The War of 1812: “Mr . Madison’s War” “ The Second War for Independence” OR ?

The War of 1812

The War of 1812:Mr. Madisons WarThe Second War for IndependenceOR ?EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDAWITH THANKS TO TONY MILLER & SUSAN POJER

1ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

TODAY:WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE WAR OF 1812?

WAS JAMES MADISON A STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST? WERE FEDERALISTS REALLY LIBERAL CONSTRUCTIONISTS?

BROAD:

HOW AND WHEN DID U.S. NATIONALISM ARISE?

WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?

2Frq prompt:

With respect to the federal Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists. To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison?

Your OI must include:All relevant primary sources assignedall assigned readings AND MY LECTURES/ PPS

No internet crap3 BACKGROUND/ REVIEW

FROM 1807, NAPOLEONIC WARS PUT U.S. IN MIDDLE OF WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE (AGAIN!)

1807, BRITISH ORDERS IN COUNCIL NAPOLEONS EDICT OF MILAN BOTH ENGLISH AND FRANCE SEIZED U.S. MERCHANT SHIPS

1807 11 BRITAIN IMPRESSED > 6,000 U.S. SEAMEN

ALSO 1807, CHESAPEAKE-LEOPARD AFFAIR4 1807 JEFFERSONS EMBARGO ACT

DEVASTATED U.S. ECONOMY IN THE SHORT RUN, BUT IN THE LONG RUN INDUSTRIALIZATION N.E., OHIO

JEFFERSONS POLICIES HAMILTONS

1808 MADISON (D-R) ELECTED PRESIDENT, DESPITE UNPOPULARITY OF EMBARGO

1809 NON-INTERCOURSE ACT EMBARGO ONLY ON TRADE WITH BRITAIN AND FRANCE

NEITHER BRITAIN NOR FRANCE CAPITULATED TO EITHER EMBARGO ACT OR NON-INTERCOURSE ACT

5

JAMES MADISON FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION, AUTHOR OF BILL OF RIGHTS , FEDERALIST PAPERS, AND VIRGINIA RESOLVES, SECRETARY OF STATE, FOURTH PRESIDENT

IN THE VIRGINIA RESOLVES, MADISON ADVOCATED COMPACT THEORY AND STRICT CONSTRUCTION6 MADISONS ECONOMIC POLICY:

SUPPORTED NON-INTERCOURSE ACT

DID NOT SUPPORTED MACONS BILL NO. 2 LIFTED EMBARGO ENTIRELY BUT THREATENED TO RESTORE IT IF BRITAIN OR FRANCE DIDNT STOP SEIZING U.S. SHIPS

NAPOLEONS PLOY MADISON RESTORED EMBARGO ON BRITAIN

STRICT CONSTRUCTION?

BRITAIN KEPT SEIZING U.S. SHIPS

7 PROVOCATIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER (?)

RECALL PONTIACS UPRISING, NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR REALLY ONE LONG WAR BETWEEN INDIANS IN N.W. AND WHITE INVADERS

RECALL TREATY OF GREENVILLE 1795

EVERYTHING N.W. OF THIS LINE = INDIAN TERRITORY 8

BUT WESTWARD HO! WHITE FOLKS! 9 1809 TREATY OF FORT WAYNE. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, GOVERNOR OF INDIANA TERRITORY INVITED SELECTED INDIANCHIEFS TO FT. WAYNE TO SIGN TREATY CEDING 3 MILLION ACRES TO U.S

MADISON OPPOSED THIS!

TECUMSEH, SHAWNEE GENERAL, AND HIS BROTHER TENKSWATAWA (THE PROPHET)

TECUMSEH: ALL INDIAN LANDS OWNED BY ALL TRIBES IN COMMON (JOSEPH BRANT)

TENKSWATAWA = INDIAN PURITAN URGED REJECTION OF WHITE CULTURE (INCLUDING XIANITY AND LIQUOR)

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HARRISON, TECUMSEH AND TENSKWATAWA (THE PROPHET

BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE, NOV. 7, 1811 WHO WON?IF YOU CONSIDER RETREATING, AND HAVING TO RESIGN FROM THE ARMY TO AVOID COURT MARTIAL WINNING, HARRISON DID (WELL, HE DID BURN DOWN THE PROPHETS EMPTY VILLAGE!)11 TECUMSEH ORGANIZED CONFEDERATION OF MOST TRIBES TO RESIST TREATY OF FT. WAYNE

BRITAIN AIDED TECUMSEH (EXAMPLE HE WAS IN CANADA WHEN BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE OCCURRED)

NEWS OF BATTLE ANGER AT BRITAIN FORINSTIGATING INDIANS12

THE WAR LASTED UNTIL 1813 = WESTERN FRONT IN WAR OF 181213War Hawks

A BRANCH OF THE D-R PARTY MADISON RESISTED THEM!

