The Yuan Dynasty and Goryo Dynasty

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The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese : , Modern Yun Cho ;

Mongolian : Classical , Dai n Yeke Mongghul Ulus , Modern , , Ikh Yuan ls[1 ! "as #he e$%ire es#a&lished &' )&lai

han , leader o* #he Mongolian +or igin clan, a*#er he con-)ered.o)#hern .ong d'nas#ies in China / 0l#ho)gh #he Mongols had r)led#erri#ories "hich incl)ded #oda' s nor#hern China *or decades, i# "asno# )n#il 1231 #ha# )&lai han o**iciall' %roclai$ed #he d'nas#' in #he#radi#ional Chinese s#'le/ [2 4is real$ 5 #he Great Yuan Empire (# , s , % D Yun Digu ! 5 "as &' #his %oin# isola#ed *ro$ #he o#her6hana#es and con#rolled onl' $os# o* %resen#7da' China and i#ss)rro)nding areas incl)ding $odern Mongolia /[8 9# "as #he *irs# *oreignd'nas#' #o r)le all o* China and las#ed )n#il 18 , a*#er "hich i#sre$nan#s in Mongolia "ere 6no"n as #he $%erors o* #he =)an $as#ered #he Chineselang)age, )sing ins#ead #heir na#i?e lang)age and Mongolian and

@agsh%a scri%#s/[A

The =)an is considered &o#h a s)ccessor #o #he Mongol >$%ire and asan i$%erial Chinese d'nas#' / 9n o**icial Chinese his#ories , #he =)anB'nas#' &ore #he Manda#e o* 4ea?en , *ollo"ing #he .ong B'nas#' and%receding #he Ming B'nas#' / 0l#ho)gh #he d'nas#' "as es#a&lished &'

)&lai han , he %laced his grand*a#her enghis han on #he i$%erialrecords as #he o**icial *o)nder o* #he d'nas#' as TaiD)/

9n addi#ion #o >$%eror o* China , )&lai han also clai$ed #he #i#le o*rea# han , s)%re$e o?er #he o#her s)ccessor 6hana#es: #he Chaga#ai ,

#he olden 4orde , and #he 9l6hana#e/ 0s s)ch, #he rea# =)an >$%ire"as also so$e#i$es re*erred #o as #he Empire of the Great Khan /4o"e?er, al#ho)gh #his clai$ o* #he e$%erors o* #he =)an B'nas#' "asa# #i$es recogniDed &' #he "es#ern 6hans, #heir s)&ser?ience "as$erel' no$inal and #he' each con#in)ed #heir o"n se%ara#ede?elo%$en#/ [E [ [3

Kublai Khan and Ariq Bke[ edit ]

9n 12EF rea# han MGng6e died "hile )&lai han , his &ro#her, "asca$%aigning agains# #he .ong B'nas#' in .o)#h China and 0ri- +G6e ,

his o#her &ro#her, co$$anded #he Mongol ho$elands/ 0 khuraldai , or#he grea# asse$&l' o* higher no&ili#' #oo6 %lace in ara6or)$ , #hen #heca%i#al o* #he Mongol >$%ire, "hich %roclai$ed 0ri- +G6e as #he rea#

han in #he #radi#ional Mongolian s#'le/ 4earing o* #his, )&lai a&or#edhis Chinese eH%edi#ion and ga#hered ano#her grea# asse$&l' a# hishead-)ar#ers in #he ci#' o* ai%ing ( .hangd) in %resen#7da' 9nnerMongolia ! and, in 12 I, he "as %roclai$ed #he rea# han/ 4o"e?er,#his asse$&l' con?ened &' )&lai "as dee$ed illegi#i$a#e *ro$ #he

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%ers%ec#i?e o* #he Mongolian #radi#ion o* #hrone inheri#ance: #hee$%ire alread' had 0ri- +G6e as legi#i$a#e rea# han, "ho "as in #heca%i#al/[ 9n addi#ion, i# "as said #ha# #ha# )&lai $ade eH#ensi?e )se o*&ri&er' o* %rinces/ 0ri- +G6e sen# an a$&assador #o his &ro#her: J+'#he s#a#e s la", #he rea# han is %roclai$ed &' #he grea# asse$&l',

&)# 'o) ha?e ignored #he s)%re$e doc#rine; si##ing in China and,*ollo"ing Chinese la"s, 'o) are ac#ing a)#ocra#icall'/J [F

)&lai declared 0ri- +G6e #o &e a )s)r%er, and, *ollo"ing #he #radi#ionalChinese c)s#o$, %roclai$ed #he era na$e #o &e JKhong7#ongJ/0ccording #o Chinese his#or', )&lai han gained #he #i#le o* >$%eror(huang di !, al#ho)gh #he Chinese .ong B'nas#' a# #ha# #i$e s#illresis#ed hi$ in .o)#h China/ 9n 12 1512 A, he *o)gh# agains# his&ro#her, and e?en#)all' 0ri- +G6e "as de*ea#ed and s)rrendered #o

)&lai/ 0s #he "inning rea# han, )&lai han no" eH%ec#ed #heallegiance o* o#her 6hana#es/

4o"e?er, a# #his #i$e #he 6hans o* #he olden 4orde and o* #heChaga#ai hana#e did no# recogniDe )&lai han as #he rea# han/

The con*lic#s &e#"een )&lai han and #he 6hana#es in Cen#ral 0sia led&' aid) had las#ed *or a *e" decades, )n#il #he &eginning o* #he 1A#hcen#)r', "hen &o#h o* #he$ had died/ 4LlegL , ano#her &ro#her o*

