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THE USE OF BAMBOO IN ARCmTECTURECase Stndy: Old Caldas,
Colombia
A Thesis Sllbmitted to the Facllity ofGraduate Studies and
Research in Partial Fulfillment orthe
Reqllirements for the Degree ofMaster ofArchitecture.
CESAR O. GONZALEZ
School of Architecture
McGiII University
Montreal
November 15th , [999.
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tre imprimsou autrement reproduits sans sonautorisation.
0-612-64113-9
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Abstract.
Bamboo has been one ofthe most important housing materials for
familles ofail income-Ievels for
generations in Many parts of the world. Through an analysis of
methods of construction used for
housing in the coffee region of Colombia, this thesis
investigates the MOst important features of
the use of bamboo in the traditional and modem techniques used
to build walls, noors and
structures.
In conducting this research 1 collected extensive graphie
materia! such as pictures, sketches,
drawings and plans, from old and new town houses, rural houses,
haciendas, and siums, in the
three main regians of Colombia, where bamboo is the MOst
important natural resource for
construction.
The first part of the study gives a general overview of
construction systems for walls, noors and
structures in housing using bamboo throughout the world,
especially in Asia and America. The
second part is a study of one of the three regions in Colombia
where environment, its
preservation, and its sustainability are the main issues, and it
cantains an analysis of the data
coUected from the three regions. The main part of the thesis
classifies and analyses new
techniques and systems that are applied in the construction of
walls, floors and structures in the
region ofOld Caldas, Colombia.
AbstractIRsum u
-
The Use ofBomboo in Architecture
Rsum
Le bambou a t un des plus importants matriaux utiliss dans la
construction de maisons pour
des familles de tous les niveaux socia-conomiques depuis des
gnrations, dans beaucoup de
parties du monde.
Par l'analyse des mthodes de construction de maisons utilises
dans la rgion de la culture du
caf en Colombie, cette thse examine les caractristiques les plus
importantes des techniques
d'utilisation du bambou pour construire des murs, des planchers
et des structures.
En effectuant cette recherche, j'ai rassembl de nombreux
documents visuels tels que photos,esquisses, dessins et plans
d'anciennes et de nouvelles habitations urbaines, rurales,
d'haciendas et
de taudis, situs dans les trois principales rgions de Colombie,
o le bambou constitue la plus
importante ressource naturelle pour la construction.
La premire partie de cette tude donne une vue d'ensemble des
systmes de construction en
bambou des murs, des planchers et des structures de maisons
travers le monde, spcialement en
Asie et en Amrique.
La deuxime partie est une tude sur l'une des trois rgions de
Colombie o les principaux enjeuxsont: l'environnement, sa
prservation et sa capacit se renouveler.
La partie principale de la thse classifie et analyse de
nouvelles techniques et de nouveaux
systmes qui sont appliqus dans la construction des murs, des
planchers et des structures dans la
rgion du Old Caldas en Colombie.
AbstroctIRsum ID
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Acknowledgments.
Severa! years were spent on this research.. and many people
helped by giving me the support and
encouragement 1needed.
First 1 want to thank my professor and advisor V1kram Bhatt, for
bis guidance, support and
understanding during the process of this study. 1 thank very
much my family in Colombi~ who
helped me get the information 1 needed in the early stages of
the research. 1 want to thank my
family here in Canada for their unconditional support and
encouragement, especially to Michael
Thomas for his patience and invaluable work on this paper,
especially in dealing with corrections
and editing; to Virginia Thomas for her criticism and precise
cornments; ta Mrs. Belva Thomas
for the wonderful energy she transmitted to me during the latest
stages of my work.
1 would like ta give special posthumous thanks ta Prof Carlos
Vergara (May He Rest in Peace)for giving me good advice and he
sharing the results of his research with me, especially about
the
Rice Husk wall system~ ta Professors Alvaro Thomas for his
enthusiastic encouragement and for
providing me with extensive material, even when we were sa far
away; to Ms. Marcia King for
her help in administrative matters and (or her wise advise and
support when 1really needed them.