ARGUED FOR WAR ON BEHALF OF FRONTIER PEOPLE & IN DEFENSE OF U.S. SOVEREIGNTY THE TWO TO REMEMBER HENRY CLAY (KY) AND JOHN C. CALHOUN (S.C.)

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CLAY THE GREAT COMPROMISER 3 X SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE, SECRETARY OF STATE, SENATORCALHOUN SENATOR, HOUSE MEMBER, VICE PRESIDENT, SECRETARY OF WAR15 THOMAS JEFFERSON, WAR HAWK?

The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax, the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent. JEFFERSON, 1812

WAS U.S. EXPANSIONISM A/ THE MOTIVE FOR THE WAR?

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17 THE HENRY LETTERS MADISON BOUGHT FOR $50,000 -- WAS MADISON TRULY DECEIVED?

JUNE 1, 1812 MADISON SPEECH TO CONGRESS LISTS GRIEVANCES AGAINST BRITAIN, INCLUDING HENRY LETTERS

SAME DAY, CONGRESS DECLARED WAR ON GREAT BRITAIN

FIRST TIME U.S. DECLARED WAR NARROWEST WAR VOTE IN U.S. HISTORYHouse= 79-49, Senate= 19-13 NO FEDERALISTS VOTED FOR THE WAR

BRITAIN HAD REVOKED ORDERS IN COUNCIL TWO DAYS EARLIER (HAD TAPERED OFF SEIZURES BEFORE 18CANDIDATES P/ VPPARTYELECTORAL VOTES % ELECTORAL % POPULARJAMES MADISONELBRIDGE GERRYDR12858.9%50.4%*DEWITT CLINTONJARED INGERSOLLFED8941.1%47.6%RUFUS KINGFED002%ELECTION OF 181218 STATES ONE OHIO ELECTOR DIDNT VOTE* IN CONN., DEL., GA., N.Y., S.C. & VT., ELECTORS WERE STILL APPOINTED BY STATE LEGISLATURES19

20 THE WAR -- JUNE 18, 1812 FEBRUARY 18, 1815

U.S. UNPREPARED -- > 30,000 REGULAR ARMY, MADISON PLANNED TO USE MOSTLY STATE MILITIAS NO DICE MILITIAS RELUCTANT TO FIGHT OUTSIDE OWN STATES, N.E. STATES (FEDERALISTS) WOULDNT SEND MILITIAS

FIRST TWO CAMPAIGNS = UNSUCCESSFUL INVASIONS OF CANADA (FROM MICHIGAN AND NEW YORK) SUMMER OF 1812

RESULT BRITISH TOOK DETROIT, CONTROL OF LAKE ERIE 21

BRITISH BLOCKADE

N.B. BRITAIN DIDNT TOTALLY CUT OFF NEW ENGLAND22

OVERVIEW:

ONLY CLEAR VICTORIES AGAINST INDIANS IN N.W. AND SOUTH, AND AGAINST BRITISH ON LAKE ERIE + BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

WAR BECAME POINTLESS FOR BOTH SIDES BY 1815

BUT MANY AMERICAN LEGENDS, AND U.S. NATIONALISM RESULT

23 SIGNIFICANT BATTLES: WEST

BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE AKA BATTLE OF PUT-IN BAY, SEPTEMBER 1813 U.S. NAVY, UNDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, TOOK CONTROL OF LAKE ERIE ENDED PROSPECT OF BRITISH INVASION IN N.W.

WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY AND HE IS OURS

HIS STANDARD WAS DONT GIVE UP THE SHIP = DYING WORDS OF CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE OF THE CHESAPEAKE CAPTURED BY BRITISH H.M.S. SHANNON OFF NOVASCOTIA, EARLIER IN 1813 24

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SAMPLER - LAWRENCE = SENTIMENTAL HERO26 BATTLE OF THE THAMES, OCTOBER 1813 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DEFINITELY DEFEATED TECUMSEH HERE

NO MORE PROBLEMS WITH INDIANS IN N.W.!27 SIGNIFICANT BATTLE: ATLANTIC

JULY 1812 U.S.S. CONSTITUTION OLD IRONSIDES DEFEATS AND BURNS H.M.S GUERRIERE 28 SIGNIFICANT BATTLES, CHESAPEAKE

BATTLE OF BLADENSBURG, AUGUST, 1814 MILTIA COULDNT STOP BRITISH INVASION OF WASHINGTON SACK OF WASHINGTON, BURNING OF WHITE HOUSE

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FIRST LADY DOLLEY MADISON SAVED MANY WHITE HOUSE VALUABLES, SUCH AS G. STUART PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON

A HEROINE! AND SO WE HONOR HER BY NAMING CHEAP SNACK CAKES AFTER HER

30 BATTLE OF BALTIMORE (FT. MC HENRY), AUGUST, 1814 BOMBS BURSTING IN AIR INSPIRED FRANCIS SCOTT TO WRITE THE DEFENSE OF FT. MC HENRY

31

SET TO THE TUNE OF THE ANACREONTIC SONG, IT BECAME OUR NATIONAL ANTHEM IN 1931

And long may the sons of Anacreon intwine the myrtle of Venus with Bacchus' vine.

32 BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG (LAKE CHAMPLAIN), SEPTEMBER 1814 VICTORY UNDER COMMANDER THOMAS MC DONOUGH = ANOTHER HERO!

33

34 SIGNIFICANT BATTLES SOUTH

BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND, MARCH 1814

REALLY A SEPARATE WAR WITH CREEKS

GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON DEFEATED CREEK RED STICKS - INSPIRED BY TECUMSEH

TREATY OF FORT JACKSON CREEKS CEDED THEIR LANDS IN ALABAMA AND GEORGIA35

JACKSON ACCEPTING SURRENDER OF CREEK GENERAL WILLIAM WEATHERFORD WHOM JACKSON GREATLY ADMIRED36

37

38 BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, JANUARY 1815

TREATY OF GHENT, ENDING WAR, HAD BEEN SIGNED DECEMBER 23, 1814 BUT NEWS HADNT REACHED AMERICA

TROOPS UNDER JACKSON DEFEATED BRITISH SIEGE OF NEW ORLEANS

IN FACT, A SMALL BATTLE (ONLY 4,000 BRITISH SAILORS AND MARINES INVOLVED)

BUT JACKSONS PR = > 25,000 BRITISH TROOPS 39

THE HERO OF NEW ORLEANS

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JACKSON SQUARE, NEW ORLEANS41 POLITICS THE HARTFORD CONVENTION, DECEMBER 1814 JANUARY 1815

NEW ENGLAND FEDERALISTS CONSIDERED SECESSION OPPOSED TO MR. MADISONS WAR AND EMBARGO

42 HARTFORD CONVENTION OFFICIAL PROPOSALS INCLUDED

REPEAL 3/5 CLAUSE (REDUCE SOUTHERN REPRESENTATION IN HOUSE OF REP.)

NO SUCCESSIVE PRESIDENTS FROM SAME STATE (BREAK VIRGINIA DYNASTY)

NO MORE EMBARGOES

CONSIDERED BUT REJECTED SECESSION

ALAS FOR THE FEDERALISTS, NEWS OF JACKSONS MAJOR VICTORY AT NEW ORLEANS (AND TREATY ENDING WAR ENORMOUS POPULAR ENTHUSIASM FOR THE WAR

43

FEDERALIST PARTY DISCREDITED44 EFFECTS OF WAR OF 1812

2260 battle deaths, 4,505 wounded

OUR CAPITAL IN RUINS

U.S. TREASURY DEPLETED

NO TERRITORY GAINED FROM BRITAIN

BUT . . .

45 POPULAR PERCEPTION = WE WON A WAR AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

U.S. IDENTITY AND NATIONALISM

FEDERALIST PARTY DONE NO MORE LINGERING LOYALTIES TO BRITAIN46 NATIONALISM:

HEROES AND HEROINES, LEGENDS, MYTHS

TWO HEROS PRESIDENTS: JACKSON & WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

NATIONAL ANTHEM

47The Battle Of New OrleansJohnny HortonJohnny Horton'S Greatest Hits, track 8/13, disc 1/11987Country153502.67eng - Amazon.com Song ID: 203898549