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WTIA Technical Note No. 1
The Weldability of Steels
The WTIA National Diffusion Networks Project is supported by Federal, State and Territory Governments and Australian industry
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for the Welding Industry
What are they?An Expert Technology Tool (ETT) is a medium for diffusion and take-up of technological information based on global research and development (R&D) and experience to improve industry performance.
It can be formatted as a hard copy, software (fixed, interactive or modifiable), audiovisual (videos and sound tapes) or physical samples. It can be complemented by face-to-face interaction, on-site and remote assistance, training modules and auditing programs.
The diagram overleaf and the information below show how the WTIA has introduced a group of ETTs to help companies improve their performance.
ETTs and the SME – how can they help my Total Welding Management System?A Total Welding Management System (TWMS) is a major ETT with supporting ETTs created specifically to assist Australian industry, particularly those Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) that do not have the time or finance to develop an in-house system. These companies, however, are still bound by legal requirements for compliance in many areas such as OHS&R, either due to government regulation or to contract requirements. The TWMS developed by the WTIA can be tailor-made by SMEs to suit any size and scope of operation, and implemented in full or in part as required.
What is Total Welding Management?Total Welding Management comprises all of the elements shown in the left-hand column of the table shown overleaf. Each of these elements needs to be addressed within any company, large or small, undertaking welding, which wishes to operate efficiently and be competitive in the Australian and overseas markets.
The Total Welding Management System Manual (itself an Expert Technology Tool) created by the WTIA with the assistance of industry and organisations represented within a Technology Expert Group, overviews each of these elements in the left- hand column. It details how each element relates to effective welding management, refers to supporting welding-related ETTs, or, where the subject matter is out of the range of expertise of the authors, refers the user to external sources such as accounting or legal expertise.
Knowledge Resource BankThe other columns on the diagram overleaf list the Knowledge Resource Bank and show examples of supporting ETTs which may, or may not, be produced directly by the WTIA. The aim, however, is to assist companies to access this knowledge and to recognise the role that knowledge plays in a Total Welding Management System. These supporting ETTs may take any form, such as a Management System e.g. Occupational Health, Safety and Rehabilitation (OHS&R), a publication e.g. WTIA Technical Note, a video or a Standard through to software, a one-page guidance note or welding procedure.
Clearly, ETTs such as WTIA Technical Notes, various Standards, software, videos etc are readily available to industry.
The group of ETTs shown overleaf relate to a general welding fabricator/contractor. The ETT group can be tailor-made to suit any specific company or industry sector.
A company-specific Knowledge Resource Bank can be made by the company omitting or replacing any other ETT or Standard.
Total Welding Management for Industry SectorsTotal Welding Management Systems and the associated Knowledge Resource Banks are being developed for specific industry sectors, tailored to address the particular issues of that industry and to facilitate access to relevant resources. A company-specific Total Welding Management System can be made by the company adding, omitting or replacing any element shown in the left hand column, or ETT or Standard shown in the other columns. This approach links in with industry needs already identified by existing WTIA SMART Industry Groups in the Pipeline, Petrochemical and Power Generation sectors. Members of these groups have already highlighted the common problem of industry knowledge loss through downsizing, outsourcing and privatisation and are looking for ways to address this problem.
The concept of industry-specific Total Welding Management Systems and Knowledge Resource Banks will be extended based on the results of industry needs analyses being currently conducted. The resources within the Bank will be expanded with the help of Technology Expert Groups including WTIA Technical Panels. Information needs will be identified for the specific industry sectors, existing resources located either within Australia or overseas if otherwise unavailable, and if necessary, new resources will be created to satisfy these needs.
How to Access ETTsManagement System ETTs, whether they are the Total Welding Management Manual (which includes the Quality Manual), OHS&R Managers Handbook, Procedures, Work Instructions, Forms and Records or Environmental Improvement System, can be accessed and implemented in a variety of ways. They can be:• Purchased as a publication for use by industry. They may
augment existing manuals, targeting the welding operation of the company, or they may be implemented from scratch by competent personnel employed by the company;
• Accessed as course notes when attending a publicworkshop explaining the ETT;
• Accessed as course notes when attending an in-houseworkshop explaining the ETT;
• Purchased within a package which includes training andon-site implementation assistance from qualified WTIA personnel;
• Accessed during face-to-face consultation;• Downloaded from the WTIA website www.wtia.com.au
ETTs created by the WTIA are listed on page 42 of this Technical Note. Call the WTIA Welding Hotline on
1800 620 820 for further information.
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ELEMENTS:
1. Introduction
2. References
3. Management System
4. Management Responsibilities(including Risk Management)
5. Document Control
6. Production Planning
7. Contracts
8. Design
9. Purchasing (including Sub-Contracting)
10. Production & Service Operations
11. Identification and Traceability
12. Welding Coordination
13. Production Personnel
14. Production Equipment
15. Production Procedures
16. Welding Consumables
17. Heat Treatment
18. Inspection and Testing
19. Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment
20. Non-Conforming Product
21. Corrective Action
22. Storage, Packing and Delivery
23. Company Records
24. Auditing
25. Human Resources
26. Facilities
27. Marketing
28. Finance
29. OHS&R
30. Environment
31. Information Technology
32. Innovation, Research and Development
33. Security
34. Legal
AS/NZS ISO 9001AS/NZS ISO 3834
AS 4360
TOTAL WELDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MANUAL
ETT: MS01(Including Welding Quality
Management System)
TN19 Cost Effective Quality Management
TN6 Control of Lamellar TearingTN8 Economic Design of WeldmentsTN10 Fracture MechanicsTN12 Minimising CorrosionTN13 Stainless Steels for Corrosive EnvironmentsTN14 Design & Construction Steel Bins
AS 4100AS 1210BS 7910
TN1 Weldability of SteelsTN2 Successful Welding of AluminiumTN4 Hardfacing for the Control of WearTN5 Flame Cutting of SteelsTN9 Welding Rates in Arc WeldingTN11 Commentary on AS/NZS 1554TN15 Welding & Fabrication Q&T SteelsTN16 Welding Stainless SteelsTN17 Automation in Arc WeldingTN18 Welding of CastingsTN21 Submerged Arc Welding Videos – Welding Parts A & B PG02 Welding of Stainless Steel
TN19 Cost Effective Quality Management
AS/NZS 1554
AS 1988
ISO 14731
TN1 The Weldability of SteeTN9 Welding Rates in Arc WeldinglTN19 Cost Effective Quality Management
TN3 Care & Conditioning of Arc Welding Consumables
AS 4458
PG01 Weld Defects AS 2812
TN20 Repair of Steel Pipelines AS 2885
TN19 Cost Effective Quality Management
TN7 Health & Safety in WeldingTN22 Welding Electrical Safety Fume Minimisation Guidelines Video – Fume Assessment
TN23 Environmental Improvement Guidelines for Welding
AS 4804
AS/NZS 14001
MS02 OHS&R – Managers HandbookMS03 OHS&R – ProceduresMS04 OHS&R – Work InstructionsMS05 OHS&R – Forms & Records
MS06 Environmental Improvement MS
ETTs: MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ETTs: OTHER RESOURCES ETTs: STANDARDS
KNOWLEDGE RESOURCE BANKi.e. resources for the Total Welding Management System
TOTAL WELDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMsupported by KNOWLEDGE RESOURCE BANK
Note 1: Examples of ETTs listed are not all-embracing and other ETTs within the global information supply can be added.
Note 2: Dates and titles for the ETTs listed can be obtained from WTIA or SAI
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This Technical Note:• �sarev�s�onofTechn�calNote1–1996Ed�t�on• �s �ntended to ass�st welders, fabr�cators, superv�sors, �nspectors and des�gners on the weld�ng and
weldab�l�tyofsteelspresently�n-serv�ce�nAustral�a;• hasbeenpreparedbyWTIAunderthed�rect�onof�tsProjectPanel2;“Weld�ngMetallurgy”,currently
cons�st�ngof:MrR�ckKuebler–L�ncolnElectr�cCo.(Aust)PtyLtd–ConvenerMrRussellBarnett–B�salloySteelsPtyLtdMrIanBrown–Un�vers�tyofAdela�deMrBruceCannon–BlueScopeSteelLtdMrHaydenDagg–OneSteelMarketM�llsMrAl�sta�rForbes–BOCGasesAustral�aLtdMrBruceHamm–HRLTechnologyPtyLtdMrPeterHoward–CBIConstructorsPtyLtdDrHu�j�nL�–Austral�anNuclearSc�enceandTechnologyOrgan�sat�on(ANSTO)ProfValer�eL�nton–Un�vers�tyofAdela�deDrDav�dNolan–Un�vers�tyofWollongongDrRobertPh�ll�ps–DefenceSc�enceandTechnologyOrgan�sat�on(DSTO)MrM�keP�trun–HRLTechnologyPtyLtdMrGlenSloan–ASCPtyLtdMrIanSqu�res–ConsultantDrPaulStathers–Austral�anNuclearSc�enceandTechnologyOrgan�sat�on(ANSTO)DrZoranSterjovsk�–DefenceSc�enceandTechnologyOrgan�sat�on(DSTO)MrPh�lStubb�ngton–Spec�al�sedWeld�ngProductsMrBr�anTurvey–ASCPtyLtdMrBushanSalunke–WTIAProfIanHenderson–WTIA
AcknowledgmentsTheWTIAgratefullyacknowledgesthecooperat�onofBlueScopeSteelLtd,L�ncolnElectr�cCo.(Aust)PtyLtdandtheDSTO�ntherev�s�onofth�snote.Inpart�cular,WTIAacknowledgesthecontr�but�onsmadebyMrBruceCannon,MrR�ckKuebler,MrIanSqu�resandDrZoranSterjovsk�.
Future RevisionsTh�sTechn�calNotew�llberev�sedfromt�metot�meandcommentsa�medat�mprov�ng�tsvalueto�ndustryw�llbewelcome.
DisclaimerWh�leeveryefforthasbeenmadeandallreasonablecaretakentoensuretheaccuracyofthemater�alconta�nedhere�n,theauthors,ed�torsandpubl�shersofth�spubl�cat�onshallnotbeheldtobel�ableorrespons�ble�nanywaywhatsoeverandexpresslyd�scla�manyl�ab�l�tyorrespons�b�l�tyforanylossordamagecostsorexpenseshowsoever�ncurredbyanypersonwhetherthepurchaserofth�sworkorotherw�se�nclud�ngbutw�thoutanywayl�m�t�nganylossordamagecostsorexpenses�ncurredasaresultofor�nconnect�onw�ththerel�ancewhetherwholeorpart�albyanypersonasaforesa�duponanypartofthecontentsofth�sExpertTechnologyTool.
Shouldexpertass�stanceberequ�red,theserv�cesofacompetentprofess�onalpersonshallbesought.
© Copyright WTIA 2006Th�swork�scopyr�ght.Apartfromanyuseperm�ttedundertheCopyr�ghtAct1968,nopartmaybereproducedbyanyprocessw�thoutwr�ttenperm�ss�onfromtheWeld�ngTechnologyInst�tuteofAustral�a,POBox6165,S�lverwater,NSW,Austral�a1811.
Nat�onalL�braryofAustral�acardnumberandISBN1920761306
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ContentsChapters Page
1. Introduct�on............................................................................................... 1
2. Scope......................................................................................................... 2
3. Confidence�nPreheatRecommendat�ons................................................ 3
4. GroupNumberDeterm�nat�onandRelat�veWeldab�l�ty.......................... 5
5. Comb�nedTh�ckness................................................................................. 7
6. Weld�ngEnergyInput............................................................................... 9
7. HydrogenControlandWeld�ngProcesses.............................................. 10HydrogenControlledConsumablesand
LowHydrogenWeld�ngProcesses.................................................. 10NonHydrogenControlledConsumables&Weld�ng........................... 10Ant�-SpatterMater�als......................................................................... 10
8. PreheatandPostheatRequ�rements........................................................ 11PreheatTemperature............................................................................. 11InterpassTemperature........................................................................... 11PreheatforWeld�ng�nLowAmb�entTemperatureEnv�ronment........ 11MeasurementofPreheatTemperature.................................................. 11Preheat�ngMethods.............................................................................. 11Standard�sedPreheat............................................................................ 12Un�formandLocalPreheat................................................................... 12Cool�ngafterweld�ng.......................................................................... 12Post-heat�ng......................................................................................... 12
9. ProcedureforDeterm�n�ngPreheatandM�n�mumWeld�ngEnergyInput........................................................ 13
9.1 GeneralProcedure........................................................................... 13
10. PreheatDeterm�nat�onforWeld�ngL�ne-p�peSteelsw�thE4110andE4111Electrodes.............................................................. 30
ControlledMult�-runWeld�ng................................................................ 30
11. Relaxat�onofRecommendat�ons............................................................ 32
Append�xA–Bas�sofRecommendat�ons.................................................... 33
Append�xB–HydrogenLevels.................................................................... 34
Append�xC–TheAffectsofSulphurandBorononPreheatRequ�rements............................................................. 35
Append�xD–Alternat�veMethodsforCalculat�ngWeld�ngEnergyInput......................................... 36
Append�xE–References.............................................................................. 41
L�stofWTIATechn�calNotes....................................................................... 42
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W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 1
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Theabovedefin�t�on�mpl�esmanys�gn�ficantfactors,however,oneofthemost�mportant�nweld�ngofsteels�stheadopt�onofweld�ngprocedureswh�chw�llsecure�ntegr�ty�ntheHeat-AffectedZone(HAZ)toensurethatthestructurew�lladequatelyach�eve�ts�ntendedserv�ceperformance.
Theuseofpre-heatpr�ortoweld�ng�san�ndustrystandardpract�cetocontrolthe�ntegr�tyoftheHAZ.Th�sdocumentprov�desthegu�del�nesnecessarytodeterm�nethelevelofpre-heatrequ�red.
TheTechn�calNote�sarev�s�onofthe1996ed�t�on.
Exper�ence�nd�catesthatthere�sacont�nu�ngdemandfrom �ndustry forup-to-datepract�calgu�danceon theweldab�l�tyofsteels.Th�s�spart�cularlyso�nv�ewofthe�ncreasedrangeofsteelsnowused�nAustral�aandthenewsteelsandspec�ficat�onsrecently�ntroduced.Thedemandalsoar�sesfromconfl�ct�ngdatafromanumberofsources,wh�ch�nd�catestheneedforsoundlybased�nformat�onon the levelofpre-heat�ngrequ�redundervar�ousweld�ngcond�t�ons.
Weldab�l�ty �s defined �nAustral�an StandardAS2812as‘Thecapac�tyofametaltobewelded,underthefabr�cat�oncond�t�on �mposed, �ntoaspec�fic,su�tablydes�gned structure and to perform sat�sfactor�ly �n the�ntendedserv�ce.’
