c? 'CANADIAN THESES ON MICROFICHE THESES CANADIENNE^SUR MICROFICHE i.S.B.N. 1+ National Library of Canada Collections Development Branch Canadian Theses on Ivlicrofi&he Service Ottawa, Canada K1A0N4 \ B^iliotheque nationale du Canada Direction du developpement des collections, Service - des theses canadiennes sur microfiche . vl * • •i • * • NOTICE , The quality of this microfiche is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original thesis submittedTor microfilming. Every effort has been^made to ensure the highest quality of reproduction possible. ' :\ . If pages are missing, contact the university which granted the degree: -" i Some pages may have indistinct print especially if the 'original pages were typed with a poor typewriter ribbon or if the university sent us a poor photocopy. Previously. copyrighted materials (journal articles, published tests, etc.) are not filmed. Reproduction in full or in part of this film is gov- erned by the Canadian Copyright Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30. Please read the authorization forms which accompany this thesis. «? « 4 AVIS ' ,'La qualite de cette microfiche depend grandement de la qualite de la these soumise au microfilmage. Nous avons tout, fait pour 'assurer une qualite superieure d'e reproduction. S'il manque de? pages, veuillez cbmmuniquer avec I'unjversije qui a confere le grade. La "qualite d'impression .de certaines pages peut "laisser a desirer, surtout si les pages'originales ont'ete dactylographies a I'aide d'un ruban use ou si I'unjver-' sitd nous a fait parvenir ufte photocopie de mauvaise qualite. i Les* documents qui- font deja v I'objet d'un droit d'auteur (articles de revue, exarnens publies, etc.) ne spnt pas microfilmes. i 'La reproduction, meme partielle, de cp microfilm. est soumise a la Loucanadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30. Veuillez prendfe connaissance des formules d'autorisation qui accompagnent cette these. . 4 THlS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN SyUCfROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED J LA THESE A ETE MICR&FILMEE TELLE QUE,, NOUS L'AVONS .RECUE NL-339 (r. 82/J38)
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c?
'CANADIAN THESES ON MICROFICHE
THESES CANADIENNE^SUR MICROFICHE
i.S.B.N.
1+ National Library of Canada Collections Development Branch
Canadian Theses on Ivlicrofi&he Service
Ottawa, Canada K1A0N4
\
B iliotheque nationale du Canada Direction du developpement des collections,
Service- des theses canadiennes sur microfiche . vl* •
•i • * • NOTICE ,
The quality of this microfiche is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original thesis submittedTor microfilming. Every effort has been^made to ensure the highest quality of reproduction possible. ' :\ .
If pages are missing, contact the university which granted the degree: -" i
Some pages may have indistinct print especially if the 'original pages were typed with a poor typewriter ribbon or if the university sent us a poor photocopy.
Previously. copyrighted materials (journal articles, published tests, etc.) are not filmed.
Reproduction in full or in part of this film is governed by the Canadian Copyright Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30. Please read the authorization forms which accompany this thesis.
«? « 4 AVIS '
,'La qualite de cette microfiche depend grandement de la qualite de la these soumise au microfilmage. Nous avons tout, fait pour 'assurer une qualite superieure d'e reproduction.
S'il manque de? pages, veuillez cbmmuniquer avec I'unjversije qui a confere le grade.
La "qualite d'impression .de certaines pages peut "laisser a desirer, surtout si les pages'originales ont'ete dactylographies a I'aide d'un ruban use ou si I'unjver-' sitd nous a fait parvenir ufte photocopie de mauvaise qualite. i
Les* documents qui- font dejav I'objet d'un droit d'auteur (articles de revue, exarnens publies, etc.) ne spnt pas microfilmes.
i 'La reproduction, meme partielle, de cp microfilm.
est soumise a la Loucanadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30. Veuillez prendfe connaissance des formules d'autorisation qui accompagnent cette these. .
4THlS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN SyUCfROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED
J
LA THESE A ETE MICR&FILMEE TELLE QUE,,
NOUS L'AVONS .RECUE
NL-339 (r. 82/J38)
n
Evidence for Semantic Satiation
> Lee C Smith
Department of Psychology
Submitted in partial fulfillment
of^the requirements for the
Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
at
' Dalhouslie JJniversity.
