Early Theories of Early Theories of Aging Aging Thanatophobia Extend maximum life span Hippocrates – gradual loss of body heat Erasmus Darwin – reduced responses to stimuli, loss of excitability Others – metabolic rate, irradiation, genetics “geriatrics” coined in 1914 First geriatric medical journal published in 1945 ACSM founded in 1954 NIA created in 1974
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Early Theories of AgingEarly Theories of Aging
Thanatophobia
Extend maximum life spanHippocrates – gradual loss of body heatErasmus Darwin – reduced responses to stimuli,
loss of excitabilityOthers – metabolic rate, irradiation, genetics“geriatrics” coined in 1914First geriatric medical journal published in 1945ACSM founded in 1954NIA created in 1974
Theories of AgingTheories of AgingPsychological
◦ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1943)◦ Erikson’s Psychological Stages (1956)◦ Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC,
1980)Sociological
◦ Activity◦ Continuity
Biological◦ Damage◦ Genetic◦ Gradual Imbalance
Theories of AgingTheories of AgingPsychological
◦Primarily related to success◦Personal development
Sociological◦Engagement◦Experience & environment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Theory of Successful Aging
Theories of AgingTheories of AgingErikson’s Psychosocial Stages
◦Development through late adulthood◦Positive/Negative Outcomes
Late Adulthood◦Pride & satisfaction vs. lack of
accomplishment◦Dignity & acceptance vs. frustration
Keys: close relationships; productivity with family and/or work; evaluation of the rear view
Theories of AgingTheories of AgingSelective Optimization with
Compensation (Baltes & Baltes, 1990)◦Select priorities/likes/most important◦Optimize skills and talents◦Compensate for decrements in ability
Examples◦Playing music◦Lifting weights◦Running
Theories of AgingTheories of AgingSOC
◦ Functional competence is keyRelated concepts
◦ Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977)◦ Self-esteem◦ Control ◦ Cognitive capacity
Theories of Aging: Theories of Aging: SociologicalSociologicalActivity Theory (Havighurst, 1961)