. In addition to these, the researchers will include local youth activists and academicians. 3.2 Sample sizeThe researchers used a sample size of 26 respondents who were gotten from 30 persons based on Slovens formula. These were categorized in the following manner, 8 from the SONYO management, 8 from the managers of employment generation program coordinators and colleagues, 6 from the persons who are the beneficiaries of the employment generation programs and finally 4 local youth activists and academicians.Table 1: It shows the number of respondents from each department.DepartmentNo. of respondents
SONYO management8
Managers of employment generation program8
Beneficiaries6
local youth activists and academicians
44
Total26
3.3 Sampling procedureThis study will employ stratified random sampling and simple random sampling techniques.Stratified random sampling refers to a process of dividing a population into smaller groups known as strata basing on the members shared attributes. This will be done by divided the employees according to function where by only those engaged in the project shall be included in order to sample.Simple random sampling was also applied. This refers to a process of selecting a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (population). The researchers will randomly select a respondent from those engaged in the project.3.4 Research instrumentThe researchers will use a questionnaire will be tested the validity and reliability before a given to the respondents. A questionnaire is a list of questions drafted by the researchers to be filled by the respondent. This will the basic tool the researchers use in data collection. The questionnaire contained both close ended and open ended structured questions and the variables therein were measured using a Likert scaling technique. The reason for the use of this method was that it minimized bias.3.5 Validity and reliabilityValidity of the instrument will be tested through expert judgment, and the researchers will make sure the coefficient to be at least 0.75. The researchers will consult their supervisor for the construction of the questionnaire. 3.6 Data analysis, processing and presentation.Data will be gathered by use of questionnaire and will be analyzed by use of SPSS software package. Data will then be presented by in frequency tabulations rendering it ready for interpretation.
References1. Somaliland national development plan MNP&D 2002 Main Report,2. African Union (2004), Issues paper, African Union extraordinary summit of heads of State and Government on employment and poverty Alleviation in Africa.3. Doellgast, L. (2006). Discretionary effort and the organization of work: Employee participation and work reform since Hawthorne. New York: Columbia University.4. Krishna R. (1973), A model of the unemployment Trap with policy implications Employment Creation in Developing Societies, Edited by Wohlmuth Karl 5. Youth and Employment in Africa: The Potential, The Problem and the Promise, World Bank6. Youth unemployment to rise to 75million in 2012, Business Day Tuesday 22nd May, 2012.7. Seminar tackles youth employment in Africa, African Development Bank, 10 July, 20128. Zuehike, E. (2009) Youth Employment and underemployment in Africa brings uncertainty and opportunity, Population Reference Bureau.9. Fanimo, D. & Okere, R. (2009) Nigerians bemoan rate of unemployment, seek action, The Guardian, Tuesday 7, 2012.10. http://www.ilo.org/youthmakingithappen/PrivateSector/Peter Anderson, Employers Spokesperson, General discussion on youth employment, International Labour Conference, 200511. http://www.ioe-emp.org/policy-areas/youth-employment/12. Smith, M. (2001)Definition, tradition and change in youth workEncyclopedia of Informal Education.Irish Statute BookGovernment of Ireland.13. Jenkinson, H. (2000). "Youth work in Ireland the struggle for identity,"Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies, 2(2).14. Macaulay, T, 2006 "Faith Based Youth Work in Northern Ireland", Youthnet15. Smith, Mark. K.,Detached, street-based and project work with young people., retrieved 2007-08-0116. MAYC,"Detached Youth Work Project Guidelines"., archived fromthe originalon December 20, 2007, retrieved 2008-02-0717. Clifton, J.M. (2000). Restructuring the employee relationship: implication for firms, unions and employers. USA: CUNA international, Inc.18. Cole, F. (1998). A model of achievement motives, goal orientations, intrinsic interest and academic achievement. Psychological Reports.
Page 23 of 25