, Decem^r* 17, 1984
T-able of Contents • ^
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Appendix B
p
\ P P ^ X iC ^* G o ^ o o o e a e o o d o o J o o o o & d o o o ® o o q Q o 1 U
M . S X S S - S i i C S S ^ ' o Q o o o e a o o e Q O O Q O o o o j a o o o ' a o o o o . o O U
o j s o « o 6 o o o 0 0 O O O O O O G ' O O O O
L, 5' - , y «, ,
. s ^ *
V
* "Abstract
When people repe,at. and look at a word for an extended period of #ime i£ is of ten.'reported that the word somehow "loses i<ts meaning"o The,.subjective experience of^loss of meaning t referred to a$ semantic satiation,, suggests /that decisions ' based, on knowledge of te*re~ x-jord's meaning might b°e a'ffectedo) Evidence that prolonged' repetition of a word impedes the retrieval from memory of semantic information
.^pertaining to that concept was obtained^ from experiments "in which subjects first repeated the name' of a category either 3 „or, 30 "times„ • and subsequently made speeded instance
' judgments ab^yj^* exemplars of the- same or a different _categoryo Experiments 1, 2„ and 5 showed that category ' judgment latencies to exemplars of the repeated category increased with number of .repetitions of the criterion category name0 Experiment 4 showed that category judgment latencies to two. exemplar targets from the rep°eated category
• were "similarly . affected by the repetition treatment ' Experiment 5 also demonstrated that prolonged repetition of 1 a category narap retards unintentional semantic processing of a task-irrelevant exemplar, of the repeated category,, as evidenced by the reduced effect the irrelevant word .had" on category judgment latencies to an attended target' exemplar„% In Experiment 3„ however, no effect of the repetition'" treatment was observed on the magnitude of semantic priming when subjects , were required to make lexical (word-nonwordj decisions to target exemplars„
An ad hoc account of these data as'suiiies that prolonged repetition of a word affect's the links or " pathways connecting concepts in semantic memory„ The net effect is to decrease the rate of search and associative spread of activation in conceptual structures0
4 •< I
&9&
" s ~n ^ 1 .
' . Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the • members ot my thesis-
.committee? Drs." John Barresij, Vin ioloxdoj'Jim Neely„-(and
Ray Kleino My sincere gratitude .to Jojin follows from
several years enjoyment of his intelligent observation's on
psychological issues and - the stuff of ' science„ * I ' was
onoured that Jim leely could serve as ift .external exaifiinejr „
Tb Ray„ I can only fall short of expressing.the extent and
provides a. possible understanding of some of the present
data. Upon"presentation and pronunciation of a word, the
logogen for that word and other logogens that are
graphemically, phonemicallyV* anjjr semantically similar will
SEMANTIC SATIATION *\ , Page. 50
i . c.
I . pe activated. Initially, this lwould generally facilitate
retrieval of information in activated logogens (see Morton,
1979, for details of the principles of his model). However,
if logogens can be fatigued by prolonged activation (e.g.,
Martindale, 1981, pg. • 199), as in the repetition treatment,
then retrieval of information related to the satiated word
would be effectively inhibited [4].- Similarly, 'by adopting
the assumption that prolonged' activation can engender
negative threshold changes or localized inhibition, models
of spreading activation in semantic memory (e.g., Collins*
and Loftus, 1975) can afford an account of semantic
satiation. Decisions which require activation (i.e.,
retrieval) of information in logogens or nodes in semantic
memory will require more time if the stuctures are resistant e
to such activation. ' Effects „due to automatic se'mantic
processing will be also be suppressed.
The logogen and spreading activation accounts must
handle the finding that category membership decisions t-Jith
nonexemplars are not affected by number of repetitions
(Experiments 1,2, and 5). One of many possible solutions to
this problem is to suppose that subjects evaluate a target
exemplar to determine the name of the category (or
^categories) to which it may belong. If the taxonomic
category for the target exemplar does not match the
criterion category in a graphemic,phonological, or episodic
\ . \
SEMANTIC SATIATION Page 51
code, a NONMEMBER decision can be made. No information
about the meaning of the criterion category is required. .
Therefore, within the present framework, NONMEMBER decisions
would not be affected by prolonged repetition of. an
unrelated category.
