Thermal analysis of a small scale municipal solid waste-fired

• 1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012 Thermal Analysis of a Small-Scale Municipal Solid Waste-FiredSteam Generator: Case Study of Enugu State, Nigeria A. J. Ujama*and F. Ebohba. Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Enugu state University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Nigeria.b. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. *Email: [email protected] analysis of a small-scale municipal solid waste-fired steam generator has been presentedin this work. The analysis was based on the selected design parameters: operating steam pressure of10 bar, with fuel consumption rate of 500 Kg/h and combustion chamber which utilizes mass burnincineration using water wall furnace. The plant is designed as a possible option for thermalutilization of rural and urban wastes in Nigeria. The average daily generation of MSW wasconsidered in order to assess the availability of the material. The data were collected from EnuguState Waste Management Authority (ENSWAMA).This was calculated based on the statepopulation, urbanization and industrialization strengths. Calculation of calorific value of the wasteto determine the heat contents was carried out using two methods: Bomb calorimeter and Dulongsformula. Some samples of the garbage were analyzed with bomb calorimeter in the National CentreFor Energy Research & Development Laboratory, University of Nigeria Nsukka. This is importantbecause it a direct measure of the temperature requirements that the specific waste will place on thesystem. The calorific values obtained from this analysis were 12572.308 KJ/kg, 14012.05 KJ/kg,21833.26 KJ/kg and 20551.01 KJ/kg for paper products, woods, plastics and textiles wasterespectively, while the energy content obtained from the elemental composition of waste usingDulongs formula was 15,101 KJ/kg .The maximum temperature of the furnace attained from theenergy balance based on this value around the combustion chamber was 833.7 K and the amount ofair required per kg of MSW was 8.66kgKeywords: Solid-Waste, Steam, Temperature, Pressure, Moisture Content, Calorific Value1.0 IntroductionA significant challenge confronting engineers and scientists in developing countries is the searchfor appropriate solution for the collection, treatment, and disposal or reuse of domestic waste toproduce energy. Although the energy needs have been met by the discovery of fossil fuel deposits,these deposits are limited in quantity; exploration and production costs to make them commerciallyavailable are high. Our energy needs have also grown exponentially, corresponding with humanpopulation growth and technological advancement.38

2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policywww.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012Waste-to-energy facilities are part of the solution of the worldwide solid waste disposal problem.These facilities, when combined with recycling of critical material, composting, and landfilling,will be a long-term economic solution as long as they are designed and operated in anenvironmentally acceptable manner.As a result of high carbon dioxide, CO2 emission from thermal energy conversion of fossil fuelswhich is one of the major causes of the greenhouse effect, boiler technologies based on biomassconversion represent a great potential to reduce CO2 emission since they are based on theutilization of renewal energy source.Furthermore, since conventional energy sources are finite and fast depleting and energy demand ison the increase, it is necessary for scientists and engineers to explore alternative energy sources,such as municipal solid waste (MSW).Biomass is abundantly available on the earth in the form of agricultural residues, city garbage,cattle