The Work and Problems of the Victoria Cave Exploration (1875)_Richard H. Tiddeman

8/13/2019 The Work and Problems of the Victoria Cave Exploration (1875)_Richard H. Tiddeman

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THE ^YURK AND I'ROJJLEMS UF THE VICTORIACAVE EXl'LURATIua.

BY E. H. IWLE31.1S. il.A., F.G.H., OF H.3I. GEOLOGICAL SUltVEtOF ENGLAND AND WALES.


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THE WORK AND PROBLEMS01' TIIK

VICTORIA CAVE EXPLORATION.BY R. H. TIDDEMAN, M.A., F.G.S.,

Of H.M. Geological Survey of England and Wales.

[A Pater read before the Geological and Polytechnic Society of theWest Biding of Yorkshire, 1875.]

In the course of the past six years the Victoria Cave, nearSettle, has become by name at least well known to Yorkshire-men, and has attracted the attention of many outside thecounty. Many notices and papers have been written uponit, but are mostly not easy of access, and scattered up anddown in various Transactions of Scientific Societies. In hisinteresting work on Cave Hunting, Prof. B. Dawkins hasgiven a valuable resume of what has been done up to 1873.But very much has been done since that time, and somevaluable results have accrued which deserve to be put onrecord in connection with what has been previously done.Moreover, as a considerable portion of the funds employed inthe excavation is derived from Yorkshire, it is only rightthat scientific Yorkshiremen should have an opportunity ofknowing in what those funds have been spent, what havebeen the results so far, and what may be the problems await-ing solution in our further work.

In giving a short summary of the work it will be neces-sary to recapitulate much that has been already published invarious periodicals and other works.


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The Yictoria Cave is situated in a most picturesque localityin .a line of limestone scars, whicli runs from the Settle riflerange at tlie Attermire Rocks, towards the N-N-TV., and itfaces S.S.W. It lies at a considerable elevation (about 1,450feet) above the sea level, and 900 feet above the River Ribbleat its nearest point. The mouth of the Cave commands anextensive panorama of the district of Craven, with distantviews of Ingleborough, the Lake Mountains, the Yalley ofthe Lune, the Fells of Rowland, and towards the south thelower valley of the Ribble, Pendle Hill, &c.

The southern aspect of the Cave, sheltered from the northand from the east by the cliff in which it is formed, wouldgive it an advantage as a habitation, whether for man orbeast. Strangely enough this cavern, which has been a resortin such widely separated ages of the w^orld's history, was onthe day of Her Majesty's Coronation completely concealed,and unknown to any one.

To Mr. Joseph Jackson, of Settle, belongs the honour ofits discover}' on that day, and still more of the intelligentperseverance with which he commenced and carried on itsearly exploration. The results of his researches may be seenin the British Museum, in the Leeds Museum, and in his ownprivate collection. The Cave furnished him from time totime, as Prof. B. Dawkins states, wdth a remarkable seriesof ornaments and implements of bronze, iron, and bone, alongwith pottery and broken remains of animals. Fragments ofSamian ware and other Roman pottery, coins of Trajan, Con-stantius, and Constantine, proved that the stratum in whichthey were found was accumulated after the Roman invasion.There were also bronze fibula3, iron spear-heads, nails, anddaggers, as well as bronze needles, pins, finger-rings, armlets,bracelets, buckles, and studs. The broken bones belong tothe red deer, roebuck, pig, horse, Celtic shorthorn, sheep orgoat, badger, fox, and dog. The whole collection was just of


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that sort whicli is very generally found in the neighbourhood ofRoman villas and towns, and was doubtless formed while thecave was a place of habitation. *

Late in the year 1869, Prof. T. McK. Hughes saw Mr.Jackson's collection, and appreciating the importance of afurther and systematic exploration of the cavern, set to workat its accomplishment. He obtained permission from theowner of the property, the late Mr. Stackhouse, and inducedsome of the gentry of the neighbourhood and others toform a Committee, under Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, forthe purpose. A subscription-list was opened, and donationscame in liberally. Prof. Hawkins kindly undertook thescientific direction of the work.f Mr. John Birkbeck, Jun.,accepted the post of Hon. Treasurer and Secretary, and theCommittee were fortunate in obtaining Mr. Jackson's assist-ance as superintendent.