The logogen/netoork models also must address the failure
to obtain evidence for an effect of number of repetitions
with the priming-lexical decision task (Experiment 3). At
the core of many models of lexical priming (e.g., Collins
and Loftus, 1975? Neely, 1977b) is the postulate that-
priming relies on activation of nodes in ' semantic memory, „
If we accept the position that semantic satiation, by some
mechanism, inhibits activation of semantic information
related to the satiated word, such models of lexical priming
seem inadequate? lexical priming should be impaired.
One convergence of ' the semantic satiation and
priming-lexical decision experiments that can get around
this problem assumes ' that priming in the lexical decision
task is not mediated by 'semantic' structures (Fodor, 1982,
pp.73-75? Morton, 1970). According to this position,
lexical priming might be based 'on associations between
words, perhaps at a phonological or graphemic level of
representation. If priming by an ostensibly semantic
relation is indeed mediated by nonsemantic structures,
semantic satiation should have no effect on its magnitude.
SEMANTIC SATIATION ' * ^ Page 52
Although this account of priming is not widely accepted, it
cannot be ruled out.
Retaining the conventional semantic network framework
(Collins and Loftus, - 1975? Neely, 1977b), a different
account of the data from the present experiments is based on
the assumption that semantic satiation reduces the rate of
spread of activation and search in the satiated category's
structure. Put in other words, it is assumed that the rate
of flow of aetivation along a link between nodes in memory
is reduced when' that link is repeatedly utilized as. during
repetitions (the "sluggish link' hypothesis). Activation of • " " to •• * "
nodes '- er se, however," is not in aj3y way .impaired. It. is
also assumed that the grocess of retrieving the name of the
category sof which a target word is an exemplar,, or
determining that two- exemplars) "'arte- from the same category,\ ' 1
involves traversing links which connect the exemplar to the
superordinate category. * From these assumptions it- follow?
that (a) semantic satiation will increase, the sea'reh. time or
MEMBER decisions and hence MEMBER RT (Experiments 1, 2, and
5). I30NMEMBER decisions would not b.e affected by semantic
satiation since retrieval of the category name and the
process of comparing the retrieved and criterion category
names does not involve the slug°gish -links within the
structure- of the satiated category? (b) the time to decide
that two words are from the same category- (Experiment, 4)
-SEMANTIC SATIATION ' " -' Page 53 ,ft 1 -' ^
will similarly take more time since the search process would
be slowed? (c) lexical priming would be expected to remain rv
intact. tThis is because priming activation 'of exemplars
*would still occur during the lengthy satiation period J ,even
though the time for, activation to arrive at* exemplar nodes C U J,
following each repetition would be increased. .Implicit in
this argument0, is the assumption that lexical decisions can
be made without actually penetrating the semantic structure^ '
(d) the " impact of automatic • semantic processing of an 0 i V
irrelevant flanker word wjhich is an exemplar of the
semantically satiated category, presented at the same time
as a target word for a semantic decision, should be reduced.
The evidence from Experiment 5 suggests that a flanker word
exerts its effect by (i) .facilitating encoding of the target
word when it is from the same category as the flanker word'
(the RT difference between the, CAR-truck .and CAR-worm
conditions), and (ii) by response consistency or conflict.
The former -mechanism requires that we assume,associations
between exemplars within a category? a simple link [5].
Encoding facilitation is thus equivalent td automatic
priming activation, which would be impaired by sluggish" • D
links, given that the f;lanket. and target are temporally
coincident. Response consistency or conflict also .depends
on 'activation of the category name of which the flanker is ft " .
an exemplar. The process of accumulating sufficient
SEMANTIC SATIATION / , • Page 54
evidence^ updn which to base a decision ^(see Logan and
Zbrodoff, 1979? Pachella, 1974) can be either facilitated or
extended in time if the contribution fr&m -the flanker word J * • . .
is either consistent or conflicts with the evidence .from the
target word. Sluggish links would-' inhibit the 'accumulation
of evidence normally contributed by the flanker, and
accordingly remove the benefit or cost of consistent or
conflicting evidence,in, the decision process.
