The World at War - WWI: 1914-1918
Feb 23, 2016
The Worldat War -
WWI:1914-1918
Causesof theWar
1. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 191494 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] in millions of £s (pounds).
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
ExpendituresFrance 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%
Germany
73%
2. The Alliance SystemTriple Entente: Triple Alliance:
Britain, France and Russia
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Two Armed Camps!Allied Powers: Central Powers:
Europe in 1914
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism!!!
The“Spark
”
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe• Brinkmanship – the practice of threatening to go to war to achieve one’s goals
• Conscription – a military draft
• Mobilization – the process of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war.
The Assassination: Sarajevo (in Bosnia)
The Assassin:GavriloPrincip
Who’s To Blame?
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mill
ions
Womenand the
HomeFront
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
Red Cross Nurses
Spies
e “Mata Hari”e Real Name:
Margaretha Gertruide Zelle
e German Spy!
Posters:
WartimePropagan
da
In order to ensure that enough was produced for the war, governments increased their powers, even taking over industries
Free speech was curtailed to prevent dissention that could harm war effort
Used propaganda to sway public opinion
Governments Increase Powers
German Atrocities in Belgium
Britain Joins the War
Recruitment Posters (Propaganda)
Recruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Hungarians
A German Soldier Says
Farewell to His Mother
New French Recruits
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
The Western Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
The Schlieffen (SHLEE-fun) Plan
A 2 War Front War *Germany had to fight from
both the East (Russia) & West (France)
The Western Front
Trench Warfare – fighting from ditches, protected by barbed wire, led to stalemate
War of attrition – a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attack and heavy losses.
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare“No Man’s Land”
= the area of land between your trench and the enemy trench
TheEastern
Front
Russia experienced a revolution in 1917 and quits the war, signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia Drops Out
The“Colonial
”Fronts
Other than Europe, the Middle East saw the biggest battles as the Ottomans (Turks) fought Britain, Russia, and France
The Middle East
Hussein-McMahon Correspondence
G.B. promised the land of Palestine to Arabs if they helped fight the Ottomans
Balfour Declaration
Jews promised a homeland in Palestine if they helped the Allies fight
The Middle East – A Dual Promise
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Fighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Major reason Allies fighting war was nationalism, and to gain independence for eastern Europe
So, colonial subjects in Africa, and other parts of world thought that in return for their assistance they would gain independence
This did not happen
Fighting in Africa
Fighting in Asia
Japan had alliance with Britain, so entered WW1 on side of Allies
Japan able to take more land (especially from China) during the war
Following the war, Japan was mostly ignored at the peace conference
The Japanese were angry and continued to expand
Japan’s Continued Rise
America
Joinsthe
Allies
Neutrality Helps As Europe became embroiled in war, the
U.S. benefitted economically
Sold war supplies and, along with Japan, became major exporter, replacing Europeans in many parts of world
This would remain after the war
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The YanksAre
Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of the
Industrial Revolution:
NewTechnology
French Renault Tank
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U.S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
The Endof
WorldWar I
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed! End of WWI
Versailles Germany punished – war guilt, reparations, and
disarmament
Leads to social and economic problems in Germany
Wilson’s self-determination not granted around the world, only eastern Europe (see map)
Colonial peoples are dissatisfied, leads to independence movements (ex: Gandhi in India)
League of Nations
World War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
15,000,000 Dead from WWI
Another 20 million wounded
The Somme American Cemetery, France
116,516 Americans DiedAmerica becomes Isolationist