The Wars of the United States - samenews.org

Tkli IMllliiięjp VOL. XVI SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1924 No. 89

Tne Wars of the United States The Honorable John W. Weeks

Secretary of War

IN Didn't there The appeared Military Know That!", Engineer an article which for of attempted March-April, mine, entitled, to 1923, show "I there appeared an article of mine, entitled, "I Didn't Know That!", which attempted to show

a large number of the ways in which the Army has served and aided the country. In the conclud- ing passages of that document, I enumerated a list of the wars in which the United States has been en-

gaged ; foreign, civil, and Indian. This list was ab- stracted from Heitman's Register and somewhat ab- breviated for publication. So many requests have reached me, both directly and through the editor of The Military Engineer, for further information and elucidation of that list that I considered it worth while for the subject to be investigated fur- ther. Accordingly, that list was carefully analyzed and supplemented at my direction by an officer of the Department, in an attempt to show in detail how valuable the military establishment has been for the preservation of order at home, the protection of the rights of our citizens abroad, and the protection of the principles and liberties of the republic. It is hoped that the list which follows will furnish use- ful reference material to all citizens interested in

the subject. • • •

The preparation of a complete and correct list of wars is rendered difficult because any single defini- tion or standard will not cover all cases. There are actually two kinds of wars, international and civil wars. When international wars are formally de- clared and officially recognized as such, there is no question as to their character, as when Congress recognized that a state of war existed with Mexico in 1846, and when Congress voted the war with Spain. In each of these cases, hostilities antedated the declarations. In 1846, two battles were fought before the declaration; and in 1898, the President declared a blockade which Spain accepted as a dec- laration of war, and the war was by Congressional action actually dated back to the 21st of April.

This brings up the problem as to whether or not the real criterion is the occurrence of actual hos- tilities with a foreign government. For example, from 1798 to 1800, our navy conducted armed oper- ations against France and, in 1900, we sent a con- siderable expedition into China at the time of the Boxer Rebellion. Neither of these are commonly thought of as international wars, neither were offi-

cially considered by either of the governments as international wars. Yet the federal courts of the United States have considered them wars for the purposes of certain cases brought before them.

However, there are frequently armed hostilities which are not considered wars by the courts or by the nations involved. In 1914, we landed troops and occupied Vera Cruz and in 1916 we sent an armed expedition into Northern Mexico and, although the Mexican Government announced it considered these acts "nothing less than the initiation of war" they are not commonly so considered in spite of the casualties that resulted. The United States simply refused to take the Mexican "declaration" seriously and the state of peace legally continued. A similar incident occurred in 1919, when, in order to insure the safety of El Paso from stray bullets and shells, American forces crossed the border and defeated revolutionists attacking Juarez. Also, the numer- ous landings of naval forces "for the protection of American lives and property" should be considered in the list of wars. Their purpose is the same as that of wars. Their means of action is the same as that of wars. So long as they result in actual troop movements and landings, whether or not these re- sult in casualties, they constitute an invasion of the sovereignty of the other nation and the imposition of the will of the United States by means of armed force. This criterion is a good one, so long as we do not include mere threats, like the dispatching of 400 marines on the V. S. S. Pennsylvania toward the Coto region in 1921 to observe Panama's accept- ance of the results of the Loubert- White arbitration with Costa Rica. An international war in this list is, therefore, taken to include the use of armed force against or within the territories of another nation, except when such use is with the actual cooperation of the other nation, as were the activities of the A. E. F. in France against Germany.

To the list of wars would naturally be added such civil insurrections as attained large proportions and as resulted in the general government conferring upon the rebels the rights of belligerents, as in the Civil War. But what shall we say of civil insurrec- tions which do not attain those proportions? It has been said: "Whether the occurrences at Harpers Ferry, Va., on the 16th, 17th, and 18th days of Oc-

353

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354 Thg MIEta^ Erçpnegg Voi. xvi, No. 89 tober, 1859, are to be characterized as an insurrec- tion' within the meaning of the law is believed to depend largely upon the point of view." A federal arsenal was attacked by John Brown and his ad- herents with the view of establishing an independent government in the midst of the Appalachian Moun- tains. And, back in 1786 and 1787, there was an attack on the government arsenal at Springfield, Mass. So, it is perhaps safe to say that any direct, organized, armed attack on the federal government is an insurrection partaking of the nature of a war, for by such a distinction we can include the Whiskey Rebellion, Shay's Rebellion, and the like, and still exclude such phantasmagorical affairs as the march of Coxey's army.

Still other internal disturbances partake of some of the nature of insurrections in that they occasioned actual hostilities, either against those resident In- dians who have been called " domestic dependent nations" or against marauding bandits, Indian or Mexican, who threatened the peace and security of our frontiers. Although not formally declared as wars and although sometimes handled by state mili- tia raised under federal authority, these seem still to deserve the designation of wars.

Finally, we come to those civil disturbances of a distinctly internal nature, in which various illegal combinations of inhabitants set at defiance the local laws and authority. It would be a very intricate task to list all of these. Very many of them would be of such a minor nature as not to deserve mention alongside of more serious troubles. So, it appears that the proper basis of discrimination would be to list only those of such a serious nature that they could not be handled locally, that is, those for the suppression of which the local state officials were forced to request and did actually secure the as- sistance of federal troops.

There is but one final explanation to make. A single definition will not fit all cases. The use of fed- eral troops is a suitable criterion as regards domestic disturbances, for their use is a measure of the seri- ousness of the situation; but this same criterion will not apply to Indian wars. The protection of the frontiers seems a useful criterion; but there have been many border patrols who never saw a hostile Mexican acting as such. The War Department and the Navy Department award decorations for active service against enemies of the United States, which are very useful indications in this matter. For ex- ample, there is a War Department Mexican Border Service Medal which means nothing at all in connec- tion with hostilities ; but there is another Mexican Campaign Medal which is awarded those who were at Vera Cruz in 1914, or with Pershing in 1916, and also to those who were " present as members of a Mexican border patrol in proximity to an engage- ment which resulted in casualties among their own troop, battery, or detachment." Somewhat the same distinction holds for Indian campaigns, for the med- als for many of those are awarded "for service in any action against hostile Indians, in which there were killed or wounded on the side of the United States troops," when the individual was "actually present and participated in the engagement. ' ' How-

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Sept-Oct., 1924

ever, in addition to these, members of the military forces who participated in certain other operations were deemed to deserve service medals for assisting in guarding the borders of dangerous territory and restraining hostile Indian bands, even thcgigh no ac- tual hostilities occurred.

