The World by the 1920s: Challenges to European Dominance Chapter 29 Focus Questions: How did WWI cause European decline worldwide? Who challenged European.

The World by the The World by the 1920s: Challenges to 1920s: Challenges to European DominanceEuropean Dominance

Chapter 29Chapter 29

Focus Questions: Focus Questions: How did WWI cause European How did WWI cause European

decline worldwide? decline worldwide? Who challenged European world Who challenged European world

dominance after WWI and Where? dominance after WWI and Where?

IntroductionIntroduction• The 1920s were profoundly shaped by WWI and The 1920s were profoundly shaped by WWI and

worldwide independence movements (from worldwide independence movements (from Imperialism) that were underway before the warImperialism) that were underway before the war

• Four major patterns emerged:Four major patterns emerged:– 1) Western Europe’s recovery from the war was 1) Western Europe’s recovery from the war was

incomplete at bestincomplete at best– 2) The US and Japan used WWI to vault them into being 2) The US and Japan used WWI to vault them into being

world superpowersworld superpowers– 3) Nationalists movements in key European colonies 3) Nationalists movements in key European colonies

distracted the already war weary European powersdistracted the already war weary European powers– 4) Revolutions in countries such as Mexico, Russia and 4) Revolutions in countries such as Mexico, Russia and

China shook the economic and political foundations of China shook the economic and political foundations of Imperialism (brief summaries, more on these next class)Imperialism (brief summaries, more on these next class)

• Each of these developments brought into doubt Each of these developments brought into doubt western Europe’s assumptions about its place as western Europe’s assumptions about its place as the dominant global powerthe dominant global power

Western Europe’s Post War Western Europe’s Post War DisarrayDisarray

• WWI quickly shattered the people’s confidence in WWI quickly shattered the people’s confidence in pre-war European government, which, in the post pre-war European government, which, in the post war, were unable to deal with mounting economic, war, were unable to deal with mounting economic, social, political and even psychological issuessocial, political and even psychological issues

• Once grand imperial governments in Germany and Once grand imperial governments in Germany and Austria-Hungary collapsed to the pressureAustria-Hungary collapsed to the pressure

• With the majority of fighting having been done over With the majority of fighting having been done over territory in Europe, several groups of people became territory in Europe, several groups of people became displaceddisplaced

• The reality of 10 million deaths in Europe also took The reality of 10 million deaths in Europe also took their tolltheir toll

• European governments now had NO MONEY since European governments now had NO MONEY since the failed to properly tax their citizens for war the failed to properly tax their citizens for war production, and debt to led to inflation and vast production, and debt to led to inflation and vast unemployment (precursor to depression)unemployment (precursor to depression)

The Roaring 20s in EuropeThe Roaring 20s in Europe• A brief period of recovery occurred…A brief period of recovery occurred…

diplomatic tensions between nations diplomatic tensions between nations eased and several signed the Kellogg-eased and several signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, outlawing war Briand Pact of 1928, outlawing war forever between nations of Europe forever between nations of Europe (pssh, yeah that really worked!)(pssh, yeah that really worked!)

• Internal politics were mixed, as several Internal politics were mixed, as several leftist entities sought to emulate the leftist entities sought to emulate the Russian Revolution (Communism) in Russian Revolution (Communism) in some nations, while Rightists focused some nations, while Rightists focused on establishing authoritarian on establishing authoritarian governments focused on national pride governments focused on national pride (Fascism)(Fascism)

• Rampant consumerism (desire for Rampant consumerism (desire for autos, radios and other amenities) autos, radios and other amenities) spurred economic growth in the short spurred economic growth in the short termterm

• Cultural creativity in areas of film (the Cultural creativity in areas of film (the new medium), Cubism, writing new medium), Cubism, writing (Realism) distracted the masses(Realism) distracted the masses

• Women in particular gained great Women in particular gained great rights, as nations gave them suffrage rights, as nations gave them suffrage at the beginning of the decade…at the beginning of the decade…women also challenged Victorian women also challenged Victorian norms and became crazed (drinking, norms and became crazed (drinking, smoking, etc.) while the reaction was smoking, etc.) while the reaction was to maintain domesticity for women as a to maintain domesticity for women as a wholewhole

Fascism and New NationsFascism and New Nations• In 1919, Benito Mussolini formed the In 1919, Benito Mussolini formed the

fascio di combattimentofascio di combattimento or union for or union for struggle…advocated a strong central struggle…advocated a strong central state with state control over all aspects of state with state control over all aspects of society while emphasizing national society while emphasizing national pride…conditions in post-war Italy drove pride…conditions in post-war Italy drove people to follow this new government people to follow this new government (labor unrest, lack of territory, inept (labor unrest, lack of territory, inept parliament)parliament)