Mr. Jackson's previous work had been entirely in theinside, from a narrow entrance in rock at the bottom of aniche in the overhanging cliff (now walled up), but lightcould be seen towards the right on entering the cave, and itwas resolved to remove the screes at the outside whichblocked up the aperture, and form a new entrance. Theobvious advantage of this was that it would enable the work-men to work in daylight, and, moreover, the small plateauformed by the screes could not fail, as Prof. Hawkinsobserves,:|: to have been chosen by the inhabitants forkindling their fires and cooking their food. On the surfacethere was a talus, 2 feet thick, of angular fragments, brokenaway from the cliff above by the action of frost. H rested

* Jouru. Authrop. Inst., vol. i., p. CI.\- Prof. Dawkins was obliged by stress of work to resign this responsibility

in the summer of 1873, and at the request of the Committee the Authorundertook it.

+ Op. Cit.


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on a dark layer composed of fragments of bone, more or lessburnt, burnt stones wbich had formed the fire places, very-many fragments of pottery, and coins of Trajan and Tetricus.Fires had been kindled on the spot, and the broken bones of theanimals strewn about, were the relics of the feast. As workcontinued the talus over this layer died out inwards, and the black layer below rose to the surface, and was continuouswith that from which Mr. Jackson obtained his ornamentsand implements inside the cave. *The objects found in this layer consist of spindle-whorls,beads, and curious nondescript articles of bone. Some ofthem are dress fasteners, much of the form of frogs usedin military dress. The use of these was pointed out by Mr.Stevens, who called attention to traces of wear upon them bythe thongs which held them. Then there were spoon brooches,a toothcomb similar in form to those now in use, a smallbone object like a teetotum, and the ivory guard of a Romansword hilt identified by Mr. Franks. In bronze many arti-cles and ornaments were found, some of them beautifullyenamelled in red, blue, yellow, and green, and of gracefuldesigns. These, though some of them Eoman in form, areconsidered by Mr. Franks to be of Celtic workmanship.Other brooches are of more distinctly Roman type. Thefragments of pottery were very abundant, and were all of thetj'pes usually found around Roman villas. The bones arevery numerous, and afford fair testimony as to the food of theoccupiers of the cave during the time of the accumulation ofthe Romano- Celtic stratum. The Celtic shorthorn {Bos lon-gifrons) formed by far the staple animal food. The varietyof Cai^ra agacjrus, or goat with simple recurved horns, whichis commonly met with in the Yorkshire tumuli, and in thedeposits around Roman villas throughout Great Britain, fur-nished the mutton. A domestic breed of pigs, with small Op. Cit., p. C2.


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canines, furnished the pork. This bill of fare was varied bythe use of horseflesh. To this list must be added the venisonof the roedeer and the stag, but the remains of these twoanimals were singularly rare. Two species of the domesticfowl, and a few bones of wild duck and grouse, complete thelist of the animals which can with certainty be affirmed tohave been eaten by the cave-dwellers. *

Prof Dawkins shows that the coins of Trajan, Constan-tino, and Tetricus, and some barbarous imitations of Romancoins, assigned by numismatists to the time of the evacuationof Britain by the Romans, explain the singidar abundance ofarticles of luxury in so rude a retreat. We can hardly doubtthat it was used in those troublous times by unfortunate pro-vincials, who fled from their homes, with some of their cattleand other property, and were compelled to exchange theluxuries of civilised life for a hard struggle for commonnecessaries. This would place the occupation of the cave bythe Romanised Celts as somewhere not earlier than the 5thcentury.

The Romano- Celtic layer was two feet down and two feetthick on the little plateau ; the charcoal and refuse bones ofthe temporary dwellers no doubt considerably contributed tothis thickness. Lower down the slope the same layer was onlycovered by a foot, and sometimes less, of Post-Roman talus,and as it entered the cave in the other direction it came tothe surface. This greater thickness would lie at a spotbeneath the clifi , Avhich was most exposed to falls of rock-fragments.

The Neolithic Layer.Beneath the Romano-Celtic layerwas a thickness of about five or six feet of what had at sometime been loose talus, but was now bound together, thoughnot very firmly, by the deposition of carbonate of lime bydripping water. At the base of this the Committee discovered

- Op. Cit., p. 65.


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a singular bone-liarpoon, with double barbs, facing in onedirection, and a third reversed barb at the base (the last nodoubt being intended to serve as an attachment to the shaft),a bone bead hexagonal in form to a section along a planethrough its axis and incised with rectilinear ornamentation,and three flint flakes.