The sluggish ltink assumption, embedded in current/ views
of semantic information processing, seems to"enable an ad
hoc account of the performance manifestations of semantic
satiation. However, the above theory was required" to
accommodate very few empirical observations, and has not
beeji directly tested. This remains for future work. The is-
present contribution is an empirical validation of the* term
"semantic satiation" as a'description of the consequences of
prolonged repetition of a word.
SEMANTIC SATIATION Page 55
Footnotes
.«*
\
[1] There 4 are three possible outcomes for this condition. - First, »RT could increase with repetitions," which could reflect .an effect of semantic satiation, given that one of the targets is an exemplar of the/repeated category. Second'', RT may show no change. This outcome would not challenge the semantic satiation hypothesis since subjects can determine a NO MATCH decision by lack ,of an elementary semantic "relation between the targets. Third, RT could decrease with number of repetitions. This i£ the only outcome that could be damaging', to the semantic satiation hy/pothesis.
a [2] Given the reduced sample sizes,' for the purpose of argument we will examine trends in these, data for clues as to "possible strategies that may have been used. Comparing the slow and fast groups, >it seems that there was a general tendency for subjects to respond more quickly following 30 repetitions in the fast group across almost all conditions. Iri this group only the conditions in which one or both of the targets were'members of the repeated category is there an indication that the 'fast' tendency was frustrated. On the surface of it, then, this weak pattern appears to be •consistent with the semantic satiation hypothesis.
If an opposite tendency to respond more slowly followingq "*30 repetitions was present in the slow group, then one might . expect RT to be slower across conditions, but this seems" not '. to be the case. One conspicuous aspect of the slow group's data is the 22S. error rate following 30 repetitions in the ASSOCIATED-NO MATCH condition (compared-with 12.2S in the fast group)» This might indicate that the subjects in the slow group were more sensitive to the presence of some relation in the words composing a trial, especially following 30 repetitions. If this was so, since the NO MEMBER-NO, MATCH condition is characterized by an absence of any relation,, subjects might have engaged an additional check on those trials following 30 repetitions,- to ensure that they had not mistaken the absence of a relation. This
^ Trou-ld explain the increase in RT that defines the slow group. There is nothing in these data to indicate why subjects would have performed11 the additional check following 30, , repetitions", but the effects of boredom, or fatigue that accompany about 23 seconds of repetition might ' conceivably be compensated by increased reliance on semantic similarity as a basis for decision.
This analysis', speculative as it is, does not conflict with the semantic satiation, hypothesis. Although I have not
SEMANTIC SATIATION ' Page 56
found one that does, ' it seems, pragmatically and statistically, that, there is no relation between the effect of repetition in the MEMBER-MATCH and NO MEMBER-NO MATCH conditions.
[3] Forster (1981) and others (e.f., Becker, 1980? de "" Groot, -1983, ch, 6? Neely,- 1976? West and Stanovich, 1983) have proposed that priming effects might not be completely attributable" to, encoding facilitation of a target due'to spreading activation, Jsut may additionally derive from post-lexical decision-based operations.' In its'most general e form, this class of theory assumes that evidence concerning '-the' identity-- of the 'prime word -is integrated with evidence about the target word in terms of -converging on a response decision. ' In the complicated process of translating lexical, information into a response decision, compatibility of the' targeJ't wor/S with the context supplied by the priming ..stimulus can facilitate a decision. While the details, and-similarities and differences found. in the.., proposed po'st-access theories are extensive, for our present purposes we .need only recognize that they were all primarily designed pto -explain results from experiments (a) with sentence "contexts, which ^necessarily provide sufficient time for attentional processes, to strategically influence decision operations' ('e.g., Eisenberg and Becker, 1982? Forster," 198,1? Stanovich and West, 1983), hand (b) single word, priming experiments that make use of long SOAs (e.g., Becker, 1980? den Heyer et al, 1983? Mitchell and Green, 1978? Simpson and Burgess, in press?.Smith 'et al, 1984? Tweedy et al, 1977? see discussion in Stanovich ,and West, 1983). .When
/ post-access and decision-based explanations -of single-word priming effects have, been considered to successfully accommodate evidence from "experiments using a short SOA, it has been recognized that their operation is probably •automatic (e.g., palota and Chumbley, 1984? de Groot, 1983? • Shaffer and*La^erge, 1978? Simpson and Burgess, in press?-Stanovich -and West, 1983, pp„28-29). Thus, the bulk of the evidence and argument supports the assumption that semantic processing of context-words at • short SOAs facilitates target processing , and' decision operations automatically, and without the participation of flexible strategies.