On account of the complexity of circumstances and the variety of cases, it has, therefore been de- termined to include the following types of incidents in the list of wars and to classify them accordingly :

I. Foreign Wars. II. Foreign hostilities without declaration of war.

III. Domestic disturbances which required the presence of federal troops.

IV. Indian Wars in which the armed power of the coun- try or of a state was invoked against hostile In- dians.

Such a list will, it is hoped, demonstrate in some measure the miscellaneous kinds of work the United

States Army and Navy have been called upon to do and will illustrate with a multitude of concrete ex-

amples how necessary and useful the armed forces of the United States have been for the independence, the integrity, and the maintenance of the country and its government, and the protection of its citizens and its rights abroad.

The following are the principal sources and ref- erences which have been consulted: Heitman's His-

torical Register and Dictionary of the TJnited States Army , Reuben Clark's Right to Protect Citizens by Landing Forces , Upton's Military Policy of the United States , Ganoe's History of the United States Army, Brady's Indian Fights and Fighters and Northwestern Fights and Fighters, Federal Aid in Domestic Disturbances (Senate Doc. 1922), and the Annual Reports of Secretaries of the Navy and of War.

I. FOREIGN WARS

1775-1783 The Revolution

April 19, 1775- April 11, 1783. 1801-1805 War with Tripoli

May 14, 1801 - June 4, 1805. Naval war with landing parties on the coast of North Africa, undertaken to termi- nate a yearly national tribute and the piratical capture of merchant vessels.

1812-1815 War with England

June 18, 1812 - February 17, 1815. American soil suc- cessfully invaded at Washington, Detroit, and Maine. Unsuccessfully, at Buffalo and New Orleans. Michigan and portions of Maine under continuous occupation of British troops. 1846-1848 War with Mexico

April 19, 1846 - May 30, 1848. Minor border difficulties with Mexico resulting in capture of Mexico City and in the invasion and cession of Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico. 1898 Spanish-American War

April 21, 1898 - December, 1898. Cuba: May 11, 1898- July 17, 1898. Porto Rico: July 24, 1898 - August 13, 1898. Philippine Islands: June 30, 1898 - August 16, 1898.

1917-1918 World War

April 6, 1917 - November 11, 1918. Operations in Si- beria, Northern Russia, France, and Northern Italy. The War Department also recognizes as a part of this war service rendered by military personnel in Siberia and Northern Russia after November 11, 1918.

II. FOREIGN HOSTILITIES

1798-1800 Limited War with France June 13, 1798- March 3, 1800. In an attempt to secure

consideration for neutral rights, the United States, by congressional enactments, stopped intercourse with France and issued orders to attack and capture French ships on the high seas. These orders were carried out. 1806 Sabine River

June, 1806. Threatened Spanish invasion of Louisiana averted by New Orleans and Missouri militia, and 6,000 regulars marched to the frontier by General Wilkinson. 1812 Amelia Island

March 14, 1812. American Expedition under General George Mathews invaded Spanish territory to suppress smuggling and the activities of pirates. 1817 Amelia Island

Freebooters on Spanish territory suppressed by U. S. Naval Forces.

1818 Florida (Second Seminole Indian War) General Jackson, with 1,800 regulars, volunteers and

Georgia Militia, and 1,500 friendly Indians invaded Flor- ida in April and May; they captured Pensacola, St. Marks and Fort Barrancas, all in Spanish territory and manned by Spanish troops. 1823 Cuban Pirates

In July, U . S. S. Gallinipper and Mosquito landed and captured pirates at Siquapa Bay, Cuba, and in the same month U. S. S. Greyhound and Beagle landed and de- stroyed Pirate Colony at Cape Cruz, Cuba. 1824 Porto Rico

November 12, 1824, Commodore Porter with U. S. S. Beagle , John Adams and Grampus , took forts and spiked guns at Foxardo, P. R. 1831 Falkland Islands

December, 1831. U. S. S. Lexington dispersed Argen- tine Colony and released three American schooners held for violation of Seamen Regulations. 1832 Sumatra

February 5, 1832, U. S. S. Potomac landed 250 seamen and marines, stormed the fort and burned part of the town as retaliation for the seizure of American schooner.

1836 Sabine River

April, 1836 - December 17, 1836. Regular troops and 10,000 militia, under General Gaines crossed into Mexico (Texas) to protect the national frontier. 1837-1838. Patriot War

November, 1837 - November, 1838. Regulars and militia used to suppress popular uprisings and unauthorized in- vasions of Canada from Western New York, Western Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan, which caused assem- bling of 700 patriots with 20 field pieces on Navy Island, Niagara River, the seizing and plundering of state and federal arsenals and the seizure of the American ship, Caroline , by 4,000 Canadian regulars and militiamen within American territory.

1840 Fiji Islands

July 12, 1840. U. S. S. Vincennes and Peacock landed men at Sualib Bay, and burned the town as retaliation for previous attack on American ship. Similar incident in the same month on M aiolo.

1841 Samoa

During a cruise through the South Seas, U . S. S. Pea- cock landed troops and burned native towns as retaliation for announced defiance of local leaders. 1851 Johanna Island Display of force in August by U. S. S . Dale with threat

of bombardment, demanding financial indemnity for de- tention of American whaling brig.

(Continued on page 415)

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Sept. -Oct., 1924

The Wars of the United States

(Continued from page 355) 1853-1854 Japan

On July 14, 1853, with a force of 400, and on March 18, 1854, with 500, Commodore Perry landed to deliver cre- dentials and demand the opening of Japanese, ports. 1854 Greytown, Nicaragua July 13, 1854, bombardment, landing of troops from

U. S. S. Cyane , and burning of town in retaliation for refusal to apologize and pay indemnities. 1854 Chinese Revolution

April 4, 1854, U. S. S. Plymouth cooperated with Eng- lish to attack Imperial Camp and insure protection of American property and citizens at Shanghai. 1855 Fiji Islands

U . S . S. John Adams landed parties, burned villages and fought natives to secure reparation for damages to American citizens and seamen.

1855 Uruguay Revolution

U . S. S. Germantown landed 100 marines in November to protect American consulate in Montevideo.

1856 Canton Barrier

November, 1856. U. S. S. Portsmouth and Levant landed 280 men who stormed the Canton Barrier forts

to enforce the negotiation of a commercial treaty and open up China to our trade. 1858 Jaffa and Egypt

Display of naval force along the coasts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor, to insure protection of American citizens and property. 1858 Uruguay Revolution

Marines landed at Montevideo to protect lives and prop- erty of foreign residents. 1858 Fiji Islands

U . S . S . Vandalia landed 40 men at Waya, who fought and defeated the natives in an attempt to retaliate for the murder of two American citizens.

