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Green Jobs
Cities Seminar on Green Employment
CITY OF CAPE TOWN CIVIC CENTRE8 OCTOBER 2009
Guy Preston
▲ Working for Water ▼ Working for Energy ▲Working for Wetlands
▼Working on Fire
THE THE WORKING FOR WATERWORKING FOR WATER
PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME
A multi-departmental initiative led by the Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on Roodeplaat Dam, near
Pretoria/Tshwane.
Water hyacinth on Roodeplaat Dam Alien plants were introduced
from continents such as
Australasia and South America.
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Chromolaena odorata(triffid weed –Asteraceae)
Infestation in HIP
Chromolaena
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Chromolaena could have engulfed the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park
within ten years:
► Little for animals to eat.
► No animals, no tourists.
► No tourists, no jobs.(Loss of 3,000 jobs.)
► Loss of R100 million + p.a.
► Devastating impact on local economy, in an impoverishedpart of
the country.
► The KwaZulu-Natal Cabinet committed over R1 billion over ten
years, in the KZN Invasive Alien Species Programme, addressing all
invasive speciesin partnership with the Workingfor Water
programme.
It’s not just the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park that is threatened
byChromolaena, however, but all lower-lying areas of KwaZulu-Natal
and adjacent provinces in South Africa, as well as Swaziland and
Mozambique.
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If we do not clear invasive alien plants …
Ukuvuka (2)
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The clearing of riparian areas alone between 1998 and 2006
increased yield by more than 30 million m3 or 40% of the yield of
the Berg River (Skuifraam) Dam, at an investment of only R116
million.
BERG RIVER DAMYield = 81million m3
@ R2.6 Billion Investment
The Working on Fire programme is providing work for almost 2,000
previously unemployed people. It too focuses upon the most
marginalized, although the high levels of fitness and discipline
necessary to fight wild fires meant that 95% of the fire-fighters
are “youth”.
The jobs that would have been lost, were it not for WoF, is the
more impressive figure.
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Ukuvuka (3)
11:25
11:35CLOSE UP
First Drop Bomber 8
11:50
2nd Drop bomber 17 11:53
First Drop
12:07
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12:15 12:18
Working for Woodlands Ukuvuka (2)
Carbon sequestration potential through restoration and land use
management
Degraded NaturalTotal rest.
cost Rest: JobsMngm cost
Mngm: Jobs CO2 seq
Ha Ha RmillPerson years Rmill
Person years Rmil
Eastern Cape 1,211,183 14,202,949 12,112 403,728 1,079 35,966
1,508 Free State 185,698 9,204,346 1,857 61,899 657 21,910 356
Gauteng 11,473 969,158 115 3,824 69 2,288 118 Kwa ZuluNatal 830 713
6 008 777 8 307 276 904 479 15 959 1 493Kwa-ZuluNatal 830,713
6,008,777 8,307 276,904 479 15,959 1,493 Limpopo 1,333,933
9,182,926 13,339 444,644 736 24,539 2,433 Mpumulanga 142,105
5,333,435 1,421 47,368 383 12,776 641 Northern Cape 653,919
35,548,505 6,539 217,973 2,534 84,472 1,067 North West 789,150
7,117,220 7,892 263,050 553 18,448 764 Western Cape 120,746
10,282,432 1,207 40,249 728 24,274 598
Total 5,278,920 97,849,748 52,789 1,759,640 7,219 240,634
8,978
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The Working for Wetlands ProgrammeZoar Wetland, Piet Retief (D.
Lindley)
The Working for Wetlands Programme
Penny Park Wetland, Kokstad (J. Dini)(149 hectares, ± 3 million
cubic metres)
95 wetlands (out of 114,000).2,000 people employed.