1 also want to thank Prof. Oscar Hidalgo and Simon Velez, the
most important architects in
Colombia working with bamboo construction. They have inspired me
since the beginning of my
career with their fascinating work and its development aver the
years. Now the new generations
of architeets and engineers have the great advantage of this
knowledge in the development of
bamboo architecture.
Finally, 1 want to thank my wife and best friend Ruth~ for her
unconditional love and support
during this time. T0 her 1dedicate this work.
Acknowledgments IV
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Table of Contents.
1. Chapter 1 : Introduction.
1.1. Preface.
1.2. Rationale.
1.3. Research Questions.
1.4. Scope ofthe Study.
1.5. Thesis Outline.
1.6. Terminology.
2. Cbapter II : Organic Materials for Housing
2.1. Introduction.
2.2. Current Use ofOrganic Materials.
2.3. Scarcity.
2.4. Response and Adaptation to Scarcity.
2.5. The Bamboo in Colombia.
2.6. Physical Properties ofBamboo.
2.6.1. Tensile and Flexion Resistance.
2.6.1. Compression Resistance.
2.7. Cure ofBamboo.
2.7.1. Natural cure.
2.7.2. Immersion cure.
2.7.3. Heating cure.
2.8. Advantages ofthe Use ofBamboo in Construction.
2.9. Disadvantages of the Use ofBamboo in Construction.
Table ofContents v
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
3. Chapter III : The Use of Bamboo in Asia and America, a
General Overview.
3.1. Introduction.
3.2. The East Asian Region.
3.2.1. Japan.
3.2.1.1. Waiis.
3.2.1.2. Structure.
3.2.1.3. F1oors.
3.3 .1.1. WalIs.
3.3.1.1.1. Mat Walls.
3.3. L.l.2. Board Walls.
3.3.1.2. Strueture.
3.3.1.3. Floors.
3.3. The Middle Asian Region:
3.3.1. India.
3.3.1. I. Walls.
3.3.1.1.1. Mat Walls.
3.3.1.1.2. Board Walls.
3.3.1.2. Structure.
3.3. 1.3. Floors.
3.4. The Pacifie Island Region: Hawaii.
3.4.1. Walls.
3.4.2. Strueture.
3.5. Advantages.
3.6. Disadvantages.
Table a/Contents VI
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The Use 0/Bamboo in Architecture
4. Chapter IV : The Use of Bamboo in Colombia.
4.1. Introduction.
4.2. Walls.
4.2.1. Bahareque Walls.
4.2.2. Earth-Filled Walls.
4.2.3. The Quincha Wall.
4.2.3.1. System A.
4.2.3.2. System B.
4.2.4. Weaving tlattened bamboo walls.
4.3. Structure.
4.4. Floors.
4.5. Advantages.
3.5.1. Walls.
4.5.1.1. Bahareqlle Walls.
4.5.1.2. Earlh-Filled Walls.
4.5.1.3. The Quiflcha WalIs.
4.5.1.4. Weaving Flattened Bamboo Walls.
4.5.2. Structure.
4.5.3. FIoors.
4.6. Disadvantages.
4.6.1. WaIIs.
4.6.1.2. Bahareque WaIls.
4.6.1.3. Earth-FilledWaIls.
4.6.1.4. The Quincha Wans.
Table afContents vii
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
4.6.1.5. Weaving Flattened Bamboo Walls.
4.6.2. Structure.
4.6.3. Floors.
S. Chapter V : The New Techniques of Construction with Bamboo
in
Colombia.
5.1. Introduction.
5.2. Watts.
S.2.1. Rice Husk Waiis.
5.2.1.1. Production.
5.2.1.2. The mixing.
5.2.1.3. Physical characteristics.
5.2.1.4. Process of production.
5.2.1.5. Process ofassembly.
5.2.1.6. Comparative analysis.
5.2.2. The Tendit/oso Walls.
5.3. Structure.
S.3 .1. Prefabricated Three-dimensional Bamboo Structures.