dung, but is normally underutilized. For an efficient utilization of these resources, adequatedesign of municipal solid waste- fired steam boiler is necessary in order to extract heat produced inthe combustion of waste, considering the calculated high calorific value of MSW and theavailability of this material around us. The environmental benefits of biomass technologies areamong its greatest assets. Global warming is gaining greater acceptance in the scientificcommunity. There appears now to be a consensus among the worlds leading environmentalscientists and informed individuals in the energy and environmental communities that there is adiscernable human influence on the climate; and that there is a link between the concentration ofcarbon dioxide (one of the greenhouse gases) and the increase in global temperatures. Appropriateutilization of Municipal Solid Waste when used can play an essential role in reducing greenhousegases, thus reducing the impact on the atmosphere. In addition, some of the fine particles emitted from MSW are beneficial. Bottom and fly ash arebeing mixed with sludge from brewerys wastewater effluent treatment in a composting process,thus resulting in the production of a solid fertilizer. The possibility of selling the bottom and fly ashto the ceramics industry is also being considered, which increases the potentials of MSW firedsteam boiler. S.O. Adefemi et al[1] in their work on this subject correlated the concentration ofheavy metals in roots of plant from Igbaletere (in Nigeria) dump site with the concentration ofheavy metals in the soil samples from the dump site. A. B. Nabegu[2] found out that solid wastegenerated by households (62.5%) in Kano metropolis far out weighed that generated by variousinstitutions in the same metropolis (5.8%). In the analysis of Municipal Solid Waste managementin Addis Ababa, Nigatu et al[3] observed that part of the reasons for low performance solid wastemanagement was the inadequate and malfunctioning of operation equipment and open burning ofgarbage. This study thus seeks to analyse an efficient operating and burning system. 39 3. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 20122.0 Combustion Analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) Considering the theoretical combustion reaction for the organic component of the waste, such ascarbon, hydrogen and sulphur, Coskun et al [4] gave the equation for stoichiometric combustion as :C+ (O2 +N2) CO2 +N2(1)H + 0.25(O2 + 3.76N2)0.5H2O+0.94N2(2)S+(O2 + 3.76N2) SO2 + 3.76N2(3)It is known that nitrogen reacts with oxygen over about 12000C to form NOx. In calculations, theupper limit of the flue gas temperature is assumed as 12000 C. Combustion process is assumed as inideal case (Stiochiometric). So, nitrogen is not considered to react with oxygen during combustionreaction. It limits the intimacy between the fuel molecules and O2 [4]Table 1 shows the average daily generation of municipal solid waste in various states of Nigeria.Table 1 Average daily generation of MSW in NigeriaS/NState Metric S/N StateMetric S/NState Metric Tonne Tonne Tonne1Abia1114 Enugu 8 27 Ogun92Adamawa 8 15 Gombe 6 28 Ondo93Anambra 1116 Imo 1029 Osun74Akwa-Ibom 7 17 Jigawa9 30 Oyo 125Balyesa 8 18 Kaduna1531 Plateau 96Bauchi9 19 Kano2432 Rivers157Benue 8 20 Kastina 1133 Sokoto98Borno 8 21 Kebbi 7 34 Taraba69Cross River 9 22 Kogi7 35 Yobe610 Delta 1223 Kwara 7 36 Zamfara 6 40 4. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policywww.