)&lai han, r)led his 9l6hana#e and %aid ho$age #o #he rea# han&)# ac#)all' es#a&lished an a)#ono$o)s 6hana#e, and a*#er 9l6han

haDan s en#hrone$en# in 12FE, )&lai s s)ccessor >$%erorChengDong sen# hi$ a seal reading J J in Chinese scri%# #os'$&oliDe #his/ [1I The *o)r $a or s)ccessor 6hana#es ne?er ca$e again

)nder #r)e one r)le, and &order clashes also *re-)en#l' occ)rreda$ong #he$, al#ho)gh =)an B'nas#' s no$inal s)%re$ac' "asrecogniDed &' #he o#her #hree a*#er #he dea#h o* aid)/ [11

Foundin of the Dynasty[ edit ]

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)&lai han , enghis han s grandson and *o)nder o* #he =)anB'nas#'

ro$ #he &eginning o* his reign (12 I!, )&lai han had ado%#ed $an'c)s#o$s *ro$ earlier Chinese d'nas#ies, s)ch as era na$es and&)rea)crac'/ 4e had se?eral Chinese #eachers a##ached #o hi$ sincehis earl' 'ears/ $%eror/

There*ore, =)an "as #he *irs# d'nas#' in China #o )se Ba ( Chinese : ,J rea#J! in i#s o**icial #i#le, as "ell as &eing #he *irs# d'nas#' #o )se a#i#le #ha# did no# corres%ond #o an ancien# region in China/ [1A 9n 1231,

han&ali- o**iciall' &eca$e #he ca%i#al o* #he =)an B'nas#'/

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9n #he earl' 123Is, )&lai &egan his $assi?e dri?e agains# .o)#hern.ong B'nas#' in .o)#h China/ +' 1238, )&lai had &loc6aded #he

=angDi i?er "i#h his na?' and &esieged Uiang'ang , #he las# o&s#aclein his "a' #o ca%#)re #he rich =angDi i?er &asin/ 9n 123E, a .ong *orceo* 18I,III #roo%s

)nder Chancellor Nia .idao "as de*ea#ed &' #he =)an *orce/ +' 123 ,$os# o* #he .o)#hern .ong #erri#or' had &een ca%#)red &' =)an *orces/9n 123F, #he =)an ar$' led &' #he Chinese general Khang 4ong*an hadcr)shed #he las# .ong resis#ance a# #he +a##le o* =a$en , "hich $ar6ed#he end o* #he .o)#hern .ong and #he onse# o* a )ni#ed China )nder#he =)an/ The =)an B'nas#' is #radi#ionall' gi?en credi# *or re)ni#ingChina a*#er se?eral h)ndred 'ears o* *rag$en#a#ion *ollo"ing #he *all o*#he Tang B'nas#' /

0*#er #he *o)nding o* #he d'nas#', )&lai han "as %)# )nder %ress)re

&' $an' o* his ad?isers #o *)r#her eH%and #he s%here o* in*l)ence o*#he =)an #hro)gh #he #radi#ional .inocen#ric #ri&)#ar' s's#e$/4o"e?er, #he a##e$%#s #o es#a&lish s)ch #ri&)#ar' rela#ionshi%s "erere&)**ed and eH%edi#ions #o Na%an (#"ice!, Bai Vie# (#"ice d)ring

)&lai s r)le [1E !, and Na?a, "o)ld la#er $ee# "i#h less s)ccess/ )&laies#a&lished a %)%%e# s#a#e inM'an$ar , "hich ca)sed anarch' in #hearea, and #he @agan ingdo$ "as &ro6en )% in#o $an' regions"arring "i#h each ano#her/ 9n order #o a?oid $ore &loodshed andcon*lic#s "i#h #he Mongols, 0nna$ and Cha$%a la#er es#a&lishedno$inal #ri&)#ar' rela#ions "i#h #he =)an B'nas#'/

!ule of Kublai Khan[ edit ]Wnli6e his %redecessors, )&lai es#a&lished a go?ern$en# "i#hins#i#)#ions rese$&ling #he ones in earlier Chinese d'nas#ies and $adere*or$s #o $ain#ain his cen#raliDed r)le/ [1

)&lai han "as seen as a $ar#ial e$%eror, re*or$ing $)ch o* Chinaand i#s ins#i#)#ions, a %rocess #ha# "o)ld ha?e #a6en decades #oco$%le#e/ or eHa$%le, he consolida#ed his r)le &' cen#raliDing [13 #hego?ern$en# o* China X $a6ing hi$sel* ()nli6e his %redecessors! ana&sol)#e $onarch / 4e di?ided his e$%ire in#o Xing Zhongshusheng (

!, )s)all' #ransla#ed as J&ranch .ecre#aria#J or J%ro?inceJ, eachgo?erning #he areas o* a%%roHi$a#el' #"o or #hree $odern7da'Chinese %ro?inces, and #his %ro?incial7le?el go?ern$en# s#r)c#)re&eca$e #he $odel *or la#er Ming and Ying d'nas#ies/ )&lai han alsore*or$ed $an' o#her go?ern$en#al and econo$ic ins#i#)#ions,es%eciall' #he #aH s's#e$/ )&lai han so)gh# #o go?ern China #hro)gh#radi#ional ins#i#)#ions, [1 and also recogniDed #ha# in order #o r)leChina he needed #o e$%lo' 4an Chinese ad?isers and o**icials, #ho)gh