5.3.2.1. Norms ofConstruetion.
5.3.2.2. Wooden triangular frames.
5.3.2.3. Assembly of the structure.
5.3.2.4. Application ofplaster as a roof.
5.3.2. Super-Structures with Concrete-Reinforced Bamboo. - Simon
Velez
5.3.2.1. Km. 41 House, Manizales, Caldas - Colombia.
Table a/Contents viii
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
5.3.2.1.1. The Main Pavilion.
5.3.2.1.2. The Children's Pavilion.
5.3.2.1.3. The Stan Nol.
5.3.2.1.2. The Stail No 2.
5.2.2.1.3. The Social Area
5.3.2.2. The ZERI Pavilio~ Manizales.
5.3.2.2.1. Foundations.
5.3.2.2.2. The A/izo posts.
5.3.2.2.3. Bamboo beams and concrete reinforcedjoints.5.3.2.2.4.
The Overhang.
5.4.1. Walls.
5.4.1.1. Rice Husk Walls.
5.4.1.2. The Tendinoso Walls.
5.4.2. Structure
5.4.2.1. Prefabricated Three-dimensional Bamboo Structures.
5.4.2.2. Super-Structures with Concrete-Reinforced Bamboo.
5.4. Advantages.
5.4.1. Walls.
5.4.1.1. Rice Husk Walls.
5.4.1.2. The Telldinoso Walls.
5.4.2. Structure.
5.4.2.1. Prefabricated Three-dimensionaI Bamboo Structures.
5.4.2.2. Super...structures with Concrete...reinforced
Bamboo.
5.5. Disadvantages.
Table ofContents IX
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
5.5.1. Walls.
5.6.1.1. Rice Husk Walls.
5.6.1.2. The Telldi1loso Walls.
5.5.2. Structure.
5.6.2.1. Prefabricated Three-dimensional Bamboo Structures.
5.6.2.2. Super-Structures with Concrete-Reinforced Bamboo.
6. Chapter VI : Conclusions.
7. Bibliography.
Table afContents x
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
1. Chapter 1: Introduction.
1.1. Preface.
Since the dawn of civilizatio~ bamboa has been widely utilized
in various and ingenious
ways. lapan, China, India, Philippines, Indonesia, and many
other Asian countries, have
used this marvelous grass in the construction of bridges, town
and rural bouses, sewers,
water canals, in the production of paper, musical instruments,
and many other items. It is
an aImast infinitely usefuI materia! with new applications being
discovered every day in the
fields ofMedicine, pharmaceuticaIs, and chemistry.
In Colombia there is a particular class of bamboo, with the
scientific Dame Guadua
Angustifolia, commanIy called glladua. This special type of
grass is round in theMountains where coffee grows in fenile sail,
along rivers and creeks where the
temperature is between 12 and 25 degrees Celsius.
During La Violencia (the civil war) in the 1940's in Ca(ombi~
thousands of families troman extensive territory called Antiaquia
fled, seeking refuge from the violence. They
migrated to the least colonized and remate valleys of the Andes
Mountains. The
colonization of these fertile lands is called the IlAntioquian
Colonizationtf and the
architecture derived trom this period has a special
characteristic forming part of the
historie legacy ofthe country.
The colonizers took advantage of the rich land and staned ta
utilize guadua as the main
material in building their towns, rural houses, and haciendas.
Snce then, the popularity of
this type of bamboo has been growing, especially among the poor,
who use it as a very
economic and versatile construction material. After the arrivai
of cement and concrete in
the country, people began ta replace the guadua with what they
thought were more
"durable and resistant" materials for their homes, and bamboo
lost its importance in
construction; yet in siums and squatter settlements guacfua was
still the material par
Chapte,. 1 l
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
excellence for the poorest farnilies. As a result, the idea
ofbuilding with bamboa became
associated with low socio..economic status.
ln the beginnings of the 80'sy a young architect named Simon
Velez, a man fascinated by
local architecture, realized the beauty of bamboo and started ta
experiment with new
systems, uses and designs. A graduate from the Universidad
Nacional (the NationalUniversity), and a recognized structural
designer, he gained popularity, especially amongwealthy families
for his creations ofdesigns for country homes.