C H A P T E R 1
IntroductIon
P A G E 2 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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Scope
Th�s Techn�cal Note g�ves recommendat�ons for thecontrolofHAZhardnessandavo�danceofcoldcrack�ng�ncarbon,carbon-manganeseandlow-alloysteels.Coldcrack�ng may also be known as “Delayed Crack�ng”,“HydrogenInducedCrack�ng”,or“HydrogenAss�stedColdCrack�ng”.Th�sdocumentprov�desgu�del�nesonavo�danceofcoldcrack�ngandontheweldab�l�tyandpre-heatrequ�rementsofconstruct�onalsteelsbasedonthefollow�ngfactors(Reference1):1) CarbonEqu�valentofthesteeland�tsrelatedGroup
Number;2) Th�ckness and jo�nt type of the weldment to be
fabr�cated;3) Weld�ng energy �nput prov�ded by the weld�ng
process;4) ExpectedHydrogencontentoftheweld�ngprocess.
Thedata�nth�sTechn�calNote�sappl�cabletothecommon arc weld�ng processes such as manual metalarcweld�ng(MMAW),gasmetalarcweld�ng(GMAW),fluxcoredarcweld�ng(FCAW),gastungstenarcweld�ng(GTAW),andsubmergedarcweld�ng(SAW).Notethatw�ththeuseofrun-ontabsandtheh�ghenergy�nputusedw�thelectroslagandelectrogasprocesses,preheat�ng�snotnormallyrequ�red.
The use of controlled weld�ng energy �nput andpreheatforthecontrolofnotchtoughness,jo�ntstrength,orfortheavo�danceofhotcrack�ng,�souts�dethescopeofth�sTechn�calNote.
The level of pre-heat �s dependent on the GroupNumber of the steel, the heat �nput appl�ed dur�ngweld�ng,thehydrogenlevel�ntheweldandthedegreeofrestra�nt.
TheGroupNumber system �n th�sTechn�calNotehas 12 groups arranged �n 0.05% Carbon Equ�valent�ncrementsrang�ngfrom<0.30to0.80andgreater.
Forfurthergu�dance�ntheweld�ngofsteelsotherthancarbon,carbon-manganeseandlowalloysteels,theuser�sreferredtotheWTIA’sTechn�calNotesasl�stedbelow:
(�) Weld�ng of quenched and tempered steels -Techn�calNote15;
(��) Weld�ngofsta�nlesssteels-Techn�calNote16;
(���). Weld�ngofcast�ngs-Techn�calNote18.
Forallothersteels,theuser�sadv�sedtocontacttheWTIAforadv�ceonweld�ngandweldab�l�ty.
C H A P T E R 2
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E �
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confIdence In preheat recommendatIonS
Thepreheatrecommendat�ons�nth�sTechn�calNoteforavo�danceofcoldcrack�ngarebasedon:
1. CarbonEqu�valent(CE)ofweldableconstruct�onalsteels;
2. Cons�derat�on of heat loss rate v�a equ�valent jo�ntth�ckness;
3. Weld�ngHeatInput(kJ/mm);
4. Hydrogenpotent�alofprocessandconsumables;
5. ControlledThermalSever�tytest(CTS)data(ReferBS7363forgu�dance);
6. HAZ hardness correlat�ons w�th cold crack�ngsuscept�b�l�ty;and,
7. Extens�veserv�ceexper�ence.
Althoughthepreheatrecommendat�onscanbeusedw�thah�ghlevelofconfidence, theycannotguaranteethatcrack�ngw�llneveroccur.
The preheat and weldab�l�ty recommendat�onsprov�deddonotover-r�detheobl�gat�ontodemonstratesu�tab�l�ty of weld�ng procedures through the useof procedure qual�ficat�on tests as prescr�bed by theappl�cable fabr�cat�on standards.Add�t�onally, �t �sassumedweld�ng�sperformedbycompetentwelderse.gcapableofcomply�ngw�ththem�n�mumrequ�rementsofAS/NZS1554.1Sect�on4.11.2WelderQual�ficat�ons.
Readers fam�l�ar w�th the concepts of GroupNumber (Sect�on 4), comb�ned th�ckness (Sect�on 5),weld�ngenergy�nput(Sect�on6),hydrogencontentofwelds(Sect�on7),preheatrequ�rements(Sect�on8)andassoc�atedl�m�tat�ons,canproceedd�rectlytoSect�on9of th�sTechn�calNote for �nstruct�onsondeterm�n�ngpreheatand/orm�n�mumweld�ngenergy�nput.
H�stor�callytheneedforpreheatdur�ngtheweld�ngofferr�t�csteelshasbeend�ctatedbythesuscept�b�l�tyof theHeatAffectedZone (HAZ) to cold crack�ng. Itwas assumed that procedures that prov�ded freedomfrom HAZ cold crack�ng also prov�ded freedom fromcoldcrack�ng�ntheweldmetal.Consequently,current
weld�ngStandardsandWTIATechn�calNote1arebasedent�relyontheavo�danceofHAZcrack�nganddonotprov�degu�dancefortheavo�danceofcoldcrack�ng�ntheweldmetal.
Recentadvances�ntheproduct�onof‘clean’lowercarbonequ�valent steelshave reduced the r�skof coldcrack�ng �n the HAZ, and �n some �nstances, weldmetalcoldcrack�ng�smorel�kelythanHAZcrack�ng.Moreover,�t�sbecom�ngapparentthatsomemeasuresthatreducether�skofHAZcrack�ng,suchash�ghheat�nput, can �ncrease the r�sk of weld metal crack�ng,espec�allywhenweld�ngh�ghlyrestra�nedth�cksect�on(greaterthan20mm)structures.
Wh�lstthere�sacons�derableresearcheffortunderway �nvest�gat�ng th�s problem, the prevent�on andcontrolmechan�smsforweldmetalcrack�ngareyettobequant�fied.Typ�cally,weldmetalcrack�ng�stransversetotheweldd�rect�onandcanbee�thersub-surfaceorsurfacebreak�ng. Detect�on us�ng convent�onal rad�ograph�cand ultrason�c techn�ques �s somet�mes d�fficult andunrel�able.To detect such cracks ultrason�cally, �t �snecessarytoremovetheweldre�nforcementtoprov�deaflatsurfaceforprobeengagementandallowtheultrason�cbeam to reflect from the planar �mperfect�ons lay�ngtransversetothed�rect�onofweld�ng.
Incompar�sonw�thmanualmetalarcweld�ng,thefluxcoredarcweld�ngprocesshasanadd�t�onalsetofweld�ngparametersthat �nfluencethefinalweldmenthydrogencontent (Reference2).These �ncludeweld�ngvoltage,contactt�ptoworkd�stance,w�refeedspeed(current),polar�tyandthesh�eld�nggasesused.The�r�nteract�onsarecomplexandthemechan�smofthecoldcrack�ngthatmayresult�syettobefullydeterm�ned.Reducedcontactt�pwork�ngd�stanceand�ncreasedweld�ngcurrentreducethe t�me the w�re spends �n the res�st�ve heat�ng zonethereby�ncreas�ngthefinalweldmetalhydrogencontentand�ncreas�ngther�skofcrack�ng.
L�kew�se,�t�sknownthat�nadd�t�ontoatmospher�ccond�t�ons (Reference 3), surface contam�nants (seeChapter7ofth�sTechn�calNote),remnantlubr�cantson
C H A P T E R 3
P A G E � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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w�refromthemanufactur�ngprocess,andres�duefromspatterreleaseflu�ds(Reference4),decompose�nthearcandra�setheweldmetalhydrogenlevels,evenwhenus�ngverylowhydrogen(H5)weld�ngconsumables.
Coldcrack�ngtyp�callyoccursw�th�n24to48hoursof the complet�on of weld�ng (Reference 5), but may
occurmanydaysaftertheweldhasbeencompleted(onerecent�nc�dent�nh�ghstrengthweldmetaloccurred30daysafterweld�ng).Them�n�mumt�medelayrequ�redpr�ortofinalnon-destruct�veexam�nat�onbe�ngcarr�edoutaftercomplet�onofweld�ngshouldthereforebeg�venappropr�atecons�derat�on.
C H A P T E R 3
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E �
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C H A P T E R 4
Group number determInatIon and relatIve WeldabIlIty
TheGroupNumberconceptforsteels�sbasedonagrad�ngder�vedfromthesteelschem�calcompos�t�onIthasbeen�ntroducedforthe�dent�ficat�onoftherelat�veweldab�l�tyofsteelsnormallyusedbyAustral�anIndustry.
The Group Number system used �s presented �nTable4.1,and�sbasedontheCarbonEqu�valent(CE)calculated from the Internat�onal Inst�tute ofWeld�ng(IIW)formula:
CEQ=C+Mn+Cr+Mo+V+N�+Cu 6 5 15
The IIW formula does not �nclude e�ther SulphurorBoron.Theseelementsared�scussed�nAppend�xC.AstheCE�ncreases,therelat�veweldab�l�tydecreases,�nvok�ng the recommendat�on for use of hydrogencontrolledweld�ngprocessesthroughtopostweldstressrel�ef, and assoc�ated removal of d�ffus�ble hydrogenfromweldzones.
Table �.1 relationship Between Carbon Equivalent and Group Number and Weldability
Carbon Equivalent Group Number Weldability *
below 0.30 1 O0.30 to below 0.35 2 O0.35 to below 0.40 3 O0.40 to below 0.45 4 H/O0.45 to below 0.50 5 H/O0.50 to below 0.55 6 H0.55 to below 0.60 7 H0.60 to below 0.65 8 HSCSR0.65 to below 0.70 9 HSCSR0.70 to below 0.75 10 HSCSR0.75 to below 0.80 11 HSCSR
0.80 and above 12 NR
Theallocat�onofGroupNumbertoasteel�sdescr�bed�nTable4.2nextpage.
* Key to weldability
O – Any electrode type or welding process is satisfactory.
H/O – Hydrogen controlled electrodes or semi-automatic processes are recommended, but rutile or other electrodes maybe used.
H – Hydrogen controlled electrodes or semi-automatic or automatic processes are essential for good welding.
SC – Slow cooling from welding or preheat temperature is recommended.
SR – Postweld heat treatment (stress relief) is suggested for high quality work, particularly where severe service conditions apply to the component.
NR – Welding is generally not recommended.
P A G E � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
Table 4.2 Allocation Group Number for Steel
Situation Allocation
1 Standard steel of known Specification. Heat or Product Analysis may not be known.
Refer to Table 9.1 for the Group Number
2 Steel (listed in Table 9.1) of known heat analysis. Calculate the CEQ and add 0.01 to the value, then select the Group Number from Table 4.1.
3 Product Analysis known for the steel and composition within the range of Table 9.1.
Calculate the CEQ and add 0.02 to the value and then select the Group Number from Table 4.1.
4 Steel of known heat analysis but specification not listed in Table 9.1.
Calculate CEQ and add 0.02 to the value, then select the Group Number from Table 4.1.
5 Steel to a Specification not listed in Table 9.1, but within the composition range covered by the Table. Specific heat / product analysis unknown. a) C, C-Mn, or C-Mn-Microalloy
b) Low alloy steel
a) Calculate CEQ based on maximum specification limits, then obtain the Group Number from Table 4.1. b) Calculate CEQ based on maximum specification limits, and then use 0.85 of this value to obtain the Group Number from Table 4.1.
Note: 1. The product analysis method is only valid for analyses determined using precision laboratory methods operating in tightly controlled calibrated circumstances. The usage and suitability of the statistically based safety factor given for analysis variation (0.02) has not been established for analyses determined using portable spectrographic equipment.
2. The suitability of using the heat analyses and product analyses methods for preheat determination has not been established for castings. Reference should be made to WTIA Technical Note 18 for preheat determination.
C H A P T E R 4
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E �
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combIned thIckneSS
Theconceptofcomb�nedth�ckness�srequ�redtoaddressthecool�ngrate,causedbytheabutt�ngormat�ngsect�onsform�ngaweldjo�nt.Thecomb�nedth�ckness�sshownforarangeofjo�nts�nF�gure5.1andcalculatedus�ngtheformula:
TC=t1+t2+t3+t4Partstobejo�nedwh�charelessthan75mmw�de,
have a l�m�ted heat capac�ty. The use of the�r fullth�ckness�ndeterm�n�ngcomb�nedth�cknessmayleadtothecalculat�onofunnecessar�lyh�ghpreheat.Amoreappropr�ateest�mat�onofeffect�vecomb�nedth�cknessmaybemadebyassum�ngthatthepartlessthan75mmw�de �s replaced by a plate 75 mm w�de of the samecross-sect�onasshown�nF�gure5.2below.Theformulatocalculatetheeffect�veth�ckness�s:
TE= Wxt 75
Where
W�sthew�dthofthepart(lessthan75mm)
t�stheactualth�cknessofthepart.
TE�stheeffect�veth�cknessforcalculat�onpurposes
Forexample:
Figure �.2 – Effective combined thickness.
When bars or rod sect�ons are welded, often the�rw�dths or d�ameters are less than 75 mm, and anappropr�atemethodforcalculat�ngequ�valentth�ckness�s to equate the areas to a rectangular sect�on w�th aw�dthof75mm.Theformulatoconvertaroundsect�onofd�ameterd(�nmm)toaneffect�veth�ckness,TE,�sTE=0.01d2wh�ch�sder�vedby:
TE=pxd2
4x75
75 mm
t3 x 75 mm = t2 x W
t2
t1
W
Effective combined thickness equals t1 + t2 + W x t2
75
For welds between t1 and t2/t3, ignore t4 unless it is already welded to t2/t3.
For welds between t3 and t2, ignore t1 unless it is already welded to t2.
t1 = average thickness over 75 mm
75 mm
t1 t1
t1
t1 t1
t1
t2
t2
t2
t2
t2
t2
t3
t3
t3
t4
Figure �.1 – Calculation of combined thickness.
C H A P T E R 5
P A G E � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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C H A P T E R 5
For welded jo�nts us�ng permanent back�ng bars,anadjustment �nComb�nedTh�ckness �snotnormallycons�derednecessaryastherelat�ves�zeoftheback�ngbar�sverysmallandthushasm�n�malaffectoncool�ngrates.Ifthes�zeoftheback�ngbar�scons�dereds�gn�ficant,the techn�que shown �n F�gure 2 can be used to g�vean effect�ve th�ckness wh�ch �s then �ncluded whencalculat�ngthecomb�nedth�ckness.