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he ne?er relied #o#all' on Chinese ad?isers/ [1F =e#, #he 4ans "erediscri$ina#ed agains# %oli#icall'/ 0l$os# all i$%or#an# cen#ral %os#s"ere $ono%oliDed &' Mongols, "ho also %re*erred e$%lo'ing non74ans*ro$ o#her %ar#s o* #he Mongol do$ain in #hose %osi#ions *or "hich noMongol co)ld &e *o)nd/ 4ans "ere $ore o*#en e$%lo'ed in non7

Chinese regions o* #he e$%ire[citation needed

/ 9n essence, socie#' "asdi?ided in#o *o)r classes in order o* %ri?ilege: Mongols, .e$) (JVario)ssor#sJ, *or eHa$%le: Cen#ral 0sians!,

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d'nas#' in China #o )se %a%er c)rrenc' as #he %redo$inan# circ)la#ing$edi)$/ The =)an &)rea)cra#s $ade %a%er &ills *ro$ #he $)l&err'&ar6 %a%er/

Phile he had clai$ed no$inal s)%re$ac' o?er #he res# o* #he Mongol

>$%ire, his in#eres# "as clearl' in China, along "i#h #he areas in i#s#radi#ional .inocen#ric #ri&)#ar' s's#e$/ ro$ #he &eginning o* hisreign, #he o#her #hree 6hana#es o* #he Mongol >$%ire &eca$e de *ac#oinde%enden# and onl' one recogniDed hi$ as hagan / +' #he #i$e o*

)&lai han s dea#h in 12FA, #his se%ara#ion has dee%ened, al#ho)ghla#er =)an e$%erors had no$inal s)%re$ac' in #he "es# #il #he end o*#heir r)le in China/ The #e$%le na$e gi?en *or )&lai han is .hiD)(Chinese : !/

Early rulers after Kublai[ edit ]

0 =)an B'nas#' ade &el# %la-)e *ea#)ring car?ed designs o* a dragon /

ollo"ing #he con-)es# o* Bali in 0B 12E8, #he *or$er r)ling B)and'nas#' "ere a%%oin#ed as go?ernors7general , recogniDed as i$%erialo**icials &' #he =)an, Ming, and Ying 7era go?ern$en#s, %rinci%all' in#he %ro?ince o* =)nnan / .)ccession *or #he =)an B'nas#', ho"e?er,"as an in#rac#a&le %ro&le$, la#er ca)sing $)ch s#ri*e and in#ernals#r)ggle/ This e$erged as earl' as #he end o* )&lai s reign/ )&laioriginall' na$ed his eldes# son, Khen in (Chinese : ! as #he Cro"n@rince (Chinese : ! X &)# he died &e*ore )&lai in 12 E/ Th)s,Khen in s #hird son, "i#h #he s)%%or# o* his $o#her G6e in and #he$inis#er +a'an , s)cceeded #he #hrone and r)led as Te$Lr han or>$%eror ChengDong *or a%%roHi$a#el' 1I 'ears *ollo"ing )&lai s

dea#h (&e#"een 12FA and 18I3!/ Te$Lr han decided #o $ain#ain andcon#in)e $)ch o* #he "or6 &eg)n &' his grand*a#her/ 4e also $ade%eace "i#h #he "es#ern Mongol 6hana#es as "ell as #he neigh&oringco)n#ries s)ch as Vie#na$, "hich recogniDed his no$inal s)Derain#'and %aid #ri&)#es *or a *e" decades/ 4o"e?er, #he corr)%#ion in #he

=)an B'nas#' &egan d)ring #he reign o* Te$Lr han/

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LlLg han (>$%eror P)Dong! ca$e #o #he #hrone a*#er #he dea#h o* Te$Lr han/ Wnli6e his %redecessor, he did no# con#in)e )&lai s "or6,&)# largel' re ec#ed i#/ Mos# signi*ican#l' he in#rod)ced a %olic' calledJ

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e#hnic $inori#ies/ The occ)rrence o* #hese re?ol#s and #he s)&se-)en#s)%%ression aggra?a#ed #he *inancial di**ic)l#ies o* #he =)ango?ern$en#/ The go?ern$en# had #o ado%# so$e $eas)re #o increasere?en)e s)ch as selling o**ices, as "ell as c)r#ailing i#s s%ending onso$e i#e$s/ [21

Phen =esLn Te$Lr died in .hangd) in 182 , T)gh Te$Lr "as recalled#o han&ali- &' #he Yi%cha- co$$ander >l Te$Lr / 4e "as ins#alled as#he e$%eror (>$%eror PenDong! in han&ali- "hile =esLn Te$Lr s son

agi&agh s)cceeded #o #he #hrone in .hangd) "i#h #he s)%%or# o* =esLn Te$Lr s *a?ori#e re#ainer Ba"la# .hah/ aining s)%%or# *ro$%rinces and o**icers in l igide' andanno)nced han&ali- s in#en# #o "elco$e hi$/ 4o"e?er, )sala

s)ddenl' died onl' A da's a*#er a &an-)e# "i#h T)gh Te$Lr/ 4e "ass)%%osedl' 6illed "i#h %oison &' >l Te$Lr, and T)gh Te$Lr #henre$o)n#ed #he #hrone/ T)gh Te$Lr also $anaged #o send delega#es #o#he "es#ern Mongol 6hana#es s)ch as olden 4orde and 9l6hana#e #o&e acce%#ed as #he s)Derain o* Mongol "orld/ [22 4o"e?er, he "as$ainl' a %)%%e# o* #he %o"er*)l o**icial >l Te$Lr d)ring his la##er#hree7'ear reign/ >l Te$Lr %)rged %ro7 )sala o**icials and &ro)gh#%o"er #o "arlords, "hose des%o#ic r)le clearl' $ar6ed #he decline o*#he d'nas#'/