• Mussolini used these issues to gain Mussolini used these issues to gain support…once in power he eliminated support…once in power he eliminated rivals, used propaganda and speeches to rivals, used propaganda and speeches to spur nationalist fervor and eliminated spur nationalist fervor and eliminated privatizationprivatization

• Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, new Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, new nations were formed as a result of the nations were formed as a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and collapse of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary Empire…most struggled Austria-Hungary Empire…most struggled to find political stability and move beyond to find political stability and move beyond agriculture in the economic sectoragriculture in the economic sector

• All spurned Communism while reaching All spurned Communism while reaching out to western nations for help (little to out to western nations for help (little to be had)…internal strife amongst ethnic be had)…internal strife amongst ethnic groups coupled with agricultural price groups coupled with agricultural price collapses during the Depression severely collapses during the Depression severely crippled these new nations, which crippled these new nations, which became ripe for conquering by larger became ripe for conquering by larger neighbors (Germany, Italy, Soviet Union)neighbors (Germany, Italy, Soviet Union)

The Rise of the US The Rise of the US (1920s)(1920s)

• While settler societies in Canada and Australia became While settler societies in Canada and Australia became autonomous (self-sustaining) during this period, the autonomous (self-sustaining) during this period, the United States moved to the forefront as the world’s United States moved to the forefront as the world’s major superpowermajor superpower

• Despite serious attempts to remain isolated (rejection of Despite serious attempts to remain isolated (rejection of Versailles Treaty of WWI), the US found itself as the Versailles Treaty of WWI), the US found itself as the premiere provider of industrial consumer goods and premiere provider of industrial consumer goods and agricultural food commodities during this period, agricultural food commodities during this period, largely due to the innovations of corporate thinkers largely due to the innovations of corporate thinkers (Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller) and government friendly (Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller) and government friendly business policiesbusiness policies

• Add to this, the US took the lead in the sciences and the Add to this, the US took the lead in the sciences and the arts during this period, producing more of the world’s arts during this period, producing more of the world’s most important advances (assembly line, refrigeration, most important advances (assembly line, refrigeration, synthetic fibers, etc.) and experimenting in a variety of synthetic fibers, etc.) and experimenting in a variety of newer art mediums (Jazz, “talkies”, dances)newer art mediums (Jazz, “talkies”, dances)

The Japanese EmpireThe Japanese Empire• As European imperialism waned in East As European imperialism waned in East

Asia, Japan stepped in…fueled by zaibatsus Asia, Japan stepped in…fueled by zaibatsus and jingoist/militarist government policies, and jingoist/militarist government policies, the Japanese economy grewthe Japanese economy grew

• The Japanese industrial system converted The Japanese industrial system converted from simple light industries (silk) to from simple light industries (silk) to expansion in mechanical (ships, planes, expansion in mechanical (ships, planes, cars), electric and steel industriescars), electric and steel industries

• A better standard of living spurred huge A better standard of living spurred huge population growth and a demand for population growth and a demand for agricultural production to increase…agricultural production to increase…territorial expansion into east Asia brought territorial expansion into east Asia brought relief to food supplies…the Japanese relief to food supplies…the Japanese government focused on strict education government focused on strict education programs, with universal compulsory programs, with universal compulsory education required through secondary education required through secondary school by 1925.school by 1925.

• Japan did have to dodge the oncoming Japan did have to dodge the oncoming issues associated with the Great issues associated with the Great Depression, coupled with ongoing Depression, coupled with ongoing resistance to assimilate outside cultural resistance to assimilate outside cultural beliefs (Western ideas) and rapid beliefs (Western ideas) and rapid population growth leading to overcrowding population growth leading to overcrowding in an already cramped spacein an already cramped space

Nationalist Challenges in India Nationalist Challenges in India (Ch. 28)(Ch. 28)• British exploitation of the Indian British exploitation of the Indian

populace reached its peak by WWI…populace reached its peak by WWI…many saw themselves drawn into many saw themselves drawn into military service for the British Empire military service for the British Empire while others grew tired of subjugation while others grew tired of subjugation under economic exploitation…early under economic exploitation…early nationalist leaders such as B.G. Tilak nationalist leaders such as B.G. Tilak proposed violence in response to proposed violence in response to subjugation, but Britain was able to subjugation, but Britain was able to suppress itsuppress it