Working Wetlands: Water Quality
Nature’s kidneys
Working Wetlands: Disease Management
Nitrate poisoningSource: Dr Jan Myburgh
Endocrine disruptors
Diatom monitoring
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Working Wetlands: Water Quantity
Source: Professor Roland Schulze
Hely Hutchinson & Woodhead Dams on Table Mountain
Working for Energy
yy
… and Water
Automatic-flushing urinals
Hely Hutchinson Dam
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► Tariffs:
1. Escalating Block-rate Tariffs
2. Time-of-use Tariffs
► Demand-side Management:
3. Electricity Audits
4 Disincentives / Regulations
10-Point Plan:
4. Disincentives / Regulations
5. Incentives
6. Labour-intensive Conservation Measures
7. Billing, Advocacy and Communications
8. Pre-payment Metering
► Supply-side Management:
9. Consolidation of Mainstreamed Supply
10. Diversified Supply-side Options
Working for EnergyA. Supply-side Management:
Labour-intensive focus on the following:1. Biomass from invasive
alien plants and bush encroachment.2. Biogas generation from farm
waste.3. Biogas generation from municipal solid waste.4. Biogas
generation from municipal waste water.5. Biogas from household
waste.6. Provision of solar-heated water. 7. Run-of-river
generation of electricity.
B. Demand-side Management:
8. Audits, retrofits, incentives and advocacy. 9. Thermal
performance: Installation of ceilings (in houses of the poor).
Working for Energy programme component
Effective peak
demand reduction:
MW
Displaced electricity
over 3 years:
Accumu-lative GWh
Investment, capex + opex, 3 years
URV, at 6% discount over 20 years: With carbon
URVs expressed in terms of best option = 1R Million
R million
/MWBiomass from invasives / bush 135 968 78 0.5 0.80
3.097Biogas: farm waste 68 525 255 3.7 0.80 3.105Biogas: municipal
solid waste 33 254 154 4.7 0.87 3.379Biogas: municipal waste water
36 331 261 7.3 0.74 2.875Biogas: household waste 0.74 8 100 135.8
0.26 1.000gProvision of solar-heated water 9.2 48 159.5 17.3 0.71
2.739Run-of-river generation 90 578 430 4.8 0.46 1.775WfE:
Supply-side Management 372 2,712 1,427 174Audits, retrofits,
incentives, advocacy 1240 10544 4,340 3.5Thermal performance:
ceilings 22 229 808 37WfE: Demand-side Management 1,262 10,773
5,148 41Clean Development Management 61Total 1,634 13,485 6,663
215Medupi coal-fired power station 3,500 29,127 70,000 20 1.18
4.587Pebble Bed Mudular Reactor 165 1373 8,250 40 1.55 5.999
Demand-side
ManagementManagement
(Water and Electricity)
Mopani Water and Energy Conservation (“User-pays”) Savings
Water and Electricity Use Per Person Per Day
Winter: Litres N Mean KWh N MeanControl 124 707 844 148 2 929
630 4.65Experimental 30 416 798 38 1 797 798 2.25
% Saving: 74% 52%
Summer:Control 184 794 1186 156 8 403 1186 7.09Experimental 41
723 960 44 2 368 980 2.42
% Saving: 72% 66%
AVERAGE SAVINGS: WATER : 73% ELECTRICITY: 60%
Greater Hermanus Water Conservation Programme
12-Point Plan
1. An assurance-of-supply tariff2. An 11-point escalating
block-rate tariff3. Informative billing4 Intensive communication4.
Intensive communication5. Schools' audit6. The Hermanus Working for
Water project7. Retrofitting project8. Water-wise gardening9.
Water-wise food production10. National water by-laws11. Water loss
management12. Masekhane (Security / Pre-payment) Meter Project
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GREATER HERMANUS WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAMME
Year Litres Erven Litres/Erf Rainfall
1993/4 11 900 7 900 1 506 140 mm1994/5 12 075 8 200 1 473 120
mm1995/6 10 842 8 600 1 261 192 mm
Average 11 606 8 233 1 410 151 mm
1996/7 8 644 9 000 960 168 mm
Savings: 25,5% [9,3%] 31,9% [11,3%]
Low-flow showerheadsuse ¼ to ½ of water and electricity
used by conventional showerheads
Electricity generated by a Pebble-bed Reactor may cost more than
100 times the price
(without externalities) to save the same amount of electricityby
using compact fluorescent lamps.
