The War of 1812: America’s Second War for Independence?

The War of 1812: America’s The War of 1812: America’s Second War for Second War for Independence?Independence?

Coach BruceCoach Bruce

Challenges to US Maritime PowerChallenges to US Maritime Power

War between French and British War between French and British boosted the power of each country, boosted the power of each country, threatened neutral US at sea.threatened neutral US at sea.

US stuck in middleUS stuck in middle• British Orders in Council: All ships must British Orders in Council: All ships must

stop at British portsstop at British ports• French seizing ships stopping at British French seizing ships stopping at British

ports!ports!

The The Chesapeake Chesapeake IncidentIncident Impressments continued—Impressments continued—

6000 Americans between 6000 Americans between 1808-18111808-1811

Chesapeake Chesapeake incident incident highlighted how serious highlighted how serious issue was.issue was.

Royal frigate tried to seize Royal frigate tried to seize four “deserters” from four “deserters” from American ship. When US American ship. When US refused, ship attacked. refused, ship attacked.

Americans enraged but Americans enraged but Jefferson worried about Jefferson worried about full-scale war.full-scale war.

The Solution: The Embargo Act The Solution: The Embargo Act (1807)(1807)

Very strict law—Very strict law—forbade all exports, forbade all exports, attempt at “peaceful attempt at “peaceful coercion”coercion”

Effects:Effects:• Hurt economyHurt economy• Catalyzed illegal tradeCatalyzed illegal trade• Anger even led to Anger even led to

revived Federalist partyrevived Federalist party• Changed to Changed to Non-Non-

Intercourse Act: Intercourse Act: Begin trade again, just Begin trade again, just not with France or not with France or England.England.

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18121812

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 18121812

Madison and Macon’s BillMadison and Macon’s Bill Congress tried to get rid of Non-Intercourse Act Congress tried to get rid of Non-Intercourse Act

with a bargaining measure. with a bargaining measure. Under Macon’s Bill—tried to play countries off of Under Macon’s Bill—tried to play countries off of

one another.one another. Deal: Whichever country lifted trade restrictions Deal: Whichever country lifted trade restrictions

could trade with US, other country would have an could trade with US, other country would have an embargo against it.embargo against it.

French agree to this and US accepts offer—meant French agree to this and US accepts offer—meant US restored embargo against England!US restored embargo against England!

One step closer to war.One step closer to war.

““War Hawks”War Hawks”““War Hawks”War Hawks”

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

TecumsehTecumseh

Americans afraid of Americans afraid of Tecumseh’s plan Tecumseh’s plan for Indian for Indian confederacy confederacy against American against American expansionists.expansionists.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Br. Gen. Brock Meets Br. Gen. Brock Meets Tecumseh (1811)Tecumseh (1811)

Br. Gen. Brock Meets Br. Gen. Brock Meets Tecumseh (1811)Tecumseh (1811)

““Mr. Madison’s Mr. Madison’s War?”War?”

““Mr. Madison’s Mr. Madison’s War?”War?”

Divisions Over WarDivisions Over War

Support from South and West, mostly Support from South and West, mostly Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans

Federalists oppose—especially in Federalists oppose—especially in New EnglandNew England• Still Pro-BritishStill Pro-British• Hated NapoleonHated Napoleon• Didn’t want to acquire Canada—make Didn’t want to acquire Canada—make

agrarians more powerfulagrarians more powerful

A Weak US MilitaryA Weak US Military

Not prepared for this war—not Not prepared for this war—not trained, disciplined; widely scatteredtrained, disciplined; widely scattered

Began fighting in Canada—however Began fighting in Canada—however bad strategybad strategy

3 U. S. Invasions of 3 U. S. Invasions of 18121812

3 U. S. Invasions of 3 U. S. Invasions of 18121812

Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813

Key Victory at PlattsburghKey Victory at Plattsburgh

Macdonough and Macdonough and American troops American troops stop British stop British invasion of New invasion of New York. York.

Key defensive Key defensive victory.victory.

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson and Andrew Jackson and ragtag army—regulars, ragtag army—regulars, pirates, Frenchmen, pirates, Frenchmen, free blacksfree blacks

Most devastating Most devastating defeat of British defeat of British attack-2000 killed in attack-2000 killed in half an hour!half an hour!

Restored American Restored American honor and pride.honor and pride.

The Hartford ConventionThe Hartford Convention New England federalists called in 1814, right New England federalists called in 1814, right

before Battle of New Orleansbefore Battle of New Orleans Hartford resolutions did not demand secession.Hartford resolutions did not demand secession. Did demand money from Washington to Did demand money from Washington to

compensate for lost trade, also restrictions to compensate for lost trade, also restrictions to make declaring an embargo and war more make declaring an embargo and war more difficult. Also, wanted to get rid of 3/5 difficult. Also, wanted to get rid of 3/5 compromise, and allow presidents only to serve compromise, and allow presidents only to serve one term.one term.

In end, presented resolutions right when war was In end, presented resolutions right when war was over.over.

Federalist party looked stupid! Federalist party looked stupid! DEATH-KNELL OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY!DEATH-KNELL OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY!

Impacts of War of 1812: America’s Impacts of War of 1812: America’s Second War for Independence?Second War for Independence?

Republic proved itself, increased Republic proved itself, increased respectrespect

See dangers of divided nation, See dangers of divided nation, increased unityincreased unity

War heroes president—Harrison and War heroes president—Harrison and JacksonJackson

Indians lost more land.Indians lost more land. Increased economic independence. Increased economic independence.

Multiple Choice PracticeMultiple Choice Practice

27.27.Jefferson's Embargo Act provided thatJefferson's Embargo Act provided that A. a. America would not trade with Britain A. a. America would not trade with Britain

until it ended impressment.until it ended impressment.B. b. American goods could be carried only B. b. American goods could be carried only in American ships.in American ships.C. c. America would sell no military C. c. America would sell no military supplies to either warring nation, Britain or supplies to either warring nation, Britain or France.France.D. d. America would prohibit all foreign D. d. America would prohibit all foreign trade.trade.

Multiple Choice Practice Ctnd.Multiple Choice Practice Ctnd.

22.22.The new nationalistic feeling right after The new nationalistic feeling right after the War of 1812 was evident in all of the the War of 1812 was evident in all of the following following exceptexcept

A. a. the development of a distinctive A. a. the development of a distinctive national literature.national literature.B. b. an increased emphasis on economic B. b. an increased emphasis on economic independence.independence.C. c. the addition of significant new C. c. the addition of significant new territory to the United States.territory to the United States.D. d. a new pride in the American army D. d. a new pride in the American army and navy. and navy.