• In 1919, many peaceful protests broke In 1919, many peaceful protests broke out across India…one at Amritsar turned out across India…one at Amritsar turned into a massacre…it sparked militant into a massacre…it sparked militant nationalists in India to begin to demand nationalists in India to begin to demand greater independence from the British greater independence from the British crown…Britain responded with reforms crown…Britain responded with reforms (Montagu-Chelmsford of 1919) which (Montagu-Chelmsford of 1919) which gave Indian legislators greater gave Indian legislators greater administrative power…However, Britain administrative power…However, Britain also passed the Rowlatt Act which also passed the Rowlatt Act which severely limited civil rights severely limited civil rights

• Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the new Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the new Nationalist leader in the 1920s…he Nationalist leader in the 1920s…he promoted Hindu beliefs at the center of promoted Hindu beliefs at the center of his movement (ahimsa, satyagraha)…he his movement (ahimsa, satyagraha)…he proposed that the way to weaken British proposed that the way to weaken British control was through non-violent civil control was through non-violent civil disobedience, refuse to support the disobedience, refuse to support the imperialist machineimperialist machine

Middle Eastern Nationalism Middle Eastern Nationalism (Ch. 28)(Ch. 28)• The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire as a The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire as a

result of WWI led to a question of how Middle result of WWI led to a question of how Middle Eastern territory should be handled…many Eastern territory should be handled…many societies in the region looked to Europe to societies in the region looked to Europe to help rebuild and restructure while other help rebuild and restructure while other maintained self-sufficiencymaintained self-sufficiency

• In Turkey, the skilled military leader Mustafa In Turkey, the skilled military leader Mustafa Kemal (aka Ataturk) successfully defended Kemal (aka Ataturk) successfully defended imperialist territorial expansions from Italy imperialist territorial expansions from Italy and Greece to establish a modern Turkish and Greece to establish a modern Turkish republic on Asia Minorrepublic on Asia Minor

• Meanwhile, sheiks/sharifs in Damascus, Beruit Meanwhile, sheiks/sharifs in Damascus, Beruit and Baghdad looked to Europeans to solve and Baghdad looked to Europeans to solve their territorial issues…post WWI military their territorial issues…post WWI military occupation led to the creation of artificial occupation led to the creation of artificial borders which were drawn by Europeans borders which were drawn by Europeans through several mandates, angering several through several mandates, angering several ME leaders to no availME leaders to no avail

• The greatest issue surrounded Palestine…The greatest issue surrounded Palestine…Zionists sought a Jewish state in Palestine for Zionists sought a Jewish state in Palestine for Jews being expelled from Europe (Jews being expelled from Europe (pogromspogroms)…)…European powers pledged this state through European powers pledged this state through the Balfour Declaration, which was the Balfour Declaration, which was vehemently opposed by all Arabs…vehemently opposed by all Arabs…nonetheless, as long as Europe continued to nonetheless, as long as Europe continued to directly occupy the Middle East in the 1930s directly occupy the Middle East in the 1930s and 1940s, Jews flooded into their new and 1940s, Jews flooded into their new homelandhomeland

Egyptian Nationalism (Ch. Egyptian Nationalism (Ch. 28)28)• Egypt’s nationalist movement was unique because it preceded European Egypt’s nationalist movement was unique because it preceded European

domination…remember, Egypt revolted against Ottoman rule (C26) in the domination…remember, Egypt revolted against Ottoman rule (C26) in the late 19late 19thth C, prompting Britain to intervene and occupy C, prompting Britain to intervene and occupy

• Britain basically replaced the Ottomans as masters of Egypt…decades of Britain basically replaced the Ottomans as masters of Egypt…decades of occupation led to violence (Dinshawai incident of 1906)occupation led to violence (Dinshawai incident of 1906)

• In 1913, the British were pressured into creating a constitution for Egypt, In 1913, the British were pressured into creating a constitution for Egypt, however, representation was limited to men of wealth (i.e. those in however, representation was limited to men of wealth (i.e. those in collusion with Britain)collusion with Britain)

• WWI took a heavy toll on the Egyptian people as Britain declared martial WWI took a heavy toll on the Egyptian people as Britain declared martial law in Egypt while focusing its entire attention on protecting the Suez law in Egypt while focusing its entire attention on protecting the Suez Canal from foreign takeover…add to this, food supplies in Egypt were Canal from foreign takeover…add to this, food supplies in Egypt were drained mostly by Britain’s military force, leading to widespread food drained mostly by Britain’s military force, leading to widespread food shortages/starvationshortages/starvation

• Egypt was now ripe for revolt, and in 1919, it happened…Egyptian Egypt was now ripe for revolt, and in 1919, it happened…Egyptian delegates were denied right to represent their case for self-determination delegates were denied right to represent their case for self-determination at the Versailles peace conference and they called for public protest…at the Versailles peace conference and they called for public protest…students and women (yes, women) led the demonstrations and a new students and women (yes, women) led the demonstrations and a new party, the Wafd came to power during the rebellionparty, the Wafd came to power during the rebellion