=)an coinage/

B)e #o #he *ac# #ha# #he &)rea)crac' "as do$ina#ed &' >l Te$Lr, T)gh Te$Lr is 6no"n *or his c)l#)ral con#ri&)#ion ins#ead/ 4e ado%#ed $an'$eas)res honoring Con*)cianis$ and %ro$o#ing Chinese c)l#)ral?al)es / 4is $os# concre#e e**or# #o %a#roniDe Chinese learning "as his*o)nding o* #he 0cade$' o* #he @a?ilion o* #he .#ar o* Oi#era#)re

(Chinese : !, *irs# es#a&lished in #he s%ring o* 182F, and "asdesigned #o )nder#a6e Ja n)$&er o* #as6s rela#ing #o #he #rans$issiono* Con*)cian high c)l#)re #o #he Mongolian i$%erial es#a&lish$en#J/

The acade$' "as res%onsi&le *or co$%iling and %)&lishing a n)$&ero* &oo6s, &)# i#s $os# i$%or#an# achie?e$en# "as i#s co$%ila#ion o* a?as# ins#i#)#ional co$%endi)$ na$ed Ningshi Badian ( Chinese : !/4e s)%%or#ed Kh) Ui s

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0*#er #he dea#h o* T)gh Te$Lr in 1882 and s)&se-)en#l' #he dea#h o*inchin&al (>$%eror $%eror 4)iDong!, #he las# o* #he nines)ccessors o* )&lai han, "as s)$$oned &ac6 *ro$ )angHi ands)cceeded #o #he #hrone a*#er >l Te$Lr s dea#h/

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The =)an re$nan#s re#rea#ed #o Mongolia a*#er #he *all o* =ingchang #o#he Ming in 183I, "here #he na$e rea# =)an ( ! "as *or$all'carried on, and is 6no"n as #he "orthern Yuan ( !/ 0ccording #oChinese %oli#ical or#hodoH', #here co)ld &e onl' one legi#i$a#e d'nas#'"hose r)lers "ere &lessed &' 4ea?en #o r)le as >$%eror o* China (see

Manda#e o* 4ea?en !, and so #he Ming and #he

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The #erri#or' o* #he =)an B'nas#' "as di?ided in#o #he Cen#ral egion( ! and %laces )nder con#rol o* ?ario)s Uing Khongsh)sheng ( or

! or #he U)anDheng =)an ( !/

The Cen#ral egion, consis#ing o* %resen#7da' 4e&ei , .handong ,

.hanHi , #he so)#h7eas#ern %ar# o* %resen#7da' 9nner Mongolia and #he4enan areas #o #he nor#h o* #he =ello" i?er , "as considered #he $os#i$%or#an# region o* #he d'nas#' and direc#l' go?erned &'Khongsh)sheng ( , J.ecre#aria#J! a# han&ali- ; si$ilarl', ano#her#o%7le?el ad$inis#ra#i?e de%ar#$en# called #he U)anDheng =)ango?erned #he "hole o* $odern7da' Ti&e# and a %ar# o* ash$ir /

Uing Khongsh)sheng ( , J&ranch .ecre#aria#J or Jen7ro)#e.ecre#aria#J!, or si$%l' Uingsheng ( !, "ere %ro?incial7le?elad$inis#ra#i?e organiDa#ions or ins#i#)#ions, so$e#i$es ro)ghl'#ransla#ed as J @ro?inceJ, #ho)gh #he' "ere no# eHac#l' %ro?inces in

$odern sense/ There "ere 11 Uing Khongsh)sheng or Uingsheng in =)an B'nas#'/ [AI

1. ans) Uingsheng ( ! "i#h Khang'e Bis#ric# as i#s sea# o*go?ern$en#/ Wnder #his ca$e $os# o* %resen#7da'

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.haanHi @ro?ince, #he so)#h7"es#ern %ar# o* 9nner Mongolia ,so)#h7eas#ern ans) , nor#h7"es#ern .ich)an , and a s$all %ar# o*Yinghai /

9. .ich)an Uingsheng ( ! "i#h Chengd) a# i#s sea# o*go?ern$en#/ Wnder #his ca$e $os# o* %resen#7da' .ich)an

@ro?ince and %ar#s o* so)#h7"es#ern .haanHi /10. =)nnan Uingsheng ( ! "i#h )n$ing as i#s sea# o*go?ern$en#/ Wnder #his ca$e %resen#7da' =)nnan @ro?ince,%ar#s o* "es#ern )iDho) and nor#h7eas#ern %ar# o* +)r$a /

11. Khendong Uingsheng ( ! "i#h aesong o* %resen#7da' orea as i#s sea#/ 9# "as a s%ecial ins#i#)#ion se# )% "hen )&lai hana##e$%#ed #o in?ade Na%an in 12 1, "i#h #he 6ing o* or'eo as i#shead/ The se##ing o* #his Uingsheng "as considera&l' di**eren#*ro$ all o#her Uingsheng, and )nli6e o#her Uingsheng, Khendong( !, li#erall' JCon-)er >as#J or J>as#ern >H%edi#ionJ, "as no# ageogra%hic na$e, and #his ins#i#)#ion "as also re*erred #o as

JNa%anese >H%edi#ion UingshengJ ( ! or )s# JNa%anUingshengJ ( !/ 9# "as a&olished "hen #he in?asion o* Na%anhad *ailed, #ho)gh se# )% again la#er/