Tocalculatethecomb�nedth�ckness,thenumberofheatpathsthatw�lleffecttheweldcool�ngrateneedtobedeterm�ned.(seeD�agram1)
Next add the var�ous part th�cknesses or effect�veth�cknesses to obta�n the comb�ned th�ckness. Forexample,forabuttweld�nequalth�cknessplateswouldhave a comb�ned th�ckness of 2t (�.e. tw�ce the plate
th�ckness)andforafilletweld�nequalsect�onplatesthecomb�nedth�ckness�sequ�valentto3t.
restraint
Thelevelofrestra�ntprov�dedfor�ntheserecommendat�ons�smoderate.Forjo�ntsw�thh�ghrestra�nt,e.g.jo�nts�nshort,th�ck,(andhencer�g�d)components,an�ncreaseup to 50°C over the calculated preheat temperature �sadv�sable.
Fit-Up
Jo�ntgaptolerancesarespec�fied�nAS/NZS1554.Wherethegapbetweenpartstobewelded�sverysmall,e.g.as�nclose-fitt�ngsmallmach�nedparts,somerelaxat�onofpreheattemperaturemaybeallowable.
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WeldInG enerGy Input
C H A P T E R 6
Forelectr�carcweld�ng,theweld�ngenergy�nput�sbasedonthefollow�ngformula:
Q=IxEx 60 s 1000
Where Q=weld�ngenergy�nput,kJ/mm
E=arcvoltage,V(RMSvaluefora.c.)
I = weld�ng current,A (RMS value for a.c.)
s=weld�ngspeed,mm/m�n
Arcvoltageandweld�ngcurrentcanoftenbereadofftheweld�ngmach�nedur�ngweld�ng.Externalvoltmetersandammetersspec�ficallyformeasur�ngweld�ngoutputs
can also be used.Travel speed �s generally measuredd�rectlybymeasur�ngthelengthofwelddepos�tedoverag�vent�me.
F�guresD1andD2�nAppend�xDarenomographstofac�l�tatecalculat�on,part�cularlyforsem�-automat�candautomat�cprocesses.F�guresD3toD6�nAppend�xDtranslateth�sformula�ntomorepract�caltermsformanualarcweld�ng,us�ngtheresultsofextens�ve�nvest�gat�ons(Reference4).
Theeffic�encyofheattransferfromtheweld�ngarctotheweldjo�nt�scons�deredonthebas�sofs�m�larweldsmadebythemanualmetalarcprocess.
P A G E 1 0 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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hydroGen control and WeldInG proceSSeS
C H A P T E R 7
Hydrogen Controlled Consumables and Low Hydrogen Welding Processes Hydrogencontrolledconsumablesproducelessthan15mL/100gofd�ffus�blehydrogen(HD)�ntheweldmetal.For thepurposeof th�sTechn�calNote, thecontrolledhydrogenprocesses�nclude:
1. ManualMetalArcWeld�ng(MMAW)us�ngEXX15,EXX16, EXX18, EXX28 and EXX48 electrodeshav�ngtyp�callyHD5-15mL/100gofdepos�tedweldmetal;
2. GasTungstenArcWeld�ng(GTAW)hav�ngtyp�callyHD<1mL/100gofweldmetal;
3. GasMetalArcWeld�ng(GMAW)hav�ngtyp�callyHD<3mL/100gofdepos�tedweldmetal;
4. FluxCoredArcWeld�ng(FCAW)gassh�eldedus�ngseamlesscoredw�reelectrodeshav�ng typ�cally<5mL/100gofdepos�tedweldmetal;
5. FCAWgassh�eldedus�ngmetalcoredw�reshav�ngtyp�cally HD 5 – 10 mL/100g of depos�ted weldmetal;
6. FCAW gas sh�elded us�ng seamed cored w�reelectrodes hav�ng typ�cally HD5 – 15 mL/100g ofdepos�tedweldmetal;
7. FCAW self sh�elded us�ng seamed cored w�reelectrodeshashydrogenpotent�altyp�callyHD6-15mL/100gofdepos�edweldmetal;
8. SubmergedArcWeld�ng (SAW) typ�cally HD 3-8mL/100gofdepos�tedweldmetalprov�dednewdryflux�sused.
Dataforweld�ngw�thhydrogencontrolledfluxcoatedor cored consumables �nclude someallowance for thepresenceofal�m�tedmo�sturecontent,as�t�scons�dered
thatfulldry�ngoffluxestoverylowmo�sturelevels�snotalwaysach�evable.Consumablesforsem�-automat�candautomat�cprocessesareassumedtobeusedstr�ctly�naccordancew�ththemanufacturers’recommendat�ons.Also, all weld�ng must be carr�ed out on clean, drywork,freefromo�lorothersubstanceshav�nghydrogengenerat�on potent�al. For further �nformat�on refer tothe latest ed�t�on ofWTIA Techn�cal Note 3 “Careand Cond�t�on�ng ofArcWeld�ng Consumables” andAppend�xB.
Non Hydrogen Controlled Consumables & WeldingMMAW us�ng EXX10, EXX11, EXX12, EXX13 andEXX24 electrodes are cons�dered to be non hydrogencontrolled. In fact, cellulos�c electrodes (EXX10 andEXX11) generate cop�ous quant�t�es of hydrogen toproducethearccharacter�st�cforrootpassweld�ngofp�pejo�nts.
Also hydrogen controlled consumables that havenot been stored, dr�ed or used �n accordance w�thmanufactures’recommendat�onsoranyweld�ngprocesscarr�ed out us�ng contam�nated consumables or onmater�alscontam�natedw�tho�l,grease,waterorotherhydrocarbonconta�n�ngsubstancescanresult �nalossofhydrogencontrol.
Anti-Spatter materials Ant�-spatterspraysandl�qu�dsmustbeusedw�thpart�cularcaresoastoavo�dcontam�nat�nganyarea�norneartheweldzone.Suchcontam�nat�onw�ll �ncrease theweldmetalhydrogen level,wh�chmaytheng�ver�se to theoccurrence of HAZ cold crack�ng and other weld�ngdefects(Reference5).
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 1 1
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C H A P T E R 8
preheat and poStheat requIrementS
Preheat TemperaturePreheat�sthetemperatureofthejo�ntjustpr�ortobe�ngwelded.Th�s temperaturemustextendoverad�stanceat leastequaltotheth�cknessofeachpartat theweldbutnot less than75mmbothlaterallyand�nadvanceof the weld�ng of each run.The preheat temperaturesrecommended�nth�sTechn�calNotearem�n�mumvalues,but recommended preheat temperatures should not begreatlyexceededasth�sunnecessar�ly�ncreasescostandoftenresults�nexcess�ved�stort�on.
AS/NZS1554.1recommendsthatpreheattemperaturebema�nta�nedforthedurat�onofweld�ng,although�ncerta�n c�rcumstances �t may be acceptable for theweldmenttobereheatedtopreheattemperaturepr�ortorecommencementofweld�ngafteraprolongedbreak.
Preheat temperatures are actual weldment temper-atures, not �ncreases or d�fferent�als above amb�enttemperature.
Interpass TemperatureIn mult�pass weld�ng, the �nterpass temperature maysubstant�ally exceed the preheat temperature whereallowed by the appl�cat�on standard. The Weld�ngProcedure Spec�ficat�on should prov�de gu�dance onl�m�t�ng the �nterpass temperature, and the weld�ngoperatormayneedtostaggertheweld�ngpassestoallowtheworkp�ecetemperaturetoreducetoavaluebetweenthe preheat temperature and the max�mum �nterpasstemperature.
Preheat for Welding in Low Ambient Temperature EnvironmentWhentheamb�enttemperatureorparentmetaltemperature�sbelow0°C,theparentmetalshouldbepreheatedtoatleast25°Candma�nta�nedatoraboveth�stemperaturedur�ng weld�ng.W�th oxygen -fuel gas or a�r-propaneflamepreheat�ng,ah�gherm�n�mumpreheattemperature�s necessary (typ�cally 60°C) to ensure water vapourcondensat�on�savo�ded.
measurement of Preheat TemperaturePreheat temperature should be measured by e�thertemperature�nd�cat�ngcrayons,acontactthermometer,thermocoupleprobeorotheraccuratemeans,�mmed�atelypr�or tocommencementofweld�ng.Beforemeasur�ngthetemperatureofanysurfacebe�ngd�rectlyheated,theheat source should be removed to allow equal�s�ng oftemperature,�.e.1m�nforeach25mmth�cknessofthepart.Temperature�nd�cat�ngcrayonsmustnotbeappl�edtojo�ntsurfacestobepartoftheweldjo�nt.Gu�danceonthemeasurementofpreheat�snowava�lablev�atheStandardASISO13916(Reference6).
Preheating methodsPreheat�ng may be carr�ed out us�ng gas burners ortorches, electr�c elements, �nduct�on elements, electr�covens,orotherapprovedmethods,prov�dedtheyg�veasat�sfactorytemperatured�str�but�onanddonot�nterferew�thweld�ngoperat�ons.It�srecommendedthat,whereposs�ble,heat�ngbeappl�edtothebackofthesurfacestobeweldedtoensureadequateandreasonablyun�formtemperature,asshown�nF�gure8.1.
Figure �.1 Flame preheating to ensure through-thickness heating
Measure the temperatures here(Opposite face to flame)
75mm
75mm
P A G E 1 2 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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Standardised Preheat
Whereanumberofjo�ntsofmuchthesameth�cknessandmater�alaremade,astandardor“blanket”preheatmaybeadoptedforeaseofappl�cat�onandcontrol.
Uniform and Local Preheat
Therecommendat�ons�nth�sTechn�calNoteassumethatpreheat�sreasonablyun�form,�e:temperaturegrad�entsaresmallandthermalstresses�nduced�nthejo�ntoncool�ngaresmall.Th�soccurswherethewholecomponent,oracompletebandaroundthecomponentand�ncorporat�ngthejo�nt,�sheated,e.g.forabuttweld�nacolumn,thewholesect�onaroundthejo�nt�spreheated.Wherethepreheat �s appl�ed locally, e.g. tooneflangeonlyof acolumnorbeam,some�ncrease�npreheattemperaturemaybeneededtocounteractanycontract�onstressesoncool�ng.
C H A P T E R 8
Cooling after welding Cool�ng toamb�entafterweld�ng �scompletedshouldbereasonablyslowandun�form,comparablew�ththatobta�nedundernormalshopcond�t�ons.Wherecool�ngwouldbeacceleratedbyweathercond�t�onsorlocat�onetc.,forexampleonthebackofaplate,su�tableallowancesshould be made by �ncreased heat �nput, by h�gherpreheat�ng or by weather protect�on or blanket�ng theweldmenttoreducecool�ngrates�nspec�alc�rcumstances�nsulat�onmaybeuseful�nreduc�ngthenormalcool�ngrate.
Post-heating Ma�ntenanceofpreheattemperaturesafterweld�ngwhere�nd�cated�nTable3,orbetweenruns,w�llfurtherreducether�skofHAZcrack�ng,becaused�ffus�blehydrogencanmoreread�lyescapefromtheweldreg�on.Inspec�alcases�tmaybenecessarytoma�nta�npreheattemperaturesunt�lallweld�ng�scompletedandpostweldheattreatment(stressrel�ef)�s�n�t�ated.
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C H A P T E R 9
procedure for determInInG preheat and mInImum WeldInG enerGy Input
�.1 General Procedure
Tofindtheweld�ngenergy�nputorthepreheattemperaturerequ�redforusew�thapart�cularweld�ngprocessonapart�cularsteelweldment,thestepsg�venbelowneedtobefollowed.
It�s�mportanttonotethattackwelds,whethertheyaretobeult�mately�ncorporated�ntheweldornot,mustberegarded�nthesamemannerasproduct�onwelds.Ah�gherenergy�nputorpreheatmayberequ�redforshorttackweldstocompensatefortheacceleratedcool�ngrateassoc�atedw�thshortrunsonheavyweldments.
Where the steel to be welded �s l�ne p�pe steel,Chapter 10 should be cons�dered �n conjunct�on w�thth�sSect�on.Step 1: FromTable9.1,findtheGroup Numberforthe
steelgradeorcompos�t�on.Forjo�ntsconta�n�ngd�fferentsteels,usetheh�gherGroupNumber.Forsteelsnotl�sted�nTable9.1seeChapter4.
Step 2: Us�ng F�gure 5.1 �n Chapter 5, calculate theCombined Thicknessofthejo�nt.
Step 3: FromF�gure9.1,findtheclosestcurvetothe�n-tersect�onofCombined ThicknessandGroup Number.Th�scurvedes�gnatestheJoint Weld-ability Indexletter(A–L).
Combined Thickness TC
AS 3678Grade 350
AS 3678Grade 250
Group number
Jointweldabilityindex
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 and over
Figure �.1 Determination of preheat requirements for hydrogen controlled consumables and proces
P A G E 1 � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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Step 4: Us�ngthe�nformat�ononprocessoperat�ngcon-d�t�ons(current,voltageandweld�ngspeed)�ntheWelding Procedure Specification,calculatethenom�nalWelding Energy Inputus�ngtheformula�nChapter6.
Step 5: From F�gure 9.2, for hydrogen controlledprocesses, or from F�gure 9.3, for other thanhydrogen controlled processes, and us�ng the
curvebear�ngthesameJoint Weldability IndexletterfoundfromStep3,readoffthePreheat Temperature for theWelding Energy Inputasdeterm�ned�nStep4.
Step 6: Pract�calweld�ngvar�ablescanbeselectedforamoreproduct�veWelding Energy Input tom�n�m�seorel�m�natetheneedforPreheat.
C H A P T E R 9
Jointweldabilityindex
Welding energy input kilojoule / mm of deposit
Pre
hea
t te
mp
erat
ure
°C
250
200
150
100
50
0 1 2 3 4
Figure �.2 Determination of preheat requirements for hydrogen controlled consumables and processes.
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 1 �
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C H A P T E R 9
Jointweldabilityindex
Welding energy input kilojoule / mm of deposit
Pre
hea
t te
mp
erat
ure
°C
250
200
150
100
50
0 1 2 3 4
Figure �.� Determination of preheat requirements for non-hydrogen controlled consumables and processes.
P A G E 1 6 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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C H A P T E R 9
Tab
le �
.1 S
teel
Sp
ecifi
cati
on
s an
d G
rou
p N
um
ber
s
WE
LD
AB
ILIT
Y
O –
Any
ele
ctro
de ty
pe o
r w
eldi
ng p
roce
ss is
sat
isfa
ctor
y. H
/O –
Hyd
roge
n co
ntro
lled
elec
trod
es o
r se
mi-a
utom
atic
pro
cess
es a
re r
ecom
men
ded,
but
rut
ile o
r ot
her
elec
trod
es m
ay b
e us
ed.
H
– H
ydro
gen
cont
rolle
d el
ectr
odes
or
sem
i-aut
omat
ic o
r au
tom
atic
pro
cess
es a
re e
ssen
tial f
or g
ood
wel
ding
.
SC
– S
low
coo
ling
from
wel
ding
or
preh
eat t
empe
ratu
re is
rec
omm
ende
d.
