The War of 1812 European Underpinnings. The Tiger v The Shark In 1805, the world balance of power shook as British ships beat Napoleon's navy at the.

The War of 1812The War of 1812

European UnderpinningsEuropean Underpinnings

The Tiger v The SharkThe Tiger v The Shark

In 1805, the world balance of power shook as In 1805, the world balance of power shook as British ships beat Napoleon's navy at the British ships beat Napoleon's navy at the Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar establishing British Naval establishing British Naval dominancedominance


At the same time, At the same time, Napoleon defeated the Napoleon defeated the allied Russo- Austrian allied Russo- Austrian forces at forces at AusterlitzAusterlitz that same year.that same year.


France now had unquestionable control of France now had unquestionable control of the European continent, and Britain, held the European continent, and Britain, held unquestionable mastery of the seas.unquestionable mastery of the seas.

This threw off any Balance of Power in This threw off any Balance of Power in EuropeEurope


The two European The two European powers took to fighting powers took to fighting each other indirectly, each other indirectly, through economic through economic warfare.warfare.


Napoleon created Napoleon created the the Continental Continental SystemSystem which, which, closed off all closed off all European ports to European ports to Britain to crush their Britain to crush their economyeconomy


In response, Britain passed the Orders in In response, Britain passed the Orders in Council in 1806. Council in 1806.

According to these regulations, US ships According to these regulations, US ships could not land at a European port without could not land at a European port without first stopping at a British port.first stopping at a British port.


Napoleon retaliated with Napoleon retaliated with a harsh measure, a harsh measure, demanding the seizure demanding the seizure of any ship that landed of any ship that landed in Europe after stopping in Europe after stopping in Britain.in Britain.


As you could imagine, these economic As you could imagine, these economic measures wreaked havoc with the measures wreaked havoc with the American economy.American economy.

Not impressed by ImpressmentsNot impressed by Impressments

Always in need of men, British ships would Always in need of men, British ships would stop American ships, capture sailors stop American ships, capture sailors (sometimes violently), and force them to (sometimes violently), and force them to serve in the British navy. serve in the British navy.

This was referred to as impressment and This was referred to as impressment and the sailors became known as "press-gangs"the sailors became known as "press-gangs"

Chesapeake IncidentChesapeake Incident

In 1807, off the Virginia In 1807, off the Virginia coast, the US Ship coast, the US Ship ChesapeakeChesapeake was was approached by a British approached by a British ship, which demanded to ship, which demanded to board so that it could board so that it could reclaim "deserters" who reclaim "deserters" who were on the boat.were on the boat.


The Americans refused. The British ship The Americans refused. The British ship opened fire on the Chesapeake, killing opened fire on the Chesapeake, killing and wounding several.and wounding several.


The Chesapeake The Chesapeake was outgunned and was outgunned and eventually had to eventually had to surrender four surrender four sailors to the sailors to the British.British.


What is the origin of the document (When was it What is the origin of the document (When was it written, who wrote it)?written, who wrote it)?

What ship attacked the Chesapeake?What ship attacked the Chesapeake? Why was the Chesapeake's captain sure the Why was the Chesapeake's captain sure the

none of his crew were former British sailors?none of his crew were former British sailors? Who was in charge of the American Ship?Who was in charge of the American Ship? How many casualties did the Chesapeake How many casualties did the Chesapeake

suffer?suffer? What 4 men were taken and what did research What 4 men were taken and what did research

show about their citizen ship?show about their citizen ship?


This created a huge US outcry, but Jefferson This created a huge US outcry, but Jefferson refused war, and instead opted for economic refused war, and instead opted for economic retaliation with the embargo of 1807.retaliation with the embargo of 1807.

DambargoDambargo

The embargo backfired, shutting down New The embargo backfired, shutting down New England's trade and leaving the South and England's trade and leaving the South and West with piles of unsold goods. West with piles of unsold goods.

By 1808, illegal trade across the US-Canada By 1808, illegal trade across the US-Canada border was rampant.border was rampant.

Dambargo RepealedDambargo Repealed

On March 1, 1809, the On March 1, 1809, the Embargo Act was Embargo Act was repealed, to be replaced repealed, to be replaced with the with the Non-Intercourse Non-Intercourse ActAct. .

This act allowed trade with This act allowed trade with everyone except Britain everyone except Britain and France. and France.

Dambargo RepealedDambargo Repealed

Cleaning up the embargo mess was left to Cleaning up the embargo mess was left to James Madison, Jefferson's successor as James Madison, Jefferson's successor as president.president.