+elo" #he le?el o* Uing Khongsh)sheng or Uingsheng, #he larges#%oli#ical di?ision "as #he circ)i# ( !, *ollo"ed &' %re*ec#)res ( !o%era#ing )nder a %re*ec# and s)&%re*ec#)res ( ! )nder a s)&%re*ec#/

The lo"es# %oli#ical di?ision "as #he co)n#' ( ! o?erseen &' a$agis#ra#e/ This go?ern$en# s#r)c#)re a# #he %ro?incial le?el "as la#erco%ied &' #he Ming and Ying d'nas#ies

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rise

7Corona#iono* Tae o N)ne 1E, F1

7 Wni*ica#iono* #he Oa#er

Threeingdo$sF8

7 orea7 hi#anPars FF8 7 1I1F

7 Mongolianin?asions 1281 7 123I

7Co$%le#iono* Tri%i#a6a

oreana12E1

70&dica#iono* ong'ang N)l' 13, 18F2

0oday part of

.o)#horea

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4)gog)r'eo *ell "hen Pang eon re?ol#ed and 6illed )ng =e in F1 ;.illa "as o?er%o"ered &' or'eo and 4)&ae6 e and s)rrendered #o

or'eo in F8E/ 9n F8 4)&ae6 e s)rrendered and or'eo s#ar#ed an)n&ro6en d'nas#' #ha# r)led orea *or A3A 'ears/

+' #he 1A#h cen#)r' or'eo had los# $)ch o* i#s %o"er )nder =)anB'nas#' in*l)ences/ 0l#ho)gh ing ong$in $anaged #o *ree his6ingdo$ *ro$ #he Mongol in*l)ence, #he or'eo general =i .eongg'e re?ol#ed and o?er#hre" #he las# 6ing o* or'eo, ing ong'ang in18F2/ ong'ang "as 6illed in 18FA

Ba2k round[ edit ]

.illa , "hich had acco$%lished an inco$%le#e )ni*ica#ion o* #he Threeingdo$s o* orea in , "ea6ened and los# con#rol o?er local lords

d)ring #he end o* #he F#h cen#)r'/ The co)n#r' en#ered a %eriod o* ci?il"ar and re&ellion, led &' )ng =e , i 4"on , =ang il , and 'eon4"on /

)ng =e es#a&lished 4)gog)r'eo ($eaning JOa#er og)r'eo J, rena$ed Tae&ong and Ma in!/ 'eon 4"on es#a&lished 4)&ae6 e ($eaningJOa#er +ae6 eJ!/ Toge#her "i#h #he declining .illa , #he' are 6no"n as#he Oa#er Three ingdo$s /

Foundin [ edit ]

Pang eon , a descendan# o* a $erchan# *a$il' o* .ongdo (%resen#7da' aes_ng !, oined Tae&ong &)# o?er#hre" )ng =e and es#a&lished#he or'eo ingdo$ and B'nas#' in F1 / [2

or'eo ado%#ed a .illa7*riendl' 4)&ae6 e7 hos#ile s#age in #he la#er Three ingdo$s, &)# in F23, or'eo "as de*ea#ed &' 4)&ae6 e in%resen#7da' Baeg) / Pang eon los# his &es# s)%%or#ers in #he &a##le/

or 8 'ears a*#er #he &a##le, 4)&ae6 e do$ina#ed #he Oa#er Threeingdo$s &)# a*#er a de*ea# a# #he 0ndong in F8I, 4)&ae6 e los# his

%o"er/

The Oa#er Three ingdo$s era ended as or'eo anneHed .illa in F8Eand de*ea#ed 4)&ae6 e in F8 / Pang eon $o?ed #he ca%i#al #o hisho$e#o"n aes ng, and r)led #he orean %enins)la as #he *irs# ing o*

or'eo/ Pang eon $arried a da)gh#er o* #he .illa ro'al *a$il' and le#$os# no&les 6ee% #heir lands/ >?en #ho)gh Pang eon r)led #he )ni#edna#ion *or onl' 3 'ears &e*ore his son #oo6 #he reign a*#er his dea#h,#he s)ccession "as no# challenged

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The #er$inolog' )sed in #he co)r# o* or'eo "as #ha# o* an e$%ire, no#o* a 6ingdo$/ The ca%i#al, aeg'eong ( orean : 4an a: ,! "ascalled J9$%erial Ca%i#alJ ( orean : , 4an a: ! and #he %alace "asre*erred #o as J9$%erial @alaceJ ( orean : , 4an a: !/ The na#ionalso )#iliDed a s's#e$ o* $)l#i%le ca%i#als: aeg'eong ($odern7da'

aeseong!, &eing #he $ain ca%i#al, and .eog'eong ( orean : , 4an a:! ($odern7da' @'ong'ang !, $%ressJ ( orean : , 4an a: ! J9$%erial Cro"n @rinceJ ( orean :

, 4an a: !, J>$%ress Bo"agerJ ( orean : , 4an a: !, andJ9$%erial ZrdinanceJ ( or ! also s)gges# #ha# or'eo ado%#ed #he #i#le

s's#e$ o* an e$%ire/ 4o"e?er, or'eo, "hen enshrining i#s r)lers, didno# )se #he #i#le o* J>$%erorJ ( orean : , 4an a: !/ 9ns#ead, #he#i#le o* J rea# ing J ( orean : , 4an a: ! "as )sed #o %os#h)$o)sl'enshrine or'eo $onarchs/ Phen enshrining i#s r)lers, ho"e?er, i# did)se J #e$%le na$es J s)ch as Tae o ( orean : , 4an a: !; #his is a%rac#ice $ere 6ingdo$s did no# #a6e %ar# in/ 9$%erial #i#les, li6e>$%eror or J4aedong >$%erorJ ( orean : , 4an a: , li#/ the2on o' 3ea4en 5uling the 6and 7ast o' the 2ea !J "ere also )sed/