SR
– P
ostw
eld
heat
trea
tmen
t (st
ress
rel
ief)
is s
ugge
sted
for
high
qua
lity
wor
k, p
artic
ular
ly w
here
sev
ere
serv
ice
cond
ition
s ap
ply
to th
e co
mpo
nent
.
NR
– W
eldi
ng is
gen
eral
ly n
ot r
ecom
men
ded.
CE
Q –
IIW
Car
bon
Equ
ival
ent f
orm
ula
(see
Cha
pter
4).
AU
ST
rA
LIA
N S
TAN
DA
rD
SP
EC
IFIC
AT
ION
S
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
AS
10�
� –
1���
, Ste
el t
ub
es a
nd
tu
bula
rs fo
r o
rdin
ary
serv
ice
3O
AS
10�
�.1
– 20
02 S
teel
rai
ls
31 &
41
kg12
H S
C S
R0.
53/0
.69
0.60
/0.9
50.
15/0
.58
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.15
0.02
0.15
50, 6
0 &
68
kg12
H S
C S
R0.
66/0
.82
0.70
/1.2
50.
15/0
.58
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.15
0.02
0.15
AS
116
�-1�
�1 S
tru
ctu
ral S
teel
Ho
llow
Sec
tio
ns
Gra
de C
250,
C25
0L0
1O
0.12
0.50
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.25
Gra
de C
350,
C35
0L0
3O
0.20
1.60
0.25
0.10
(Nb
+ V
+ Ti
= 0
.15)
0.10
0.39
Gra
de C
450,
C45
0L0
3O
0.20
1.60
0.45
0.10
(Nb
+ V
+ Ti
= 0
.15)
0.35
0.39
AS
1��
2 –
1�� 2
Ho
t-ro
lled
bar
s an
d s
emi-
fin
ish
ed p
rod
uct
s A
S 1
���
– 20
0� C
old
-fin
ish
ed b
ars
Car
bo
n S
teel
s
1004
1O
0.06
0.25
/0.5
00.
10/0
.35
1006
1O
0.08
0.25
/0.5
00.
10/0
.35
1008
1O
0.10
0.25
/0.5
00.
10/0
.35
1010
1O
0.08
/0.1
30.
30/0
.60
0.10
/0.3
5
1016
2O
0.13
/0.1
80.
60/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
5
1020
2O
0.18
/0.2
30.
30/0
.60
0.10
/0.3
5
1021
3
O0.
18/0
.23
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
1022
3
O0.
18/0
.23
0.70
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 1 �
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C H A P T E R 9A
US
Tr
AL
IAN
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
1030
5
H/O
0.28
/0.3
40.
60/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
5
1035
6
H0.
32/0
.38
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
X10
388
H S
C S
R0.
35/0
.42
0.70
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
1040
8
H S
C S
R0.
37/0
.44
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
1045
9
H S
C S
R0.
43/0
.50
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
1050
10
H S
C S
R0.
48/0
.55
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
1055
11
H S
C S
R0.
50/0
.60
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
1058
10
H S
C S
R0.
56/0
.63
0.35
/0.5
50.
10/0
.35
1060
12
H S
C S
R0.
55/0
.65
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
1065
12H
SC
SR
0.60
/0.7
00.
60/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
5
1070
12
H S
C S
R0.
65/0
.75
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
1080
12
NR
0.75
/0.8
80.
60/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
5
1084
12
NR
0.80
/0.9
30.
60/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
5
1095
12
NR
0.90
/1.0
30.
60/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
5
mer
chan
t Q
ual
ity
M10
203
O0.
15/0
.25
0.30
/0.9
00.
35
M10
305
H/O
0.25
/0.3
50.
30/0
.90
0.35
M10
408
H S
C S
R0.
35/0
.45
0.40
/0.9
00.
35
Fre
e-cu
ttin
g
X11
122
NR
H*
0.08
/0.1
51.
10/1
.40
0.10
1137
.00
7N
R H
*0.
32/0
.39
1.35
/1.6
50.
10/0
.35
1144
.00
10N
R H
*0.
40/0
.48
1.35
/1.6
50.
35
1146
.00
9N
R H
*0.
42/0
.49
0.70
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
X11
4711
NR
H*
0.40
/0.4
71.
60/1
.90
0.10
/0.3
5
X11
M47
12N
R H
*0.
40/0
.47
1.60
/1.9
00.
10/0
.35
0.17
/0.1
5N
=0.0
09/0
.020
1214
.00
3N
R H
*0.
150.
80/1
.20
0.10
12L1
43
NR
H*
0.15
0.80
/1.2
00.
10
* If
wel
ding
has
to b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t on
free
-mac
hini
ng s
teel
s, b
asic
coa
ted
or s
peci
ally
form
ulat
ed e
lect
rode
s fo
r w
eldi
ng s
ulph
uris
ed s
teel
s sh
ould
be
used
.
P A G E 1 � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
return to contents next page
C H A P T E R 9A
US
Tr
AL
IAN
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
Car
bo
n-m
ang
anes
e st
eels
X13
155
H/O
0.12
/0.1
81.
40/1
.70
X13
205
H/O
0.18
/0.2
31.
40/1
.70
X13
256
H0.
23/0
.28
1.40
/1.7
0
X13
4010
H S
C S
R0.
38/0
.43
1.40
/1.7
0
X13
4511
H S
C S
R0.
43/0
.48
1.40
/1.7
0
Car
bo
n a
nd
Car
bo
n- m
ang
anes
e S
teel
s w
ith
sp
ecifi
ed p
rop
erti
es
U3
5H
/O0.
251.
40
U5
8H
SC
SR
0.35
/0.4
50.
50/1
.00
U6
9H
SC
SR
0.40
/0.5
00.
50/1
.00
U9
6H
0.15
/0.2
51.
30/1
.70
AS
1��
�-1�
�6, W
rou
gh
t A
lloy
Ste
els
Sta
nd
ard
Typ
e
X13
20 4
H/O
0.
18/0
.23
1.4/
1.7
0.1/
0.35
X33
126
H0.
10/0
.16
0.35
/0.6
00.
10/0
.35
3.00
/3.7
50.
70/1
.00
4037
7H
0.35
/0.4
00.
7/0.
90.
15/0
.35
0.2/
0.3
4130
9
H S
C S
R0.
28/0
.33
0.40
/0.6
00.
80/1
.10
0.15
/0.2
5
4140
12
H S
C S
R0.
38/0
.43
0.75
/1.0
00.
80/1
.10
0.15
/0.2
5
4150
12
H S
C S
R0.
48/0
.53
0.75
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
0.80
/1.1
00.
15/0
.25
X43
1710
H S
C SR
0.
15/0
.20
0.40
/0.6
00.
10/0
.35
1.40
/1.7
01.
50/1
.80
0.25
/0.3
5
X43
3012
H S
C S
R0.
37/0
.44
0.55
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
1.55
/2.0
00.
65/0
.95
0.20
/0.3
5
4340
11
H S
C S
R
0.38
/0.4
30.
60/0
.80
0.10
/0.3
51.
65/2
.00
0.70
/0.9
00.
20/0
.30
4620
6
H0.
17/0
.22
0.45
/0.6
50.
10/0
.35
1.65
/2.0
00.
20/0
.30
5120
7
H
0.17
/0.2
20.
70/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
50.
70/0
.90
5132
8
H S
C S
R
0.30
/0.3
50.
60/0
.80
0.10
/0.3
50.
75/1
.00
5140
11
H S
C S
R
0.38
/0.4
30.
70/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
50.
70/0
.90
5145
12
H S
C S
R
0.43
/0.4
80.
70/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
50.
70/0
.90
5155
12
H S
C S
R
0.50
/0.6
00.
70/1
.00
0.10
/0.3
50.
70/0
.90
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 1 �
return to contents next page
C H A P T E R 9A
US
Tr
AL
IAN
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
5160
12
H S
C S
R
0.55
/0.6
50.
70/1
.00
0.10
/0.3
50.
70/0
.90
6150
11
H S
C S
R
0.48
/0.5
30.
70/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
50.
15/0
.25
0.80
/1.1
0
8115
4
H0.
13/0
.18
0.70
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
0.20
/0.4
00.
30/0
.50
0.08
/0.1
5
8617
6
H0.
15/0
.20
0.70
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
0.40
/0.7
00.
40/0
.60
0.15
/0.2
5
8620
6
H0.
18/0
.23
0.70
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
0.40
/0.7
00.
40/0
.60
0.15
/0.2
5
8660
12
H
SC
SR
0.55
/0.6
50.
75/1
.00
0.10
/0.3
50.
40/0
.70
0.40
/0.6
00.
15/0
.25
8740
9
H S
C S
R
0.38
/0.4
30.
75/1
.00
0.10
/0.3
50.
40/0
.70
0.40
/0.6
00.
20/0
.30
9255
12
H S
C S
R0.
50/0
.60
0.70
/1.0
51.
60/2
.20
9260
12
H S
C S
R0.
55/0
.65
0.70
/1.0
01.
80/2
.20
9261
12
H S
C S
R
0.55
/0.6
50.
70/1
.00
1.80
/2.2
00.
10/0
.25
X93
1510
H S
C S
R0.
12/0
.18
0.25
/0.5
00.
10/0
.35
3.90
/4.3
01.
00/1
.40
0.15
/0.3
0
X99
3112
H S
C S
R0.
27/0
.35
0.45
/0.7
00.
10/0
.35
2.30
/2.8
00.
50/0
.80
0.45
/0.6
5
X99
4012
H S
C S
R0.
36/0
.44
0.45
/0.7
00.
10/0
.35
2.30
/2.8
00.
50/0
.80
0.45
/0.6
5
Har
den
abili
ty ‘H
’ Typ
e
X13
20H
7H
0.17
/0.2
41.
30/1
.80
0.10
/0.3
5
X33
12H
8H
SC
SR
0.
10/0
.16
0.35
/0.6
00.
10/0
.35
3.00
/3.7
50.
70/1
.00
4130
H8
H S
C S
R
0.27
/0.3
30.
30/0
.70
0.10
/0.3
50.
75/1
.20
0.15
/0.2
5
4140
H11
H S
C S
R
0.37
/0.4
40.
65/1
.10
0.10
/0.3
50.
75/1
.20
0.15
/0.2
5
4150
H12
H S
C S
R0.
47/0
.54
0.65
/1.1
00.
10/0
.35
0.75
/1.2
00.
15/0
.25
X43
17H
10
H S
C S
R
0.15
/0.2
00.
40/0
.60
0.10
/0.3
51.
40/1
.70
1.50
/1.8
00.
25/0
.35
4340
H 1
2 H
SC
SR
0.37
/0.4
40.
55/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
51.
55/2
.00
0.65
/0.9
50.
20/0
.30
4620
H 5
H
0.17
/0.2
30.
35/0
.75
0.10
/0.3
51.
55/2
.00
0.20
/0.3
0
5120
H 6
H0.
17/0
.23
0.60
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
0.60
/1.0
0
5132
H 8
H S
C S
R0.
29/0
.35
0.50
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
0.65
/1.1
0
5145
H 1
0 H
SC
SR
0.42
/0.4
90.
60/1
.00
0.10
/0.3
50.
60/1
.00
6150
H 1
2H
SC
SR
0.47
/0.5
40.
60/1
.00
0.10
/0.3
50.
15/0
.25
0.75
/1.2
0
8115
H 6
H0.
12/0
.18
0.60
/0.9
50.
10/0
.35
0.20
/0.4
00.
30/0
.55
0.08
/0.1
5
8617
H 8
H S
C S
R0.
14/0
.20
0.60
/0.9
50.
10/0
.35
0.35
/0.7
50.
35/0
.65
0.15
/0.2
5
P A G E 2 0 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
return to contents next page
C H A P T E R 9A
US
Tr
AL
IAN
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
8620
H 8
H S
C S
R0.
17/0
.23
0.60
/0.9
50.
10/0
.35
0.35
/0.7
50.
35/0
.65
0.15
/0.2
5
86B
30H
8 H
SC
SR
0.27
/0.3
30.
60/0
.95
0.10
/0.3
50.
35/0
.75
0.35
/0.6
50.
15/0
.25
8660
H 1
2 H
SC
SR
0.55
/0.6
50.
70/1
.05
0.10
/0.3
50.
35/0
.75
0.35
/0.6
50.
15/0
.25
8740
H 1
0H
SC
SR
0.
37/0
.44
0.70
/1.0
50.
10/0
.35
0.35
/0.7
50.
35/0
.65
0.20
/0.3
0
9260
H 1
0 H
SC
SR
0.55
/0.6
50.
65/1
.10
1.70
/2.2
0
9261
H 1
1 H
SC
SR
0.55
/0.6
50.
65/1
.10
1.70
/2.2
00.
05/0
.35
X93
15H
11
H S
C S
R0.
12/0
.18
0.25
/0.5
00.
10/0
.35
3.90
/4.3
01.
00/1
.40
0.15
/0.3
0
mec
han
ical
Pro
per
ty r
equ
irem
ents
X40
36 1
0H
SC
SR
0.
32/0
.40
1.30
/1.7
00.
10/0
.35
0.22
/0.3
2
4130
8 H
SC
SR
0.27
/0.3
30.
30/0
.70
0.10
/0.3
50.
75/1
.20
0.15
/0.2
5
4140
11
H S
C S
R0.
37/0
.44
0.65
/1.1
00.
10/0
.35
0.75
/1.2
00.
15/0
.30
4340
12 H
SC
SR
0.37
/0.4
40.
55/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
51.
55/2
.00
0.65
/0.9
00.
20/0
.35
X70
39 1
2 H
SC
SR
0.35
/0.4
30.
40/0
.65
0.10
/0.3
51.
40/1
.80
0.15
/0.2
5
X72
32 1
2 H
SC
SR
0.28
/0.3
50.
40/0
.70
0.10
/0.3
52.
80/3
.30
0.40
/0.6
0
X99
31 1
2 H
SC
SR
0.27
/0.3
50.
45/0
.70
0.10
/0.3
52.
30/2
.80
0.50
/0.8
00.
45/0
.65
X99
40 1
2H
SC
SR
0.
36/0
.44
0.45
/0.7
00.
10/0
.35
2.30
/2.8
00.
50/0
.80
0.45
/0.6
5
AS
1��
� –
1�� 1
Ho
t-ro
lled
sp
rin
g s
teel
s
Sta
nd
ard
Ste
els
K10
70S
12H
SC
SR
0.65
/0.7
50.
60/0
.90
0.10
/0.3
5
K10
82S
12N
R0.
78/0
.90
0.60
/0.9
00.
10/0
.35
K10
95S
12N
R0.
90/1
.03
0.40
/0.7
00.
10/0
.35
XK
5150
S12
H S
C S
R0.
48/0
.55
0.70
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
0.70
/0.9
0
XK
5155
S12
H S
C S
R0.
50/0
.60
0.70
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
0.70
/0.9
0
XK
5160
S12
H S
C S
R0.
