The World Trend of Next Generation Internet Technologies Shigeki Goto Waseda University 1 January 23, 2014Institut Teknologi Bandung.

The World Trend of Next Generation

Internet Technologies

Shigeki GotoWaseda University

1

January 23, 2014Institut Teknologi Bandung

How to understand new and old technologies?

• There is no royal road for learning.• There is no single principle for understanding

the Internet at present and in the future.

• Computer Science has started with a negative result by Alan Turing.There are certain functions which cannot be computed mechanically.

21912--1954

dualism1. Binary opposition

e.g. good/bad, mental/physical, sun/moon

2. State of two parts

3. Complementally, conflict

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logicalphysical

List of dualism approach1. Wireless vs. Wired2. Circuit switch vs. Packet3. Centralized vs. Distributed4. Do-it-yourself vs. Cloud5. End-to-end vs. Hop-by-hop6. De jure vs. De facto7. Open vs. Trust8. Array vs. Tree9. Serial vs. parallel10. Synchronous vs. Asynchronous11. Fixed length vs. Variable length, and more 4

1. Wireless vs. Wired

• Wireless technology has been used for long distance communications.Marconi (1874—1937)

• Wire was first used to feed music program to healthy people at home.Butapest, Hungaly

• Now, we use fiber for backbone, wireless for local access.

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Hybrid wireless network -- Cellular and WiFi --

Cellular

WLAN1

WLAN2

WLAN N

…Cellular

WLAN1WLAN2

…

WLAN N

Queuing model for multiple WiFi stations

© Masaki Fukushima

2. Circuit vs. Packet

• ARPAnet was born in ＵＣＬＡ , California.• Most professors were not willing to participate

in an ARPA project, because they know the technology.

• Computers were slow. They could not process the packets in a timely manner.

• One theorist, Prof Leonard Kleinrock, has accepted the invitation.

• ARPAnet is the initial stage of the Internet.7

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Vint Cerf, Robert Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock 　 and Lawrence G. Roberts

Packet is the right selection?

• IP packet (or datagram) • Series of packets (or train)

A flow is a series of packets which shares the same source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and the protocol indicator.

• Flow is used for measurement of routers.• Flow is also used as an object of flow control.

OpenFlow

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Future Internet

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Reduce Power Consumption 　 (Dai Mochinaga, 2013)　

•Packet switching needs 17.52 TWh/yr in 2030. (estimated)

•Hybrid approach by packet and optical circuit switch67.7% down (5.67 TWh/year in 2030)

•With CDN 22.2% down (13.6 TWh/year in 2030)

•Optical circuit for backbone network 48.4% down (9.04 TWh/year in 2030)

3. Centralized vs. Distributed• Background of ARPAnet

Vietnam WarThere is no single point of failure.The Internet is a typical example of distributed computing. Is it turue?

• Apparently it looks physically distributed.There is a certain logical center.E.g. DNS, domain names (tree structure)OpenFlow switch is welcomed by network operator because they can control switches remotely.

11SDN, Software Defined Network

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“ 　”

jp

ac

waseda

info

org…

goto

piano

arpa

ietf

www

in-addr

133

90

18

10

int

ip6

…

DNS is a distributed database with a single ultimate root

root

piano.goto.info.waseda.ac.jp

Logical root is unique in the

world.

OpenFlow

• Video 3 min.+ [click] 13

4. Do-it-yourself vs. Cloud• Plain old public telephone service (POTS)

smart networkSwitching units can do everything.Phone sets are terminals.

• The Internetstupid networkPCs and smart phones perform most of jobs.Network is a pipe.

• Cloud computing (cloud)Depend on other people or systemsWe do not know who they are.Your application software is not yours. 14

New idea of application set fingerprint• Smart phones can be identified by

installed application set

15© Fukumoto, Waseda Univ.

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How many fingerprints?

