Therapy The type of therapy used depends on the problem. Psychotherapy Interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties EX: treating phobias that are psychologically learned Biomedical Therapy Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system. EX: treating schizophrenia with medication because it is biologically rooted in the brain
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Therapy The type of therapy used depends on the problem. PsychotherapyInteraction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological.
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Therapy
The type of therapy used depends on the problem.
Psychotherapy Interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
EX: treating phobias that are psychologically learned
Biomedical Therapy
Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system.
EX: treating schizophrenia with medication because it is biologically rooted in the brain
Psychotherapies
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Group Therapies
Psychoanalysis Based upon the ideas of
Freud
Goal Techniques Criticisms
Try to help patients gain insight into the subconscious origins and roots of their disorders and work through anxiety-ridden feelings.
•Free association - patient relaxes and starts talking about anything
•Dream interpretation
•Interpretation – the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight into the subconscious
•Interpretations cannot be proven or disproven; psychoanalysts say that psychoanalysis is therapy, not a science.
•Time consuming – years long
•Expensive – several sessions a week
Psychoanalysis
Transference – in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). Patients can develop
strong negative or positive feelings for the therapist, including dependency, mingled love and anger.
Try to understand a patient’s current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships
•Face-to-face conversation•Once a week for a few weeks/months•Look for patterns in behaviors/relationships
Humanistic Therapy Emphasis on human
potential and self-fulfillment
Goal Techniques Criticisms
Aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance
•Focusing on the future instead of the past•Focusing on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts
•“Clients” rather than “patients” client-centered therapy in which the client feels unconditionally accepted.•Active listening – therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies
With a neighbor… Think of the last thing recently that:
Made you angry Made you sad Made you anxious/nervous
For 2-3 minutes, talk about the event and feelings. The active listener should: Remain unbiased and nonjudgmental Paraphrase statements Ask for clarification Reflect the feelings of the speaker with, “I understand” or “Yes,
that would be frustrating” etc
Did you notice any differences when you were active listening compared to how you listen everyday?
Behavioral Therapy Behavioral therapists do not emphasize the mental root of a
disorder as they assume that the problem behaviors are the problems
Goal Techniques Criticisms
Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors (useful for phobias)
•Counter-conditioning – using classical conditioning to produce new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors• Aversive therapy - associates
an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol or smoking)
• Systematic desensitization - associates a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-triggering stimuli
•Token economy – uses operant conditioning principles to produce new behaviors based on rewarding good behaviors and punishing bad behaviors
•When reinforcement disappears/stops, behaviors may come back.
Cognitive Therapy Best for disorders in which the roots are
unclear, like generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder
Goal Techniques
Tries to change unhealthy or maladaptive patterns in thinking
•Ex: a depressed person writes 3 positive things that happened that day and how they contributed to them
•Ex: a person with test-anxiety repeats positive things to themselves before an exam
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy a popular integrated therapy that
combines cognitive therapy (changes in thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behaviors)
Goal Techniques
Seeks to make people aware of maladaptive thinking patterns and replace them with new ways of thinking, AND to practice the more positive approaches and behaviors as well.
•EX: Anorexia nervosa – changing thinking patterns concerning depression and negative body image and changing behaviors concerning eating.
Group Therapy and Support Groups Except for psychoanalytic therapies, these techniques
can be used in therapist-led small groups. Group therapy does not allow for the same degree of
individual attention, but it is time and cost effective and has often been found no less effective than individual therapy.
The social context of group therapy often allows client to feel as if they are not alone in their problems. It can be a relief to find that others share your problems and feelings.
Unclear how it works – maybe strengthens nerve connections in brain that regulate mood?
Increased thirstHeadachesMemory lossSome tremors or twitches
Brain Stimulation
Goal Useful for…
Examples Negative Effects
Send an electric current through the brain while the patient is anesthetized
Severe depression that does not respond to medication
Electroconvulsive therapy
Not exactly sure how it works – maybe calms the area of the brain that is over active and causing depression?
Memory loss
Stigmatized (bad reputation)
Psychosurgery
Lobotomy – a now-rare psychosurgical procedure that cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. Developed in the 1930s Shock the patient into a coma Hammer an ice pick-like instrument
through each eye socket into the brain, then wiggle it to sever connections running up tothe frontal lobes.