55/0
.65
0.70
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
0.70
/0.9
0
XK
8660
S12
H S
C S
R0.
55/0
.65
0.70
/1.0
00.
10/0
.35
0.40
/0.7
00.
40/0
.70
0.15
/0.2
5
XK
9258
S12
H S
C S
R0.
50/0
.65
0.70
/1.0
51.
60/2
.20
XK
9261
S12
H S
C S
R0.
55/0
.65
0.70
/1.0
01.
80/2
.20
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 2 1
return to contents next page
C H A P T E R 9A
US
Tr
AL
IAN
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
Har
den
abili
ty ‘H
’ Gra
des
K51
60H
S 1
2H
SC
SR
0.55
/0.6
50.
65/1
.10
0.10
/0.3
50.
60/1
.00
K51
B60
HS
12
H S
C S
R0.
55/0
.65
0.65
/1.1
00.
10/0
.35
0.60
/1.0
0
K86
60H
S 1
2H
SC
SR
0.55
/0.6
50.
70/1
.05
0.10
/0.3
50.
35/0
.75
0.35
/0.6
50.
15/0
.25
AS
1��
0 –
1���
Ste
el t
ub
es fo
r m
ech
anic
al p
urp
ose
s
Gra
de C
200,
H20
01
O0.
15C
+ M
n/6
= 0.
25
Gra
de C
250,
H25
0, C
450
4O
0.25
C +
Mn/
6 =
0.42
Gra
de C
350,
H35
0 5
H/O
0.22
1.60
0.50
C +
Mn/
6 =
0.45
AS
1��
� –
1���
Ste
el p
late
s fo
r b
oile
rs a
nd
pre
ssu
re v
esse
ls
Gra
de 5
– 4
90 N
or
A5
H/O
0.24
0.90
/1.7
00.
600.
01//0
.07
0.48
Gra
de 7
– 4
30 R
, N, T
, A4
O0.
220.
50/1
.60
0.50
0.01
0.45
Gra
de 7
– 4
60 R
, N, T
, A4
O0.
200.
90/1
.70
0.60
0.01
0.45
Gra
de 7
– 4
90 R
, N, T
, A5
H/O
0.22
0.90
/1.7
00.
600.
010.
48
AS
1��
�-20
02, H
ot-
r olle
d fl
at p
rod
uct
s
An
alys
is G
rad
es
HA
1006
*1
O0.
080.
400.
030.
350.
300.
100.
350.
29
HA
1010
*1
O0.
08/0
.13
0.30
/0.6
00.
030.
350.
300.
100.
350.
29
HA
1016
*3
O0.
12/0
.18
0.60
/0.9
00.
030.
350.
300.
100.
350.
39
HX
A10
16*
3O
0.12
/0.1
80.
80/1
.20
0.03
0.35
0.30
0.10
0.35
0.39
HK
1042
*8
HS
CS
R0.
39/0
.47
0.60
/0.9
00.
500.
350.
300.
100.
35
HK
10B
55*
11H
SC
SR
0.50
/0.6
00.
60/0
.90
0.50
0.35
0.30
0.10
0.35
HX
K15
B30
8H
SC
SR
0.25
/0.3
31.
500.
500.
501.
200.
500.
350.
64
HK
1073
*12
HS
CS
R0.
68/0
.78
0.70
/1.0
00.
500.
350.
300.
100.
35
* C
u+N
i+C
r+M
o m
ust b
e le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 1%
P A G E 2 2 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
return to contents next page
C H A P T E R 9A
US
Tr
AL
IAN
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
Fo
rmab
ility
, Str
uct
ura
l an
d W
eath
er-r
esis
tan
t G
rad
es
HA
1*1
O0.
130.
500.
030.
01**
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.15
HA
3*1
O0.
080.
400.
030.
01**
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.15
HA
4N*
1O
0.08
0.40
0.03
0.01
**0.
150.
150.
050.
15
HA
200*
1O
0.15
0.60
0.35
**0.
150.
150.
050.
150.
29
HA
250,
HU
250*
3O
0.20
1.20
0.35
**0.
250.
250.
050.
250.
39
HA
250/
1*1
O0.
130.
600.
030.
01**
0.10
0.10
0.04
0.10
0.25
HA
300,
HU
300*
3O
0.20
1.60
0.35
**0.
250.
250.
050.
250.
39
HA
300/
1, H
U30
0/1*
3O
0.20
1.60
0.35
**0.
250.
250.
050.
250.
39
HA
350*
4H
/O0.
201.
600.
350.
10**
*0.
250.
250.
050.
250.
44
HW
350
5H
/O
0.15
1.60
0.15
/0.7
50.
10**
*0.
550.
35/1
.05
0.15
/0.5
00.
54
HA
400*
4H
/O0.
201.
600.
350.
10**
*0.
250.
250.
050.
250.
44
* C
u+N
i+M
o m
ust b
e le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 0.
6%**
Nb+
V m
ust b
e le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 0.
030%
***
Nb+
V+
Ti m
ust b
e le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 0.
15%
Ext
ra F
orm
abili
ty G
rad
es
XF
300
3O
0.16
1.60
0.35
**
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.15
0.39
XF
400
4O
0.11
1.60
0.35
0.10
**0.
150.
700.
100.
150.
39
XF
500
4H
/O0.
111.
800.
350.
10**
0.15
0.70
0.10
0.15
0.44
* N
b+V
mus
t be
less
than
or
equa
l to
0.03
0%**
Nb+
V+
Ti m
ust b
e le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 0.
153
AS
/NZ
S 1
���
– 1�
��, C
old
-ro
lled
, un
allo
yed
, ste
el s
hee
t an
d s
trip
An
alys
is G
rad
es
CA
1010
1O
0.08
/0.1
30.
30/0
.60
0.03
0.35
*0.
300.
100.
35
CK
10B
5511
HS
CS
R0.
50/0
.60
0.60
/0.9
00.
500.
35*
0.30
0.10
0.35
CK
1073
12H
SC
SR
0.68
/0.7
80.
70/1
.00
0.50
0.35
*0.
300.
100.
35
* C
u+N
i+C
r+M
o m
ust b
e le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 1.
00%
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 2 �
return to contents next page
C H A P T E R 9A
US
Tr
AL
IAN
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
Har
dn
ess,
Fo
rmab
ility
an
d S
tren
gth
Gra
des
CA
85T
1O
0.15
0.60
CA
70T
1O
0.15
0.60
CA
60T
1O
0.15
0.60
CA
50T
1O
0.15
0.60
CA
11
O0.
120.
50
CA
21
O0.
100.
45
CA
31
O0.
080.
40
CA
41
O0.
080.
40
CA
5SN
*1
O0.
020.
30
CA
220
1O
0.08
0.70
CA
260
1O
0.09
0.70
CA
350*
*2
O0.
111.
60
CA
500
1O
0.12
0.50
CW
300
7H
0.15
1.60
0.15
/0.7
50.
550.
35/1
.05
0.15
/0.5
0
* T
i+N
b+V
sho
uld
be le
ss th
an 0
.3%
** T
i+N
b+V
mus
t be
less
than
or
equa
l to
0.15
%
AS
/NZ
S �
6��
– 1�
�6, S
tru
ctu
ral s
teel
s –
Ho
t-ro
lled
pla
tes,
flo
orp
late
an
d s
lab
s
mec
han
ical
Pro
per
ty G
rad
es
200
1O
0.15
0.60
0.35
0.5*
0.30
0.10
0.40
0.25
250,
250
L15
4O
0.22
1.70
0.55
0.5*
0.30
0.10
0.40
0.44
300,
300
L15
4O
0.22
1.70
0.55
0.5*
0.30
0.10
0.40
0.44
350,
350
L15
5H
/O0.
221.
700.
550.
10**
*0.
5*0.
300.
350.
400.
48
400,
400
L15
5H
/O0.
221.
700.
550.
10**
*0.
5*0.
300.
350.
400.
48
450,
450L
155
H/O
0.22
1.80
0.55
0.10
***
0.50
0.30
0.35
0.60
0.48
WR
350,
WR
350L
05
H/O
0.14
1.70
0.15
/0.7
50.
10**
*0.
550.
35/1
.05
0.10
0.15
/0.5
0
* C
r+N
i+C
u+M
o m
ust b
e le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 1.
00%
** N
b+V
mus
t be
less
than
or
equa
l to
0.03
%**
* N
b+T
i mus
t be
less
than
or
equa
l to
0.03
%
P A G E 2 � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
return to contents next page
AU
ST
rA
LIA
N S
TAN
DA
rD
SP
EC
IFIC
AT
ION
S –
con
tinue
d
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
An
alys
is G
rad
es
A10
061
O0.
080.
400.
030.
500.
30*
0.10
0.40
A10
101
O0.
08/0
.13
0.30
/0.6
00.
030.
500.
30*
0.10
0.40
K10
428
HS
CS
R0.
39/0
.47
0.60
/0.9
00.
500.
500.
30*
0.10
0.40
XK
1016
4O
0.12
/0.1
80.
80/1
.20
0.50
0.50
0.30
*0.
100.
40
XK
1515
4O
0.12
/0.1
81.
20/1
.50
0.50
0.50
0.30
*0.
100.
40
* C
u+N
i+C
r+M
o m
ust b
e le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o 1.
00%
AS
/NZ
S �
6��.
1 –
1��0
, Str
uct
ura
l Ste
el, P
art
1: H
ot-
rolle
d b
ars
and
sec
tio
ns
Gra
de 2
504
O0.
250.
400.
02**
*0.
03*
0.50
0.30
0.10
0.50
0.43
Gra
de 2
50L0
, 250
L15
4O
0.20
1.50
0.40
0.02
***
0.03
*0.
500.
300.
100.
500.
42
Gra
de 3
00, 3
00L0
, 30
0L15
5H
/O0.
251.
600.
500.
02**
*0.
03*
0.50
0.30
0.10
0.50
0.44
Gra
de 3
50, 3
50L0
, 35
0L15
**
5H
/O0.
221.
600.
50*
0.50
0.30
0.10
0.50
0.45
Gra
de 4
00, 4
00L0
, 40
0L15
**
5H
/O0.
221.
700.
50*
0.50
0.30
0.10
0.50
0.48
:Tot
al o
f mic
ro-a
lloyi
ng e
lem
ents
mus
t be
less
than
or
equa
l to
0.15
%*
Cu+
Ni+
Cr+
Mo
mus
t not
exc
eed
1.00
%**
Nb+
V+
Ti m
ust n
ot e
xcee
d 0.
15%
,**
* N
b+V
mus
t not
exc
eed
0.03
0%
AS
/NZ
S �
6�1
– 20
01, S
teel
rei
nfo
rcin
g m
ater
ials
250N
4H
/O0.
220.
43
500L
3H
0.22
0.39
500N
4H
0.22
0.44
300E
4H
/O0.
220.
43
500E
5H
0.22
0.49
C H A P T E R 9
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 2 �
return to contents next page
AP
I STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
AP
I �L
– 1
��2,
Sp
ecifi
cati
on
for
(sea
mle
ss a
nd
wel
ded
) lin
e p
ipe
Sea
mle
ss
Gra
de A
25 C
l I, C
l II
2O
0.21
0.36
/0.6
0
Gra
de A
3O
0.22
0.90
Gra
de B
5H
/O0.
271.
15
Gra
de X
425
H/O
0.29
1.25
Col
d-ex
pand
ed G
rade
s X
46, X
525
H/O
0.29
1.25
Non
-exp
ande
d G
rade
s X
46, X
525
H/O
0.31
1.35
Gra
des
X56
, X60
5H
/O0.
261.
35
AP
I �L
– 1
��2,
Sp
ecifi
cati
on
for
(sea
mle
ss a
nd
wel
ded
) lin
e p
ipe
Wel
ded
Gra
de A
25 C
l I, C
l II
2O
0.21
0.30
/0.6
0
Gra
de A
3O
0.21
0.90
Gra
de B
4O
0.26
1.15
Gra
de X
425
H/O
0.28
1.25
Col
d-ex
pand
ed G
rade
s X
46, X
525
H/O
0.28
1.25
Non
-exp
ande
d G
rade
s X
46, X
525
H/O
0.30
1.35
Gra
des
X56
, X60
5H
/O0.
261.
35
Gra
de X
655
H/O
0.26
1.40
Gra
de X
705
H/O
0.23
1.60
Gra
de X
805
H/O
0.18
1.80
C H A P T E R 9
P A G E 2 6 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
return to contents next page
SH
IPP
ING
CL
AS
SIF
ICA
TIO
N r
UL
ES
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
Llo
yds,
No
rske
Ver
itas
, Bu
reau
Ver
itas
, Am
eric
an B
ure
au o
f S
hip
pin
g, A
ST
m A
1�1m
-1��
1, G
erm
anis
che
Llo
yds
and
Nip
po
n K
aiji
Kyo
kai (
NK
)
Gra
de A
4O
Gra
de B
4O
Gra
de D
4O
Gra
de E
4O
Gra
des
32 a
nd 3
65
H/O
AS
Tm
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
AS
Tm
A �
6m-�
1, S
tru
ctu
ral s
teel
pla
tes
To 2
0 m
m in
cl.
4O
0.25
over
20
to 4
0 m
m in
cl.
4O
0.25
0.80
/1.2
0
over
40
to 6
5 m
m in
cl.
4O
0.26
0.80
/1.2
0
over
65
to 1
00 m
m in
cl.
5H
/O0.
270.
85/1
.20
over
100
mm
5H
/O0.
290.
85/1
.20
AS
Tm
A 2
�2m
-�1a
, Hig
h-S
tren
gth
Lo
w-A
lloy
Str
uct
ura
l Ste
el
Type
15
H/O
0.15
1.00
AS
Tm
A 2
��m
-�2,
Lo
w a
nd
Inte
rmed
iate
Ten
sile
Str
eng
th C
arb
on
Ste
el P
late
s
Gra
de A
2O
0.14
0.90
Gra
de B
3O
0.17
0.90
Gra
de C
4O
0.24
0.90
Gra
de D
4O
0.27
0.90
AS
Tm
A 2
��m
-�0,
Lo
w a
nd
Inte
rmed
iate
Ten
sile
Str
eng
th C
arb
on
-Sili
con
Ste
el P
late
s
Gra
de C
– 2
5 m
m a
nd u
nder
3O
0.24
0.90
Ove
r 25
to 5
0 m
m, i
ncl.
4O
0.27
0.90
Ove
r 50
to 1
00 m
m, i
ncl.
4O
0.29
0.90
Ove
r 10
0 to
200
mm
, inc
l.5
H/O
0.33
0.90
Ove
r 20
0 to
300
mm
, inc
l.6
H0.
360.
90
Gra
de D
– 2
5 m
m a
nd u
nder
4O
0.27
0.90
C H A P T E R 9
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 2 �
return to contents next page
AS
Tm
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
Ove
r 25
to 5
0 m
m, i
ncl.