1859 Shanghai

August, 1859. U. S. S. Mississippi landed men to pro- tect American consul and merchants during local disor- ders.

1859 San Juan Island

July 27, 1859 - August 30, 1859. Occupation and main- tenance of San Juan Island against threats of British local government and British fleet pending settlement of dispute as to ownership. 1860 Kisembo, Africa

Display of force and landing of 50 men by U. S. S . Marion , who actively frustrated revolutionary native at- tacks upon American property in March. 1860 Panama

September 27, 1860. U. S . S. St. Mary1 s landed men to protect foreigners and railroad in conjunction with British Forces.

1863 Japan

In July, U . S. S. Wyoming attacked fleet of the Prince of Nagato at Shimonoseki Straits in retaliation for closing the straits to an American steamer.

1864 Mexican Border

January 12-13, 1864. General Herron sent four com- panies of the 20th Wisconsin Infantry across the frontier to protect and remove to safety U. S. consul and family at Matamoras, Mexico, during the Juarez Revolution. 1864 Japan

September 4-8, 1864. American squadron, in conjunc- tion with French, British and Dutch, bombarded and de- stroyed batteries closing the Straits of Shimonoseki.

1867 Formosa U. S . S. Hartford landed 181 men, pursued native sav-

ages and burned huts in retaliation for mistreatment of shipwrecked American sailors. 1868 Uruguay

On February 7 and 19, naval forces landed to protect foreign residents and custom-house during local dis- turbances.

1868 Japan Naval forces landed at Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Nee- gata to protect American interests during local disturb- ances.

1871 Korea

June 9-10, 1871. Naval force under Rear Admiral Rodgers attacked Koreans, took and destroyed forts, cap- tured battle flags and artillery and inflicted 240 casualties in retaliation for mistreatment of Americans.

1874 Honolulu

February 12, 1874. U. S. S. Tuscarora and Ports- mouth landed 150 men to put down local insurrections. 1876 Mexico

May, 1876. American naval forces landed at Matamoras, Mexico, to preserve order, pending the arrival of regu- lar government forces after evacuation by revolutionists. 1882 Egypt

July 14, 1882. U. S. S. Lancaster landed 129 sailors and marines at Alexandria, Egypt, after the English bombardment, in order to protect American property dur- ing the riots and to extinguish fires. 1888 Haiti

December 20, 1888. Display of force by U. S. S. Galena and Y antic to secure return of American vessel seized for breach of Haitian blockade.

1888 Korea

June. Display of force at Seoul by 25 men from U. S. S. Essex for protection of American citizens. 1888 Samoa

Landing of naval forces at Tamasese in conjunction with Germans to suppress insurrections. 1891 Navassa Island

May. Marines from U. S. S. Kearsage landed to pro- tect American lives and property under Guano Islands. Act of 1856.

1891 Chile

August 28-30, 1891. Marines landed at Valparaiso to protect American consulate during the capture of the city and disturbances incident to revolution.

1893 Hawaii

Marines from U. S. S . Boston landed to protect Amer- ican lives and property during disturbances incident to deposition of the Queen. 1893 Brazil

December. Admiral Benham exchanged shots with Brazilian ship in connection with an attempt to keep open the Port of Rio de Janeiro during naval revolt. 1894 Korea

June, 1894. U. S . S. Baltimore landed 50 men to pro- tect legation at Seoul. 1899 Nicaragua

Naval force landed at Bluefields to protect American lives and property during local revolution. 1899 Samoa

U. S. S. Philadelphia landed 60 men to break up native camp, and engaged in active hostilities.

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416 Vol. XVI, No. 89

1900-01 Boxer Rebellion

June 20, 1900 - May 27, 1901. American army and navy forces landed in China, marched to Peking and engaged in open hostilities with anti-foreign insurgents. 1903 Panama

Display of force by U. S. naval detachment in connec- tion with local revolution.

1903 Dominican Republic

April 1, 1903. U. S. S. Atlanta landed 29 marines to protect American interests during local disturbances. 1904 Dominican Republic

January. U. S. S. Detroit landed forces who took up positions to protect Puerto Plata against revolutionists. 1906-09 Cuban Pacification

October 6, 1906 - April, 1909. Occupation of Cuba, restoration of order and supervision of government in accordance with provisions of the Piatt Amendment. 1907 Honduras

March. Naval forces landed Consulate Guard to pro- tect American interest during Honduran-Nicaraguan War.

1910 Nicaragua

May, 1910. U. S. S . Paducah landed 100 men to pro- tect American lives and property during revolution. 1910 Honduras

January. Landing of troops at Amapala and Puerto Cortes to protect American property during the revolution. 1911-1917 Mexican Border

Minor engagements and raids on frontier frustrated by regular troops at various times and at scattered places along the border. 1912 Nicaragua

In the late summer American troops landed to protect railway property and assist government in putting down revolution. The American forces totaled 2,600, of whom all but a legation guard of 400 were withdrawn in October. 1914 Mexico

April 24, 1914 - November 26, 1914. Landing of Amer- ican naval forces and occupation by regular army troops at Vera Cruz. "It would be difficult to explain the land- ing of our army in Vera Cruz by force, as anything but an act of war to punish the government of Huerta in Mexico for its refusal to render what was deemed by President Wilson as a proper apology for a violation of our international rights in the arrest of some of our sailors."

1914 Nicaragua American forces landed at Bluefields on August 14 to

protect the government and keep it in power against revolutionists.

1914 Santo Domingo In October and in November, American forces trans-

ferred from Cuba to supervise elections and to quell riots growing out of the election. 1914-1915 Haiti

July 29, 1914. American marines landed at Port-au- Prince to protect legation, seized the barracks, a Haitian gunboat and a fort dominating the town, and supervised succeeding elections. On September 4, 1915, American admiral proclaimed martial law. On September 16, 1915, Haitian Government signed a treaty admitting an Ameri- can protectorate. 1916 Dominican Republic November. Landing of American naval forces and

proclamation of military occupation during local revolu- tionary disturbances.

1916 Mexico

March 14, 1916 - February 7, 1917. Punitive expedi- tion into Mexican territory in retaliation for armed raid upon Columbus, New Mexico. 1917 Mexico

Military operations near Buena Vista, Mexico, Decem- ber 1, 1917, and in San Bernadino Canyon, Mexico, De- cember 26, 1917.