The, work by Logan (1980? Logan and -Zbrodoff, 1979)- on-the rc/le of' strategy in a Stroop-like task should also be considered. In thosQ experiments, subjects^ were assigned different response_ buttons for the words ABOVE and BELOW, which could appear either above or below the fixation point (after Palef and .Olson, 1975). -Logan and Zbrodoff found that there was'an inverse rel/ation between the probability, known in advance bp^the subject, that the irrelevant spatial information could predict the response, and RT. This
\
SEMANTIC SATIATION . •" • " • Page 57
occurred with both consistent and conflicting word-position information, __although asymmetrically, favouring the consistent case,- This demonstration of the strategic utilization of information from an ' ostensibly irrelevant, though integral, dimension of the stimulus is not of concern in the present experiment. The deoision mechanism accommodates the information from, the" irrelevant dimension of the stimulus by adjusting decision criteria before a stimulus is ^presented, an.d can therefore 6e $lewed as a limited attentional process, rather that as one which makes use of- contingencies that, become apparent only after the stimulus has been presented. Also, by interpolation, when the predictive value of the irrelevant dimension was about ,5, no effect was apparent,. In the present experiments, the pre.dictive value of the flanker was ,58,
[4] Blaxton and Neely (1983) considered how information concerning a specific category might be inhibited by prior processing in the same semantic category in,a situation where subjects are expected to generate exemplars of' a category that begin with a specified letter. Some of those ideas might be considered here. Subjects, may covertly ' but actively retrieve many exemplars from the category in anticipation of an exemplar target (Brown, 1981). ' To « sustain retrieval of new candidate target exemplars during the extended, 30-repetition period., items which had been retrieved initially might need to be inhibited, effectively increasing RT for these latter items. A variant of this 'position is that prolonged retrieval of items from a single category may instill a global retrieval blo€k of exemplars (see Blaxton and Neely, 1983? Brown., 1981). Accounts of this type might assume that the observed effect of number of repetitions arises not from repetition and satiation of the category name per se, but from prolonged implicit recollection of exemplars. However, the informal reports by our subjects indicated that they were quite occupied by the rapid pronunciation task itself, 'and -did not claim to actively recall as many exemplars as possible, Repetition also engenders an experienced phonological distortion (Warren, 1968) of the word, which may require additional concentration in order that correct pronunciation of the word be preserved. Also, Experiment 4 demonstrated an effect of semantic satiation when the- decision was not based on any particular category, a situation in which generation of exemplars from a particular category might ' be more distracting than fruitful. Nonetheless, these ideas remain plausible-;
. « •* . i
[5] I' want to make a few points concerning the use of the terms 'link' and 'node'. In my view, these are" terms of
•a
-I
SEMANTIC SATIATION Page 58
convenience that serve to simplify communication about' the macro-structure of semantic knowledge. The information 'contained' in a node is-rarely revealed by authors who use the term, and -they could be relying on any of many conceptual schemes. <• It is usually used in a context which suggests that it refers to the psychological representation of a concept. Discussion of the nature of concepts and categories (Fodor, 1982; McCloskey and Glucksberg, 1979? Smith o and Me,din, 1981? Wilson, 1980)^ quickly reveals'that a, concep°t, such as 'tree', is actually a collection of properties or propositions (has leaves/needles, is tall, has roots, needs water, etc), which "are themselves concepts. Thus, a concept is by its very nature 'linked" to other concepts (tree-shrub) by virtue of shared properties. Hollan (1975) essentially .has made this point in his arguments that" network theories (i,e. Collins and Loftus, ' 1975) are notational -variants of semantic feature models (i.e. Smith et al, 1974). The network notation is, as suggested earlier, more- convenient and powerful for constructing theories of processing the meaning of sentences (Anderson, 1976? Johnson-Laird, Herrmann, and Chaffin, 1984?**' Lindsay and Norman, 1977). Thus,-a node 'can be viewed as a set of relations '(intra-node links?) between properties that comprise a concept, and links (inter-node links) can be viewed also as representational structures that specify relations between concepts. Exactly where a node end^ and a link begins is an artificial issue raised by ihe network metaphor? it is important to simply appreciate /that nodes and links, as the terms are used here, do different jobs in representing and using knov/ledge.
