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• Land uses influence net utility: – Positive utility = activity realization– Negative utility (disutility) = travel cost
• Extends beyond Crane– Reveals a dual ambiguity of land use’s influences
• Uncertain influence on trip costs (disutility), thus travel• Uncertain influence on activities (utility), thus travel
• What happens with saved time? A. Invest in going to higher utility destinationsB. Carry out more activitiesC. Dedicate more time per activity– Travel demand increases with? – A and B– Consistent with…. constant travel time budgets (e.g., Schafer, 2000).
– “compact urban growth”– with urban renewal subsidies
• 1990s– “A-B-C location policy”
• A: centrally located sites• B: outside CBDs, but still public transport connected• C: highway-oriented sites• Challenge: growth in service/office sector
• Retail policy• Overall: mixed success
– Primarily guiding residential and retail development29
Trip Maker• Age• Gender• Car Ownership• Household Income • Occupation• Frequent BRT User or not
Trip• Purpose• Time• Alternative Mode Availability• In Group or not
System• Level of Service• Transit Fare
Station Context• Station Function (terminal, transfer?)• Distance to City Center • Density Gradient• Connectivity (Feeder road length)• Level of Feeder-bus Service
No need control because BRT riders are granted free transfer between BRT lines and thus using the same system per se.
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Catchment Area Density Gradient: Hill/ Valley/ Flat
p is the property sales price; I is a vector of attributes of the improvements on the parcel, such as number of bathrooms, number of floors, and age, etc.; N is a vector of attributes of the neighborhood, such as quality of public facilities and services (including schools) and socioeconomic characteristics; and, T is a combined vector of attributes of the transportation-related locational accessibility of the parcel, such as proximity to transportation services (including transit), relative accessibility to opportunities across the broader metropolitan area, etc.
References• Angel, S., J. Parent, D. Civco, A. Blei (2011) Making Room for a Planet of Cities, Policy Focus
Report, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
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• Ben-Akiva, M. and T. Morikawa (2002) Comparing Ridership Attraction of Rail and Bus. Transport Policy 9 (2) (April), pp. 107–116. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00009-4.
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• Blackman, A. (2002) Testing the Rhetoric. Regulation (Spring): 34-38.
• Cao, J. (2013) The association between light rail transit and satisfactions with travel and life: evidence from Twin Cities. Transportation, 40, 921-933.
• Cervero, R. (1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Island Press.
• Cervero, Robert, and Chang Deok Kang. “Bus Rapid Transit Impacts on Land Uses and Land Values in Seoul, Korea.” UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport: A Volvo Center of Excellence, July 2009. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4px4n55x
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• Chatman, D. (2013) Does TOD need the T? On the importance of factors other than rail access.
• Journal of the American Planning Association, 79 (1), pp. 17-31.
• Crane, R. (1996) On form versus function: Will the new urbanism reduce traffic, or increase it? Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 15, pp. 117-126.
• Ewing, R, R. Cervero (2010) Travel and the Built Environment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), pp. 265-294.
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References (cont’d)• Fan, Y. and A. Guthrie (2013) Achieving System-Level, Transit-Oriented Jobs-Housing Balance:
Perspectives of Twin Cities Developers and Business Leaders. UMinn CTS 13-24: http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/ResearchReports/reportdetail.html?id=2300
• Geurs, K.T. and B. van Wee (2004) Accessibility Evaluation of Land-Use and Transport Strategies: Review and Research Directions. Journal of Transport Geography Vol. 12: 127-140.
• IBI Group. 2000. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Travel: Tool for Evaluating Neighborhood Sustainability. Healthy Housing and Communities Series Research Report, prepared for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and Natural Resources Canada, February.
• Graftieux, P. (2005). World Bank, Personal communication.
• Handy, Susan. (2005) Smart Growth and the Transportation - Land Use Connection: What does the research tell us? International Regional Science Review 28, pp. 146-167.
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• Ingram, G. (1998) Patterns of Metropolitan Development: What Have We Learned? Urban Studies, Vol. 35, No. 7, June, pp. 1019-1035.
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• Jiang, Y., C. Zegras, Mehndiratta, S. (2012). Walk the line: station context, corridor type and bus rapid transit walk access in Jinan, China.” Journal of Transport Geography, 20(1), 1–14.
• Judy, M. (2007). The Potential for Bus Rapid Transit to Promote Transit Oriented Development: An Analysis of BRTOD in Ottawa, Brisbane, and Pittsburgh. MCP Thesis, MIT: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40122
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References (cont’d)• Kenworthy, P. and F. Laube (1999) Patterns of automobile dependence in cities: an international
overview of key physical and economic dimensions with some implications for urban policy. Transportation Research A, Vol. 33, pp. 691-723.
• Lari, A., Levinson, D., Zhao, Z., Iacono, M., Aultman, S. Das, K.V., Junge, J., Larson, K., Scharenbroich, M. (2009) Value Capture for Transportation Finance: Technical Research Report. Minneapolis: The Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota
• Maat, K., B. van Wee, D. Stead (2005) Land use and travel behaviour: expected effects from the perspective of utility theory and activity-based theories. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol. 32, pp. 33-46.
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• Perk, Victoria, Steven Bovino, et al. (2013) Impacts of Boston’s Silver Line Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Sale Prices of Condominiums Along Washington Street. 92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., January.
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References (cont’d)• Rodríguez, D. and Targa, F. (2004) Value of Accessibility to Bogotá’s Bus Rapid Transit System.
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• Schwanen, T., Dijst, M. and Dieleman, F. (2004) Policies for Urban Form and their Impact on Travel: The Netherlands Experience. Urban Studies Vol. 41, No. 3: 579-603.
• TCRP (2003) Bus Rapid Transit Volume 1: Case Studies in Bus Rapid Transit. TCRP Report 90: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp90v1_cs/Curitiba.pdf
• US Census Bureau (2012) Patterns of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Population Change: 2000 to 2010, Census Special Reports, September.
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• Zegras, C., S. Jiang, C. Grillo, L. Martinez (2013b) Capture the Value to Finance Transit Systems? A Comparative Assessment of Chicago and Lisbon, Draft.
• Zhang, M. (2004) The Role of Land Use in Travel Mode Choice: Evidence from Boston and Hong Kong. Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 70, No. 3, Summer, pp. 344-360.
• Zhao, J. and Deng, W. (2013) Relationship of Walk Access Distance to Rapid Rail Transit Stations with Personal Characteristics and Station Context. Journal of Urban Planning and Development (forthcoming).