Solar-heated Water
Kuyasa solar hot-water systems in Khayelitsha, Cape Town
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Preliminary estimate of total
utilisable biomass:
Biomass per year over 15
years:
Installed capacity:
Electricity generated at
75% op. time:
Value of electricity at 65c/kWh:
Value of carbon sales
at R100/tCO2
Total value
t t MW MWh Rmill Rmill RmillEastern Cape 22,713,750 1,514,250
144 946,406 615 95 710Free State 2,532,856 168,857 16 105,536 69 11
79Gauteng 355,418 23,695 2 14,809 10 1 11KwaZulu-Natal 7,056,731
470,449 45 294,030 191 29 221Mpumalanga 13,462,610 897,507 85
560,942 365 56 421
Electricity generation using invasive plant species and bush
encroachment
North-West 22,538,617 1,502,574 143 939,109 610 94 704Northern
Cape 19,822,231 1,321,482 126 825,926 537 83 619Limpopo 19,717,087
1,314,472 125 821,545 534 82 616Western Cape 5,393,102 359,540 34
224,713 146 22 169TOTAL 113,592,402 7,572,827 720 4,733,017 3,076
473 3,550
Creating 115 million persondays of work(for 50,000 people) per
year for 15 years
Water from trees!!Water
Management Area
Shortfall in 2000
Current losses due to
invasive alien trees
Potential future
losses due to invasive alien trees
Million m3 Million m3 Million m3 R1.4/m3 R6.9/m3 R1.4/m3
R6.9/m3
Limpopo 23 18 (78) 63 (274) 25 124 88 435
Economic value of water currently lost, in Rmill, for
various
values
Potential future loss in the economic
value of the water, in Rmill, for various
values
Levuhu/Letaba 36 11 (31) 67 (186) 15 76 94 462Olifants 194 69
(36) 133 (69) 97 476 186 918Inkomati 258 49 (19) 166 (64) 69 338
232 1,145Thukela 103 48 (47) 261 (253) 67 331 365
1,801Mvoti-Umzimkulu 241 126 (52) 420 (174) 176 869 588 2,898Lower
Orange 9 8 (89) 88 (978) 11 55 123 607Gouritz 63 23 (37) 79 (125)
32 159 111 545Olifants-Doring 35 5 (14) 52 (149) 7 35 73 359Berg 5
19 (380) 66 (1320) 27 131 92 455Total 967 376 (39) 1,395 (144) 526
2,594 1,953 9,626
Biogas from • Farm waste,
• Municipal solid waste• Municipal solid waste,• Municipal waste
water,
• Household waste
INTEGRATED SERVICES: YARD TANKS, SANITATION, WASTE, ENERGY &
WORK
Energy provision in rural areas using cattle manure!
310,000 rural households in SA have the technical capacity
to
generate energy from cow dung and human waste in
biogas digesters.
They can be energy independentindependent.
• They can save R325m per year in energy cost, or
• Generate R1,2 billion in value as LPG replacement.
• Generating 45 000 person years in job opportunities.
Working for Energy programme component
Effective peak
demand reduction:
MW
Displaced electricity
over 3 years:
Accumu-lative GWh
Investment, capex + opex, 3 years
URV, at 6% discount over 20 years: With carbon
URVs expressed in terms of best option = 1R Million
R million
/MWBiomass from invasives / bush 135 968 78 0.5 0.80
3.097Biogas: farm waste 68 525 255 3.7 0.80 3.105Biogas: municipal
solid waste 33 254 154 4.7 0.87 3.379Biogas: municipal waste water
36 331 261 7.3 0.74 2.875Biogas: household waste 0.74 8 100 135.8
0.26 1.000gProvision of solar-heated water 9.2 48 159.5 17.3 0.71
2.739Run-of-river generation 90 578 430 4.8 0.46 1.775WfE:
Supply-side Management 372 2,712 1,427 174Audits, retrofits,
incentives, advocacy 1240 10544 4,340 3.5Thermal performance:
ceilings 22 229 808 37WfE: Demand-side Management 1,262 10,773
5,148 41Clean Development Management 61Total 1,634 13,485 6,663
215Medupi coal-fired power station 3,500 29,127 70,000 20 1.18
4.587Pebble Bed Mudular Reactor 165 1373 8,250 40 1.55 5.999
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Ukuvuka (2)
Working for Woodlands (aligned with LandCare and the combating
of desertification) is a relatively new programme, employing just
over 1,000 people to rehabilitate degraded land.The programme has
enormous promise in payments for ecosystem services, wildlife-based
tourism, and carbon sequestration (including support for the Clean
Development Mechanism).