1>
SEMANTIC SATIATION 0 " Page 59
Number of * Repeti t ions MEMBER NONMEMBER
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
3 -
30
3
30
638 (1.9)
571 (2,5)
634 (4=7)
% 5 (4.7)
775 <5.6)
754 (3.1)
723 (9.1)
721 (6.2)
Table L. Mean Reaction Times (and Percent Errors) from Experiments 1 and 2.
(
SEMANTIC SATIATION . Page 60
V
Number of Repetitions RELATED UNRELATED NONWORD
: *
3 622 (5.6) 696 (12.5) ^ 766 (8.7)
30 627 (7.5) 693 (15.0) 779 (7.2)
Table 2. Mean Reaction Times (and Percent Errors) from Experiment 3. _
SEMANTIC SATIATION (
Number of Repetitions
- Condition 3 30
Member-Match 864 (4.4) 910 (5.3)"
Nonmember-Match 1075 (14.7) 1047 (15.3)
Associated-No Match 1253 (15.6) 1203 (18.7)
One Member-No Match Q 1077 (4.0) 1078 (4.8)
No Member-No Mafch 1076 (1.3) 1134 (2.6)
Table 3. Mean Reaction Times (and Percent , -Errors) from Experiment 4 .
Associated-No Match 1275 "(16.7) 1237 (22.0) 1210 (13.6) 1136 (12.2)
One,Member-Wo Match 1108 (4.7) 1093 (5.3) 1016 (2.5) 1042 (3.8)
Ho Member-No Match 1053 (1.3) 1196 (2.7) 1120 (1.3) 1016 (2.5)
Table 4. Mean Reaction Times (and Percent Errors) for the sub-groups identified in Experiment 4 (see text).
1
..a *
*
SEMANTIC SATIATION Page 63
Cr i te r ion Category Target Flanker Encoding Response
FRUIT APPLE
APPLE
CAR
CAR
CAR
plum
truck
plum "
worm
truck
+
o/-
o/-
' ~o/-
+
+
-
-
+
+
Table 5. Predicted direction of the flanker effect (+ indicates facilitation; o indicates no 'effect; - indicates inhibition or interference) for the five conditions in Experiment' 5„
\
«*
SEMANTIC SATIATION P'age 64
Essperiment Cri ter ion Category Target . Flanker Simultaneous ' SOA
FRUIT APPLE
APPLE
CAR
CAR
CAR
plum
truck
plum -
worm
truck
664 (7.3)
695 (14.2)
737 (7.1)
725 (5.4)
701 (4.6)
640 (5.3)
668 (9.0)
701 (4.6) <> 682 (4.5)
680 (3.6)
Table 6. Mean Reaction Times (and Percent Errors) from the two pilot sub-experiments (Experiment 5).
SATIATION Page 65
Criterion Category Target Flanker
Number of Repetitions
3 30
FRUIT
1!
11
II
II
APPLE
APPLE
CAR
CAR
, CAR
plum
truck
plum i
worm
truck
^580 (6.0) '
603,16.4) # o
656 (8.5)
641 (4.1) "
628 (3.7) *
629 (4.5)
636 «(5.'8)
659 (4.-7)
649 (3.8)
640 t4.§)
Table 7. Mean Reaction Times (and Percent Errors)° from Experiment 5 (Main).
* P<°05 . , - , Table 8 - Contrasts used in the analysis of Experiment 5 (Main). Panel A: MEMBES conditions, RT.