1918 Mexico

Military operations to maintain security of border near La Grulla, Texas, January 8-9, 1918; at Pillares, Mexico, March 28, 1918; and at Nogales, Arizona, August 27, 1918. 1919 Mexico

June 15-16, 1919. Army expedition from El Paso, Texas, to prevent injury to American citizens, crossed the border, fought and defeated revolutionary Mexicans attacking the City of Juarez. 1924 Honduras

March. Sailors and marines from U.S. S . Denver , Lardner , and Billingsley , landed at La Ceiba, Honduras, to protect consul, American property, and American citizens concentrated in consular comp: und during looking, in- cendiarism, and fighting incident to a revolution. Later, a force of 167 marched to the capital, 100 miles inland for the same purpose.

III. DOMESTIC TROUBLES

1782-1788 Wyoming Valley Disturbances

Rivalry and violence between settlers in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, from Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Militia sent to quell disturbances got out of hand, rebelled, and had to be subdued by a regiment of soldiers from Phila- delphia. Regular war between Connecticut and Pennsyl- vania barely averted. 1786-1787 Shay's Rebellion

December 5, 1786 - January 27, 1787. Insurgents cap- tured Worcester and Springfield, Mass. Congress voted 1,000 troops and 5,000 militia. General Benjamin Lincoln dispersed the rebels, attacking Springfield Arsenal. 1791-1794 Whiskey Rebellion March, 1791 - October 25, 1794. Resistance to col-

lection of excise taxes in Pennsylvania, including an at- tack on Pittsburgh, by 7,000 organized insurgents, sup- pressed by 15,000 militia from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, under the personal command of President Washington and General Harry Lee.

1799 Fries Insurrection March 7, 1799 - May 12, 1799. Resistance to valua-

tion of taxable property, resulting in a sharp engagement at Bethlehem, Pa., suppressed by 1,000 militia called to the scene by presidential proclamation. 1806-1807 Burr Conspiracy

October 8, 1806 - January 15, 1807. Organized popular attempts with armed men and boats to sever the union, invade Mexico and set up an Inland Empire, frustrated by general instructions and activities of regulars and militia in the Lower Mississippi Valley.

1808 Lake Champlain Embargo

May 5, 1808 - August 3, 1808. Resistance to stoppage of trade with Canada, including skirmishes and expedi- tions against smugglers at Winooski river and Windmill Point, put down with the aid of federal troops. 1831 Negro Insurrection

At various times during the year, federal troops were used at Newberne, N. C.; at New Orleans, La., and at Norfolk, Va., to allay disturbances and preserve order.

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Sept.-Oct-, 1924

1832-1833 South Carolina Nullification

December 10, 1832 - February 28, 1833. Regular troops at Fort Moultrie and the Citadel, Charleston, S. C., or- dered out to oppose 12,000 state volunteers called by the Governor of South Carolina "to maintain the supremacy of the laws of the state."

1833 Cherokee Lands

Three companies of the 4th Infantry ordered to Fort Mitchell, Ala., to remove illegal introducers on the Chero- kee lands under the instructions of the district attorney of Alabama.

1835-1836 "Toledo War"

Ohio and Michigan boundary dispute, involving loca- tion of line and particularly jurisdiction over city of Toledo. Ohio state militia and Michigan territory militia called out. Surveying parties captured. Controversy set- tled by federal interference. 1838 Mormon Disturbances in Missouri

Mormon settlers in Western Missouri occasionally mobbed or tarred and feathered by citizens, organized a resistance and were suppressed by force. In 1838, roving bands of Mormons committing depredations against in- habitants resisted sheriff's processes ; Governor Boggs called out the militia and open hostilities resulted. After a severe skirmish at Haugh's Mill, Caldwell County, the Mormons were forced out of the state except their lead- ers, who were held for trial. 1839 Iowa Boundary Dispute

Rival claims of Iowa and Missouri over territorial juris- diction and ownership resulted in calling of militia who were later recognized and paid by the federal government as having been in federal service. 1851-1858 Mormon Rebellion

Uprisings and defiance of federal authority by Brigham Young, including the capture and burning of U. S. Forts Bridger and Supply, finally suppressed in 1857-1858 by a column of one regiment of dragoons, two regiments of infantry and one battery of field artillery ordered from Fort Leavenworth under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston. Later supplemented by one regiment of cavalry, two regi- ments of infantry, and two batteries of field artillery.

1854 Burns' Riots, Boston

May 27, 1854. Regular troops from Fort Independence and marines and sailors from Charlestown Navy Yard employed in Boston to protect U. S. marshal in enforce- ment of fugitive slave laws. 1855-1857 Anti-slavery Riots in Kansas

December 3, 1855- October, 1857. Federal troops from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley employed at Lawrence, Kansas, and in various collisions with rioters at Osawa- tomie (John Brown), Black Jack and LeCompton to sup- press disorders created by Kansans and Missourians. 1859 John Brown's Raid October 16-18, 1859. Attack and capture of U. S. Ar-

senal at Harpers Ferry, W. Va., put down by federal forces from New York Harbor, Washington Navy Yard and Fort Monroe.

1859 Provo Disturbances

March 6, 1859 - May 6, 1859. Detachments of the 7th Infantry and 10th Infantry sent to Provo, Utah, to assist federal judge and marshal in putting down popu- lar disturbances arising out of arrest of organized thieves and murderers.

1861-1865 The Civil War

April 15, 1861- April 9, 1865. 1866 Fenian Raid

June, 1866. Irish- Americans, irregularly organized,

planning a raid on Canada, collected at Buffalo, Ogden- burg, and Malone, N. Y., and St. Albans, Vt., stopped and turned back by federal troops who seized their arms and ammunition.

1866 New Orleans Riots

July 30, 1866. Federal troops from Jackson Barracks employed to suppress disorders and rioting. 1871-1872 New Orleans Riots

August 9, 1871 - December 14, 1872. Threats of mob violence in connection with political campaigns frus- trated three times in 18 months by the prompt use of federal troops.

1874 Arkansas Riots

April 15, 1874 - November. Troops of the 16th Infan- try used to protect federal property and arms, and to maintain order during unsettled political condition and a near-rebellion at Little Rock, Ark. 1874-1875 New Orleans Riots

September 14, 1874 - January 4, 1875. Violent attempts to overthrow the government of Louisiana frustrated by the employment of federal troops under General Emory and General Sheridan.