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 201211 Ebonyi724Lagos 3037FCT 1112 Edo 825Nasarawa613 Ekiti 726Niger 10(Source: ENSWAMA, MOE and NPC)Complete combustion by using excess air can be expressed as follows:C + (I + ) (O2 + 3.76CO2) CO2 + (I + ) (3.76N2 ) + O2 (4)H + (I + ) (O2 + 3.76N2) 0.5H2O + (I + ) (3.76 N2) + (0.75+ )O2 (5)S + (I + ) (O2 + 3.76N2) SO2 + (I + ) (3.76N2) + O2 (6)In combustion reaction, is the fraction of excess combustion air, having the relationship, n = (1+ )where n is the excess air ratio and =The mass balance equation can be expressed as showed in figure 1 in the form as,min= mout (7)i.e. The mass of reactants is equal to the mass of productsmfuel + mair = mflue gas + mash +mmst (8)mfluegas = mair + (mfuel - mash mmst) (9)From Eqn. 8mair = (mfluegas+ mash + mmst) mfuel(10)mfuel mflue gasmair Combustion Chamber mmstmashFig.1 Mass balance in the Furnace Stiochiometric air amount (n=1) can be calculated as follows;mair steo = O2 required per kilogram of the fuel/23.3% of O2 in air = mO,HKH mO,OKO + mO,SKS + mO,CKC/0.233 (11)Where mO,H , mO,O , mO,S , mO,C , are the masses of oxygen in hydrogen,oxygen,sulphur and carbonrespectively. 328K H K O + K S + K Cmair,steo =12 (12)0.233mair.Steo. = 34.3348K H 4.2918K O + 4.2918K S + 11.4449K Cmair.steo. = (3K H 0.3750KO + 0.3750K S + K C )11.4449 (13)With excess air ratio,41 5. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policywww.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012mair = (3K H 0.3750KO + 0.3750K S + KC )(11.4449)(1 + ) (14)Where K denotes the percentage ratio of the element in chemical composition (in %) and mair is theair requirement per kg fuel (kg air/kg fuel). Flue gas amount can be found by Eq. 9 Substituting Eq.13 in Eq. 9, knowing that calculations are done for 1 kg fuel, so the equation canbe expressed as follows:m fluegas = (3K H 0.3750K O + 0.3750K S + K C )(11.4449) + (1-Kash-Kmst)(15)Employing the excess air ratio,m fluegas = (3K H 0.3750KO + 0.3750K S + KC )(11.4449)(1 + ) + (1 K ash K mst ) (16)Using the elemental composition of waste as shown in figure 1, the calculation of amount of airrequired and the flue gas produced can be done considering the above equations.Table 2 Percentage by mass of MSWElement CHOSN MoistureAshpercentage 35.55.123.9 0.52.4 257.6(Source : P.Chattopadhyay, [5])2.1 Calculation of Combustion air supply Considering theoretical combustion reaction for the elemental analysis of MSW shown in table 2,we have,Carbon (C):C+O2 CO212KgC+32KgO244KgCO2Oxygen required = 0.355 * (32/12) = 0.947/Kg MSW (17)Carbon dioxide produced = 0.355 * (44/12) = 1.302/Kg MSW (18)Hydrogen (H):H2 + 1 2 O2 H2O2Kg H2 + 16Kg O2 18Kg H2O1Kg H2 + 8Kg O2 9Kg H2OOxygen required = 0.051 8 = 0.408 Kg/Kg MSW(19)Steam produced = 0.051 9 = 0.459 Kg/Kg MSW (20)Sulphur (S):S + O2 SO232Kg S + 32KgO2 64KgSO21KgS + 1KgO2 2KgSO2Oxygen required = 0.005 Kg/Kg MSW(21)Sulphur dioxide produced = 2 0.005 = 0.01Kg/KgMSW(22)42 6. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012Table 3 Oxygen Required per Kilogram of MSWConstituent Mass fraction Oxygen required (Kg/Kg MSW)Carbon (C)0.355 0.947Hydrogen (H)0.051 0.408Sulphur (S) 0.005 0.005Oxygen (O)0.239 - 0.239Nitrogen (N)0.024 ___Moisture0.25___Ash 0.190 ___Total 1.121O2 required per Kilogram of MSW = 1.121Kg (23) 1.121Air required per Kilogram of MSW = = 4.811Kg(24) 0.233Where air is assumed to contain 23.3% O2 by mass ie. Stiochiometric air/fuel ratio = 4.811:1For air supply which is 80% in excess (this has been derived from industrial experience accordingto (Chattopadhyay, [5]) which suggests that 80% of excess air is just enough to optimize thecombustion of solid refuse in the mass-burning system. 80 Actual A/F ratio, mair = 4.811 + 4.811 = 8.660/1(25) 100Or alternatively, mair can be found using Eq. (14)2.2 Calculation of Calorific value of MSWThe first step in the processing of a waste is to determine its calorific content or heating value. Thisis a measure of the temperature and the oxygen requirements that the specific waste will be placedon the system[6]. The calorific value of a fuel can be determined either from their chemical analysisor in the laboratory[7]. In the laboratory Bomb Calorimeter is used. The analysis of some sample ofwastes from the Energy Centre, UNN using Bomb Calorimeter are shown in Table 443 7. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policywww.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012 Table 4 Calculation of Calorific value of the fuel using Bomb CalorimeterPaper productWood wastePlastics waste Textile wasteSample wt.,m,=1.060g Sample wt.,m,=0.974gSample wt.,m,=1.023g Sample wt.,m,=1.065gInitial Temp. Initial Temp.Initial Temp.Initial Temp. = 29.9860 C = 29.0150 C = 29.9330 C= 28.7430 CFinal Temp.Final Temp. = = Final Temp.Final Temp. 30.6950 C = =31.009 0 C 30.9810 C30.457 0 C T = 1.680 CT = 1.023 0 C 1 . 048 0 C T = 1.048 0 C T = 1.714 0 CUnburntUnburntUnburntUnburnt = 2.5+3.0=5.5 = 1.3+2.2=3.5 = 1.6+2.7=4.3= 2.5+0.8=3.3BurntBurntBurntBurnt= 10 - 5.5 = 4.5 = 10 - 3.5 = 6.5 = 10 - 4.3 = 5.7 = 10 - 3.3 = 6.7 = 4.5 * 2.3 = 10.35 = 6.5 * 2.3 = 14.95 = 5.7 * 2.3 = 13.11 = 6.7 * 2.3 = 15.41V = 2.3V = 2.5V = 3.9V = 3.8E = 13039.308E = 13039.308E = 13039.308E = 13039.308CVp = ( ET V ) / mCVw = ( ET V ) / mCVp = ( ET V ) / mCVp = ( ET V ) / mCV P = 12572 .22 J / g CVw = 14012.05J / gCV P = 21833 .26 J / g CV P = 20551 ..01J / g = 12572.22KJ/kg= 14012.05KJ/kg= 21833.26KJ/kg = 20551.01KJ/kg(SOURCE; National Centre For Energy Research & Development (NCERD), UNN.)For chemical analysis, using Dulongs formula, percentage by mass was considered and heat ofcombustion of Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen determined as shown in Table 5Table 5 Heat of combustion for C, S and HCombustionHeat of CombustionC+O2 CO2 8075kcal/kgS + O2 SO22220kcal/kg34500kcal/kgH2 + 1 2 O2 H2O(Source: P.Chattopadhyay, 2006) 44 8. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012Dulong suggested a formula for the calculation of the calorific of the fuel from their chemicalcomposition asCVmsw = 8075(KC) +2220(KS) + 34500(KH KO/8)(26)where KC, KS, KH and KO stand for percentage by mass of Carbon, Sulphur, Hydrogen and Oxygenrespectively. Substituting the values of KC, KS, KH and KO from Table 2 will give,CVmsw = 8075(0.355) + 2220(0.005) + 34500(0.051-0.239/8)CVmsw = 3,606.5Kcal/kg (27)CVmsw = 15,101 KJ/kg - - - - - - - - - (1cal = 4.187J)Figures 2,3 & 4 show the views of the municipal waste steam boiler Conditioner dislogde Conditioner air feederConditioner air conveyor distribution Conditioner Centilever bearings Bag filterFurnace ScrubberFigure 1 TOP VIEW OF MSW STEAM BOILER 45 9. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012ChimneySteam valvePressure gaugeBoiler tubeWater gaugeWater annulusScrubber BlowerFurnace Bag FilterGrateFigure 2 FRONT VIEW OF MSW STEAM BOILER Boiler tubes Waste Conditioners Figure 3 SIDE VIEW OF MSW STEAM BOILER3.0 Boiler Calculations3.1 Maximum temperature of the furnaceTo obtain the maximum temperature attained in the furnace, the analysis of heat balance isnecessary. This is calculated by the following equation [8]:Qf QfgFurnaceQs Quf 46 10. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policywww.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012Fig.4 Heat balance in the FurnaceQ f = Q fg + Qs + Quf(28)Where, Q f is the heat liberated in the furnace; Q fg is the heat of the flue gas; Qs is the heat usedin producing steam and Quf is the heat lost due to unburnt fuel Q f = mmswCVmsw (29)Where, mmsw and CVmsw are the mass of the fuel and the calorific value of the waste respectivelyQ fg = m fg CPfg (T fg To ) (30)Where, m fg is the mass of the flue gas; CPfg is the specific heat capacity of flue gas; T fg is themaximum temperature attained in the furnace and To is the boiler reference temperature.Qs = mst (h2 h1 )(31)Where, ms is the mass of the steam, h2 and h1 are respectively specific enthalpy of steam, at10bar and specific enthalpy of feed water, at 25 0 C Quf = muf CVmsw (32)Where muf is the mass of unburnt fuel. Substituting (29)-(32) in (28), will yieldmmswCVmsw = m fg CPfg (T fg To ) + ms (h2 h1 ) + muf CVmswHence m msw CV mswm s t h2 h1 )muf CV mswT fg = + To (33)m fg CP fgm f ( m fg CP fg ) m fg CP fgThe heat flux lost through the external surfaces of the steam boiler to the environment is given by[11] P 0.28Qls = 23Qsb (1.523Qsb ) 0.52 + P 5000 (34)3.2 Boiler Efficiency47 11. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012 The boiler thermal efficiency, is calculated by the following equation [9]:*Q&m st (h2 h1 ) = st = * 100 = &Qfm msw CVmsw(35)3.3 Equivalent Evaporation of Boiler This is the amount of water evaporated at 100 0 C , forming dry and saturated steam at 100 0 C,at normal atmospheric pressure. As the water is already at the boiling temperature, it requires onlylatent heat at 1.013bar to convert it into steam at the temperature (100 o C). The value of this latentheat is taken as 2257 KJ/Kg. Thus, the equivalent evaporation, E of a boiler, from and at 100 o C is[13] : m p ( h2 h1 )E= (36) 2257 *m stWhere m p =* (37)mmsw(h2 h1 )And the factor is known as factor of evaporation, and is usually denoted by Fe . Its value2257is always greater than unity for all boilers.3.4 Boiler Horse Power (BHP) It is very commonly used unit for measuring the capacity of a boiler. American Society ofMechanical Engineers (ASME) defines a unit boiler horse power as the boiler capacity to evaporate15.653kg of BFW per hour and at 373K into dry, saturated steam or equivalent in heating effect. E hrBHP = 15.653(38)3.5 Furnace calculationsHeat released rate per unit cross-sectional area of the furnace, q is given byQ ft q=(39)Ainc 48 12. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012Allowable heat released rate of the furnace, qv Q ftqv = (40) Vinc4.0 Results and DiscussionThe Engineering Equation Solver (EES), developed at University of Wisconsin was used to obtainthe solution of the equations.4.1 Parameters for solution of the municipal solid waste-boiler design equationsThe results of the calculated parameters for municipal solid waste design equations from theprevious section are shown in table 6Table 6 Parameters for solution of the municipal solid waste-boiler design equationsS/N SymbolsCalculated S/NSymbols Calculated datadata 21 Ac [m ]0.197131muf [kg]0.326 22 Acyl [m ]0.405832O2 [%]80 223 Ainc [m ]0.955333P[N/m ] 1064 Atubes [m2]0.01623 34Qbw[kJ] 134.65 BHP[kW]0.258735 &2098 Q f [KW]6 CPfg [kJ/kg]1.04736& 2.841 Q fg [m3/s]7 CVmsw [KJ/kg] 1510137Qf [kJ] 101788 Dc[m] 0.5529 38Qfg [kJ]52359 Dinc[m] 0.7188 39Qls[kJ] 957810Doc[m]0.8343 40Qr[kJ]6504S/N Symbols Calculated S/N Symbols Calculateddata data11Dtubes[m] 0.0718841Qs[kJ]126912E [kg/kg] 4.04942Quf [kJ]190013eff.[%] 60.5243fg [ kg/m3]0.472314H[m]7.02 44r1[m] 0.00564315H1 [kJ/kg]76345rc [m]0.0563416H2[kJ/kg] 2778 46St [N/m2] 1.360 10817hfg [m] 10.5947t [m] 0.00594718Hinc [m]7.01448Ta [K]29849 13. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policywww.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 201219ho [m] 0.7099 49To [K]29820Htubes [m] 0.7188 50Tfg [K] 833.721hw [mm]551Tmit [m]0.050722hwmax [m]4.158521.002 r [s]23K [W/mK] 0.04 53Tw [m3] 55024mair [kg]8.66 54Vfgc [m3] 14.4125 1.20355Vinc [m3] 2.835&ma [kg / s]26&1.34256VT [m3] 7m fg [kg / s]27 0.1389 57Vwater [m3] 1&mmsw[kg / s]28 0.63 58q[kW/m2]2264&mst [kg / s]29mf [kg]0.67459& 1269Q st [kW]30mfg [kg] 9.33460qv[KW/m3] 739.961[KJ/Kg]209.24.2 Influence of moisture contentTable 7: Results for variation of flue gas temperature in terms of column of calorific value ofthe fuel for different value of moisture content.Tfg moisture CVMSW Tfgmoisture CVMSW Tfgmoisture CVMSW(K)(KJ/Kg) (K)(KJ/Kg) (K) (KJ/Kg)895.5 0.05 800833.6 0.09800 771.2 0.13800970.4 0.05 900900.6 0.09900 830.6 013 9001045.0 0.051000 968.0 0.091000890.0 0.1310001120.0 0.051100 1035.0 0.09 1100949.4 0.1311001195.0 0.051200 1102.0 0.09 12001009.0 0.13 12001270.0 0.051300 1170.0 0.09 13001068.0 0.13 13001345.0 0.051400 1237.0 0.09 14001128.0 0.13 14001420.0 0.051500 1304.0 0.09 15001187.0 0.13 15001495.0 0.051600 1371.0 0.09 16001246.0 0.13 16001570.0 0.051700 1438.0 0.09 17001306.0 0.13 1700 50 14. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012 1400moisture=0.21 1300 moisture=0.17moisture=0.13moisture=0.09 1200moisture=0.05 1100Tfg[K] 1000900800700 80009000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000CVmsw [Kg/KJ]Figure 5 Variation of flue gas temperature in terms of column of calorific value of the fuel fordifferent value of moisture content.Wastes with different moisture contents have different drying characteristics. Those with highermoisture content require a longer drying time and much more heat energy, causing a lowertemperature in the furnace; and vice versa. If the moisture content is too high, the furnacetemperature will be too low for combustion, such that auxiliary fuel is needed to raise the furnacetemperature and to ensure normal combustion. In order to evaluate the effect of moisture content onthe combustion process, numerical simulation and analysis were made with ten different values ofmoisture content .The results of the analysis show that those wastes with a lower moisture contentgive rise to higher furnace temperatures and larger high-temperature zones during combustion,because the wastes with lower moisture contents have higher heating values and are morecombustibles, being easier and faster to burn. Hence, to increase the efficiency of the boiler, refuseconditioner was used in this work to dry the wastes before they were conveyed to the furnace.4.2 Influence of excess airThe temperature in the furnace is closely related to MSW/air ratio. In order to predict the influenceof excess air on the combustion in furnace, simulations were performed for different values ofexcess air. Results show that with the increase of excess air, the temperature of the furnace tends todecrease. To ensure adequate heating and burnout of wastes, a relatively high temperature level inthe furnace should be maintained with a corresponding O2 content. 51 15. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policywww.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 20124.3 Analysis of elements responsible for energy lossesTable 8 Results for variation of heat lost through external wall with usable power of steamboiler at difference values of operating pressure.P(bar) Qls(kW) Qs(kW) P(bar)Qls(kW) Qs(kW) P(bar) Qls(kW) Qs(kW)102.360 200 210 2.54 200 4102.79200103.990 600 210 4.17 600 4104.43600105.094 1000210 5.28 10004105.531000105.990 1400210 6.17 14004106.42140010 6.750 1800 2106.94 1800 410 7.19180010 7.440 2200 2107.62 2200 410 7.87220010 8.060 2600 2108.24 2600 410 8.49260010 8.630 3000 2108.81 3000 410 9.07300010 9.160 3400 2109.35 3400 410 9.60340010 9.670 3800 2109.85 3800 410 10.10 3800 52 16. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policywww.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012Figure 6 Variation of heat lost through external wall with usable power of steam boiler atdifference value of operating pressure.Fig.6 shows heat flux lost to the atmosphere through the external surface of the steam boiler as afunction of its thermal power and operating pressure. As shown in the figure, heat flux lossesthrough the external surface of the boiler to the atmosphere increase with a rise in thermal powerand operating pressure of saturated steam. It should be noted here that the value of the heat flux lossis dependent on the heat exchange surface, the temperature difference between the