Panel B: NONMEMBER conditions, RT. i^anel C: NONMEMBER conditions. Percent Errors.- The « column of numbers in parentheses at the left in each panel is the contrast's number, as
Time Metal Dog ^Colour crime ''Weapon Sport Music Vehicle Dance Flower Tree Snake Drug A>
Pood Tool Spice Game Car * Month Gem Animal Cloth Fuel Liquor • Fruit Weather Bird Toy Insect Disease Pish City Plant Country Money Snack Drink Seafood Emotion
. 1 Target
Minute Gold Poodle Blue Mure1 or Gun, Hockey Jazz Truck Disco Rose Maple Cobra .Heroin Bread * Hammer Pepper Chess Ford Apsril Horse Cotton Oil Scotch Apple Rain Robin, Doll Spider Cancer Salmon Halifax Cactus •Russia Dollar .Candy > Water Lobster • Lovte plafond
List Prime
Gem Animal' Cloth Fuel Liquor Fruit Weather Bird Toy Ingect Disease Fish City Plant-Country Money ' Snack Drink Seafood Emotion Time •Metal Dog Colour- ^ Crime Weapon Sport Music Vehicle Dance .Flpwer Tree Snake Drug Food. • Tool „ Spice Game Car Month •
2 Target 0
Diamond Horse Cotton' Oil ' Scotch Apple Rain \Robin DoJ.1 Spider Cancer Salmon Halifax Cactus Russia Dollar Candy Water Lobster Love Gold Poodle Blue -Murder Hockey Jazz -.Minute '- Truck Disco Rose , Maple . Cobra Heroin. B°read * Hammer ^Pepper Chess • Ford April Gun
* Year Opal Iron Bear Collie Velvet Yellow Coal, Fraud Rum Tulip
' Flu Oak Guppy Boa SofaT" Cactus Cake Mexico Rifle ' Peach 'Soccer -Rain Opera Owl Truck Ant Wrench Pea Garlic Skirt Poker Water Bacon Gopher
, Anger.
Minute Ruby Copper Cow Poodle Cotton Red Oil Murder Whiskey Rose Cancer Maple Trout Cobra Table Ivy Bread France Gun Apple Hockey Hail Classical Robin o Car Fly Hammer Bean Pepper Socks Chess Milk Beef Mouse Love
SEMANTIC SATIATION
Appendix C (List 1) continued
Category name
('APPLE-truck) ? Time Gem Metal „ Animal Dog Cloth Colour Fuel Crime Liquor Flower Disease Tree Fish Snake Furniture Plant Food Country Weapon Fruit: Sport . ' Weather " Music gird \ -.Vehicle ^ — ~ 'Inject I nT01« \' Vegetable \ Spice •" \ Clothing ,
,„ Game Drink •Meat Rodent Emotion
Target
Second' Emerald Zinc Lion Hound Silk Blue Gas Rape Gin Daisy Polio Pine Shark Python Chair Vine
Cheese Russia Plum Bomb-Golf Thunder Folk Canary Jeep Wasp Chisel' Onion , Oregano Hat Monopoly Porkr Rat Fear Coffee Week Diamond Tin Horse Beagle' Rayon Purple Butane Theft Scotch Diabetes Orchid ^Willow ^ Viper ° Desk Weed Tuna '
&
SEMANTIC SATIATION
Appendix-C (List 1) continued
Category name Target Flanker
(CAR-plum) Time Gem Metal '• Animal Dog Cloth Colour Fuel "" Cr,ime Liquor Flower Disease Tree Fish Snake Furniture Plant Food Co'untry Weapon Fruit Sport Weather Music
0
Orchid Poodle Murder Scotch Table Maple Cobra Cheese Cancer Thunder Gun Classical Mouse f Apple Jeep Ruby Fear Diabetes Cotton Willow Copper Ivy Golf Russia
Year Opal Iron Lion Beagle Silk Blue Gas Rape Gin Tulip Flu Oak ' Guppy Python Chair
( Weed Rice Mexico Rifle Peach Soccer Snow Opera
SEMANTIC SATIATION Page 73-
Appendix C., (List 1) continued
Category name
(CAR-worm) Time Gem .„ -Metal Animal Dog Cloth Colour Fuel Crime Liquor Flower Disease Bird Vehicle Insect Tool Vegetable Spice Game Drink Meat
» Rodent Emotion
Target
Hammer Rat Trout Minute Chess Car Hail Fly Chisel Cow Diamond Weed Coffee Beef Oregano Canary Tuna Socks Week Oil . Monopoly Purple Wasp
• Flanker
'
Squirrel Second Cloves Poker Rain Saw Shark Polio Cactus Emerald Truck Owl Pea Coat
^ Wrench Beetle Bridge Joy
' '- Bacon Pine Gopher Bus Juice
-ft-v.