1877 Labor Strikes

Federal troops used at various places throughout the country to maintain order during labor strikes in West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and various other states.

1878 New Mexican Disorders

Wandering renegades and outlaws suppressed in Lin- coln County, New Mexico, by federal troops employed at the request of the Governor under a presidential procla- mation of October 7, 1878.

1885 Chinese Disturbances in Wyoming

September 2, 1885 - September 9, 1885. At the request of the Governor of the State, companies of the 9th In- fantry protected victims of racial and labor rioting at Evanston and Rock Springs.

1886 Chinese Riots in Seattle

February 7 - August 19, 1886. Eight companies of reg- ulars from Vancouver Barracks took over the city of Seattle to maintain order, following a series of anti- Chinese riots which local and state authorities had been unable to repress.

1892 Coeur d'Alene

July. Troops from Fort Missoula and Fort Sherman ordered to Northern Idaho to suppress violence and pro- tect property during mining strikes in the vicinity of Wardner.

1894 Railroad Strikes

Federal troops called out to enforce injunctions of fed- eral courts, suppress riots, and restore order in Chicago, 111.; Hammond, Ind.; Sacramento, Calif., and in Idaho, New Mexico, and Oklahoma.

1896 Santa Teresa Fanatics

August 12, 1896- August 24, 1896. Filibuster Yaqui Indian raiding party which attacked Mexican custom- house at Nogales, Mexico, resulted in serious disturbances in which United States cavalry and infantry detachments ordered to the locality put an end to the trouble.

1899 Coeur d'Alene April-May, 1899. Violence by armed miners in Sho-

shone County, Idaho, causęd State Governor to call for federal troops who put down disturbances and enforced the orders of legitimate authority.

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418 ®1^1ШШ1^3ЕЬ|рШ^ Vol. XVI, No. 89 1899-1902 Philippine Insurrection

February 4, 1899 - July 4, 1902. 1899-1904 Moro Insurrection in Mindanao

February 9, 1899 - December 31, 1904. 1905 Philippine Islands

April and May, 1905. Pala Expedition, Jolo, P. I. 1905 Philippine Islands

October, 1905. Datu Ali Expedition, Mindanao, P. I. 1906 Philippine Islands

March, 1906. Moro Expedition, Mount Bud-Da jo, Jolo, P. I.

1907 Alaska Mining Troubles

March and April, 1907. Garrison from Fort William H. Seward sent to Treadwell mines, on request of Acting Governor, to repress imminent disturbances. 1907-1908 Goldfield Strikes

December 5, 1907 - March 7, 1908. Upon requisition of the Governor of Nevada, nine companies of regular in- fantry sent to Goldfield, to suppress disorder and protect life and property. 1910-1913 Philippine Islands

Minor Moro Expeditions.

1913 Philippine Islands

January - July, 1913. Moro Expedition, Mount Bagsac, Jolo, P. I. 1914-1915 Colorado Mining Strikes

April 29, 1914 - January, 1915. At the request of the Governor, 1,700 federal troops ordered to Ludlow and the Trinidad district to disarm rioters and restore order.

1914-1915 Arkansas

November 4, 1914 - February 15, 1915. Squadron of the 5th Cavalry called out and stationed at Prairie Creek, Ark., to enforce processes of federal courts and protect property in custody of their courts. 1918 Race and Labor Troubles

July to November. Mining and railway strikes in Ari- zona, Georgia, and Missouri, and race riots at Winston- Salem, N. C. 1919 Race and Labor Troubles

Shipyard, mining, steel strikes in Washington, Montana, Arizona, Georgia, Indiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Wyoming, Utah, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Louisiana, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Race riots in Charleston S. C.; Washing- ton, D. C.; Elaine, Ark., and Omaha, Nebr. 1920 Domestic Disturbances

Race troubles in Dumas, Ark. (January), and Lexing- ton, Ky. (February) ; maintenance of order at Montes- sano, Wash. (February) ; and strike duty in Butte, Mont. (April) . 1921 West Virginia Mining Troubles

August 31, 1921. Federal troops to the number of 2,000 employed to secure acquiescence in federal proclamation issued at request of State Governor during violence result- ing from miners' strike.

IV. INDIAN WARS

"Service in Indian campaigns, though little calculated to excite the military ardor of the soldier, is attended by equal hazard, and even by greater privation than belongs to warfare with a civilized foe." (Report of Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War, for 1855, p. 5.) Í 790-1795 Northwest Indians

September 30, 1790 - August 3, 1795. Harmar's Expe- dition against Miami Village, Ohio, with 320 regulars

and 1,133 militiamen, October 22, 1790; St. Clair's Expe- dition against the Miami Village, Ohio, with 1,400 regu- lars and militia, November 4, 1791 (both unsuccessful) ; and Wayne's Expedition with 2,643 legionaires and 1,100 Kentucky volunteers, September, 1793-August 20, 1794. 1811-1813 Northwest Indians

September 11, 1811 - November 18, 1813. General Har- rison defeated the Confederate Tribes at Tippecanoe, In- diana. Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of Thames Oc- tober 5, 1813, where the Indians, about 1,200 in number, reinforced with 356 British troops, were defeated by about 7,000 Americans.

1812 Florida War (First Seminole) August 15 - October, 1812. General Newman supported

by Georgia militia defeated Seminole Indians under King Payne, invading Spanish Florida for that purpose. 1813-1814 Creek Indian War

July 27, 1813 - August 9, 1814. 15,000 militiamen and regulars used to suppress Creek Indians, supplied with arms and ammunition by the British in Southern Ala- bama.

1823 Blackfeet Expeditions

Campaign against the Blackfeet and Arickaree Indians on the upper Missouri river (700 miles above Council Bluffs), carried on successfully amid Arickaree towns on August 9-11, 1823, by six companies of the 6th Infantry. 1827 Winnebago Expedition

June - September, 1827. Operations in Wisconsin known as the La Fevre Indian War.

1832 Black Hawk War

April 26, 1832 - September 30, 1832. In June and July, General Atkinson, with 1,500 regulars and 3,000 militia from Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, suppressed hostile tribes and put an end to the aggressions of the Sac and Fox Indians.

1835-1842 Florida War (Third Seminole) Commenced with the massacre of Major Dade's com-

mand December 28, 1835. Last severe battle at Okee- chobee in December, 1837. 1836-1838 Creek Indian War

May 18, 1836 - June 21, 1836. Regular troops and 10,- 351 militia and volunteers under Generals Scott and Jesup called out against Indians invading Georgia, under Chat- tahooche River, who submitted to General Jesup with 2,300 militia in federal service. 1836-1838 Cherokee Indians

No active hostilities. Regular troops and 9,494 militia and volunteers employed to enforce the emigration of the Cherokees west of the Mississippl.