• Britain began a slow withdraw in stages by 1922, eventually remaining Britain began a slow withdraw in stages by 1922, eventually remaining only to protect the canal by 1936…HOWEVER, despite the loss of direct only to protect the canal by 1936…HOWEVER, despite the loss of direct occupation by Britain, the new Wafd party did little to improve Egypt over occupation by Britain, the new Wafd party did little to improve Egypt over the next few decades, as widespread corruption and collusion with British the next few decades, as widespread corruption and collusion with British interests continued…most of Egypt’s farmland was still in the hands of less interests continued…most of Egypt’s farmland was still in the hands of less than 6% of the population…it will not be until 1952 when sweeping than 6% of the population…it will not be until 1952 when sweeping reforms were brought in by socialist leader Gamal Abdul Nasserreforms were brought in by socialist leader Gamal Abdul Nasser

African Nationalism (Ch. 28)African Nationalism (Ch. 28)• Likewise with India and Egypt, in Africa, the Likewise with India and Egypt, in Africa, the

educated elite and traditional rulers are in educated elite and traditional rulers are in cahoots with European imperialists…WWI cahoots with European imperialists…WWI saw both conflict in Africa (as allies removed saw both conflict in Africa (as allies removed Italy and Germany from possessions) as well Italy and Germany from possessions) as well as raw material and military labor as raw material and military labor exploitation throughout the continentexploitation throughout the continent

• Continued promises of better living Continued promises of better living conditions and better employment for conditions and better employment for Africans went unmet, with several members Africans went unmet, with several members of the elite breaking away from European of the elite breaking away from European collusion…widespread strikes and protest collusion…widespread strikes and protest broke out in Africa in the 1920sbroke out in Africa in the 1920s

• Outside forces from the US (WEB DuBois Outside forces from the US (WEB DuBois and Marcus Garvey) led pan-African and Marcus Garvey) led pan-African movements from America, attempting to get movements from America, attempting to get many former slave families to return to many former slave families to return to Africa to reclaim their heritage…in French Africa to reclaim their heritage…in French West Africa, the West Africa, the negritudenegritude movement movement sparked conflict regarding racial/social sparked conflict regarding racial/social stereotypes in Africa…it reminded Africans stereotypes in Africa…it reminded Africans that once upon a time Africa was ruled by that once upon a time Africa was ruled by societies that promoted greater equality (for societies that promoted greater equality (for women especially), where all citizens were women especially), where all citizens were cared for, etc. (well, forget the fact that cared for, etc. (well, forget the fact that there was slavery)there was slavery)

• In response to pressures, colonial powers In response to pressures, colonial powers did give greater autonomy to newly formed did give greater autonomy to newly formed nationalist governments in some areas (not nationalist governments in some areas (not settler areas like Kenya or Rhodesia)…settler areas like Kenya or Rhodesia)…however, it would not be until after WWII however, it would not be until after WWII that African independence efforts were that African independence efforts were kicked into full gear.kicked into full gear.

Mexican Revolution: A Mexican Revolution: A SummarySummary

• Liberals (like Francisco Madero) demanded political Liberals (like Francisco Madero) demanded political and land reform from the Diaz regime (who refused and land reform from the Diaz regime (who refused changed)…several characters (Emiliano Zapata, changed)…several characters (Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa, Victoriano Huerta and Alvaro Pancho Villa, Victoriano Huerta and Alvaro Obregon) took it upon themselves to raise armies to Obregon) took it upon themselves to raise armies to replace the Diaz regimereplace the Diaz regime

• Obregon was the eventual winner…a constitution in Obregon was the eventual winner…a constitution in 1917 promised land reform (but did not happen fast 1917 promised land reform (but did not happen fast enough) and greater education (more of a success)enough) and greater education (more of a success)

• Mexico post-revolution experienced nationalism and Mexico post-revolution experienced nationalism and “indigenism”, as natives and mestizos demanded “indigenism”, as natives and mestizos demanded more…Marxism also had some impacts demanding more…Marxism also had some impacts demanding secularism…conservative Catholics launched the secularism…conservative Catholics launched the Cristeros movement to retain their power in MexicoCristeros movement to retain their power in Mexico

• By the 1930s, a political party known as the PRI By the 1930s, a political party known as the PRI (Party of the Institutionalized Revolution) took (Party of the Institutionalized Revolution) took control…though Mexico was now a multiparty control…though Mexico was now a multiparty democracy, the PRI dominated Mexico with democracy, the PRI dominated Mexico with caudillo-like rule until the 21caudillo-like rule until the 21stst century century

