Theories of Social Development 1. Psychoanalytic Theories • Freud’s • Erikson’s 2. Learning Theories • Behaviorist Learning theories (Watson, Skinner) • Social Learning theories 3. Social Cognition Theories 4. Ecological and Evolutionary Theories • Bioecological theories (Bronfenbrenner) • Ethology/Evolutionary Psychology Theories
9
Embed
Theories of Social Development 1.Psychoanalytic Theories Freud’s Erikson’s 2.Learning Theories Behaviorist Learning theories (Watson, Skinner) Social Learning.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Theories of Social Development1. Psychoanalytic Theories
Behavior: the need to satisfy basic drivesBalancing act between:Id: pleasure seeking; develops early in the first yearEgo: rational problem solving; develops late in the first yearSuperego: internal moral standards; develops between ages 3-6
Weakness: Highly untestable
4 important contributions:Role of early experienceValue of subjective experienceUnconsciousEmotional relationships
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentStage 1: Basic Trust vs Mistrust
•First year•Crisis: sense of trust in caregiver•Learned to form contingencies, expectations, predictions
Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
•1–3 years•Crisis: developing independence and sense of self-efficacy
Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt•4–6 years•Crisis: developing standards/conscience without being crushed by worry of failure
Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority•6–puberty•Crisis: mastering skills to fit in with the culture (engage in social comparison)
Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion
•Adolescence–early adulthood•Crisis: sense of identity Who am I?
Every act is based on outcomes of past behavior(Positive outcome increases behavior, neg. decreases)
It is hard to extinguish a behavior that is intermittently reinforced If parents give in once…
Attention is a powerful reinforcer
Behavior modification
•Social Learning Theory
Focus on observation and imitation
Direct Imitation
Meltzoff showed that newborn infants were capable of imitatinga range of responses modeled by an actor.
• Bobo Doll Experiment
3. Theories of Social Cognition
• how children think about their own and others thoughts, feelings, motives, intentions, expectations, and behaviors
•Focus on internal/cognitive factors rather than external factors
Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking • he said until age 6 children are virtually unaware of others’ perspectives (new data refutes this) but clearly perspective-taking is important
Dodge’s Info-Processing Theory• Emphasized cognitive processes (such as interpretation)
Just as evolution influenced our physical traits it no doubt influenced our behavioral traits
certain genes predispose individuals to behave in a way that increases survival, mating,and reproduction. These genes are passed on.
focus on the adaptive or survival value of behaviorKonrad Lorenz (1903-1989)-Imprinting in
animals (attachment in humans?)Preference for face-like stimuli
•Weakness: Not easily testable, and data consistent with other theories as well
Social Dev. Theories Exercise• Name all psychological/behavioral gender differences
you can.• Name all gender stereotypes you can.• How would each of the following types of theorists
explain such gender differences:– Behaviorist learning theorists?– Social Learning theorists?– Social Cognition theorists?– Bioecological theorists (how would each of the 5 systems