1838-1842 Florida Campaigns

May 15, 1838 - August 14, 1842. Continuous campaigns against small bands of Seminole Indians by regulars and volunteers.

1849-1861 Texas Indians

Practically continuous operations in Texas against Comanche, Cheyenne, Lipan, ąnd Kickapoo Indians, con- ducted by small detachments of U. S. troops. 1849-1861 Navajo Operations

Practically continuous operations against Navajo In- dians in New Mexico, conducted by small detachments of U. S. troops. 1850 Pitt River Expedition

April 28, 1850 - September 13, 1850. Operations by 1st Dragoons, 3rd Artillery, and 2nd Infantry against In- dians in California, with engagements at Clear Lake and Pitt River on May 9th and July 5th.

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Sept.-Oct., 1924 WW

1851-1852 Yuma Expedition

December, 1851 - April, 1852. Expedition by detach- ments of the 1st Dragoons, including an engagement on the east bank of the Colorado river, Calif., near Camp Yuma, on March 5, 1852. 1851-1856 Rogue River War

June 17, 1851 - May 28, 1856. Operations against In- dians in the Rogue River district of Oregon by detach- ments of the 1st Dragoons, 4th Infantry, and 3rd Artillery, including engagements in 1851, 1853, 1855, and 1856, near Jacksonville, Illinois River, Hungry Hill, and Big Bend. 1851-1853 Utah Indians

Uprising of hostile Indians fostered by Morman oppo- nents, continuing with desultory operations until finally merged with more extensive Mormon Rebellion and put down by Johnston's expedition of 1857-1858. 1855 Winnas Expedition

May 24, 1855 - September 8, 1855. Operations against the Snake Indians in Oregon. 1855 Nebraska Sioux Expedition

April 3, 1855 - July 27, 1856. Expedition against Sioux to punish hostile Indians for attack on U. S. troops and to protect emigrant routes, included engagement at Blue Water (Ash Hollow), Nebr., September 3, 1885, conducted by 2nd Dragoons and 4th and 10th Infantries. 1855 Mezcalero Apache Expedition

Depredations, murders and cattle thieving by Mezcalero Apache Indians in New Mexico required the despatching of two separate detachments of the 1st Dragoons to pursue and punish them in the months of January and February. 1855-1856 Yakima Expedition

October 11, 1855 - November 24, 1855. Major Raines' operations against hostile Yakima, Klikitat, and other In- dians, conducted by a small force of regulars and of Oregon volunteers in Washington Territory. 1857 Cheyenne Expedition

May 18, 1857 - September 16, 1857. Operations by 1st Cavalry on the Arkansas river in Kansas, against hostile Cheyenne Indians, including the battle of Solomon's Fork. 1857 Minnesota Sioux Uprisings

March 19, 1857 - April 9, 1857. Hunting Indians aroused against settlers committed depredations and were punished by United States troops from Fort Ridgely and Fort Snelling in Minnesota and Iowa. 1857-1858 Florida Engagements

November 21, 1857 - May 8, 1858. Operations against hostile Florida Seminole and Tallahassee Indians con-

ducted principally by small detachments of regulars, aided by drafts of volunteers, which resulted in several skirm- ishes and ended in the agreement of the Indians to emi- grate.

1857 Gila Expedition

April 15, 1857 - September 16, 1857. Operations in the Gila river country, Arizona, and New Mexico, by detach- ments of the 1st Dragoons, Mounted Riflemen, and 3rd and 8th Infantry regiments, including one major engage- ment at Gila River, N. M., June 27, 1857. 1858-1859 Wichita Expedition

September 29, 1858 - October 11, 1858, and later. Fol- lowing serious outbreaks and depredations on the part of the Comanche and Kiowa Indians, an expedition under Major Van Dorn, consisting principally of the 2nd Cavalry, pursued and punished them severely at Wichita Village, I. T., October 1, 1858, and in Nesen tungo Valley, May 13, 1859.

1858

Spokane, Coeur d'Alene, and Pelouse Expedition May 6, 1858 - September 30, 1858. After preliminary

engagement near Spokane Lake, expedition from Fort Walla Walla, consisting of 9th Infantry, 3rd Artillery, and 1st Dragoons, crossed the Snake river in pursuit of hostile Indians who were defeated at Four Lakes and Spokane Plains.

1858 Navajo Expedition

July 8, 1858- November 18, 1858. Following serious outbreaks two columns of mounted riflemen and 3d and 8th Infantry operated against Navajo Indians in New Mexico.

1859 Bear River-Humboldt Expedition June 12, 1859 - October 18, 1859. Detachments of 2nd

Dragoons and 7th Infantry, later consolidated with other smaller detachments, proceeded westwards from Salt Lake City and took up appropriate positions to assist in pro- tection of emigrant trains, which resulted in slight skirmishes with Indians. 1859-1864

Humboldt County Troubles in California

Practically continuous operations against the Humboldt County Indians in California, which necessitated the use of California volunteers, infantry and cavalry, and were only repressed on July 10, 1864. 1859 Attacks on Comanches

February 23, 1859- February 28, 1859. Detachments of the 1st Cavalry and 1st Infantry conducted success- ful engagements against Comanche Indian marauders near Ft. Arbucke, I. T. 1859 Colorado River Expedition

January 4, 1859- April 23, 1859. Four companies of the 6th Infantry sent to establish a protecting post at Beale's Crossing, defeated hostile Moj ave Indians, and finally concluded a peace with them. 1859 Pecos Expedition

April 16, 1859- August 17, 1859. Operations by the 2nd Cavalry against hostile Indians in Texas. 1859 Antelope Hills

June 10, 1859- September 23, 1859. Operations against hostile Indians in Texas.

1859-1860 Cortina Troubles

Border operations by 2nd Cavalry and 3rd Artillery, in- cluding affrays at The Ebonel (near Brownsville, Tex.,) on December 13-14, and at Ringgold Barracks, Rio Grande City, on December 27. 1860 Pah-Ute Expedition

April 12, 1860 - July 9, 1860. Massacres in Carson Valley, Utah, caused the organization of a considerable expedition which pursued, attacked, punished, and dis- persed the hostile Indians. 1860 Kiowa and Comanche Expedition

May 8, 1860 - October 11. Pursuit of marauding bands of Indians in the headwaters of the Arkansas and Cana- dian rivers, resulting in a serious engagement in the head- waters of the Republican Fork of the Kansas river which dispersed the hostile tribes. 1860-1861 Navajo Operations ^

April 30, 1860 - September 12, 1860, to February 24, 1861. Various raids by Navajo Indians in New Mexico finally put to a stop by successive expeditions against them.