saturated steamand the ambient temperature, and the coefficient of heat transmission. Currently, only steampressure and thermal power were taken into account.5.0 Conclusions With the rapid development of national economy, the ever-accelerating urbanization and thecontinued improvement of living standard, the output of the solid waste, particularlyMunicipal solid waste is constantly increasing. This causes environmental pollution and potentiallyaffects peoples health, preventing the sustained development of cities and drawing public concernin all of the society. The continuously generated wastes take up limited land resources, pollutewater and air, and consequently lead to serious environmental trouble. Proper waste treatment istherefore an urgent and important task for the continued development of citiesIn this work, calculation of calorific value of municipal waste has been carried out from theelemental composition of the waste using Dulongs formula. The result of 15,101 KJ/kg obtainedagrees with type 1 waste, N.T.Engineering,[11] that contains 25 percent moisture contents fromwaste classifications. With this heating value, maximum temperature of the flue gas of 833.7K wascalculated from the heat balance equation in the furnace.Thermal analysis of the municipal solid waste boiler done with the operational conditions takeninto account, showed that the municipal solid waste with higher moisture content has a lower heat53 17. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.orgISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)Vol.2, No.5, 2012value, corresponding to a lower temperature in the furnace and a lower O2 consumption duringcombustion, resulting in a higher O2 content at the outlet. Hence, for an efficient use of municipalsolid waste as a fuel for generation of steam in boiler, waste with lower moisture content andadequate excess air supply should be used. In practical operation, the air supply rate and thedistribution of the primary air along the grate should be duly adapted for the specific conditions ofthe wastes. An appropriate excess air ratio can effectively ensure the burnout of combustibles in thefurnace, suppressing the formation and the emission of pollutants.References1. S. O. Adefemi and E. E. Awokunmi (2009), The Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in Ado Ekiti Metropolis, Ekiti State, Nigeria, African Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, Vol.3(8), Pp. 186-1892. A. B. Nabegu (2010), Analysis of Minicipal Solid waste in kano Metropolis, Nigeria,Journal of Human Ecology, 31(2): 111-1193. Nigatu Rigassa, Rajan D. Sundaraa and Bizunesh Bogale Seboka (2011), Challenges andOpportunities in Municipal Solid Waste Management: The case of Addis Ababa City,Central Ethiopia, Journal of Human Ecology, 33(3): 179-1904. Coskun, C., Oktay, Z., &Ilten, N. (2009). A new approach for simplifying the calculation of flue gas specific heat and specific exergy value depending on fuel composition. Energy Journal, 34; 1898-1902.5. Chattopadhyay,P. (2006).Boiler Operation Engineering .Tata McGraw-Hill New Delhi.6. Harry M. F. (1998). Standard handbook of hazardous waste treatment and disposal. McGraw-Hall, New York7. Rajput.R.K (2008).Thermal Engineering.Laxmi,New Delhi.8. Frank R.C., Peter de G., Sarah L.H., and Jeremy W. (2007) The Biomass Assessment Handbook .TJ International, UK.9. Bujak,J.(2008).Mathematical model of a steam boiler room to research thermal efficiency. Energy Journal,33;1779-1787.10. Rayner J. (1997).Basic Engineering Thermodynamics,.Longman Asia Ltd,Hong Kong.11. N.T.G.Engineering Ltd.(2009).CT Series Incinerators.Cleveland Trading EstatenAlbert Road Darlington. 54 18. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,Technology and Education (IISTE). 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