The Wireless The Wireless Communication System Communication System Xihan Lu
Feb 01, 2016
The Wireless Communication The Wireless Communication SystemSystem
Xihan Lu
Wireless CommunicationWireless Communication
Cellular phone systemCordless telephone systemBluetoothInfrared communicationMicrowave communicationIEEE Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi)Satellite communication
Why “Cellular”?Why “Cellular”?
Three GenerationsThree Generations
AMPSNMTTACS
HCMTS
GSMGPRS
WCDMACDMA2000TD SCDMA
2G 3G1G
1G1G
Start early 80’s Analogue technique AMPT (Advanced Mobile Phone System): North
America NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony): North Europe TACS (Total Access Communication Service): Europe,
China
HCMTS (High Capacity Mobile Telephone System):
Japan
FDMAFDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access Different carrier frequencies are assigned to
different traffic channels(speech)One carrier frequency can only carry one
single speech channel at one time
FDMAFDMA
ShortageShortage
Voice information onlyUnsafe ( eavesdropping )Waste of frequency resource
2G2G
Start early 90’sDigital techniqueGSM : Global System of Mobilephone GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
D-AMPS : Digital AMPS
GSM GSM
TD/FDMA: A mix of FDMA and TDMA The whole useable spectrum was divided to many
200k Hz carrier frequencies —FD Each carrier was divided into 8 timeslots (burst) —TD Each burst is assigned to a user(a logical traffic
channel) One carrier frequency can carry up to 8 logical traffic
channels (voice or data) at the same time The maximum data communication rate is 14.4 kbps
FD / TDMAFD / TDMA
Network StructureNetwork Structure
BTS,BSC and MSCBTS,BSC and MSC
BTS & BSC: Base Transceiver System and
Base Station Controller. Radio signal transceiver, a connection between handset and MSC
MSC: Mobile services Switching Center, switching center of the GSM network, and connect to other networks
DatabasesDatabases HLR : Home Location Register, contains static
information of subscribers and location update data VLR : Visitor Location Register, embedded in MSC
to avoid delay, contains current location information of handsets
AUC : Authentication Center, stores secret keys for authentication and encryption of the radio channel
EIR : Equipment Identity Register, contains a list of all valid mobile equipment in the network, by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
GPRSGPRS
Upgrade of existed GSM networkImproves the data communication ability
GPRSGPRS
Network nodesNetwork nodes
GGSN: Gateway GSM Support Node,Protocol transferring, data encapsulation, a
connection to external networksSGSN: Service GSM Support Node,Communicate with HLR and mobile
handsets, authorization and admission control, charging, mobility management
Data communicationsData communications
In GSM, one user occupies one traffic channel to exchange voice/data information
In GPRS, up to 8 traffic channels(a whole carrier) can be dynamically combined together for one data communication application
The theoretically maximum data transmission rate: 14.4k bps * 8 = 115.2k bps
Advantages of GPRSAdvantages of GPRS
Higher data rateSeamless connection to internetPacket switching rather than circuit switch,
bandwidth is only used when the data is actually used, even though it is always connected
A primary step to 3G
shortageshortage
Not fast enough for the multimedia serviceThe data rate falls when the network is busyUpgrade of handset
3G3G
3G-Standards3G-Standards
Three CDMA standards approved by ITU:Direct Spread CDMA(WCDMA) : Europe,
JapanMulti-Carrier CDMA(CDMA 2000) : North
AmericaTD-Synchronous CDMA(CDMA TDD) :
Europe, China
3G-CDMA3G-CDMA
Code Division Multi AddressSpread spectrum technologyEach single traffic channel occupies the
whole spectrum, but distinguished by a unique digital code
Walsh code: an orthogonal 64 bit pattern, unique in the network
CDMACDMA
FeaturesFeatures
Better voice qualityUp to 2 Mbps data communication rateIncrease battery lifeSoft hand-offExcellent data safetyMore effective spectrum usage than 2G
ConclusionConclusion
ConclusionConclusion
1G 2G 3G
Voice Quality OK OK Good
Data communication
N/A ~115K ~2M
Spectrum usage X 5~6X 10~20X
Communication safety
Weak OK Good
ReferencesReferences
www.gsmworld.com/technology/gprs/index.html www.3gsmamericas.com/pdfs/EOF_Cannes_2003/
Nortel_David_Smith.pdf http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Wireless/Reports/fcc98091.pdf www.rogers.com http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_99/material/glossary.ht
ml www.itu.int/home/imt.html http://www.boeschatt.at/Mobil/mobilfunk_html.php?gsm_netzarchitek
tur.php http://www.pt.com/products/gsmintro.html