Carbon sequestration potential through restoration and land use
management
(over 15 years)
Degraded NaturalTotal rest.
cost Rest: JobsMngm cost
Mngm: Jobs CO2 seq
Ha Ha RmillPerson years Rmill
Person years Rmil
Eastern Cape 1,211,183 14,202,949 12,112 403,728 1,079 35,966
1,508 Free State 185,698 9,204,346 1,857 61,899 657 21,910 356Free
State 185,698 9,204,346 1,857 61,899 657 21,910 356 Gauteng 11,473
969,158 115 3,824 69 2,288 118 Kwa-ZuluNatal 830,713 6,008,777
8,307 276,904 479 15,959 1,493 Limpopo 1,333,933 9,182,926 13,339
444,644 736 24,539 2,433 Mpumulanga 142,105 5,333,435 1,421 47,368
383 12,776 641 Northern Cape 653,919 35,548,505 6,539 217,973 2,534
84,472 1,067 North West 789,150 7,117,220 7,892 263,050 553 18,448
764 Western Cape 120,746 10,282,432 1,207 40,249 728 24,274 598
Total 5,278,920 97,849,748 52,789 1,759,640 7,219 240,634
8,978
Payment for Ecosystem Services New York’s investment in Catskill
WatershedRisk of development, agricultural run-off, impervious
surfaces, wastewater.Invested US$1.3 billion to protect 830,000
hectares in Catskill catchment. 5 million m3 of naturally filtered
water to 9 million people in New York per day.Cost saving of US$8
billion for new filtration facility.Up to US$300 million savings
per year in Operational and Maintenance costs.
BaviaanskloofThe Baviaanskloof River and Kouga River feed the
Kouga Dam. About 100 million m3of water is spilled from the dam,
each year on average.
Through catchment management, including control of invasives and
repair work (which
Kouga Dam and “river”
brings in many additional benefits, including carbon credits),
it may be possible to reduce this spillage by 12% or more.
The repair of the system was well described by economist, Myles
Mander: “Feel the soil. If it is wet, you have a dam under your
feet.” Part of the benefit of this project is to restore the
water-retention and slow release functions of the ecosystem. It’s
like building a 12 million m3 dam.
The Working for Water programme is providing work for over
30,000 previously unemployed people (plus a further 5,000 workers
in its sibling KwaZulu-Natal Invasive Alien Species Programme). It
focuses upon opportunities for the most marginalized, including
women (target of 60% of wages), youth (40%) and the disabled (2%).
Social development foci have included childcare for the children of
workers, many of whom are single parents (this has now been
“mainstreamed”) ; sexual and reproductive health training; and, HIV
and AIDS peer support. Further employment is achieved through using
the biomass for value-added industries, including crafts,
furniture, charcoal and “Eco-coffins” (high quality coffins at low
prices, to reduce the cost of bereavement for the poor).
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And …
7. Advocacy
Fire ant
And …
7. Champions
(… Real Champions)
No You Can’t Yes We Can
7. Partnerships, including international partnerships
And …
West Nile Virus
Adjustable rate mortgages and the downturn in the
California housing market caused a 300% increase in notices of
delinquency in
Bakersfield, USA.
This led to large numbers of neglected swimming pools, which
were associated with
a 276% increase in the number of human West Nile
virus cases during the summer of 2007
Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile
Virus, California
(William K. Reisen, Richard M. Takahashi, Brian D. Carroll, and
Rob Quiring, in Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2008)
summer of 2007.
Aerial photograph of a representative Bakersfield, California,
neighbourhood taken during August 2007.
Red arrows indicate neglected or green swimming pools.
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West Nile VirusNeuro-invasive Disease Incidence, by County
1999
2000
2001 2002
2003 2004
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2005 2006