1860 Snake River Indians

Continuing operations against hostile tribes in Idaho and Oregon, resulting in several severe engagements and attacks on emigrants.

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420 Tfs^MnMa^jE^g^^ Vol. XVI, No. 89 1862 New Ulm Massacre

August 17, 1862 - August 23, 1862. Massacre of in- habitants by Indians at New Ulm, Minnesota. 1863 Navajo Operations in New Mexico

July 21, 1863 - December^ 1863. Murders and depreda- tions, committed by Navajo Indians in New Mexico in spring of 1863, resulted in active operations under the leadership of Colonel Carson and Colonel Chavez, which gradually reduced the hostility of the Indians. 1865-1868 Northwestern Indian Campaigns

Operations against hostile Indians in Southern Oregon, Idaho, Northern California, and Nevada. 1864-1865 Sioux and Cheyennes

July 28, 1864 - October 28, 1865. Operations opened after a series of scattered depredations, with a battle on Knife river, Colorado, which General Sully fought July 28, 1864. Troops were immediately mustered into service to combat the Indians, and a systematic campaign carried out which ended in the signing of a treaty on October 28, 1865.

1865-1867 Ute Indians

Depredations in Utah, by marauding Indians under the leadership of Black Hawk, were resisted by local organi- zations and the use of California militia and that formed in the Territory of Utah, and were finally put down after three years of active operations. 1866-1869

Cheyenne Campaigns Against the Railway

Devastating raids by Cheyennes in Western Kansas who went on the war-path to resist the advance of the railway, culminating in 1868, led to the sending of aņ expedition headed by specially selected scouts under General For- sythe. After opening clash of scouts on Beecher's Island, Arickaree river (September 15, 1868), and the battles of Beaver Creek (October 18, 1868), (October 25-26, 1868), the Cheyennes were temporarily driven out of Kansas. 1866-1867 Powder River Expedition

May 19, 1866 - August 2, 1867. General Carrington with 700 members of 18th (27th) Infantry left Fort Kearney (Nebr.) to move Ft. Reno westward on the Bozeman (Wyoming-Montana) trail and establish it on the Powder river as Fort Phil Kearny. One serious massacre and raids by Sioux culminated in concerted attacks on Fort Phil Kearny and on Piney Island, in which Sioux were decisively beaten. 1867-1881 Southwestern Indian Troubles

Practically continuous operations in Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico against Lipan, Kiowa, Kickapoo, and Co- manche Indians and attached border protection, conducted by small detachments of United States troops. 1868 Custer's Washita Expedition

November 23 1868 - November 27, 1868. General Cus- ter and the 7th Cavalry made a winter expedition from Fort Supply, Indian Territory, against Black Kettle and winter headquarters of the Kiowas, Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Comanches, and wondering Apaches, where he delivered a decisive blow on the Washita river.

1868-1869 Canadian River Expedition

November 5, 1868- February 13, 1869. Indian opera- tions in New Mexico by a few regulars and by the newly raised, equipped, and trained 19th Kansas, in conjunc- tion with General Carr's column and General Custer's Washita expedition, resulting in the submission of the Arapahoes. 1867-1869 Indian Expeditions

Intermittent fighting with Indian tribes of the Chey- ennes, Arapahoes, and Comanches in Kansas, Colorado,

and Indian Territory, who resisted the westward advance of railroad construction, including General Carr's Sum- mitt Springs expedition in 1869 and General Forsyth's Arickaree expedition in 1869.

1869 Carr's Summit Springs Expedition

In July, 1869, General Carr, with the 5th Cavalry, guided by "Buffalo Bill," marched 140 miles in 4 days, and attacked and surprised the camp of Tall Bull at Summit Springs, Colo., routing the Sioux and Cheyennes there en- camped.

1872 Yellowstone Expedition

July 26, 1872 - October 15, 1872. Operations by detach- ments from 8th, 17th, and 22nd Infantry, with the aid of Indian scouts.

1872-1873 Modoc Campaign

November 28, 1872 - June 1, 1873. Modoc Indians left reservation, resisted successive attempts to return them, slaughtered officers conferring with them under flag of truce, and finally overcome by an expedition of over 1,000 troops operating in Oregon lava beds, who moved Modocs to Kansas and punished their leaders.

1873 Yellowstone Campaign

General Stanley, with Custer and the 7th Cavalry, pro- ceeded across the Bad Lands and engaged in skirmishes with the Indians, notably the Battle of Yellowstone River, near Big Horn, Mont., August 11, 1873.

1874 Sioux Expedition

February 13, 1874 - August 19, 1874. Operations against Sioux Indians in Wyoming and Nebraska. 1874-1875 Kiowa-Cheyenee-Comanche Indian Territory Campaign

August, 1874 - February 16, 1875. Four expeditions in- cluding infantry, cavalry, artillery, and scouts, operating in Kansas, New Mexico, Indian Territory, and Colorado cleared up hostile Indians in neighborhood of Red river, Canadian river, and Little Colorado river.

1876 Crook's Sioux Campaign

May 29, 1876 - June 17, 1876. After Reynold's abortive attempt on the Crazy Horse village on the Powder river (March 17), General Crook, with 900 cavalry (3rd and 2nd) and 300 infantry (9th and 4th), set out from Fort Fetterman, Wyo., against the Sioux across the Tongue river. The expedition culminated in the fierce but incon- clusive battle of the Rosebud, after which the expedition retired to Fort Fetterman.

1876 Custer's Little Big Horn Campaign

May 17, 1876 - June 25-26, 1876. Expedition from Fort Lincoln, consisting of 600 of the 7th Cavalry, joined General Terry, and later detached for reconnaissance on the Rosebud trail on June 22, 1876. Custer turned into the Little Big Horn Valley where he was surrounded and overcome by superior forces of Sioux.

1876 The Sibley Scout

July 6, 1876 - July 9, 1876. Scouting expedition under Lt. Sibley, 3rd Cavalry, sent from Crook's camp at Goose Creek, surprised by vastly superior forces of Cheyennes, whom they held off successfully until they were able to elude the Indians and return to Crook's command.