4O
0.29
0.90
Ove
r 50
to 1
00 m
m, i
ncl.
5H
/O0.
310.
90
Ove
r 10
0 to
200
mm
, inc
l.6
H0.
350.
90
AS
Tm
A 2
��m
-�0,
Pre
ssu
re V
esse
l Pla
tes,
Car
bo
n S
teel
Gra
de A
2O
0.17
0.90
Gra
de B
3O
0.22
0.90
Gra
de C
4O
0.28
0.90
AS
Tm
A �
16m
-�0,
Pre
ssu
re V
esse
l Pla
tes,
Car
bo
n S
teel
Gra
de 4
15
12.5
mm
and
und
er3
O0.
210.
60/0
.90
Ove
r 12
.5 to
50
mm
incl
.4
O0.
230.
85/1
.20
Ove
r 50
to 1
00 m
m in
cl.
5H
/O0.
250.
85/1
.20
Ove
r 10
0 to
200
mm
incl
.5
H/O
0.27
0.85
/1.2
0
Ove
r 20
0 m
m5
H/O
0.27
0.85
/1.2
0
Gra
de 4
50
12.5
mm
and
und
er4
O0.
240.
85/1
.20
Ove
r 12
.5 to
50
mm
incl
.5
H/O
0.26
0.85
/1.2
0
Ove
r 50
to 1
00 m
m in
cl.
5H
/O0.
280.
85/1
.20
Ove
r 10
0 to
200
mm
incl
.5
H/O
0.29
0.85
/1.2
0
Ove
r 20
0 m
m5
H/O
0.29
0.85
/1.2
0
AS
Tm
A �
16m
-�0,
Pre
ssu
re V
esse
l Pla
tes,
Car
bo
n S
teel
Gra
de 4
85
12.5
mm
and
und
er5
H/O
0.27
0.85
/1.2
0
Ove
r 12
.5 to
50
mm
incl
.5
H/O
0.28
0.85
/1.2
0
Ove
r 50
to 1
00 m
m in
cl.
6H
0.30
0.85
/1.2
0
Ove
r 10
0 to
200
mm
incl
.6
H0.
310.
85/1
.20
Ove
r 20
0 m
m6
H0.
310.
85/1
.20
C H A P T E R 9
P A G E 2 � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
return to contents next page
C H A P T E R 9
AS
Tm
A �
��m
-�1,
Pre
ssu
re V
esse
l Pla
tes,
Hea
t-Tr
eate
d, C
arb
on
-man
gan
ese-
Sili
con
Ste
el
40m
m a
nd u
nder
5H
/O0.
240.
70/1
.35
Ove
r 40
mm
6H
0.24
1.00
/1.6
0
AS
Tm
A �
6�m
-�1a
, Ste
el, C
arb
on
(0.
1�%
max
) H
ot-
ro
lled
Sh
eet
and
Str
ip,
Com
mer
cial
Qua
lity
1O
0.15
0.60
AS
Tm
A �
�2m
-�2a
, Hig
h-S
tren
gth
Lo
w-A
lloy
Nio
biu
m-V
anad
ium
Ste
els
Gra
de 2
905
H/O
0.21
1.35
0.01
/0.1
5
Gra
de 3
455
H/O
0.23
1.35
0.01
/0.1
5
Gra
de 4
156
H0.
261.
350.
01/0
.15
Gra
de 4
50
13m
m a
nd u
nder
6H
0.26
1.35
0.01
/0.1
5
AS
Tm
STA
ND
Ar
D S
PE
CIF
ICA
TIO
NS
– c
ontin
ued
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
AS
Tm
A 6
0�-�
2a, S
teel
Sh
eet
and
Str
ip, H
igh
Str
eng
th, L
ow
-Allo
y, H
ot-
ro
lled
an
d C
old
-ro
lled
Cla
ss 1
, Gra
de 4
54
O0.
221.
35
Cla
ss 1
, Gra
de 5
05
H/O
0.23
1.35
Cla
ss 1
, Gra
de 5
55
H/O
0.25
1.35
Cla
ss 1
, Gra
de 6
06
H0.
261.
50
Cla
ss 1
, Gra
de 6
56
H0.
261.
50
Cla
ss 1
, Gra
de 7
06
H0.
261.
65
Cla
ss 2
, Gra
des
50, 5
53
O0.
151.
35
Cla
ss 2
, Gra
des
60, 6
54
O0.
151.
50
Cla
ss 2
, Gra
de 7
04
O0.
151.
65
AS
Tm
A 6
62m
-�0,
Pre
ssu
re V
esse
l Pla
tes,
Car
bo
n-m
ang
anes
e, fo
r m
od
erat
e an
d L
ow
er T
emp
erat
ure
Ser
vice
Gra
de A
3O
0.14
0.90
/1.3
5
Gra
de B
4O
0.19
0.85
/1.5
0
Gra
de C
5H
/O0.
201.
00/1
.60
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E 2 �
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C H A P T E R 9A
ST
m S
TAN
DA
rD
SP
EC
IFIC
AT
ION
S –
con
tinue
d
Spe
c N
o, T
itle
and
Gra
deS
teel
Gro
upN
umbe
r
Wel
dabi
lity
Not
es(S
ee a
bove
)
Cas
t/Pro
duct
Ana
lysi
s %
(V
alue
s no
t exp
ress
ed a
s a
rang
e ar
e M
axim
a)
CM
nS
iN
bV
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
CE
Q
AS
Tm
A �
��m
-��,
Pre
ssu
re V
esse
l Pla
tes,
Hig
h-S
tren
gth
, Lo
w-A
lloy
Ste
el
Gra
de B
5H
/O0.
201.
15/1
.50
0.05
Gra
de C
5H
/O0.
221.
15/1
.50
0.05
0.04
/0.1
1N
=0.0
3
Br
ITIS
H (
BS
) / E
Ur
OP
EA
N (
EN
) S
TAN
DA
rD
SP
EC
IFIC
AT
ION
S
BS
1�0
1-1�
�0, S
teel
s fo
r F
ired
an
d U
nfi
red
Pre
ssu
re V
esse
ls-P
late
s
BS
150
1-16
1
Gra
de 3
603
O0.
170.
40/1
.20
Gra
de 4
004
O0.
220.
50/1
.30
Gra
de 4
305
H/O
0.25
0.60
/1.4
0
BS
EN
100
2 �-2
: 1 �
��, S
teel
s fo
r p
ress
ure
pu
rpo
ses,
No
n-a
lloy
and
allo
y st
eels
wit
h s
pec
ified
ele
vate
d t
emp
erat
ure
pro
per
ties
Gra
de P
235G
H3
O0.
160.
40/1
.20
Gra
de P
265G
H4
O0.
200.
50/1
.40
Gra
de P
295G
H5
H/O
0.08
/0.2
00.
90/1
.50
Gra
de P
355G
H5
H/O
0.10
/0.2
21.
00/1
.70
BS
EN
100
2 �:1
��0,
Ho
t ro
lled
pro
du
cts
of
no
n-a
lloy
stru
ctu
ral s
teel
s
Gra
de F
e 36
03
O
Gra
de F
e 43
04
O
Gra
de F
e 51
05
H/O
1.60
Cha
nges
from
the
prev
ious
edi
tion
:
1.
The
fol
low
�ng
Aus
tral
�an
Stan
dard
sar
eob
sole
teo
rar
esu
pers
eded
by
othe
rSt
anda
rds
and
ass
uch
have
bee
nde
lete
d.A
S12
04,1
205,
130
2,1
446,
183
5,1
836,
175
0,A
us-T
en,A
IS
Cra
neR
a�ls
2.
Dup
l�cat
�on
ona
naly
s�s
grad
es�s
avo
�ded
by
notl
�st�n
gth
egr
ade
tw�c
edu
eto
suf
fixv
ar�a
t�on.
3.
All
Sh�p
bu�ld
�ng
Aut
hor�
t�es
grad
esa
reg
roup
edto
geth
era
sva
r�at
�ons
w�th
�nth
egr
oup
are
m�n
�mal
toa
ffec
tthe
gro
upn
umbe
r.G
rade
s32
and
36
(h�g
hte
ns�le
gra
des)
are
als
ol�s
ted.
P A G E � 0 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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C H A P T E R 10
preheat determInatIon for WeldInG lIne-pIpe SteelS WIth e4110 and
e4111 electrodeS
In the field of p�pel�ne weld�ng, spec�al gu�dance foravo�danceofHAZcrack�ngadjacent tog�rthwelds �snecessarybecauseofthelowarcenergyandmoreseverefield cond�t�ons of stovep�pe weld�ng w�th celluloseelectrodes, wh�ch generate a hydrogen atmosphere toproducetheforcefularcrequ�redforkeyholeweld�ngoftherootpassdur�ngone-s�deg�rthweld�ng.Furthermore,recent developments �n p�pe steels have led to theproduct�onofmuchlowercarbonequ�valentsteelsthantheconstruct�onalsteelsonwh�chtherecommendat�onsofth�sTechn�calNotearebased.
Th�sChapteroftheTechn�calNotehasbeenpreparedto take these matters �nto cons�derat�on so as to g�vegu�dance�nc�rcumstanceswhere:
a) amb�enttemperaturesarebelow25°C;
b) p�pewallth�cknessesarelessthan25mm;
c) chem�calcompos�t�on l�m�ts (orcarbonequ�valent)ofthemater�albe�ngfabr�catedareknown.
Thegu�dance�sexpressed�ntheformofamax�mump�pewallnotrequ�r�ngpreheatforbuttweldsbetweenp�pesofequalth�cknessus�ngE4110orE4111electrodes.Theuseofh�gherstrengthcellulos�celectrodes(E48XX,E55XXandE62XX)�snotcoveredbyth�sChapter.
Step1: Calculate the Carbon Equ�valent us�ng themethodg�ven�nTable2(Case2)�nChapter4.
Step2: Refers toTable4 todeterm�ne themax�mump�pe-wallnotrequ�r�ngpreheatforthem�n�mumamb�ent temperatures and arc energy undercons�derat�on.
IftheTable�nd�catesthatpreheatshouldbeappl�ed,the p�pe should be heated to 25°C m�n�mum exceptwhen the ex�st�ng method g�ven �n Chapter 9 of th�sNote�nd�catesah�gherpreheat�srequ�red.Inthelattercase,theappropr�atepreheatfromChapter9Steps1to6shouldbeemployed.
Add�t�onally,avo�danceofweldmetalcoldcrack�ngmayrequ�readd�t�onalpreheat.
Controlled multi-run WeldingControlledmult�-runweld�ng�sthebas�sofweld�ng
ofh�ghstrengthgastransm�ss�onp�p�ngw�thcelluloseelectrodes. Close control on weld�ng sequences andt�m�ngofmult�-runweldscan lead toh�gher �nter-runtemperaturesandreducedcool�ngrates.Th�s�snormallyappl�cable to short runs of welds as �n parts of smallw�dths or �n block weld�ng techn�ques; relaxat�on �nweld�ngpreheatbyth�smeans�snotrecommendedforsect�onsover50mmth�ckorwhereclosecontrolcannotbema�nta�ned.
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E � 1
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C H A P T E R 10
mA
XIm
Um
PIP
E W
AL
L (
mm
) N
OT
rE
QU
IrIN
G P
rE
HE
AT
– C
ellu
lose
Ele
ctro
des
, fo
r va
rio
us
carb
on
eq
uiv
alen
ts a
nd
arc
en
erg
ies
(Q)
Q (
kJ/m
m)
CA
rB
ON
EQ
UIV
AL
EN
TQ
(kJ
/mm
).0
2�0.
260.
2�0.
2�0.
2�0.
�00.
�10.
�20.
��0.
��0.
��0.
�60.
��0.
��0.
��0.
�00.
�10.
�20.
��0.
��0.
��
0.4
2421
1917
1514
1311
1010
98
77
66
55
44
40.
40.
524
2220
1816
1513
1211
1010
98
87
66
55
0.5
0.6
2422
2018
1615
1413
1211
109
98
77
60.
60.
725
2321
1918
1615
1413
1211
1010
98
80.
70.
824
2221
1918
1615
1413
1211
1010
90.
80.
925
2321
2018
1716
1514
1312
1110
0.9
1.0
2422
2119
1817
1514
1313
121.
0
PIP
E T
EM
PE
RAT
UR
E =
–5
Deg
C
0.4
2320
1816
1513
1211
109
98
77
66
55
44
0.4
0.5
2321
1917
1614
1312
1110
99
87
76
65
0.5
0.6
2523
2119
1716
1514
1312
1110
99
87
70.
60.
725
2221
1917
1615
1413
1211
1010
98
0.7
0.8
2422
2019
1716
1514
1312
1110
100.
80.
925
2321
1918
1716
1514
1312
110.
91.
025
2322
2019
1816
1514
1312
1.0
PIP
E T
EM
PE
RAT
UR
E =
5 D
eg C
0.4
2522
2018
1614
1312
1110
98
87
66
55
54
0.4
0.5
2523
2018
1715
1413
1211
109
98
77
66
0.5
0.6
2522
2019
1716
1513
1211
1110
98
87
0.6
0.7
2422
2019
1716
1514
1312
1110
99
0.7
0.8
2523
2120
1817
1615
1413
1211
100.
80.
924
2221
1918
1715
1413
1312
0.9
1.0
2523
2120
1917
1615
1413
1.0
PIP
E T
EM
PE
RAT
UR
E =
15
Deg
C
0.4
2421
1917
1614
1312
1110
98
87
66
55
50.
40.
524
2220
1816
1514
1312
1110
98
87
76
0.5
0.6
2422
2018
1715
1413
1211
1010
98
80.
60.
723
2220
1817
1614
1312
1211
109
0.7
0.8
2523
2119
1817
1614
1312
1211
0.8
0.9
2422
2019
1816
1514
1312
0.9
1.0
2523
2120
1817
1615
141.
0
PIP
E T
EM
PE
RAT
UR
E =
25
Deg
C
T ab
le 1
0.1
req
uir
emen
ts fo
r L
inep
ipe
Ste
els
P A G E � 2 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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C H A P T E R 11
relaxatIon of recommendatIonS
Exper�encew�thpart�cularmater�als,weld�ngprocessesandjo�ntdeta�lsmay�nd�catethatsomerelaxat�oncanbeperm�ttedonenergy�nputandpreheatrecommendat�onsder�vedfromF�gures9.1,9.2and9.3.Whereanyrelaxat�on�s contemplated from these recommendat�ons, they should be supported e�ther by documented exper�ence or bysu�tabletest�ng.Test�ng�salsorecommendedwhereweld�ngcond�t�onsd�ffercons�derablyfromthoseonwh�chthedataarebased.
