THEN AND NOW - Virginia Tech• Then and Now • How We Got to Now • The Future. Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation THEN AND NOW. Federal Highway Administration

Federal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of Transportation


Overview

• Then and Now• How We Got to Now• The Future


THEN AND NOW


Then and Now

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Then and Now

VDOT: Hampton Roads Then and Nowhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLMOr9x30Uw


Then and Now

VDOT: Shirely Highway Then and Nowhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKAUkDCz6YA


Then and Now



Then and Now



HOW WE GOT TO NOW


1880

• League of American Wheelman (LAW) founded

1885

• Invention of the Safety Bicycle

1893

• Office of Road Inquiry created

• 1st

American automobile: “gas buggy” “horseless carriage”

1896

• Rural Free Delivery

1899

• 1st U.S. motor vehicle crash, pedestrian killed in NYC

Late Nineteenth Century and the Popularity of Bicycling

http://bicycling.about.com/od/thebikelife/ss/History.htm#step5


Rise of Motor Vehicles in the Early Twentieth Century

1905

• 78,000 registered automobiles

1908

• Ford Model T is released, the 1st automobile available to most of the middle class

1911

• Centerline painted in Michigan

1913

• Lincoln Highway

1914

• 1st electric traffic signal installed in Cleveland, OH

1915

• 1st STOP sign appears in Detroit, MI

1916

• Bureau of Public Roads is created

1918

• 10,723 traffic crashes

• 5.55M registered vehicles

• WI is 1st state to erect official route signs as part of its maintenance functions


Rise of Motor Vehicles in the Early Twentieth Century

1920

• Transportation Research Board is established

• 1st 3-color traffic signal installed in Detroit, MI

1924

• 1st national conference on highway safety held, Washington, DC

1926

• Uniform Vehicle Code is developed during the 2nd

highway safety conference

1929

• 31,215 traffic crashes

1932

• Revenue Act of 1932 establishes 1st national gas tax at 1 cent per gallon

1935

• 1st Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) published

1938

• AASHO adopts “Balanced Design” concept


Consequences, Cause and Effect

• Speeding• Crashes

– Centerlines– Wider pavements– Straighter roads

• Faster speeds• Increase in crashes• Focus on Safety


Balanced Design for Safety

• Highway engineers to concerned about inconsistency between posted speed limits and safe design speed on curves.

• In 1935, Barnett of the BPR proposed that all new rural roads conform to an “assumed design speed,” a comfortable top speed for drivers outside of urban areas


The 40’s and Post War Development and Growth

1940

• Pennsylvania Turnpike opens

• Federal Highway Act

• 32M registered vehicles

1941

• Defense Highway Act

1944

• Congress approves development of National System of Interstate Highways and Federal Aid Highway Act

1954


1956

• Federal-Aid Highway Act dedicated funding stream to support interstate highway system


The 60’s

1963


1964

• 47,700 highway related deaths; 10% increase above 1963 highway fatalities

1966

• Highway Safety Act and National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Acts are signed, creating the U.S. Department of Transportation

1968

• 1st Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard requiring seat belts is passed


The 70’s and 80’s

1970


1971

• 1st Federal safety standard requiring child passenger restraints (FMVSS 213)

1973

• Oil embargo leads to energy crisis

• Highway Safety Act of 1973, introduction of National Maximum Speed Law

1974

• Safety standard requiring motorcycle helmets is passed

1979

• Oil crisis in the wake of the Iranian Revolution

1984

• New York becomes 1st State to pass mandatory seat belt law


Multimodal Shift in the 1990s

1990

• 1st U.S. modern roundabout built in

• Summerlin, Las Vegas, NV

1991

• ISTEA is passed, adding a multimodal perspective to the Fed-aid program

1993

• Gas tax increased to 18.4 cents per gallon

1995

• National Maximum Speed Law is repealed

1998

• TEA-21 is passed, calling States to adopt a 0.08% blood alcohol content limit for drivers

http://www.roundaboutsusa.com/


Legislation in the 21st Century

2005

•SAFETEA-LU is passed

2006

•244M registered vehicles

2009

•1st diverging diamond interchange (DDI) built: Springfield, MO

2012

•MAP-21 is passed

2014

•32,744 traffic fatalities

•254M registered vehicles

2015

•FAST Act is passed

•35,092 traffic fatalities; 7.2-percent increase over 2014

•> 4800 roundabouts in the U.S.

•> 60 DDIs in the U.S.


TRENDS


Changes in Number of Fatalities


Overall Decline in Fatalities

Traffic Fatalities in the U.S. by Year, 1983-2013 (Source: NHTSA FARS)


Increasing Number of Vehicles


Overall Decrease in Fatality Rate & Increase in Travel

Fatality Rate and Vehicle Miles Traveled (1966-2013)


Congestion Today

28


Congestion Tomorrow

29


Limits on Creating New Capacity

30Source: http://www.dot.gov/BeyondTraffic


THE FUTURE


Connected Automated Vehicles

The path toward connected vehicles will ultimately lead to automated vehicles.

32


What is a Connected Vehicle?


Automated Vehicle Terminology

• Connected vehicles are those which use wireless technology to communicate among vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and other road users

• Automated vehicles are those in which at least some aspect of a safety-critical control function (e.g., steering, throttle, or braking) occurs without direct driver input.

• Autonomous vehicles are those which operate in isolation from other vehicles using internal sensors

• Connected automated vehicles are those which leverage autonomous and connected vehicle capabilities


• Connectivity is critical to safe and efficient operations

• Partial automation will likely provide significant transportation system benefits

• Full automation has the potential to revolutionize the transportation system

Automation In Transportation

35


Primary Enabling TechnologiesPOSITION, NAV & TIMING MAPPING

COMMUNICATIONS

SENSORS

HUMAN FACTORS


More Information

• Contact [email protected]

• History of the Interstate System and more….http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/interstate.cfm

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/interstate.cfm

THEN AND NOW - Virginia Tech• Then and Now • How We Got to Now • The Future. Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation THEN AND NOW. Federal Highway Administration

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