THEME: The North effectively brought to bear its long term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the.

THEME: The North effectively brought to bear its long term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.

Balance of Power (see pg. 449)

SOUTH NORTH

Balance of Power (see pg. 449)

SOUTH• Defensive Strategy• Better officers• Military Culture• Limited transportation• Limited manufacturing• Limited population

(slave revolution?)

NORTH• Offensive Strategy• Incompetent/Hesitant Officers• Urban culture• Extensive ports& transportation

system• Extensive Manufacturing• Immigration/Population

Map: Major American Cities in 1830 and 1860

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Railroad Growth, 1850-1860

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/MAPDEMO/Theater/TheTheater.html

What were the 3 parts

of the Anaconda

Plan?

Scott's Great SnakeGeneral Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)

WAR STRATEGIESP.S. What’s the difference between tactics and strategy?

THE NORTH’S “ANACONDA” PLAN

1. Naval blockade of Southern ports

2. Control the Mississippi and split Confederacy in two

3. Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital

THE SOUTH’S PLAN

1. Fight a defensive war2. Secure recognition and

support from Europe3. Negotiate an armistice

CONSCRIPTION (=DRAFT)NORTH:

• Started in 1863• Ages 20-45 for 3 years• Substitutes allowed• Commutations for

$300• Bounties paid to

volunteers• 92% of army

volunteered

SOUTH:

• Started in 1862• Ages 18-35• Exemptions for

slaveholders with 20 slaves or more

• Substitutes allowed• 80% of elegible men

served

DRAFT RIOTS:NYC draft riots in July 1863. 11 African Americans lynched. 100 killed.

ECONOMICS

IN THE NORTH:• institutes income tax for 1st time• Increases tariff & taxes on alcohol and tobacco• Instituted the National Banking System to regulate

currency• Instituted the “greenback” currency• Treasury bonds instituted to borrow money

IN THE SOUTH:• Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt.• Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade• 9,000 inflation rate!!!

ECONOMICSIN THE NORTH:

• Boom in manufacturing

• Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class

• Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick reaper, sewing machine

• Introduction of “sizing” for clothing

• Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix)

• Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1st time

ECONOMICSIN THE SOUTH:

• Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt.

• Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade

• Transportation collapses

• Cotton Capitalism collapses

• SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!!

ECONOMICS

IN THE SOUTH:

• Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12%

• Income is 2/5 of Northern average

• Transportation collapses

• Cotton Capitalism collapses

ECONOMIC CHANGES:SUMMARY

IN THE NORTH:• Economy booms and grows• Institutes income tax for 1st time• Construction of national railroad system• Creation of national banks• Instituted the “greenback” currency• 179% inflation rate in 1865IN THE SOUTH:• Economic collapse• Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12%• Income is 2/5 of Northern average• 9,000% inflation rate at end of war!!!

THEME: Lincoln’s skillful political leadership helped keep the crucial Border States in the Union and maintain northern morale, while his effective diplomacy kept Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy.

The Blockade• Union extends blockade (Anaconda Plan)

• Begins to have success by targeting cotton ports

• Risks war with Britain by seizing British merchants, uses “ultimate destination”- legal cover to avoid war

• Blockade Runners earn profits of up to 700%

• 3//9/1862: Monitor v. Merrimack end of wooden-hulled warfare, beginning of the “Ironclads”

Virginia rams Cumberland

Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia)

http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/cwar-pix/monitor.jpg

Monitor after the battle with the Virginia

Cotton King?

South counts on European intervention:– It needs naval support and

trade with Europe

– Europe depends on its cotton

– Aristocratic South mirrors monarchies in Europe

Why doesn’t Europe come?

Europe does not come to the South’s aid because:

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin turns British and French public against slave-holding South

• There was a glut of cotton on market when war began

• Union sends grain surpluses to Europe, UK suffers bad harvests

• Union sent captured cotton supplies to Europe

• Egypt and India increased cotton production

Diplomacy Fails• Trent Affair, late 1861

– US Navy boards British steamer and captures 2 Confederate diplomats

• Alabama raids: 1862-1864– British built ship, armed in Portuguese Azores

(=British are technically not arming South)– Captured 60 US vessels, sinks 64– Similar British built Confederate ships sink 250

Union ships– Britain pays $15.5 million in damages after war

• 1863: the Laird “rams”= Brinkmanship with UK– Would have broken Union blockade and probably

resulted in Union invasion of Canada

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h57000/h57256.jpg

Side-effects of Foreign Flare-ups

• American Vigilante raids into Canada unite Canadians

• 1867: British parliament grants Canada independence

• 1863: Napoleon III establishes a puppet regime in Mexico –violating the Monroe Doctrine

• US cannot threaten retaliation until after the war in 1865

Whose War? War for What?