Just asthe Roman layer thinned away in each direction, andcame to the surface inside the cave and outside down the screes,so did the Neolithic layer thin away in each direction, and runinto the Roman layer. In 1874 a well-worked small flintimplement of lanceolate-leaf outline, similar to some figuredin Mr. John Evans' valuable book * was found lying on theside of a cutting through the screes, and had probably fallenout of the Neolithic layer above. It was unworked on theflat side. Sections across it would give at j from the point atriangular, and near the bulb a plano-convex, outline.Amongst Mr. Jackson's finds inside the cave was a small adzeof melaphyr-]-, and the late Mr. Denny showed me this in theLeeds Museum, side by side with one from the South SeaIslands, so exactly similar, except in its larger size, that theymight have been made by the same workman. So uniformis the teaching of the school of necessity It is probablethat this interesting relic is also from the Neolithic layer.We have now got so far back in time in our account ofthe researches* as to be already fixr below the earliest recordsof history. Let us see what light the cave throws upon stillearlier and obscurer ages of the area now called Yorkshire.

THE BEDS INSIDE THE CAVE.The Upper and Lotcer Cave-Earth.In describing these I

shall give the chief prominence to the Section as it appearedin Chamber D, the right hand haU of the cave at its present

* Stone Implements, &c., of Great Britain.+ Cave Hunting, p. 114.


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state of excayation, because it has been more thoroughly ex-plored than the remainder. It has also received great atten-tion in the careful registration of the bones, and the discrimi-nation of those of different beds. Moreover, no account of ithas been given as yet (save in the British Association Reportfor 1875). In the spring of 1871 I described to the CaveCommittee the beds inside the cave below the Homan-Celtic,and Neolithic layers, as consisting of

The Upper Cave-Earth,The Laminated Clay,The Lower Cave-Earth,

and this distinction still holds good, although the Upper andLower Cave-Earth ran together in one portion. Still thegreat thickness of laminated clay demands a corresponding-length of time for its formation, and its absence or thinnessat one point or another does not invalidate its existenceelsewhere. Moreover, as will be seen, its importance asseparating two distinct life eras in which different climatalconditions obtained cannot justifiably be overlooked. Intheir physical aspect the Upper and Lower Cave-Earth havemuch in common. They both consist of large and smallangular blocks of limestone, intermingled with a stiff buffclay, occasional beds of stalagmite, and fallen blocks of sta-lactite. The limestone and stalactite have undoubtedly fallenfrom the roof The stalagmite has formed upon the floorfrom time to time, when circumstances have been favourable.In the Upper Bed much of the clay seems to be derived fromthe laminated clay beneath, worked up and redeposited bywater, or puddled by the animals whose bones are foundin it; certainly where bones have occurred in the surfaceof this clay, it has lost its characteristic finely-beddedstructure, and is simply homogeneous. A good deal ofthis homogeneous clay has probably been washed downthrough fine crevices in the roof by little runnels during wet


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8weatlier, althougli at present certainh' all water that dropsfrom the roof seems to be -well filtered. In the Lower Cave-Earth, between the blocks of limestone, little chinks havebeen filled in with laminated clay,* which is possibly of thesame age, and deposited under identical circumstances, withthe great mass of it abovethe conditions necessary for thisonly being a pre-existing chink and a crack leading to it,wide enough to permit water to trickle through it, bearingthe finest impalpable mud. Both these beds. Upper andLower, contain the remains of man and animals scatteredalong more or less definite horizons to be further described.

The Laminated Clay.This lies between the beds alreadydescribed, and the great contrast which it shows to theminduced me in 1870 to study it more particularly with a viewto getting some insight into the conditions under which itwas formed. The lamina) into which it is divided are ex-ceedingly thin, and flake away easily when pulled asimder,yet it is so stifif as to make the digging of it a work of greatlabour. It is found to consist of an exceedingly fine impalp-able mud. About 8 per cent, of it is carbonate of lime. Itvaries in thickness, but has been found in all the chambershitherto explored. In the left hand Chamber B, it showed athickness of 12 feet, in other parts 7 and 8 feet have notbeen uncommon dimensions. It was thin at the entrance,thickened rapidly and thinned again, but it has been foimdto run continuously from the entrance inwards, a distance ofmore than 70 feet, which is as far as the explorations havegone along that horizon in the right hand Chamber (D). Incasting about for an explanation of the singular contrast ofthis bed to those above and below it, I was unable to resistthe conclusion that different physical conditions were neces-sary for its formation. Similar clays are found intercalated

See foot note, p. b-3.