0*#er #he Mongol in?asions, all o* #hese #er$s "ere %rohi&i#ed &'Mongol r)lers, and or'eo $onarchs "ere *orced #o inser# #he

charac#er ( orean : , ro$aniDa#ion : Jch)ngJ!, $eaning lo'al, in#o#heir %os#h)$o)s enshrine$en# na$es/ This is "h' #he $onarchs a*#erPon ong had #his charac#er J in #heir %os#h)$o)s na$es, )% )n#il

ong$in / 0s Mongol %o"er di$inished, r)lers no longer )sed J , &)#s#ill "ere )na&le #o res#ore #he )se o* #he #e$%le na$e /

9n order #o s#reng#hen #he %o"er o* #he cen#ral go?ern$en#,"ang ong , #he *o)r#h e$%eror, $ade a series o* la"s incl)ding #ha# o*

*reeing sla?es in FE , and one crea#ing #he eHa$ *or hiring ci?ilo**icials/ To asser# %o"er in#erna#ionall', "ang ong also %roclai$ed

or'eo an e$%ire, inde%enden# *ro$ an' o#her co)n#r' o* i#s da'/

The *i*#h 6ing, 'eong ong , la)nched land7o"nershi% re*or$a#ioncalled Neonsig"a ( orean : , 4an a: ! and #he #h 6ing, .eong ongo* or'eo a%%oin#ed o**icials #o local areas, "hich "ere %re?io)sl's)cceeded &' #he lords/ +e#"een FF8 and 1I1F, #he or'eo7 hi#anPars ra?aged #he nor#hern &order/

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+' #he #i$e o* ele?en#h 6ing, M)n ong o* or'eo , #he cen#ralgo?ern$en# o* or'eo gained co$%le#e a)#hori#' and %o"er o?er locallords/ M)n ong and la#er 6ings e$%hasiDed #he i$%or#ance o* ci?ilianleadershi% o?er #he $ili#ar' /

Khitan in-asions and 3ur2hen e4pedition[ edit ]Main ar#icle: or'eo7 hi#an Pars

9n FF8, #he hi#an Oiao B'nas#' in?aded or'eo s nor#h"es# &order"i#h an es#i$a#ed I,III #roo%s/ 4o"e?er, a*#er .eo 4)i s nego#ia#ion"i#h hi#an, #he' "i#hdre" and ceded #erri#or' #o #he eas# o* #he 0$ro6

i?er (also called =al) i?er ! "hen or'eo agreed #o end i#s alliance"i#h .ong B'nas#' China/ 4o"e?er, or'eo con#in)ed #o co$$)nica#e"i#h #he .ong, ha?ing s#reng#hened i#s %osi#ion &' &)ilding a *or#ress in#he ne"l' gained nor#hern #erri#ories/

Mean"hile, 9n 1IIF, eneral ang No o* or'eo led a co)% agains# ingMo6 ong, 6illing #he $onarch and es#a&lishing $ili#ar' r)le/ 9n 1I1I,

The hi#an a##ac6ed again "i#h AII,III #roo%s d)ring an in#ernalor'eo %o"er s#r)ggle/ ang No &loc6ed #he Oiao in?asions )n#il his

o"n dea#h/ The or'eo ing 4'eon ong "as *orced #o *lee #he ca%i#al#o

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or'eo7N)rchen &orders ( orean : F , 4an a: !/ 9n 11I ,ho"e?er, eneral =)n "as gi?en orders #o "i#hdra" his #roo%s &'

or'eo s ne" r)ler, ing =e ong/ B)e #o $ani%)la#ion and co)r#7in#rig)e *ro$ o%%osing *ac#ions, he "as discharged *ro$ his %os#/0long "i#h #his, #he o%%osing *ac#ions *o)gh# #o $a6e s)re #ha# #he

ne" nine *or#resses "ere re#)rned #o #he N)rchens/5o6er stru les[ edit ]

.onar2hs of Korea

Goryeo

1/ Tae o F1 5FA82/ 4'e ong FA85FAE

8/ Neong ongFAE5FAFA/ "ang ong FAF5F3EE/ 'eong ong F3E5F 1

/ .eong ong F 15FF33/ Mo6 ongFF351IIF

/ 4'eon ong 1IIF51I81F/ Beo6 ong 1I8151I8A1I/ Neong ong 99 1I8A51IA11/ M)n ong 1IA 51I 812/ .)n ong 1I 818/ .eon ong 1I 851IFA1A/4eon ong 1IFA51IFE1E/ .)6 ong 1IFE511IE1 / =e ong 11IE5112213/ 9n ong1122511A1 / Wi ong11A 5113I1F/ M'eong ong 113I511F3

2I/ .in ong 11F3512IA21/ 4)i ong 12IA5121122/ ang ong 12115121828/ o ong 1218512EF2A/Pon ong 12EF5123A2E/ Ch)ngn'eol 123A518I

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2 / Ch)ngseon 18I 5181823/ Ch)ngs)6 18185188I

18825188F2 / Ch)ngh'e 188I51882

188F518AA2F/ Ch)ng$o6 18AA518A8I/ Ch)ng eong 18A 518E181/ ong$in 18E15183A82/ W183A51888/ Chang 18 518 F