ln bis study Bambao Building, D. Darrel shows how Velez
introduces extremely
innovative structural features, 5uch as "Roof cantilevers of 28
feet! He arranges the
bamboo in truss-lke configurations, with every member in tension
where possible, then for
the few shear and compression bolted joints.. fills the bamboo
with concrete. Not only doesthe roof cantilever that far, but it's
covered with a mesh made of palm tree sUces holding
I" of mortar and very heavy Spanish tiles. The drawings are
incredibly sparse, freehand
plan and section, then he stays on the job site where only ms
same workers build theseworks of real beauty. (do 1 sound tao
bubbly?) 1 was extremely impressed that thesestructures exis~ and
even more when 1found that they expressly forbid construction
with
bamboo in Colombia .. even though they don't enfarce the nlles
on him. ft l
While building these luxury projects, new ideas and techniques
emerged for theincorporation and application of bamboo in
lower-income and middle..incorne family
houses. New professionals, architects and engineers, learning
from Velez's experience,
designed and built housing complexes for families of all
socio..economic levels, using
guadua as the basic materiaL Realizing the inherent popuJarity
ofbamboo, the government
began to provide housing (oans to low..incerne famifies for
construction with this material,something that had been prohibited
in the past because of the Jack of laboratory testing
information about the properties ofbamboo-
1 DarreI D. 1996.
ChapterI 2
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
1.2. Rationale.
In the cultures of the past human beings created shelter out of
the local materials that
surraunded them, and the result of this creative pracess was an
interactive relationship
between people and their natura! environment. Vemacular
architecture was integrated
with the environment, and people were able to work with their
own hands and few tools,
for example, ta transform a tree into a post or a beam to build
their houses.
Organic materials have been used for shelter since the earliest
fonns of civilization
emerged around the warld. Today~ sorne ofthese groups still
survive with all the customs,
building traditions and indigenous local knowledge of former
times. In Africa, eotire tnlles
depend on local organic materials for their survival, as these
materials have Many domestic
and constructive uses. [n Many parts of the developing world,
organic materials areintensively used far shelter. Unfortunately,
statistics have shown an alarming decrease in
the availability of these materials due ta their overuse and
uncontrolled harvesting,
especially in arid regions. Because of the population explosion
and since these sources are
not ooly used for construction, but also for industrial and
other domestic purposes,
scarcity and the danger of extinction are the principal factors
that national institutions,
international organizations and non-governmentai foundations are
attempting to address.
Development has otrered Many the possibility of raising their
standard of living with new
technologies for construction that facilitate the building ofa
home more quicldy and easily.
But what are the consequences ofthese new technologies for the
environmen~ and for the
relationship between man and nature? Are these technologies
appropriate for crearing
housing for the paor? Unfonunately, in my opinio~ feware,
because ofthe high costs, the.
disappearance of the customs of traditional and vemacular
architecture, as weil as the
potential environmental damage. These factors will be addressed
in greater detail in the
Chapterl 3
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
second chapter ofthe thesis.
On the other hand~ traditional construction materials provide an
alternative path toward
development and present the following three main advantages:
They involve the protection of environmental resources (for
example, forest and soilconservation) over the long-term, for the
sustainability ofnatural resources. They proteet the link to the
traditional techniques developed in the past, while alIowing
scope for innovation and change.
They can be implemented at lower cost under Many circumstanees,
or at comparable
costs to other technologies.
Bamboo is the construction material used in Many developing
countries. Its light weight,
high resistance, law-cast and wide availability, make it
desirable and atrordable - especially
ta law-incarne familles. Commonly used in Asian countries, like
lapan. The Philippines,
India, Thailand, and Indonesia, and in Latin America, in Ecuador
and Colombia, bamboo
is one of the natural resourees that allows people to improve
their living conditions while
preserving their naturai environment. hs roots hold water and
preserve the soil, giving it
an important function near rivers and creeks on fann lands. Its
fast growth is also one of
the most important advantages ofthis material.