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9with true glacial beds in many places besides the immediateneighbourhood. At Ingleton I found two beds of thislaminated clay resting between beds of ordinary till, with wellscratched boulders, and there were well preserved glacialboulders in the laminated clay itself. The conclusion thatthese beds in the cave might be the result of glacial condi-tions, which imply the running of much muddy water inalternating periods of flow and rest was prima facie not im-probable, but seemed to explain the difficulties. The greatthickness of pure mud, the numberless alternations, implyingalternating conditions, the singular contrast in physical con-ditions to the deposits above and below, and the absence oflife, all pointed to a state of things such as we know existedduring the great ice age.* I communicated this opinion ina Report to the Cave Committee in February, 1871, and \\v(ifurther explorations have singularly confirmed it. f We havesince found glaciated boulders in the laminated clay itself,and still later the important discovery of a great accumulationof boiilders and glacial till at the cave mouth, resting on theedges of the lower cave-earth, goes far to establish thematter.The Glacial Beds at the Cave Mouth.As the explorationswent on it was found necessary to remove a large breadth ofthe screes or talus at the entrance to a lower depth than pre-viously, and most important results accrued. From year to

* For fuller arguments vide Geol. Mag., vol. x., p. 11.7 This conclusion is disputed by Prof. Dawkius (Cave Hunting, p. 122)

on the ground of1st, laminated clay occurring in cre\ices in the LowerCave-Earth, beneath the main mass. On this point vide supra p. 84.* 2ndly,his discovery of laminated clay (one-tenth of an inch thick, as he informsme), in pools, in the Ingleborough Cave. This seems to me beside the question,which is not Can laminated clay be deposited under other than glacial con-ditions? (to which I would give a decided affirmative), but What were theprevailing conditions when so large a mass of laminated clay was deposited iuthe Victoria Cave, contrasting so strongly with the great thickness of bedsabove and below it ?


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10year a great deposit of glacial till and other glacial depositshas been uncovered : some it has been necessary to remove,and some still remains. As we deej^ened the section wefirst came upon a line of boulders resting on the edges of thelower cave-earth, and dipping outwards at an angle of about 40degrees. Deeper to the dip the deposit was found to be a truetill of great tenacity, containing well scratched boulders, andin places intercalated with beds of sand and laminated clay.The boulders were of all sizes, from blocks weighing sometons to mere sand grains. Whence had they come ? Somewere semi-angular blocks of Carboniferous Limestone, but ofthese many were of a darker rock than that in which thecave is formed. But a very large proportion, nearly half,'were of Silurian grit ( blue rock, as Yorkshire has it).Others were a conglomerate from the base of the CarboniferousLimestone, containing slate pebbles, telling of the time whenall Yorkshire's mineral wealth was still in the lap of futurity.These must have travelled in the ice two miles or more. Car-boniferous gritstones were there, for whose origin we mustlook up to the tops of Ingleborough or Pennigent.

The accumulation of these waifs and strays, lying as theydo on a col 1,450 feet above the sea, at a place where thereare no gathering grounds for a mere local glacier, must beattributed to the transport of ice when the Ribble valleyalongside, and 900 feet below us, was filled with ice up tothis point, and still higher. The ice scratches on the rocks atthe base of King Scar hard by show us the direction in which ittravelled across the col from Stainforth towards Long Prestonby way of Attermire ; and there are not wanting evi-dences in the district to show that this great confluent ice-sheet covered all the country visible from the cave mouth,and many miles beyond.*

* Quai-t. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxviiL, p. -iTl, 1872.


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11It was suggested when we first found the boulders that

they might not have been left there by the ice-sheet, butmight have fallen from the cliff subsequently. This questionhas been thoroughly investigated since, and the evidencegiven in the British Association Report for 1874 ; * as thefacts and arguments there used have not been disputed, I willnot treat this question at length.

Briefly the evidence is this1. The boulders lie at the base of all the screes, which

are 19 feet thick, and no other boulders occur throughout thatwhole thickness.

2. The cliff immediately above the cave is quite free fromboulders for a considerable distance.

3. The screes (talus) are allowed to be the result of thedestruction of the cliff above by atmospheric agencies, and,as they lie above all the boulders, must have fallen subse-quently. Even now the boulders lie so close beneath thecliff that it would be barely possible for them to fall fromit into their present position. But if we could restore to thecliff all the limestone screes lying above the boulders, such afall would be quite impossible.