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E � �
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appendIx a
Basis of recommendationsA.1 Inordertofac�l�tatecorrelat�onofweld�ngdata,use
hasbeenmadeoftheparameter,“Cool�ngRateat300°C”.
A.2 Thecool�ngrateat300°Chasbeenselectedtoavo�dtheonsetofHAZcoldcrack�ngwh�leatthesamet�meprov�d�ngsomel�m�tat�ononthemax�mumHAZhardnessach�eved.
A.3 Pract�ce has shown that h�gher HAZ hardnesscanbeperm�ttedastheCarboncontentorCarbonEqu�valent�s�ncreasedprov�dedtheHydrogenlevel�sreduced.
However restr�ct�ons on the max�mum hardnessmaybenecessarytoach�evethedes�redmechan�-calandfracturedtoughnesspropert�esoftheHAZmater�al.
A.4 Therelat�onsh�pbetweencool�ngrateandcarbonequ�valentusedfornon-hydrogencontrolledelec-trodes�ntheserecommendat�ons�sacomprom�sebetweenamax�mumhardnessof350HVandcrack-�ng�ntheCTStest.Th�s�sjust�fied�nv�ewoftheweld�ngexper�encew�thsteelGroupNumbers4and5.
For hydrogen controlled processes, the relat�on-sh�padoptedrepresentsan�ncreaseof60%�nthemax�mum cool�ng rates adopted for other thanhydrogencontrolledprocesses.Th�smeansforthesameweld�ngenergy�nputandpreheat,thesteelGroupNumber�s�ncreasedbyone,orthecarbonequ�valentby0.05%.
A.5 Readersofth�stechn�calnoteshouldbeawarethatas theCTStest �sdes�gnedtoestabl�shcrack/nocrackboundarycond�t�onsforag�vensetofweld�ng
parameters,�nsomec�rcumstancesthemax�mumHAZhardnessreal�sedmayexceed350HVw�thoutcrack�ng.
S�m�larly,wh�lstth�stechn�calnote�slargelyde-s�gned to avo�d the format�onofHAZhydrogenass�sted cold crack�ng sens�t�ve m�crostructuresandweld�ngcond�t�ons,WTIATechn�calNote15converselydoesnota�mtopreventtheformat�onofhardenedHAZswh�charedes�rabletosomeextent�nquench&temperedsteels.
A.6 Cut-offsareappl�edtothecurvesonF�gures9.1,9.3and9.3aspract�ce�nd�catesthesel�m�t�ngvaluesarereal�st�c.
A.7 The recommendat�onsg�venhere�n are a�med attheprevent�onofHAZcrack�ngbycontroll�ngthecomb�nat�onofweld�ngenergy�nput,hydrogenandpreheatanddonotnecessar�lycoverotheraspectsofweld�ngwh�chmayg�ver�setoproblems.Themechan�calpropert�esofsomemater�alsbeforeandafterweld�ngcouldneedfurthercons�derat�onaswellastherequ�rementforpostweldheattreatmenttoensuresat�sfactoryperformance�nserv�ce.Thesedeta�lsarenotdealtw�th�nth�sTechn�calNote.
A.8 Theformulaeandbas�sforthepred�ct�vemethodsusedbyth�sTechn�calNotewerepubl�shed(Refer-ence7).
A.9 These recommendat�onsdonotover-r�de theus-ersobl�gat�ontodemonstratethesu�tab�l�tyoftheproposed weld�ng procedure �n accordance w�thgoodpract�ceandtheweldprocedurequal�ficat�onrequ�rementsofappl�cat�onStandards,Codesandspec�ficat�ons.
P A G E � � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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appendIx b
Hydrogen LevelsThequant�tyofhydrogenpresent�nweldmetal�scruc�al�ndeterm�n�ngther�skof“HydrogenCrack�ng”.
TheTechn�calNoteaddressesthehydrogenlevel�nweldmetalbyadopt�ngthehydrogenlevels�nAustral�an(andISO)Standardsforconsumablemanufacture;�e:AS/NZS1553.1 Manualmetalarcelectrodes(low
carbon).AS/NZS1553.2 Manualmetalarcelectrodes(low&
�ntermed�atealloy).AS2203.1 Fluxcoredelectrodes.AS1858.2 Submergedarc(lowand�ntermed�ate
alloysteel).
The Effect of Hydrogen Potential on Group Numbers. Weld Metal Lowering of Hydrogen Level Group No by
≥15ml/100gofhydrogen 0 ≤15ml/100gofhydrogen 1
It �snot the �ntent�ontoextendthehydrogenlevelto <10 ml/100g of depos�ted weld metal at th�s stagealthoughstandardsallowforsuchlevels.TheTechn�calExpertGrouprev�ew�ngtheTechn�calNotehave�nd�catedthatfurtherwork�srequ�redtoquant�fyanybenefitstobega�nedandadd�t�onallycons�derthatlevelsbelow5ml/100gmaybeunreal�st�c,forAustral�ancond�t�ons,bear�ng�nm�ndthecons�derable�nfluenceofatmospher�cs�tuat�ons(seeReferences8to11),andthed�fficulty�nhandl�ngconsumablestoma�nta�ntheselevels.
Determ�nat�onofhydrogen�nweldmetal�sspec�fied�nAS 3752, ‘D�ffus�ble Hydrogen Determ�nat�on �nFerr�t�cWeldMetal’.Th�sstandardcoversMMAW,SAW,GMAWandFCAWprocesses.
Theconsumablemanufacturersare respons�ble forspec�fy�ng on the packag�ng, the level of hydrogen �nthe�rproductandthenecessary�nstruct�onstoach�evetheselevels�npract�ce.
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E � �
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Pcm=C+Mn+Cr+Cu+S�+V+Mo+N�+5B 20 30 10 15 60
The Affects of Sulphur and Boron on Preheat requirements.
C.1 Sulphur
Theposs�ble�ncrease�nsuscept�b�l�tyofsteelstoHAZcold crack�ng w�th reduct�on �n Sulphur levels �s acomplex subject on wh�ch there �s no clear ev�denceof�tseffect.Wh�lesomeworkhastendedto�nd�cateacausalrelat�onsh�p,otherworkhasnotsubstant�atedth�s(Reference12).
The concept has been l�nked to the number of�nclus�onspresent�nthesteelandhencecannotberelatednecessar�lytothepercentageofSulphur�nthesteel.Thepresenceofotherpotent�alhydrogens�nks�nthev�c�n�tyoftheHAZhasalsotobecons�dered.Ifafabr�catororuserhasaspec�ficconcernwhenweld�nglowSulphursteels,thenconfirmatoryweldproceduretestsshouldbecons�dered.
C.2 Boron
ThepresenceofBoron�nsteelneedstobecons�deredas�tmakesthesteelmorehardenable.(Reference12)
Boron �s not accounted for �n the IIW carbonequ�valentformulaused�nth�sTechn�calNotebut�t�s�ntheJapanesePcmformula.
ThevalueoftheBoronfactor�slarge,becauseBoroncan be a potent alloy�ng element only added to steels�n small quant�t�es, but shouldbe regardedw�th somecaut�on,because�tsusedependsontheBoronbe�ng�nanact�vestate.
Note! Research shows that a value of 10 may benearertothetruevalueforact�veBoron.
The pos�t�on of Boron w�th respect to weld metalm�crostructure �s rather more complex, because thetoughnessofweldmetal(w�thouthydrogenpresent)doesnotdependonhardness�nthesamewayasdoes(HAZ)toughness.Atoughweldmetalm�crostructureappearstobebetterabletores�sthydrogencrack�ngthanonewh�chhasbr�ttlefracturetendancy.
appendIx c
P A G E � 6 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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appendIx d
Alternative methods for Calculating Welding Energy Input
Th�sAppend�xprov�desthereaderw�thalternat�vemethodstocalculateweld�ngenergy�nputbyus�ngnomographswhereacalculator�snotava�lable(sect�onD.1)andalsofromfilletwelds�zeswhenMMAWconsumableshavebeenused.Th�slattermethod�snotrecommendedwhereaccuracyofwork�srequ�redbut�ssu�tableforuseasaqu�ckcheck�ngmethod.
D.1 F�guresD1&D2arenomographsforcalculat�ngtheheat�nput,andaresu�tedfortheautomat�candsem�automat�cprocesses.
Theprocessofus�ngthenomographs�sselfev�dentand�nvolvesread�ngsbe�ngtakenforarcvoltage,weld�ngcurrent,andweld�ngspeed�nmm/m�nute.
D.2 F�guresD3toD5prov�deamethodtocalculateheat �nput for weld�ng, where there �s a measurementtakenforrun-outlengthfromtheelectrodebe�ngused.(Therun-outrat�o�sestabl�shedbymeasur�ngthelengthof the electrode �n (mm) used to make the weld andd�v�d�ng�tbytheweldmetaldepos�tlength�n(mm).
Thethreegraphsapplytothefollow�ng3groupsofElectrodes.
(a) NonIronPowderElectrodes.(b) LowIronPowderElectrodes.(c) Med�umIronPowderElectrodes.
D.3 F�gureD6�samethodofest�mat�ngheat�nputd�rectlyfromthes�nglerunfillets�zeforallpos�t�onsofweld�ngandforarangeofelectrodeclass�ficat�ons.
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E � �
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To find energy input(1) A to B note C(2) C to D read E
Arc
vo
ltag
e –
volt
s
En
erg
y in
pu
t –
kilo
jou
le/m
m
Arc
tim
e p
er 2
� m
m r
un
len
gth
– s
eco
nd
s
Wel
din
g c
urr
ent
– am
per
es
Trav
el s
pee
d –
mill
imet
res/
min
ute
40
35
30
25
20
15
A C E B D
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.2
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
90
80
70
60
50
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
Figure D1 Welding energy input and arc voltage, current and speed for manual and automatic processes in range 60-�00 amps.
APPEndix d
P A G E � � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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To find energy input(1) A to B note C(2) C to D read E
Arc
vo
ltag
e –
volt
s
En
erg
y in
pu
t –
kilo
jou
le/m
m
Wel
din
g c
urr
ent
– am
per
es
Trav
el s
pee
d –
mill
imet
res/
min
ute
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
A
C
E
B
D
20.0
15.0
12.0
10.09.08.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.2
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
Figure D2 Welding energy input and arc voltage, current and speed for semi-automatic and automatic processes in range 200-1200 amps.
APPEndix d
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E � �
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mm
of
elec
tro
de
per
mm
of
dep
osi
t
mm of electrode per mm of deposit
(�0 mm stub length)
Electrode length
380 mm 450 mm
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Welding energy input kilojule/mm of deposit0 1 2 3 4
�.2� mm4
3
2
1
� mm
� mm
6 mm
6.� mm
Figure D� Welding energy input and ratio of length of electrode melted and length of deposit – for low iron powder elec-trodes (EXX1�, EXX1�).
mm
of
elec
tro
de
per
mm
of
dep
osi
t
mm of electrode per mm of deposit
(�0 mm stub length)
Electrode length
380 mm 450 mm
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Welding energy input kilojule/mm of deposit0 1 2 3 4
�.2� mm
4
3
2
1
� mm � mm
6 mm
6.� mm
Figure D� Welding energy input and ratio of length of electrode melted and length of deposit – for non-iron powder elec-trodes (EXX10, EXX11, EXX12, EXX1�, EXX1�, EXX16 and EXX20).
APPEndix d
P A G E � 0 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
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mm
of
elec
tro
de
per
mm
of
dep
osi
t
mm of electrode per mm of deposit
(�0 mm stub length)
Electrode length
380 mm 450 mm
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Welding energy input kilojule/mm of deposit
0 1 2 3 4
�.2� mm4
3
2
1
� mm
� mm
6 mm
6.� mm
Figure D� Welding energy input and ratio of length of electrode melted and length of deposit – for medium iron powder electrodes (EXX2�, EXX2�, EXX2�).
APPEndix d
mm
of
elec
tro
de
per
mm
of
dep
osi
t
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 1 2 3 4
Welding energy input kilojule/mm of deposit
1
2
3
1 2 3
Figure D6 Welding energy input and leg length of single run fillet welds.
Curve No. For following Electrode TypesWelding EXX EXX EXXPosition 10 13 15
EXX EXX EXX EXX EXX EXX EXX EXX11 12 14 16 18 24 27 28
Flat 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 1Horizontal 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1Overhead 3 3 3 3 3 – – –Vertical Up 3 3 3 3 – – – –
W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E � 1
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appendIx e
referencesSection 1: Standards
AS/NZS 1553.1 Covered electrodes for weld�ng.Part1:Lowcarbonsteelelectrodesformanualmetal-arcweld�ngofcarbonandcarbon-manganesesteels.
AS/NZS1553.2 Covered electrodes for weld�ng.Part2:Lowand�ntermed�atealloysteelelectrodesformanualmetalarcweld�ngofcarbonsteelsandlowand�ntermed�atealloysteels.
AS/NZS1554.1StructuralSteelWeld�ngPart1:Weld-�ngofsteelstructures.
AS1858.1‘Electrodesandfluxesforsubmergedarcweld�ng.Part1:Carbonandcarbon-manganesesteels.
AS1858.2‘Electrodesandfluxesforsubmergedarcweld�ng.Part2:Lowand�ntermed�atealloysteels.
AS2203.1Coredelectrodesforarcweld�ng.Part1:Ferr�t�csteelelectrodes
AS/NZS2717.1Weld�ng–Electrodes-Gasmetal-arc.Part1:Ferr�t�csteelelectrodes.
AS 2812Weld�ng, braz�ng and cutt�ng of metals–Glossaryofterms
ASISO13916Weld�ng–Gu�deonthemeasurementof preheat�ng temperature, �nterpass temperature andpreheatma�ntenancetemperature.
ISO17642-2Destruct�ve testsonwelds �nmetall�cmater�als – Cold crack�ng tests for weldments –Arcweld�ngprocesse-Part2:Self-restra�nttests.
Section 2: Cited Documents1. Wade J.B.The bas�s and background ofTechn�cal
Note1 on theWeldab�l�ty of Steels.AWRA/AWISem�nar,Weld�ngProceduresforSteel,May1974
2. P�trunM.,NolanD.andDunneD.D�ffus�blehydrogencontent�nrut�leflux-coredarcweldsasafunct�onoftheweld�ngparameters.IIWDocNo.IX-2064-03
3. D�ckehutG.andHotzU.Effectofcl�mat�ccond�t�onsond�ffus�blehydrogencontent�nweldmetal.AWSWeld�ng Journal,Weld�ng Research Supplement,Jan.1991.
4. Cannon B. Influence of spatter release flu�ds ond�ffus�ble hydrogen levels �n GMAW welds, Aus-tralas�anWeld�ngJournal,Vol48,4thQuarter2003.
