Theory and Research Neuman and Robson Ch. 2
Theory and Research
Neuman and Robson Ch. 2
What is Theory?
“a statement of relationships between concepts”
“a roadmap for organizing ideas and knowledge about the social world”
Explicit vs. implicit Parsimony principle
Occam’s Razor
Occam's (or Ockham's) razor is a principle attributed to the 14th century logician and Franciscan friar; William of Occam. Ockham was the village in the English county of Surrey where he was born.
"Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate"
"when you have two competing theories which make exactly the same predictions, the one that is simpler is the better.”
From http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/occam.html
Quasi-Theory
A. Ideology 1. the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that
guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.
2. such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., with reference to some political and social plan, as that of fascism, along with the devices for putting it into operation.
from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ideology
Quasi-Theory (cont.)
B. Blame Analysis
“a type of counterfeit argument presented as if it were a theoretical explanation” (Neuman)
Attributes blame rather than providing a causal explanation
Theory Parts
Concepts Concept clusters Classification concepts (ideal types)
Relationships
Can be represented by a model
Dimensions
A. Empiricism vs. Relativism
B. Deductive vs. Inductive (see next slide)
C. Levels of Theory Micro Meso Macro
Purpose of Theory
Explain
Predict
Establish causality
Theoretical Frameworks
General context and content of beliefs/assumptions
Major sociological theories Structural Functionalism Exchange and Rational Choice Theory Symbolic Interactionism
Includes Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology and Labelling Theory
Conflict Includes Marxism and Feminism
Comparison of Theoretical Frameworks (see next slide)
Theoretical frameworks differ on a number of aspects:
1. The level of analysis being used by the researcher to look at society
2. The view that is taken of human beings and their actions and behaviour
3. What factors prompt human action
4. What type of scientific approach is used by the researcher to study society
Theoretical Frameworks on Sports
In describing sports, the following statements might be made Structural Functionalism
Sports promote solidarity, binding communities and nations together
Exchange and Rational Choice Theory Involvement in team sports can lead to prestige and
recognition for men Symbolic Interactionism
Sports contribute to teamwork and friendships as well as parent-child involvement
Conflict Sports discriminate against women and minorities
Types of Explanations:
Prediction and explanation
Causal explanations
Structural Explanations
Interpretive explanations
Major Approaches or Paradigms in Social Science
“integrated set of assumptions, beliefs, models of doing good research, and techniques for gathering and analyzing data”
1. Positivism 2. Interpretive Social Science 3. Critical Social Science 4. Feminist and Postmodern Research
A paradigm is the theoretical framework and the methodology used to investigate the theory
Multiple or competing paradigms in sociology