In Colombia bamboo is used in housing with great success by poor
communities. The
Guadua AlIgustifolia, a local species of bamboo, is widely used
in the construction ofsiums, because of its great resistance, its
ease of handling, Iightness, abundance, and low
priee. That is the reason why it was syoonymous with poverty,
and people had rejeeted itsuse for other purposes. Ho\vever recent
generations of architects in tbis country have
developed new techniques of construction with bamboo that
represent the fusion of the
old systems with the new ideas. This has attracted the interest
ofthe upper classes.
The intention of this researcn is to investigate and analyze new
building techniques using
bamboo, especially in structures, walls and floars (the mast
cammon uses ofbamboo), in
Chapte,/ 4
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Old CaIdas~ a bamboo-growing region ofColomhia. From 1991-1994~
1 was involved inbuilding law-cast housing with hamboo: a total of
eight houses for poor families~ fourwarehouses~ two kiosles and one
auditorium for a school were built. l used bamboo as the
main materia! for the construction ofwalls~ structures and
floors, as weil as for scafFolding
in the construction of the auditorium.
My experience raised many doubts and questions about the best
way to buiId with
bamboo; for example, how ta create spaces more dynamically using
cantilevers ta span
large distances, how ta incorporate new materials and systems ta
make bamboo more
resistant and durable, how ta proteet it from bugs and insects
commonly affecting
bamboo, etc. In the literature, l have found answers ta sorne of
these questions, but
unfortunately almast no information about new technologies based
on the old techniques
which l had round sa fascinating during my visit to new homes
made of bamboo, which l
had seen in Old Caldas.
These experiences raised sorne important questions which helped
to develop this research.
ChapterI 5
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The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
1.3. Research Questions.1. What new methods ofbamboo
construction are currently being used in the domestic
architecture (ID particular ta build walls, f100rs and
structures) ofOlrl Caldas?Keywords:
Building construction, structural joint cutting, structural
joint classification, jointassembly, structural and physicaI
properties, durability, and maintenance for walls, tloors
and structures, environmental factors.
2. What are the advantages ofbuilding with bamboo and how can
they be best
exploited?
Key words:
StructuraI resistance, joint reinforcement, cost effectiveness,
sustainability,maintenance.
3. What are the disadvantages ofbuilding with bamboo and how can
they be overcome?
Keywords:
Tension and compression properties and weaknesses, immunization
and treatment,
cutting ofbamboo, time and edge, maintenance, durability
ChapterI 6
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
1.4. Scope of the Study.This research is limited ta the analysis
of the physical and technological aspects of
construction with bamboo.. and although casts and statistics are
touched on, it does not
intend ta go deeply in the economic aspect. Issues such as
environmental factors and
sustainability are also described but not analyzed in detail.
The thesis looks at Old Caldas~
a region of Colombia,. where bamboo has been the mast important
material for
construction throughout several generations.
1.5. Thesis Outline.
The thesis is organized in six chapters:
The first chapter introduces and states the problem under
investigation; it gives a short
historie description orthe use ofbamboo in housing in Colombia
and introduces the recent
work ofsorne architects involved in developing new
technologies.
The second chapter deals with the use of organic materials in
housing~ their scarcity~ and
their adaptation.
Chapter three descnoes construction techniques to build walls..
floors and structures from
lapan, India and Hawaii.
Chapter four deals with Colombia, analyzing the traditional
systems of bamboo
construction used since the Antioquian Colonization period~ a
time when bamboo was
considered material par excellence for construction.
The tifth chapter deals with the new technologies and systems
for construction of walls~
floors and struetures~ the analysis of the building process~
structural and physical
properties~ joint classification.. joint assembly and joint
reinforcement. This principalchapter a1so includes a comparison of
the Colombian techniques with those in the Asian
countries.
Finally~ chapter six concludes the research by summarizing the
findings.
ChapterI 7
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
1.6. Terminology.
1. Alizo: A very resistant wood used for large structures.
2. Bahareque: Olrl construction technique for making walls.
3. Esterilla: Flattened bamboo. hs interior and soft bark is
removed ta obtain a light and
multi...use material for construction.
4. F1ute Supports: Type ofjoint assembly~ which consists ofa
concrete corbel and capitalwith bamboo Bute supports embedded in
concrete at the moment of the concrete pouring.
The bamboo is beautifully placed like a f1ute~ without the help
of any column or vertical
support.