Madison Steps InMadison Steps In

In the election of 1808, In the election of 1808, James Madison managed James Madison managed to win by publishing to win by publishing dispatches from his term dispatches from his term as Jefferson's secretary of as Jefferson's secretary of state, proving that he was state, proving that he was tough on the British. tough on the British.

Madison Steps InMadison Steps In

On March 4, 1809, Madison became US On March 4, 1809, Madison became US President.President.

Using the Embargo Repealed Using the Embargo Repealed Reading:Reading:

What did either Britain or France have to do What did either Britain or France have to do to normalize trade with the US? to normalize trade with the US?

According to the reading, why was the According to the reading, why was the embargo repealed for France and not embargo repealed for France and not Britain?Britain?

Taking SidesTaking Sides

In 1810, Congress passed In 1810, Congress passed Macon's Bill No. Macon's Bill No. 22 declaring that if either France or Britain declaring that if either France or Britain normalized trade with the US, the US would normalized trade with the US, the US would employ the Non-Intercourse Act against the employ the Non-Intercourse Act against the other power. other power.


Napoleon took the Napoleon took the opportunity. In August opportunity. In August of 1810, he quickly of 1810, he quickly promised that all promised that all economic terms economic terms restricting US imports restricting US imports into Europe would soon into Europe would soon be lifted.be lifted.


Madison reinstated the Non-Intercourse Madison reinstated the Non-Intercourse Acts restricting trade with Britain in Acts restricting trade with Britain in November 1810.November 1810.

This brought the US to the brink of war This brought the US to the brink of war with Britain.with Britain.

Madison’s 1811 State of the UnionMadison’s 1811 State of the Union

What did France do after we normalized What did France do after we normalized trade with them?trade with them?

What grievances did Madison make against What grievances did Madison make against England?England?

What are the “What are the “Orders” Orders” being referenced in being referenced in the speech? the speech?

The War HawksThe War Hawks

In 1811 a new congress convenedIn 1811 a new congress convened While it was made up primarily of Democratic-While it was made up primarily of Democratic-

Republicans, a new faction emerged Republicans, a new faction emerged consisting of a powerful bloc of younger consisting of a powerful bloc of younger congressmen from the south and frontier congressmen from the south and frontier west.west.

They became known as the They became known as the War Hawks.War Hawks.

The War HawksThe War Hawks

Henry Clay of Kentucky Henry Clay of Kentucky became the leader of the became the leader of the War Hawks War Hawks

At age thirty-three, he was At age thirty-three, he was elected Speaker of the elected Speaker of the House by a War Hawk House by a War Hawk dominated Congress.dominated Congress.

Troubles in the FrontierTroubles in the Frontier

Worried about American encroachment in Worried about American encroachment in places such as Kentucky, which most Indian places such as Kentucky, which most Indian tribes had considered a kind of "hunting tribes had considered a kind of "hunting reserve" and buffer zone, was now filled reserve" and buffer zone, was now filled with white settlers.with white settlers.

The Warrior and the ProphetThe Warrior and the Prophet

Two Shawnee Indian Two Shawnee Indian leaders, leaders, TecumsehTecumseh and his brother and his brother The The ProphetProphet, felt that , felt that action needed to be action needed to be taken to stop US taken to stop US encroachment.encroachment.

The Warrior and the ProphetThe Warrior and the Prophet

The two rallied a broad Indian The two rallied a broad Indian alliance to fight the white settlers. alliance to fight the white settlers.

The alliance promised to sign The alliance promised to sign over no more land to the whitesover no more land to the whites

The various tribes of the region The various tribes of the region promised to work together for promised to work together for common defense.common defense.

The Warrior and the Prophet v. The Warrior and the Prophet v. The HawksThe Hawks

Tecumseh's forces attacked the frontier Tecumseh's forces attacked the frontier settlerssettlers

The War Hawks in Congress became The War Hawks in Congress became convinced that the British were financing the convinced that the British were financing the Indian alliance from Canada.Indian alliance from Canada.

This Means War!!!This Means War!!!

Already incensed over Already incensed over the British Orders in the British Orders in Council and Council and impressment, the impressment, the assumed British assumed British support of Tecumseh support of Tecumseh pushed the War pushed the War Hawks to even Hawks to even greater heights of greater heights of fervor.fervor.


Congress mobilized its Congress mobilized its armies to take on armies to take on Tecumseh's tribes. Tecumseh's tribes.