Russian Revolution: A Russian Revolution: A SummarySummary

• Failures by the czarist leadership to defend Russia Failures by the czarist leadership to defend Russia in WWI coupled with famines and worker unrest in WWI coupled with famines and worker unrest caused the revolution…a newly developed council caused the revolution…a newly developed council of workers called the soviet demanded the of workers called the soviet demanded the dissolution of the czarist regime and the institution dissolution of the czarist regime and the institution of democratic rule…this happened, but for a short of democratic rule…this happened, but for a short time under Alexander Kerensky (February 1917)time under Alexander Kerensky (February 1917)

• In October 1917, another revolt occurred expelling In October 1917, another revolt occurred expelling Kerensky’s liberals and installing Lenin’s Kerensky’s liberals and installing Lenin’s Bolsheviks to powerBolsheviks to power

• An internal civil war raged between RED An internal civil war raged between RED (Communist) and WHITE (liberal and czarist) (Communist) and WHITE (liberal and czarist) factions from 1918-1921, with the Communist factions from 1918-1921, with the Communist REDS winningREDS winning

• Lenin set out the develop the USSR (Union of Lenin set out the develop the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) by developing a New Soviet Socialist Republics) by developing a New Economic Policy based on 5 year plans and state Economic Policy based on 5 year plans and state control and creating the Supreme Soviet based on control and creating the Supreme Soviet based on one party, but still elected.one party, but still elected.

Chinese Revolution: A Chinese Revolution: A SummarySummary

• In 1912, the abdication of the last Chinese emperor Puyi set In 1912, the abdication of the last Chinese emperor Puyi set the stage for the early battle for China between Democratic the stage for the early battle for China between Democratic factions (Sun Yat-Sen) and warlord factions (Yuan Shikai) as factions (Sun Yat-Sen) and warlord factions (Yuan Shikai) as well as the constant fear of invasion from Japanwell as the constant fear of invasion from Japan

• Increased Japanese encroachment led to the May Fourth Increased Japanese encroachment led to the May Fourth Movement, demanding reform and a decrease in foreign Movement, demanding reform and a decrease in foreign involvement and greater democratization…warlords would involvement and greater democratization…warlords would not budge and foreign involvement increased…as a result, not budge and foreign involvement increased…as a result, some educated students (like Mao Zedong) turned to some educated students (like Mao Zedong) turned to CommunismCommunism

• Sun Yatsen’s Guomindang (Democratic National Party) Sun Yatsen’s Guomindang (Democratic National Party) seized power from the warlords in the 1920s and under the seized power from the warlords in the 1920s and under the leadership of Sun’s successor, Chiang Kai Shek, aligned with leadership of Sun’s successor, Chiang Kai Shek, aligned with the Communists, then turned on them, seeking their the Communists, then turned on them, seeking their destruction by the end of the decadedestruction by the end of the decade

• Mao knew that the only way to gain control of China and to Mao knew that the only way to gain control of China and to solve the problems of the nation was to make promises to the solve the problems of the nation was to make promises to the peasants…when Mao was escaping persecution from the peasants…when Mao was escaping persecution from the Chiang’s force on the Long March, he made sure to preach Chiang’s force on the Long March, he made sure to preach Communist ideology to the peasantsCommunist ideology to the peasants

• In the end, the Guomindang and the Communists had to In the end, the Guomindang and the Communists had to once again join force to fight the invading Japanese in the once again join force to fight the invading Japanese in the 1930s and early 1940s…only to go right back at each other’s 1930s and early 1940s…only to go right back at each other’s throats once World War II was over.throats once World War II was over.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact: : A multinational treaty sponsored A multinational treaty sponsored

by American by American and French diplomats that outlawed and French diplomats that outlawed war; an example of the war; an example of the optimism that existed during part optimism that existed during part of the 1920s.of the 1920s.

• Interwar periodInterwar period: : The 1920s and 1930s, shaped by the The 1920s and 1930s, shaped by the results of World results of World War IWar I..

• The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties: : Great social and economic Great social and economic changes were the changes were the hallmark of this decade.hallmark of this decade.

• Cubist movementCubist movement: : Artistic style rendering familiar Artistic style rendering familiar objects in geometric objects in geometric shapes; headed by Pablo Picasso, shapes; headed by Pablo Picasso, who was influenced by African who was influenced by African art.art.

• FascismFascism: : Nationalist political form that featured an Nationalist political form that featured an authoritarian leader, authoritarian leader, aggressive foreign policy, and aggressive foreign policy, and government-guided economics; government-guided economics; started in Italy.started in Italy.

• Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini: : Founder and dictator of the Fascist Founder and dictator of the Fascist Party in Italy.Party in Italy.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• Settler societiesSettler societies: : Australia, Canada, and New Zealand; Australia, Canada, and New Zealand;

forged separate forged separate “autonomous communities” within the British “autonomous communities” within the British empire, called the empire, called the British Commonwealth of Nations.British Commonwealth of Nations.

• ZaibatsuZaibatsu: : In Japan, industrial corporations with close In Japan, industrial corporations with close government government cooperation that expanded rapidly in this era cooperation that expanded rapidly in this era into shipbuilding and into shipbuilding and other heavy industries.other heavy industries.

• Porfirio DíazPorfirio Díaz: : Mexico’s long-serving dictator who resisted Mexico’s long-serving dictator who resisted political political reforms; his policies triggered the Mexican reforms; his policies triggered the Mexican Revolution.Revolution.

• Pancho VillaPancho Villa: : Mexican revolutionary who led guerrilla Mexican revolutionary who led guerrilla fighting in the fighting in the North; pursued unsuccessfully by the U.S. North; pursued unsuccessfully by the U.S. government in 1913.government in 1913.

• Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata: : Mexican revolutionary who led guerrilla Mexican revolutionary who led guerrilla fighting in fighting in the South; motto was the South; motto was “Tierra y Libertad”; “Tierra y Libertad”; demanded land reform.demanded land reform.

• SoldaderasSoldaderas: : Women who were guerrilla fighters in the Women who were guerrilla fighters in the Mexican Mexican Revolution.Revolution.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• Victoriano HuertaVictoriano Huerta: : Sought to impose a Díaz-type Sought to impose a Díaz-type

dictatorship; forced dictatorship; forced from power by Villa and Zapata.from power by Villa and Zapata.• Alvaro ObregonAlvaro Obregon: : Emerged as Mexico’s leader at the end of Emerged as Mexico’s leader at the end of

the the revolution; wrote a new constitution that promised land revolution; wrote a new constitution that promised land reforms.reforms.

• Lazaro CardenasLazaro Cardenas: : Mexican president who enacted land Mexican president who enacted land reform and reform and rural public education.rural public education.

• Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente OrozcoDiego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco: : World-renowned World-renowned artists artists who depicted glorified versions of Mexico’s Indian who depicted glorified versions of Mexico’s Indian heritage and heritage and potential Marxist future in murals.potential Marxist future in murals.

• CristerosCristeros: : Conservative peasant movement in the 1920s in Conservative peasant movement in the 1920s in Mexico; Mexico; backed by the Catholic church and many backed by the Catholic church and many politicians; resisted the politicians; resisted the secularization of the culture and secularization of the culture and government.government.

• Party of the Industrialized Revolution (PRIParty of the Industrialized Revolution (PRI): ): This This Mexican political Mexican political party dominated politics from the party dominated politics from the 1930s to the end of the century..1930s to the end of the century..

Key Terms…Key Terms…• Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky: : Leader of the provisional government Leader of the provisional government

in Russia in Russia after the fall of the tsar; kept Russia in World War after the fall of the tsar; kept Russia in World War I and resisted I and resisted major reforms; overthrown by Bolsheviks at major reforms; overthrown by Bolsheviks at the end of 1917.the end of 1917.

• BolsheviksBolsheviks: : Violent, radical wing of the Social Democrats in Violent, radical wing of the Social Democrats in Russia, led Russia, led by Vladimir Lenin; took power from provisional by Vladimir Lenin; took power from provisional government; later government; later renamed “Communists.”renamed “Communists.”

• Russian Civil War (1918-1921Russian Civil War (1918-1921): ): Millions died in the Millions died in the struggle between struggle between the Reds (pro- Communist forces) and the Reds (pro- Communist forces) and Whites (an amalgam of non Whites (an amalgam of non Communists); the Reds won, Communists); the Reds won, largely because of the organizational largely because of the organizational skills of Leon skills of Leon Trotsky.Trotsky.

• Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky: : Lenin deputy who organized the Red Army Lenin deputy who organized the Red Army during the during the civil war and later lost a power struggle to Stalin.civil war and later lost a power struggle to Stalin.

• New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy: : Lenin’s temporary measure that Lenin’s temporary measure that allowed some allowed some capitalism within a Communist framework; capitalism within a Communist framework; food production food production increased under this program; ended by increased under this program; ended by Stalin.Stalin.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics: : Name of the Moscow-Name of the Moscow-

based based multiethnic Communist regime from 1923 to multiethnic Communist regime from 1923 to 1991.1991.