8A/ ong'ang 18 F518F2

The 4o)se =i o* 9n ) ( orean : , 4an a: ! $arried #he ings*ro$ M)n ong #o #he 13#h ing, 9n ong/ >?en#)all' #he =is gained $ore%o"er #han #he $onarch hi$sel*/ This led #o #he co)% o* =i Na7g'eo$ in112 / The co)% *ailed &)# #he %o"er o* #he $onarch "as "ea6ened;

or'eo )nder"en# a ci?il "ar a$ong #he no&ili#'/

9n 118E, M'o Cheong arg)ed in *a?or o* $o?ing #he ca%i#al #o.eog'eong (%resen# da' @ '_ng'ang !/ This %ro%osal di?ided #he no&leso* or'eo in hal*/ Zne *ac#ion, led &' M'o Cheong, &elie?ed in $o?ing#he ca%i#al #o @'ong'ang and eH%anding in#o Manch)ria / The o#herone, led &' i$ +)7si6 (a)#hor o* #he 2a&guk 2agi !, "an#ed #o 6ee%#he s#a#)s -)o/ M'o Cheong *ailed #o %ers)ade #he ing and re&elledagains# #he cen#ral go?ern$en# and $ade a co)n#r' na$ed Bae&ang,&)# *ailed and "as 6illed

9n 113I, a gro)% o* ar$' o**icers led &' Neong N)ng7&), =i Wi7&ang and =i o la)nched a co)% d b#a# and s)cceeded/ ing Wi ong "en# in#oeHile and ing M'eong ong "as %laced on #he #hrone/ >**ec#i?e %o"er,ho"e?er, la' "i#h a s)ccession o* generals "ho )sed an eli#e g)ard)ni# 6no"n as #he To&ang #o con#rol #he #hrone: $ili#ar' r)le o* or'eohad &eg)n/ 9n 113F, #he 'o)ng general 'eong Bae7se)ng rose #o%o"er and &egan an a##e$%# #o res#ore #he *)ll %o"er o* #he $onarchand %)rge #he corr)%#ion o* #he s#a#e/

4o"e?er, he died in 11 8 and "as s)cceeded &' =i Wi7$in, "ho ca$e*ro$ a no&i (sla?e! &ac6gro)nd/ [A 4is )nres#rained corr)%#ion andcr)el#' [A led #o a co)% &' general Choe Ch)ngheon , "ho assassina#ed

=i Wi7$in and #oo6 s)%re$e %o"er in 11F3/ or #he neH# 1 'ears, #heChoe ho)se r)led as $ili#ar' dic#a#ors, $ain#aining #he ings as

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%)%%e# $onarchs; Choe Ch)ngheon "as s)cceeded in #)rn &' his sonChoe W, his grandson Choe 4ang and his grea#7grandson Choe Wi/ Zn#a6ing %o"er, Choe Ch)ngheon *orced M'eong ong o** #he #hrone andre%laced hi$ "i#h ing .in ong , &)# a*#er .in ong died he *orced #"o*)r#her $onarchs o** #he #hrone )n#il he *o)nd #he %lia&le ing o ong/

9n 1281, Mongols )nder ]gedei han in?aded or'eo, *ollo"ing #hea*#er$a#h o* oin# or'eo7Mongol *orces agains# #he hi#ans in 121F/ [E

The ro'al co)r# $o?ed #o angh"a 9sland in #he +a' o* 'eonggi , in1282/ The $ili#ar' r)ler o* #he #i$e, Choe W ( !, insis#ed on *igh#ing&ac6/ or'eo resis#ed *or a&o)# 8I 'ears &)# *inall' s)ed *or %eace in12EF/

Mean"hile, #he Mongols &egan a ca$%aign *ro$ 1281 #o 12EF #ha#ra?aged %ar#s o* 'eongsang and Neolla %ro?inces/ There "ere siH$a or ca$%aigns: 1281, 1282, 128E, 128 , 12A3, 12E8; &e#"een 12E8

and 12E , #he Mongols )nder MGng6e han s general Nalair#ai Yorchi la)nched *o)r de?as#a#ing in?asions in #he *inal s)ccess*)l ca$%aignagains# orea, a# #re$endo)s cos# #o ci?ilian li?es #hro)gho)# #he

orean %enins)la/

Ci?ilian resis#ance "as s#rong, and #he 9$%erial Co)r# a# angh"aa##e$%#ed #o s#reng#hen i#s *or#ress/ orea "on se?eral ?ic#ories &)##he orean $ili#ar' co)ld no# "i#hs#and #he "a?es o* in?asions/ There%ea#ed Mongol in?asions ca)sed ha?oc, loss o* h)$an li?es and*a$ine in orea/ 9n 128 , o ong ordered #he re7crea#ion o* #he

Tri%i#a6a oreana , des#ro'ed d)ring #he 1282 in?asion/ This collec#ion

o* +)ddhis# scri%#)res #oo6 1E 'ears #o car?e on so$e 1,III "ooden&loc6s, and is %reser?ed #o #his da'/ 9n March 12E , #he dic#a#or ChoeWi "as assassina#ed &' i$ N)n / Th)s, dic#a#orshi% &' his $ili#ar'gro)% "as ended, and #he scholars "ho had insis#ed on %eace "i#hMongolia gained %o"er/ >?en#)all', #he scholars sen# an en?o' #o #heMongols, and a %eace #rea#' "as con#rac#ed &e#"een #he Mongol>$%ire and or'eo/ .o$e $ili#ar' o**icials "ho re*)sed #o s)rrender*or$ed #he .a$&'eolcho e&ellion and resis#ed in #he islands o** #heso)#hern shore o* #he orean %enins)la /[