• After Sumter: Who goes next?

ARK, TENN, NC, AND VA

• Capital of Confederacy moves to Richmond, VA

• BORDER STATES:

MD, DEL, W.VA, KY, MO, Indian Territory

• W.VA formed by “mountain whites”

• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD, sends Union troops to support unionist militias in Border states, W. VA, MO

Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, NOT ABOLITION. WHY?

Lincoln cannot loose the “Butternut” Region of Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States.

“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including surrender of this capital.”

Border States and Civil Rights

THEME: Lincoln violates Constitution in order to preserve it

• Lincoln expands presidential authority while Congress is not in session, appropriating Congress’ powers: 1. He expands army2. He appropriates 2 million for military costs

• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in order to indefinitely detain anti-Unionists, especially in Border States, like Maryland

• Lincoln censors papers and imprisons hostile editors• Federal troops used to intimidate voters in Border States

The PresidentsAbraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis

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The “Presidents”UNION CONFEDERACY

• Lincoln exercises arbitrary powers

• Lincoln benefits from one-party politics

• Dissent is suppressed• Lincoln builds coalitions,

uses humor to defuse• His cabinet contains

political extremes and some of his strongest opponents!

• Seen as weak at first, becomes popular with time

• Jefferson Davis CANNOT exercise arbitrary power

• Local rights usurp Common needs

• Davis cannot assert authority over troops

• Imperious, rarely compromises

• Threatened with impeachment/unpopular

The War comes to “Mobtown”• Baltimore was nation’s 2nd largest city at the time• Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly mobs

and riots• Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks,

Gladiators, Black Snakes, Blood Tubs and Spartans…• The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the

election year of 1855.• Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or

Douglas.• Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the

way to his inauguration due to rumors of an assassination plot.

Trouble Brews…• Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s

handling of Ft. Sumter (attacked on April 12th).• Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14th call for

volunteers to “suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even provocative. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call for 90 Day volunteer enlistment.

• Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by mobs in Baltimore.

• Many soldiers are hurt. • The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform, slashing

and stabbing him with knives• Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops through the

city.http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

“Another Lexington” or another “Boston Massacre”?

• 6th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17th and arrives in Baltimore April 19th.

• An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many on both sides of fighting are wounded.

• 21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured. – Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on the

ground – dies of his wounds.– Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death by the

mob.• Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.• Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC

THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.

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AFTER EFFECTS• On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and

Police Commissioner order all bridges leading into the city destroyed.

• Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records.

• Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.• September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and

orders the governor, mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and newspapermen arrested.

• Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern forts for years, without trial.

• Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy and fortify Federal Hill.

Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862 Photographed by David Bachrach MHS Library, Special Collections Department

“After the riots of 1861, Baltimore illustrated the nation’s divided sympathies. If you were for the Confederacy, it was an occupied city. If you favored the Union, General Butler and his troops were protecting the city from the rebels. Legend reports that the fort’s troops enjoyed pointing out to nervous locals that the cannons were aimed at the Washington Monument, located in the center of the city, in case of insurrection.”

http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32

Maryland, My Maryland– I

The despot's heel is on thy shore,

– Maryland!His torch is at thy temple door,

– Maryland!Avenge the patriotic goreThat flecked the streets of Baltimore,And be the battle queen of yore,

– Maryland! My Maryland!

– VIDear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain,

– Maryland!Virginia should not call in vain,

– Maryland!She meets her sisters on the plain-"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrainThat baffles minions back again,

– Maryland!Arise in majesty again,

– Maryland! My Maryland!

(Z24.432) Unveiling of Monument to Confederate Soldiers and Sailors

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Point Lookout, Md. View of Hammond Genl. Hospital & U.S. genl. depot for prisoners of war