• Supreme SovietSupreme Soviet: : Parliament under the U.S.S.R. that had Parliament under the U.S.S.R. that had many of the many of the trappings but few of the powers of its trappings but few of the powers of its Western counterparts.Western counterparts.

• Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin: : Assistant to Lenin who beat out Trotsky for Assistant to Lenin who beat out Trotsky for undisputed undisputed control of the U.S.S.R. after Lenin’s death; control of the U.S.S.R. after Lenin’s death; installed the nationalistic installed the nationalistic “socialism in one country” “socialism in one country” program, collectivization, and program, collectivization, and widespread purges.widespread purges.

• Sun Yat-senSun Yat-sen: : Western-educated leader of the Revolutionary Western-educated leader of the Revolutionary Alliance, Alliance, the Guomindang, and at times, China, in the the Guomindang, and at times, China, in the 1910s and 1920s; 1910s and 1920s; struggled with warlords for control of struggled with warlords for control of the nation.the nation.

• Yuan ShikaiYuan Shikai: : Chinese warlord who was that country’s leader Chinese warlord who was that country’s leader from 1912 from 1912 to 1916; he hoped to establish himself as the to 1916; he hoped to establish himself as the ruler of a dynasty to ruler of a dynasty to replace the Qing; forced from powerreplace the Qing; forced from power

Key Terms…Key Terms…• May Fourth MovementMay Fourth Movement: : Popular 1919 uprising in China Popular 1919 uprising in China

against against Japanese interference and for Western-style Japanese interference and for Western-style government that government that featured intellectuals and students as featured intellectuals and students as its leaders; sank under the its leaders; sank under the weight of problems facing weight of problems facing China in the early 20th century.China in the early 20th century.

• Li DazhaoLi Dazhao: : Headed Marxist study circle at University of Headed Marxist study circle at University of Beijing; saw Beijing; saw peasants as harbingers of Communist peasants as harbingers of Communist revolution in China; revolution in China; influenced Mao Zedong.influenced Mao Zedong.

• Mao ZedongMao Zedong: : Leader of Chinese Communist Party and Leader of Chinese Communist Party and eventual eventual dictator of that country.dictator of that country.

• GuomindangGuomindang: : Nationalist party in China; it was the Nationalist party in China; it was the Communist Party’s Communist Party’s greatest rival, yet the greatest rival, yet the Guomindang and Communists forged an Guomindang and Communists forged an alliance against alliance against Japanese aggression; the ruling party in mainland Japanese aggression; the ruling party in mainland China until 1949, it failed to implement most of the China until 1949, it failed to implement most of the domestic domestic programs it proposed.programs it proposed.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• Whampoa Military AcademyWhampoa Military Academy: : Established in China with Established in China with

Soviet help; it Soviet help; it gave the Nationalists a military dimension gave the Nationalists a military dimension previously missing; first previously missing; first leader was Chiang Kai-shek.leader was Chiang Kai-shek.

• Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek: : Successor to Sun as leader of the Successor to Sun as leader of the Nationalists; fierce Nationalists; fierce opponent of the Communists, yet he opponent of the Communists, yet he formed an alliance with them formed an alliance with them to fight Japan.to fight Japan.

• Long MarchLong March: : To escape the Nationalists, 90,000 Mao To escape the Nationalists, 90,000 Mao supporters supporters traveled thousands of miles in 1934 to remote traveled thousands of miles in 1934 to remote regions; solidified regions; solidified Mao’s leadership and created much of Mao’s leadership and created much of his myth.his myth.

• SyndicalismSyndicalism: Economic and political system based on the : Economic and political system based on the organization organization of labor; imported in Latin America from of labor; imported in Latin America from European political European political movements; militant force in Latin movements; militant force in Latin American politics.American politics.

• Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution: Fought over a period of almost 10 : Fought over a period of almost 10 years from years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.Emiliano Zapata.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero: (1873 – 1913) Moderate democratic : (1873 – 1913) Moderate democratic

reformer in reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio 1910; arrested by Porfirio Díaz; initiated revolution Díaz; initiated revolution against Díaz when released from prison; against Díaz when released from prison; temporarily temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913.gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913.

• Mexican Constitution of 1917Mexican Constitution of 1917: Promised land reform, : Promised land reform, limited foreign limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Mexican Revolution.Revolution.

• Red ArmyRed Army: Military organization constructed under : Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.humble background.

• CominternComintern: International office of communism under : International office of communism under U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. dominance established to encourage the dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist formation of Communist parties in Europe and the parties in Europe and the world.world.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• Lázaro CárdenasLázaro Cárdenas: President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; : President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940;

responsible responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal ejidos, or communal farms; also began program of primary farms; also began program of primary and rural education.and rural education.