5. Pargeter R.J. Evaluat�on of necessary delay before�nspect�onforhydrogencracks.AWSWeld�ngJournal,Weld�ngResearchSupplement,Nov.2003
Section 3: Recommended Reading
IterranteC.G.andPressouyreG.M.Currentsolut�onstohydrogenproblems�nsteels.ASMInt.Conf.,1982.
BoothbyP.J.,“Pred�ct�ngHardness�nSteelHAZs”,MetalConstruct�on,June1985
Ba�leyN.,CoeF.R.,GoochT.G.,HartP.H.M.,Jenk�nsN. and Pargeter R.J.Weld�ng steels w�thout hydrogencrack�ng.Ab�ngtonPubl�sh�ng,1989
FletcherL. andWaltersC.A rev�ewof theWTIATechn�calNote1“TheWeldab�l�tyofSteels“,WTIAAnnualConference,Sept.1990
SymondsH.Weldmetalhydrogen–Arev�ewof�tsdeterm�nat�on and other control aspects for the 1990sAustral�anWeld�ngJournal,Vol.35,No.3,1990.
Vu�kJ.Anupdateofthestate-of-the-artofweldmetalhydrogencrack�ng.IIWDocNo.IXJ-175-92
NolanD.andP�trunM.D�ffus�blehydrogentest�ng�nAustral�a.IIWDocNo.IX-2065-03
P A G E � 2 W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
expert technoloGy toolSTheseTechn�calNote,ManagementSystemandotherExpertTechnologyToolsmaybeobta�nedfromtheWTIA.
Techn�caladv�ce,tra�n�ng,consultancyandass�stancew�ththe�mplementat�onofManagementSystems�salsoava�lablethroughtheWTIA’sOzWeldTechnologySupportCentresNetworkandSchoolofWeld�ngTechnology.
WTIA–POBox6165S�lverwaterNSW1811Austral�a
Phone:+61(0)297484443Fax:+61(0)297482858Ema�l:�nfo@wt�a.com.au
V�s�tourInternets�teathttp://www.wt�a.com.au
WTIA Technical Notes
TN 1-06 – The Weldability of Steels
G�vesgu�danceonthepreheatandheat�nputcond�t�ons(runs�ze,current,voltage)requ�redforacceptableweldsandtoavo�dcoldcrack�ng�naw�devar�etyofsteels.TheNote�sappl�cabletoaw�derangeofweld�ngprocesses.
TN 2-06 – Successful Welding of Aluminium
Th�s note covers the major weld�ng processes as theyareusedfortheweld�ngandrepa�rofalum�n�umand�tsalloys.Informat�on�sg�venontheprocesses,equ�pment,consumablesandtechn�ques.Italsoprov�des�nformat�onontherangeofalloysava�lableandbr�eflycoverssafety,qual�ty assurance, �nspect�on and test�ng, cost�ng andalternat�vejo�n�ngprocesses.
TN �-06 – Care and Conditioning of Arc Welding Consumables
G�vesthebas�sanddeta�lsforthecorrectcare,storageandcond�t�on�ngofweld�ngconsumablestocontrolhydrogenandtoensureh�ghqual�tyweld�ng.
TN �-06 – The Industry Guide to Hardfacing for the Control of Wear
Descr�beswearmechan�smsandg�vesgu�danceontheselect�onofhardfac�ngconsumablesandprocessesforaw�derangeofappl�cat�ons.IncludesAustral�anhardfac�ngSuppl�ersCompend�um1998.
TN �-�� – Flame Cutting of Steels
G�ves a wealth of pract�cal gu�danceonflamecutt�ng�nclud�ng deta�led procedures for eff�c�ent cutt�ng,select�onofequ�pmentandgases,pract�cesfor�dent�fy�ngand cur�ng defect�ve cutt�ng, methods of max�m�s�ngeconomy and other �mportant gu�dance on the use ofsteelsw�thflamecutsurfaces.
TN 6-�� – Control of Lamellar TearingDescr�besthefeaturesandmechan�smsofth�s�mportantmode of fa�lure and the means of controll�ng tear�ngthroughsu�tabledes�gn,mater�al select�on, fabr�cat�onand �nspect�on.Acceptance standards, repa�r methods,spec�ficat�onrequ�rementsandmethodsof�nvest�gat�onare proposed. Four append�ces g�ve deta�ls on themechan�sm,mater�alfactors,testsforsuscept�b�l�tyandthe�mportantquest�onofrestra�nt.
TN �-0� – Health and Safety in WeldingProv�des�nformat�ononallaspectsofhealthandsafety�nweld�ngandcutt�ng.Des�gnedtoprov�deth�s�nformat�on�n suchaway that �t �s read�lyuseable for �nstruct�on�n the shop and to prov�de gu�dance to management.Recommendat�onsareg�ven for safeprocedures tobeadopted�naw�devar�etyofs�tuat�onsfound�nweld�ngfabr�cat�on.
TN �-�� – Economic Design of WeldmentsPr�nc�ples and gu�dance are g�ven on methods andprocedures for opt�m�s�ng des�gn of weldments andweldedjo�ntsandconnect�onstomax�m�seeconomy�nweld�ngfabr�cat�on.Factors�nfluenc�ngtheoverallcostofweldmentswh�chneedtobecons�deredatthedes�gnstageared�scussed.
TN �-�� – Welding rate in Arc Welding Processes: Part 1 mmAW
G�vespract�calgu�danceand�nformat�onontheselect�onof weld�ng cond�t�ons to �mprove product�v�ty dur�ngmanualmetalarcweld�ng(MMAW).Graphsareprov�dedshow�ng rates as a funct�on of weld s�ze.The graphsenablead�rectcompar�sonofd�fferenttypesofweld�ngelectrodeswhenusedforbuttandfilletwelds�nvar�ousweld�ngpos�t�ons.
TN10-02 – Fracture mechanicsProv�destheoryandg�vespract�calgu�danceforthedes�gnandfabr�cat�onofstructures,plann�ngofma�ntenanceandassessmentofthel�kel�hoodofbr�ttleorduct�le�n�t�at�onfromflaws�nferrousandnon-ferrousalloys.Eng�neer�ngcr�t�calassessmentcaseh�stor�esared�scussed.
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W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1 P A G E � �
TN 11-0� – Commentary on the Standard AS/NZS 1��� Structural Steel WeldingTheNotecomplementsAS / NZS1554parts1to5,bypresent�ngbackground�nformat�onwh�chcouldnotbe�ncluded�ntheStandard.Itd�scussestherequ�rementsoftheStandardw�thpart�cularemphas�sonneworrev�sedclauses.Inexpla�n�ngtheappl�cat�onoftheStandardtoweld�ng�nsteelconstruct�on,thecommentaryemphas�sesthe need to rely on the prov�s�ons of the Standard toach�evesat�sfactoryweldqual�ty.
TN 12-�6 – minimising Corrosion in Welded Steel Structures
Des�gnedtoprov�depract�calgu�danceand�nformat�onon corros�onproblems assoc�atedw�th theweld�ngofsteel structures, together w�th poss�ble solut�ons form�n�m�s�ngcorros�on.
TN 1�-00 – Stainless Steels for Corrosive Environments
(AJo�ntpubl�cat�onw�thACA)Prov�desgu�danceontheselect�onofsta�nlesssteels
for d�fferent env�ronments.Austen�t�c, ferr�t�c andmartens�t�c sta�nlesssteelsaredescr�bed togetherw�ththevar�oustypesofcorros�veattack.Aspectsofweld�ngprocedure,des�gn,clean�ngandma�ntenancetom�n�m�secorros�onarecovered.
TN 1�-�� – Design and Construction of Welded Steel Bins
Wr�tten because of the w�dely expressed need forgu�danceonthedes�gnandfabr�cat�onofweldedsteelbulk sol�ds conta�ners, th�s Techn�cal Note gathersrelevant �nformat�on on funct�onal des�gn, wall loads,stressanalys�s,des�gnofweldedjo�ntsandthefabr�cat�on,erect�onand�nspect�onofsteelb�ns.Italsoconta�nsaverycomprehens�vereferencel�st toass�st �nafurtherunderstand�ngofth�sverybroadsubject.
TN 1�-�6 – Welding and Fabrication of Quenched and Tempered Steel
Prov�des�nformat�ononquenchedandtemperedsteelsgenerally ava�lable �nAustral�a and g�ves gu�danceon weld�ng processes, consumables and proceduresand on the propert�es and performance of weldedjo�nts.Informat�on�salsoprov�dedonother�mportantfabr�cat�on operat�ons such as flame cutt�ng, plasmacutt�ng,shear�ngandform�ng.
TN 16-�� – Welding Stainless SteelTh�sTechn�calNotecomplementsTechn�calNoteNumber13bydeta�l�ngvaluable�nformat�onontheweld�ngofmosttypesofsta�nlesssteelscommonlyused�n�ndustry.
TN 1�-�6 – Automation in Arc WeldingProv�des �nformat�on and gu�dance on all the �ssues�nvolved w�th automat�on �n arc weld�ng.The generalpr�nc�plesareappl�cabletoautomat�on�nanyfield.
TN 1�-�� – Welding of CastingsProv�des bas�c �nformat�on onweld�ng procedures fortheweld�ngprocessesused toweldand repa�r ferrousand non-ferrous cast�ngs. It also prov�des �nformat�onontherangeofalloysava�lableandbr�eflycoversnon-destruct�ve �nspect�on, on-s�te heat�ng methods andsafety.
TN 1�-�� – Cost Effective Quality management for Welding
Prov�desgu�del�nesontheappl�cat�onoftheAS / NZSISO9000ser�esofQual�tyStandardsw�th�ntheweld�ngandfabr�cat�on�ndustr�es.Gu�danceonthewr�t�ng,developmentand control of Weld�ng Procedures �s also g�ven.
TN 20-0� – repair of Steel PipelinesProv�desanoutl�neofmethodsofassessmentandrepa�rtoap�pel�newh�lstallow�ngcont�nu�tyofsupply.
TN 21-�� – Submerged Arc WeldingProv�des an �ntroduct�on to submerged arc weld�ngequ�pment,processvar�ables,consumables,proceduresandtechn�ques,character�st�cwelddefects,appl�cat�onsandl�m�tat�ons.Descr�besexerc�sestoexploretherangeofproceduresandtechn�quesw�ththeuseofsol�dw�re(s�ngleandmult�plearcs)andprov�desweld�ngpract�cesheets, wh�ch may be used by tra�nees as �nstruct�onsheetstosupplementdemonstrat�onsandclasswork,orasself-�nstruct�onun�ts.
TN 22-0� – Welding Electrical SafetyProv�des�nformat�onandgu�danceonweld�ngelectr�calsafety�ssues:weld�ngequ�pment,thehumanbodyandtheworkplace.
TN 2�-02 – Environmental Improvement Guidelines
Prov�des �nformat�on and gu�dance on how to reduceconsumpt�on�ntheWeld�ngandFabr�cat�on�ndustry,wh�lereduc�ngthe�mpactontheenv�ronmentatthesamet�me.
TN 2�-0� – Self-Assessment of Welding management and Coordination to AS/NZS ISO ���� and ISO 1���1 (CD-rOm only)
Prov�des�nstruct�onandgu�dancetoenableAustral�ancompan�esto:• Understandthea�msandappl�cat�onofthesequal�ty
standards• Apprec�ate the relevance and �mpl�cat�ons of these
standards• Conductaself-assessmentofqual�tyrequ�rements• Dev�seanact�onplantomeetthequal�tyrequ�rements• Obta�ncert�ficat�ontoAS / NZSISO3834 / ISO3834 /
EN729TheCDconta�nsacomprehens�vecheckl�stthataddresses
all theelementsofAS / NZSISO3834foranaud�torcert�ficat�onpurpose.TheCDalsoconta�nsusefulcheckl�stsforWeld�ngCoord�nat�onact�v�t�esandrespons�b�l�t�es.
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P A G E � � W T I A – T E C H N I C A L N O T E 1
TN 2�-0� – Welding management Plan and Audit Tool for Safe Cutting and Welding at NSW mines to mDG 2� (CD-rOm only)
W�llass�stm�n�ngcompan�es to �mplementaWeld�ngManagement Plan (WMP) compl�ant w�th MDG 25“Gu�del�ne for safe cutt�ng and weld�ng at m�nes” aspubl�shedbytheNSWDepartmentofM�neralResources.TheETT:• W�llass�st�nthedevelopment,�mplementat�onand
aud�t�ng of aWMP for safe cutt�ng and weld�ngoperat�ons�nm�nes
• Conta�ns a gener�cWMP that can be ed�ted andta�loredtosu�tyourpurpose
• Descr�bestheprocessestobeemployed,thestandardstobereferencedandthe�ssuestobeaddressed�nthedevelopmentofaWMP
• Conta�nsanAud�tToolthatcanbeusedtodevelopr�skassessmentforweld�ngandcutt�ng
• Conta�nsProcedures,WorkInstruct�onsandForms/Recordsforsafecutt�ngandweld�ngact�v�t�es thatcanbeadaptedasnecessaryforyourm�ne.
WTIA management SystemsMS01-TWM-01Total Welding Management System
Interact�veCD-ROMWelding Occupational Health, Safety & Rehabilitation Management SystemMS02-OHS-01OHS&RManagersHandbookMS03-OHS-01OHS&RProceduresMS04-OHS-01OHS&RWorkInstruct�onsMS05-OHS-01OHS&RFormsandRecords
FourExpertTechnologyTools�ncorporated�ntooneInteract�veCD-ROM
MS06-ENV-01Welding Environmental Management SystemInteract�veCD-ROM
WTIA Pocket GuidesThesehandys�zedPocketGu�desaredes�gnedtobeusedon a pract�cal day-to-day bas�s by weld�ng and otherpersonnel.
PG01-WD-01Weld Defects
W�llass�stWelders,Weld�ngSuperv�sorsandothers�nthe�dent�ficat�onanddetect�onofdefects,the�rcommoncauses,methodsofprevent�onand�nthe�rrepa�r.
PG02-SS-01Welding of Stainless Steel
A conc�se gu�de forWelders,Weld�ng Superv�sorstoweld�ngprocessesandproceduresforthefabr�cat�onofsta�nlesssteel�nclud�ngCodes,Standardsandspec�-ficat�ons,clean�ngandsurfacefin�sh�ng,goodweld�ngpract�ceandprecaut�ons.
Other Expert Technology ToolsContract review for Welding and Allied
Industries (CD-ROM only)Expla�ns how to rev�ew des�gn, construct�on, supply,�nstallat�on and ma�ntenance contracts �n the weld�ng�ndustry.Ithasbeendes�gnedforpr�vateandgovernmentorgan�sat�ons act�ng �n the capac�ty of a cl�ent or acontractororboth.
TheCDconta�nsmore than36checkl�sts cover�ngareassuchasstructures,pressureequ�pment,p�pel�nes,non-destruct�vetest�ngandprotect�vecoat�ngstovar�ousAustral�anStandards.
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