SEMANTIC SATIATION > _ Page 74
Appendix C (List 1) continued
Category name Target . Flanker
^(CAR-truck) Tree Fish Snake Furniture Plant Food Country Weapon Fruit Sport Weather Music Bird Vehicle Insect Tool Vegetable Spice Clothing Game Drink ,'~s\ Meat J RodenE*-^ Emotion •
Prance Tin Horse ' Beagle $ Butane Red Viper Bread Theft Plum 'Whiskey Rose Water Desk Bomb Hockey Robin Rayon Bean Folk
(APPLE-plum) Time- Gem Metal Animal Dog Cloth 'Colour Fuel crime Liquor Flower Disease Tree Fish Snake Furniture Plant Food Country Weapon » Fruit Sport Weather Music Bird * Vehicle .Insect f Tool •Vegetable Spice Clothing •Same Drink
' Meat Rodent Emotion
Target
Week Diamond Tin Horse Beagle Rayon Purple Butane Theft Scotch Orchid Diabetes "Willow Tuna ' •> Viper* Desk •* Weed - Cheese ,Russia. Bomb • fttum Sffolf Thunder Folk Canary Jeep Wasp Chisel Onion Oregano Hat Monopoly-Coffee Pork Rat\ 'Fear
Flanker
(
Second Emerald Zinc Lion Hound
A Silk Blue Gas Rape < Gin Daisy^ Polio Pine Shark Python Chair Vine Rice Poland Swprd Pear Tennis Snow
* Jazz Hawk Bus Beetle -Saw Lettuce Cloves Coat Bridge Juice Veal Squirrel j o y — —
<*%,
SEMANTIC SATIATION'
Appendix C (List 2) continued
Category name Target'' Flanker
(APPLE-truck) "'' Time Gem Metal , _ • Animal i Dog -Cloth „ Colour Fuel • Crime • ., ^Liquor ,•
Flower* m. „ Disease Tree ' '
- -Fireh Snake > • a
I ° I
urniture lant
i Blood ' Country '.Weapon Fruit.' Sport
, Weather Music i - J -Bird Vehicle Insect Tool -Vegetable ' «pice ""' _
Week Ruby Tin Horse Beagle Cotton Purple Butane Theft Whiskey Rose Diabetes Oak Tuna Cobra Desk Weed ^Cheese France
/Bomb / Apple Hockey l
Hail • Classical
* \
Vf, - '
Oil"
V,
«t
*>
"i
•Si
V
•
* f>
of a
* (
< ? * • * "
*. fa
' .1
V
P
SEMANTIC SATIATION ' . Page 77
' * • ' • y Appendix C (List 2) continued
Category name Target Flanlcer
/
b.
Jp
SEMANTIC SATIATION
Appendix C (List 2) continued
Page-7&
V
Category name
(CAR-worm) Time Gem Metal Animal / Dog Cloth Colour Fuel _-' Crime/ Liquor Flower Disease » Bird Vehicle' • Insect -' Tool Vegetable Spice Clothing Game• . . Drinks Meat Rodent ° »Emotio'n N
Target
Lettuce Garlic Shark Second Opal
• Trucks-Vine Gopher' Veal Bear Zinc
. Year ° Collie Coal Yeliox-7 Coat Cake .
, Fraud Pear Gin Daisy Wrench Anger Snow
Flanker
Wasp Beef. Thunder Jeep Mouse Cancer Chisel Willow
_ Guppy Chess Robin • Monopoly < Diamond " Fear Oregano . Coffee Socks- . 'Rat Minute Hamsueij Car Fly Ivy Bean
' 4
^
t>
SEMANTIC SATIATION
Appendix C (List 2) continued •
Category name' Target Flanker
(CAR-truck) Tree Fish Snake Furniture Plant Food Country 4 Weapon Fruit Sport Weather ' Music Bird Vehicle Insect Tool Vegetable Spice Clothing Game Drink Meat Rodent -Emotion «
Mexico Iron , Lion' ; Hound Gas Blue Boa Rice Rape, Peach Rum Tulip Juice Chair Sword « Soccer Owl Velvet Pea Opera Skirt Joy Cloves BacOn
Russia Copper Cow Poodle Oil Red Viper •Bread Murder Plum Scotch Orchid Water. Talkie1' • Gun> Golf Canary Rayon '-Onion Folk Hat Love Pepper Pork
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