4. The extent of the glacial deposits now exjDOsed is sogreat, covering an area of 1,200 square feet or more, that itis impossible that they can be a mere chance accumulation ofboulders.

The Life of the Earlier Periods.

We have now brieflygone through the physical aspect of the earlier beds in theVictoria Cave. It remains, as far as we can from the facts atour disposal, to restore in imagination the living beings whoroamed about in Craven at the different periods representedby these beds. In the Lower Cave-Earth in the lowest bone


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12bed yet discovered we have evidence of the presence of thefollowing : *

Man. Rhinoceros leptorhimts.fHippopotamus.Bos primigenius.Bison.Red Deer.

Hyaena.Fox.Brown Bear.Grisly Bear.Elephas nntiquun.

The chief horizon along which these bones occur is a layer ofoccupation by the hya?na, whose dung occurs in great abund-ance. Prom the characteristic gnawing and cracking of thebones we may conclude that to him and the other carnivoreswe are indebted for probably the whole of this assemblage offossils. Although a fibula of man was found there is no evi-dence so far sufficient to justify us in concluding that he usedthis cave as a dwelling place at that time. But that helived in the district when these other animals were roamingover the hills of Cr.aven, there can be no doubt. Whetherother parts of the cave were used by him is a questionwhich must await the light to be thrown upon it by furtherexploration.

It becomes an interesting question what was the climateof Great Britain when these animals were living in, or beingbrought piecemeal into, the Cavern. There are two verymarked species, the hippopotamus and the hyaena, whichpoint to a very warm climate ; of the remainder, the elephantand the rhinoceros, of species both extinct, ma^'- be considered

* These bones have been chiefly determined by no less an authority thanProf. Busk, F.K.S.

I- According to some late valuable observations by Mr. William Davies, Dr.Falconer's species hemitachus is founded on a misconception, and will haveto give place to Prof. Owen's term leptorliinun. Catalogue of the PleistoceneVertebrata in the Collection of Sir A. Brady, by William Davies, of the BritishMuseum, 1874:. Printed for Private circulation only.''


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\ 13from their frequent companionship with the hippopotamus,and as Prof Dawkins points out from their range, to have alsolived in warm countries. The rest are all either adaptable toa wide range of climate, or of temperate proclivities. Uponthe whole, then, we have an assemblage of sj)ecies whichrequire, or could live in, a tolerably warm climate. Arcticspecies are entirely absent. This state of things must havelasted a long time, but higher in the Section the bones becomemore scarce, the more tropical animals are wanting. Thebear, the fox, and the ox, are scattered about at rare intervals,eventually these vanish, and about twenty feet above thebusy-looking hyaena floor we come upon the base of thelaminated clay, intcrbedded with an occasional layer of stalag-mite, but without a trace of any living thing. We work ourway up through it, and find near the top of it some well-scratched boulders, and we look out at the cave mouth, andseeing the rubbish left by a vanished glacier, we naturallyaskDo not these represent the coming events which casttheir cold shadows before them, and first drove from the dis-trict the tropical animals, and then those of greater powers ofendurance. The laminated clay here fills the cave up to theroof, but we follow it along into Chamber D, and find troddeninto its puddled surface several antlers of reindeer. A bed ofmud and fallen stones comes on above it (the Upper Cave-Earth), and this contains the following :

Horse.Pig.Reindeer.Red Deer.

Man (traces of) as evi-denced by hachecl bones.

Fox.Grisly Bear.Brown Bear.Badg-er.

Goat or Sheep.

This bed probably represents a considerable length oftime, and contains remains from the reindeer age and cold


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14conditions, down to the confines of history. But as appa-rently no great thickness of matter was accumulating they aremixed up together at the surface.

The reindeer gives us evidence of a cold climate, and wehave here no animals which can be assigned to tropical con-ditions. The reindeer lived in the district subsequently to thewaning of the ice-sheet ; we have no evidence to say whetherit lived there during the cold times preceding its full develop-ment, though that seems probable.