• Great DepressionGreat Depression: : Worldwide economic collapse that began in Worldwide economic collapse that began in late late 1929 and continued until the outset of World War II1929 and continued until the outset of World War II

• Socialism in one countrySocialism in one country: : Stalin’s program to build a self-Stalin’s program to build a self-sufficient sufficient Communist state based on industrial production.Communist state based on industrial production.

• Popular FrontPopular Front: : Liberal, socialist, and Communist parties in Liberal, socialist, and Communist parties in France that France that forged a short-lived alliance in the 1930s.forged a short-lived alliance in the 1930s.

• New DealNew Deal: : The United States’ answer to the Great Depression, The United States’ answer to the Great Depression, consisting of government assistance to people affected by consisting of government assistance to people affected by

the crisis the crisis and of government reform of economic institutions.and of government reform of economic institutions.• FascismFascism: : Created in Italy by Mussolini and expanded in Created in Italy by Mussolini and expanded in

Germany by Germany by Hitler, this political and economic movement Hitler, this political and economic movement promoted socialist promoted socialist programs combined with programs combined with authoritarianism.authoritarianism.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• NaziNazi: : Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers’ Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers’

Party; under the Party; under the guise of political unity, the Nazis guise of political unity, the Nazis forged a totalitarian state.forged a totalitarian state.

• GestapoGestapo: : Hitler’s secret police that imprisoned and Hitler’s secret police that imprisoned and killed his real and killed his real and imagined opposition.imagined opposition.

• AnschlussAnschluss: : Hitler’s union with Austria.Hitler’s union with Austria.• AppeasementAppeasement: : Britain and France’s policy of Britain and France’s policy of

compromise with Hitler compromise with Hitler and Mussolini.and Mussolini.• Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War: : Fascists led by General Franco Fascists led by General Franco

fought supporters of fought supporters of the existing republic in the the existing republic in the 1930s; Germany and Italy aided the 1930s; Germany and Italy aided the victorious victorious Franco.Franco.

• Import substitution industrializationImport substitution industrialization: : Cut off from Cut off from supplies it had supplies it had imported before the Great Depression, imported before the Great Depression, Latin America began to Latin America began to produce for itself through produce for itself through the rapid expansion of industrialization.the rapid expansion of industrialization.

Key Terms…Key Terms…• SyndicalismSyndicalism: : In Latin America, organizing labor for the In Latin America, organizing labor for the

purpose of purpose of gaining control of political power.gaining control of political power.• Tragic WeekTragic Week: : In Argentina in 1919, the government In Argentina in 1919, the government

brutally repressed brutally repressed labor strikes.labor strikes.• CorporatismCorporatism: : In Latin America, a movement aimed at In Latin America, a movement aimed at

curbing curbing capitalism and Marxism that proposed using capitalism and Marxism that proposed using the state as a mediator the state as a mediator between different social and between different social and economic groups.economic groups.

• Getulio VargasGetulio Vargas: : President of Brazil who imposed a pro-President of Brazil who imposed a pro-Western Western Fascist-like authoritarian regime.Fascist-like authoritarian regime.

• Juan PeronJuan Peron: : Argentina’s leader who, like Vargas, Argentina’s leader who, like Vargas, nationalized key nationalized key industries and led through a combination industries and led through a combination of charisma and of charisma and intimidation.intimidation.

• Training to endure hardshipTraining to endure hardship: : Term used to describe the Term used to describe the Japanese Japanese policy established in Korea to induce the policy established in Korea to induce the people there to cooperate people there to cooperate with the conqueror’s wisheswith the conqueror’s wishes

Key Terms…Key Terms…• KulaksKulaks: : The relatively wealthy peasants in the Soviet The relatively wealthy peasants in the Soviet

Union who were Union who were starved and murdered by the millions starved and murdered by the millions under Stalin’s direction.under Stalin’s direction.

• CollectivizationCollectivization: : Soviet policy of eliminating private Soviet policy of eliminating private ownership of ownership of farmland and creating large state-run farmland and creating large state-run farms.farms.

• Five-Year PlanFive-Year Plan: : State planning of industrial State planning of industrial production in the Soviet production in the Soviet Union.Union.

• Socialist RealismSocialist Realism: : School of art in the U.S.S.R. that School of art in the U.S.S.R. that emphasized heroic emphasized heroic idealizations of workers, idealizations of workers, soldiers, and peasants.soldiers, and peasants.

• PolitburoPolitburo: : “Political Bureau” in the U.S.S.R. that was “Political Bureau” in the U.S.S.R. that was titularly the titularly the executive committee but in reality executive committee but in reality was, especially under Stalin, a was, especially under Stalin, a rubber-stamp rubber-stamp organization.organization.