The #rea#' %er$i##ed #he so?ereign %o"er and #radi#ional c)l#)res o*or'eo, and i$%lied #ha# #he Mongols had no %lans o* con#rollingor'eo/ [3 The Mongols anneHed #he nor#hern areas o* orean

%enins)la a*#er #he in?asions and incor%ora#ed #he$ in#o #heir e$%ire/0*#er #he %eace #rea#' "i#h or'eo, #he Mongols %lanned #o con-)er

Na%an &' all'ing "i#h or'eo #roo%s again; in 123A and 12 1 #"oca$%aigns #o Na%an #oo6 %lace; ho"e?er, i# *ailed d)e #o a hea?' s#or$(called #he a$i6aDe ! and s#rong $ili#ar' resis#ance/

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The or'eo &eca$e J-)daJ ($arriage alliance! s#a#e o* #he =)and'nas#' and $onarchs o* or'eo "ere $ainl' i$%erial sons in7la"(6h)regen!/ The ings o* or'eo held an i$%or#an# s#a#)s li6e o#heri$%or#an# *a$ilies o* Mardin , Wigh)rs and Mongols ( Zira#, 4ongira# ,and 96eres!/ [ [F 9# is clai$ed #ha# one o* or'eo $onarchs "as #he

$os# &elo?ed grandson o* )&lai han /[1I

The or'eo B'nas#' s)r?i?ed )nder =)an in*l)ences )n#il ingong$in &egan #o %)sh =)an garrisons &ac6 aro)nd 18EI/ +' #he

18EIs or'eo regained i#s los# nor#hern #erri#ories/

Mos# &ene*icial as%ec#s o* #he Mongol do$ina#ion o* >)rasia "asc)l#)ral eHchange and *lo)rishing in#erna#ional #rade &e#"een eas# and"es#/ [11 The Mongols cer#ainl' learned orean ideas and #echnolog'and #hose &ene*i#s o* #he gro"ing "orld e$%ire also in*l)enced #he6no"ledge o* car#ogra%h' and %rod)c#ion o* %o##er' in or'eo/ [11 [12

B)e #o high $ili#ar' %re%aredness o* #he or'eo and Mongol allies inorea, %ar#ic)larl' d)ring #he .a$&'olch o re&ellion in Che ) andso)#hern$os# orea and Mongol in?asions o* Na%an, and #he a"arenesso* a$a6)ra in Na%an led #o #he decline in Pa6o (Na%anese %ira#es!raids in#o orean %enins)la/ [18

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en#r)s#ed #ha# grea# #as6 #o #he &)ddhis# $on6 .hin Bon ( , !/ +)#a*#er siH 'ears, .hin Bon los# his %osi#ion/ 9n 183A, on$in "as 6illed&' Choe Man7saeng ( ! and o#hers/

Fall[ edit ]

or'eo in 183A

9n 18 , ing W (son o* ing ong$in and a conc)&ine! and generalChoe =eong %lanned a ca$%aign #o in?ade %resen#7da' Oiaoning o*

China/ ing W %)# #he general =i .eong7g'e (la#er Tae o! in charge, &)#he s#o%%ed a# #he &order and re&elled/

or'eo *ell #o eneral =i .eong7g'e , a son o* a =i Na7ch)n, "ho %)# #odea#h #he las# #hree or'eo ings, )s)r%ed #he #hrone and es#a&lishedin 18F2 #he Noseon B'nas#' /

Foreign relations[ edit ]

B)ring #he 1I#h cen#)r', #he hi#ans #ried #o es#a&lish rela#ions "i#hor'eo a# leas# on #"o occasions/ 9n FA2, #he hi#an r)ler TaiD) sen# an

e$&ass' "i#h a gi*# o* EI ca$els #o or'eo, &)# Tae o re*)sed #he$,&anishing #he en?o's and s#ar?ing #he ca$els #o dea#h/

or'eo had $ain#ained rela#ions "i#h $os# o* #he i?e B'nas#ies andso)#hern 6ingdo$s in China/ +' F 2, *or$al rela#ions "ere es#a&lished"i#h #he .ong d'nas#' / ela#ions "i#h .ong "ere close, "i#h $an'e$&assies &eing eHchanged &e#"een or'eo and .ong, &)# rela#ions"o)ld &e in#err)%#ed &' #he rise o* #he Oiao and Nin d'nas#ies/

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0*#er a&o)# 8I 'ears o* %eace, #he hi#ans in?aded or'eo/ 9# *ailedand a*#er #"o o#her *ailed a##e$%#s, a s#a#e o* %eace "as es#a&lished in#he ar >as#/ or aro)nd 1II 'ears, #he ar >as# "as rela#i?el' %eace*)land M)n ong s#reng#hened #he Oiao7.ong7 or'eo line/

9n 11I2, #he N)rchen #hrea#ened and ano#her crisis e$erged/ +)# a*#er Nin agreed #o a #ri&)#ar' rela#ionshi% "i#h or'eo, %eace "as$ain#ained and Nin ne?er ac#)all' did in?ade or'eo/

Tension con#in)ed #hro)gh #he 12#h cen#)r' and in#o #he 18#h cen#)r',"hen #he Mongol in?asions s#ar#ed/ 0*#er a series o* &a##les, or'eoca%i#)la#ed #o #he Mongols, "i#h #he direc# d'nas#ic r)le o* or'eo$onarch'/ [