The great thickness of talus, 20 feet and upwards indepth, is the only record of the long time which has elapsedsince the boulders on Avhich it lies were left by the ice-sheet.There is no evidence throughout it of any change in condi-tions from subaerial to marine or fluviatile. But we knowthat in Lancashire, not far off, we have old sea bottoms rest-ing upon the ice-sheet rubbish, and indicating a submergenceto the extent of some six or seven hundred feet perhaps. Theabsolute depth is somewhat uncertain, but it appears here notto have reached the cave, and there is a marked absence ofsuch deposits at like elevations in the district. Still thiswas one of the changes which was long subsequent tothe first appearance of man in this country, as shownin the cave's records. As similar evidences of a sub-mergence late in the glacial period have been observedover large areas in the Old and the JJTew World, and in bothhemispheres, in mean latitudes, it may be that the traditionsso common to many races and religions of a great deluge, arebut lingering memories of this great event. It matters notthat these myths all differ in their surroundings. The centralcore still has the solid ring of truth, albeit masked and dis-figured by the rust of time.


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A LIST OF WOEKS EELATING TO THE VICTORIACAVE, SETTLE.

1844.Smith, Eoach, and ) ...On Victoria Cave, Collectanea Antiqua.Jackson, Joseph ) Vol. i. No, 5.

1-860.Denny, H On the Geological and Archaeological Contents

of the Victoria and Dowker-bottom Cavesin Craven. Proc. West [Riding Geol. JSoc.Vol. iv.

1865.Smith, Ecroyd The Limestone Caves of Ctaven. Tram. Hist.

Soc, Cheshire.1871.

Morrison, Walter On the Exploration of the Settle Caves, York-shire (Abstract). Trans, of the PlymouthInstitution. Vol. iv., part 2.

1872.Dawkins, W.Boyd Report of the Eesults obtained by the Settle

Cave Explorations Committee out of Vic-toria Cave in 1870. Journ. Anthrop. Insti-tute. Vol. i., p. 60.

TiDDEMAN, E. H Discovery of Pleistocene Mammals in the Vic-toria Cave, Settle. Nature. Vol. vii,1873.

Brockbank, William...Notes on the Victoria Cave, Settle. Proc. Lit.and Phil. Soc, Manchester, March, 1873, p. 95.

Dawkins, W. Boyd Eeport on the Victoria Cave, the Archseologicaland Zoological Eesults. Rep. Brit. Assoc,for 1872. Trans, of SectioTis, p. 179.

Tiddeman, E. H Eeport on the Victoria Cave. The PhysicalHistory of the Deposits. Ibid.

The Older Deposits in the Victoria Cave,Settle. Geol. Mag. Vol. x., p. 11.

The Age of the North of England Ice-Sheet.Ibid, p. 140.

The Eelation of Man to the Ice-Sheet inthe North of England. Nature. Vol. ix,,No. 210, p. 14.


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161874.

BcsK, Prof. G On a Human Fibula of unusual form, dis-covered in the Victoria Cave, Settle. Journ.Anthrojx ItisL Vol. iii., p. 392. (Eemarks on the same). Presidential Address.Ibul p. 516-7.

Dawkins, Prof, W. B...Eeport of the Committee for assisting in tlieExjjloration of the Settle Caves. Brit. Assoc.Reportsfor 1873, p. 250.

Cave Hunting, Eesearches on the Evidence ofCaves, respecting the Eai-ly Inhabitants ofEiu'ope, Svo. Macniillan and Co.

1875.Evans, John Presidential Address. Quart. Journ. Geo. Soc.

Vol. xxxi., p. Ixxiii.TiDDEMAN, E. H. ..% Second Eeport of the Committee appointed fur

the purpose of assisting in the Explorationof the Settle Caves (Victoria Cave). Brit.As-oc. Reportsfor 1S74, p. 133.

Abstract of the Third Eeport of the SettleCaves (Victoria Cave) Committee, read atBristol, in August, 1875. Privately printed.

Also in Nature. Vol, xii.

EXPLAITATION OF PLATE V.D.Chamber D.B. G.Birkbeck Gallery.V.^Vertical line from Cliff.X.-Z.Approximate present depth of workings (Dec, 1875).

a. Eomano-Celtic layer.h. Neolithic horizon.c. Upper CaveEarth with Eeindeer, &c.d. Laminated clay, with some layers of Stalagmite.d\ Glacial Drift.e. Lower CaveEarth with bone bed containing Hyaena,

Hippopotamus, Man, &c.X Position of the Human Fibula.s. Screes or Talus.I. Limestone rock.

The numbered vertical lines represent the 2-foot Parallels from1 to 40.

McCoRquoDALB & Co., Printers, Leed?.


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The Work and Problems of the Victoria Cave Exploration (1875)_Richard H. Tiddeman

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