• Found several tens of thousands of fingerprints

• Variation is enough to identify smart phone units

1

10

100

1,000

1 10 100 1,000 10,000

Fre

quen

cy

Distinct Fingerprints

44,248fingerprin

ts

The result shows that the distribution has an extremely long tail and 92.2% of the smart phone users have a unique application set fingerprint.

Big Data

© Hu Yao

5． End-to-end vs. Hop-by-hop• TCP is based on end-to-end principle.

IP addresses indicate source and destination.Ethernet (MAC) controls link by link.

• ICN/CCN/NDN takes hop-by-hop approach.PURSUIT in Europe has end-to-end functions.

• Logical or virtual level attracts our interests.It is also meaningful to understand the physical layer which is the basis of our communications.

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Architecture of CCN routers

Source node

Destination node

Router

Routing table Packet

(address)

IP-based network

address outgoing link

FIB Pendin

g Interest Table

CCN (Content-Centric Networking）

Interest(data name)

Data

DataConsumer

DataSource

CCN Router

Content Store

name cached data

name incoming link

name outgoing link

Like URLFuture

Internet

© Masaki Fukushima

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Content-Centric Network (CCN)

Content-Centric Network (CCN): trustworthy information dissemination and retrievalwith cache memories/storages

CCN is one prospective approach for designing future network.

© Hu Yao

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Content-Centric Network (CCN)• Two basic data structures

– Interest– Data

• Content Store (CS)– to cache Data packets

• Pending Interest Table (PIT)– to store pending Interest requests

• Forwarding Information Base (FIB)– to store forwarding rules

An excellent design of FIB is essential both for Interest and Data packets transfer in CCN.

ConsumerConsumer ProviderProvider

Face 0 Face 1

Face 2

Interest

CCN node

Data

FIB

PIT

CSCS

Data

Interest

© Hu Yao

Ethernet connector, RJ-45

Wave form by a Oscilloscope21

Pin number | Signal name

6. De jure vs. De facto• IETF is a Standardizing body for the Internet

A typical example of de facto standardIt is also called forum standard.

• Slogan of IETFrough consensus and running codeIt is not necessary to get a majority of votes.

• Standard Document RFC (Request for Comments)It is sometimes neglected（ initial value of TTL）There published a poem of a meeting. 22

Japanese students worked hard.

Many stories behind the scene of Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)Published in 2006. 23

7. Open vs. Trust• Commercial Internet is allowed for CIX, Commercial

Internet Exchange in 1990. (January, 1991）• It was a failure that the Internet was

commercialized as was.• There was no anonymous users in old ARPAnet.

ARPAnet directory has been published until 1983.(D)ARPA was not happy with free terminals at a landing of a staircase at Stanford University.

• EncryptionAuthentication

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1. User attempts to access Shibboleth-protected resource on SP site application server.2, 3, 4. User is redirected to a Where Are You From (WAYF) server, where the user indicates their 　

home site (IdP).5. User is redirected to the Handle Service at their IdP.6, 7 User authenticates at their IdP, using local credentials.8. Handle service generates unique ID (Handle) and redirects user to Service Provider site's

Assertion Consumer Service (ACS). ACS validates the supplied assertion, creates a session, and transfers to Attribute Requestor (AR).

9, 10. AR uses the Handle to request attributes from the IdP site's Attribute Authority. The attribute authority responds with an attribute assertion subject to attribute release policies; SP site uses attributes for access control and other application-level decisions.

SPIdP ユーザAuthentication in Internet2Shibboleth

No private informationOnly the attributes are needed

Gaku-nin in Japan

8. Array vs. List (Tree)• Most programming languages have data types:

Array, Matrix, Vector, Table• Preferable language in Artificial Intelligence

List （ Symbolic Programming Language: LISP）• LISP can handle with variable structures:

UNIX files and directories, Domain Names, Decision Tree

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Tree

ＬＩＳＰ

A Japanese textbookSYMBOLIC PROGRAMMING

Published in1988.

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John McCarthySep 4, 1927 – Oct 24, 2011

Father of Artificial Intelligence