1876 The Fight on the War Bonnet

July 15 - July 17. Cheyennes numbering 1,000 broke from Red Cloud Agency, S. D., to go on war-path and join hostile Indians. They were intercepted by the 5th Cavalry under General Merritt, then passing nearby, de- feated near Hat Creek (War Bonnet), Wyo., and driven back to their reservation.

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Sept.-Oct., 1924 ÏL® 421 1876 Slim Buttes

September 7, 1876 - September 9, 1876. Expedition for supplies from Crook's camp, consisting of 150 of the 3rd Cavalry under Captain Mills, attacked village of American Horse at Slim Buttes, secured provisions, were reinforced by General Crook with 2nd and 5th Cavalry, and 4th, 9th, and 14th Infantry, who were, in turn, attacked by 600 Sioux under Crazy Horse. The battle was the most pic- turesque and distinct success of the campaign. 1876 Mackenzie's Powder River Expedition

November 1, 1876 - December 31, 1876. Crook's winter campaign from Fort Fetterman to the Big Horn Range, resulted in detachment of Colonel Mackenzie and troops from 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Cavalries against Cheyenne camp in Bates Creek (Crazy Woman's Fork), Wyo., near the Powder river. A sharp fight on November 25-26 re- sulted in the withdrawal of Cheyennes from campaign.

1876-1877 Miles Winter Campaign

General Miles, with the 5th Infantry and detachments from the 17th and 22nd (500 in all), established a winter camp on the Yellowstone from which he operated with success against the Sioux and Northern Cheyennes, defeat- ing Sitting Bull at Cedar Creek (Big Dry River, Mont.) (October 21-27), crushing Crazy Horse at Wolf Mountain, Mont. (December 29- January 8), and finally breaking up the remaining Sioux under Lame Deer at Little Muddy Creek, Mont. (May 1-7), and put an end to the cam- paign.

1877 Nez Perces Campaign

June 13, 1877 - October 4, 1877. Three hundred Nez Perces warriors, under the able Chief Joseph, resisted at- tempts to encroach on their reservation and kept up a running fight over 2,000 miles of march, finally sur- rendering when surrounded and hopelessly outnumbered.

1878 Bannock and Piute Campaigns

May 30, 1878 - September 4, 1878. Various and exten- sive operations in Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Montana.

1878-1879 Dull Knife's Northern Cheyennes

September 9, 1878 - January 20, 1879. Dull Knife's band of Northern Cheyennes broke away from Fort Reno Reservation, I. T., were pursued by troops across Kansas and Nebraska, conquered and brought to Fort Robinson, Nebr., October 3, 1878. In January, 1879, they broke away from the reservation, and were pursued and anni- hilated by U. S. troops.

1879 Sheepeater Campaign

June 1, 1879 - October 22, 1879. Scouting expedition sent out from Boise Barracks and other points to round up and subdue marauding Indians in Idaho, in which de- tachments of the 1st Cavalry and the 2nd Infantry took part in several brisk engagements.

1879-1880 Ute Campaign

September, 1879- November, 1880. Operations con- ducted against the Ute Indians in Colorado and Utah by detachments from the 3rd, 5th, and 9th Cavalries and the 4th Infantry, including the battles of White river, Milk Creek, and Rifle Creek.

1879-1894 Indian Territory Disturbances

Successive disturbances in Indian Territory and Okla- homa, in Cherokee Strip, and with "Oklahoma boomers."

1879-1880 Victoria's Tribe

July 1879- October, 1880. Band of Chiricahua Apaches under Victoria destroyed property and killed citizens in New Mexico. Driven into Mexico by Colonel Hatch and defeated in the San Andres Mountains in April, 1880.

Twice driven back from raids into American territory by Colonel Grierson, and finally practically exterminated in a battle in Mexico with U. S. Forces under General Buell in October, 1880.

1881 Chiricahua Apaches

October 1, 1881- October 8, 1881. Chiricahua Apaches on the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona broke from the Reservation, fought detachments of United States troops, attacked peaceful villages, and finally escaped into Mexico. 1882 Arizona Uprisings

April 19, 1882 - May, 1882. Warm Springs Apaches and Chiricahuas overcome by 4th Cavalry at Horseshoe Canyon and by 6th Cavalry at Hatchet Mountain. 1885-6 Apache Campaigns

Throughout 1885 and into 1886. When General Miles took command at Leavenworth, there were constant expe- ditions, principally by the 4th Cavalry, against the Apache Indians in Arizona, New Mexico, and even into Mexico across the border, until their leader, Geronimo, finally sur- rendered.

1890-1891 Ghost Dancers Uprising

November, 1890 - January, 1891. Sioux outbreak in the Dakotas, which included the Battle of Wounded Knee (December 29), and attacks on the Pine Ridge Agency (December 29), and probably the most famous ride ever performed by American troops, 108 miles in 34 hours (22 in the saddle) by the 9th Cavalry, including two serious engagements with hostile Indians. Within this conflict is included the 8th Cavalry's attack and capture of Sitting Bull.

1891-1893 "Tin Horn" War Skirmishes of various detachments in Texas against ma-

rauding Indians along the Mexican border at various times from December 21-22, 1891 - February 23, 1893.

1892-1896 Apache Operations

Practically continuous operations under Kidd and Massai against renegade Apache Indians in Arizona and along Mexican border. 1892-1893 Mexican Border

December 10, 1892 - February 23, 1893. Outlaws who attacked Mexican regular troops at San Ygnacio, Decem- ber 10, 1892, mostly captured by American forces under cooperative agreement with Mexico. 1895 Bannock Indian Trouble

July and August, 1895. Bannock tribe desirous of leav- ing reservation returned by the use of troops ordered to the Jackson's Hole country of Montana.

1895-1896 Mexican Border December 3, 1895- July, 1896. Renegade Apaches raid-

ing from across Arizona border into the San Siman val- ley, pursued by United States troops 150 miles into Mexi- can territory under terms reciprocal of international agreement. 1898 Leech Lake

September 30, 1898 - October 27, 1898. Uprising of the Chippewa Indians at Leech Lake, Minnesota, after brisk engagement, put down on October 5-7, 1898, by detach- ments from the 3rd Infantry.

1906-1907 Ute Indians

In October, 1906, Ute Indians left the Uintah reserva- tion and threatened citizens of Wyoming. Cavalry moved them to Fort Meade, S. D., and thence to Cheyenne River Reservation. In October, 1907, becoming turbulent, they were moved under military escort to the Uintah Indian Reservation.

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