On November 7, 1811, On November 7, 1811, General William Henry General William Henry Harrison invaded and Harrison invaded and torched the village of torched the village of Tippecanoe, Tippecanoe, Tecumseh's Tecumseh's headquarters.headquarters.


With the Indians in With the Indians in the frontier nearly the frontier nearly defeated, the War defeated, the War Hawks moved to Hawks moved to attack the Indian's attack the Indian's supply base: British supply base: British Canada. Canada.


The War Hawks simultaneously had their The War Hawks simultaneously had their eyes on what was left of Spanish Florida.eyes on what was left of Spanish Florida.

June 1812, against the wishes of the pro-June 1812, against the wishes of the pro-trade and Federalist Northeast, Congress trade and Federalist Northeast, Congress declared war on Britain. declared war on Britain.

Whether the United States shall continue passive Whether the United States shall continue passive under these … accumulating wrongs, or, opposing under these … accumulating wrongs, or, opposing

force to force in defense of their national rights, force to force in defense of their national rights, shall commit a just cause into the hands of the shall commit a just cause into the hands of the

Almighty Disposer of Events, … is a solemn Almighty Disposer of Events, … is a solemn question which the Constitution wisely confides to question which the Constitution wisely confides to

the legislative department of the Government. In the legislative department of the Government. In recommending it to their early deliberations I am recommending it to their early deliberations I am happy in the assurance that the decision will be happy in the assurance that the decision will be

worthy the enlightened and patriotic councils of a worthy the enlightened and patriotic councils of a virtuous, a free, and a powerful nation.virtuous, a free, and a powerful nation.

——President James Madison, War President James Madison, War Message to Congress in Washington, Message to Congress in Washington,

June 1, 1812June 1, 1812

BackgroundBackground

It has been written that Madison's presidency was It has been written that Madison's presidency was dominated by a crisis with Great Britain, which for dominated by a crisis with Great Britain, which for years had been grossly violating American shipping years had been grossly violating American shipping rights." rights."

This crisis over U.S. shipping rights actually began This crisis over U.S. shipping rights actually began while George Washington was president and grew while George Washington was president and grew during Thomas Jefferson's term in office (1800-1808), during Thomas Jefferson's term in office (1800-1808), when Madison served as Secretary of State.when Madison served as Secretary of State.


Between 1805-07, a large number of American ships were Between 1805-07, a large number of American ships were seized and impressments of American sailors into service seized and impressments of American sailors into service on British ships increased, leading Congress to pass an on British ships increased, leading Congress to pass an extreme measure, the Embargo Act of 1807.extreme measure, the Embargo Act of 1807.

The act restricted trade with foreign nations. A state of war The act restricted trade with foreign nations. A state of war that began in 1803 and would continue until after that began in 1803 and would continue until after Napoleon's abdication in 1814 resulted in a loss of Napoleon's abdication in 1814 resulted in a loss of commerce that devastated the American economy while commerce that devastated the American economy while doing little to change the policies of France and Britain.doing little to change the policies of France and Britain.


In 1810 Napoleon's announced that France would In 1810 Napoleon's announced that France would no longer seize American ships, which convinced no longer seize American ships, which convinced President Madison to allow trade with France. President Madison to allow trade with France.

The announcement had conditions attached, and The announcement had conditions attached, and France continued to interfere with American France continued to interfere with American shipping. shipping.

In the end, however, the U.S. declared war only on In the end, however, the U.S. declared war only on Great Britain.Great Britain.


On June 1, 1812, President Madison sent a letterOn June 1, 1812, President Madison sent a letter—later dubbed his war message—to both houses —later dubbed his war message—to both houses of Congress.of Congress.

He listed a series of transgressions Great Britain He listed a series of transgressions Great Britain had committed against the U.S., and explained had committed against the U.S., and explained his decision not to recommend war with France at his decision not to recommend war with France at that time.that time.

Madison’s War MessageMadison’s War Message

Why does Madison feel that the attack on Why does Madison feel that the attack on Canada is justified?Canada is justified?

Using Madison’s War Message, list the Using Madison’s War Message, list the grievances that the US had against Britain.grievances that the US had against Britain.

How did Britain attempt to avoid war? Why How did Britain attempt to avoid war? Why didn’t the US accept it?didn’t the US accept it?

The War of 1812 European Underpinnings. The Tiger v The Shark In 1805, the world balance of power shook as British ships beat Napoleon's navy at the.

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