5. Guai/ua: Common name ofthe Colombian barnboo ...
Bambusa...Guadua Angustifolia.
6. Bone-Tail: Japanese styled bamboo ceiling.
7. Karakasatei or Umbrella Harbour: Represents the structure ofa
kiosk roofin Japan.
8. Ply-bamboo: Woven bamboo matting glued tagether like
traditianal plywood.
9. Quincha Wall: One of the most important and traditional
methods ofwaU-making inLatin America, which consists ofwoven bamboo
and plastered walls.
10. Rice Husk Walls: Porous walls made with riec hus~ a waste
product fram rice
factories.
Il. Sekkatei Arbour: Rattan-thatch garret ceiling.
11. Tendinoso: Low-cost, ecologically-sound building material
for walls.
13. Three-dimensional Structures: One of the systems for roof
construction with a
prefabricated framework ofbamboo.
Chapeerl 8
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
2. Chapter fi: Organic Materials for Housing.
2.1 Introduction.
In Many parts of the world~ organic materials are the principal
resource for housing
construction. These materials are inexpensive, easy to obtain
and to transport. They are
Iightweight and relatively durable, depending on the type of
material. Because people
associate them with poverty, shelters built with such materials
are expected ta be
upgraded with 'modem and better' ones.
Because ofthe overuse of these natural resources, they are
getting scarce in Many parts of
the world. Timber and bamboo seem ta be disappearing rapidly,
especially in Asia. Efforts
are being made to alleviate the problem by promoting the use of
alternate building
materials and encouraging tree planting.2
2.2. Current Use of Organic Materials.
Timber: Timber is the best known and MOst used material for
construction not only in
developed countries but also in the third world. Universally it
is recognized as a resistan~
durable and beautiful material, which is also easy to work with.
It is appreciated by the
wealthy, and this gives it a high value in the market and it is
in great demand world-wide.
It is utilized in MOst countries as a structurai material for
walis and roof. In low-cost
buiIdin& timber is used in its naturaI state, known as round
timber, country timber, or
pales. A comman form of law-cast construction is a framework of
pales covered with
mud.
Bamboos and canes: These are commonly used in American and Asian
counties like
Hawaii, Colombia Jap~ and India,. Their (ow cast and
availability make them excellent2 Wells J. 1995.
Chapteril 9
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
material par excellence for construction.
Grasses and leaves: Globally. this organic matenal is used for
roofs and walls
particularly in Senegal, Venezuela, Peru~ Iraq, North Central
Sumatra., Zare and Brazil.
ln western countries, grass and reeds are used for roofs,
together with timber. Palm leaves
are used in Brazil, Philippines, Thailand and Colombia.
Another type ofgrass is the straw which is used in North America
and Mexico for animal
feed. Today it is used in construction with excellent results:
it is very cheap, light weight,
and a good thermic and acoustical insulator. Straw baie
construction has been used in
Canada and the USA with timber. 3
Jute is another kind of grass used for law-cast construction. In
Colombia it is used to
make cotfee sacks, one of the components of the Tendinoso wall
descnbed in chapter V.
Agricultural residues: Like the riee husk. they are used as
building materials for walls,
as descnoed in chapter V.
2.3. Scarcity.
An alanning scarcity of natural building materials has been
observed in Mrica, Asia and
the Americas. Deforestation and environmental degradation have
several causes, the tirst
ofwhich is the expanding population in settlements where the
domestic demand for timber
for fuel and construction is concentrated.
The supply of bamboo is diminishing in several Asian countries
like Iodia, Iapan and
Colombia. In Many parts ofthe world, grasses like reeds, straw
and palm Ieaves are widely
used for thatching, creating an increasing scarcity. In sorne
countries of Africa it is
becoming more expensive to roof a house with thatch than with
eorrugated iron.4
3 Steen A... Steen B~ David B. 1994:4 Wells 1. .. 1995:81
Chapteril 10
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
2.4. Response and Adaptation to Scarcity.
The breakdown of sustainable praetices, like the restriction on
cutting materials during
certain seasons or times of the year, is being countered far
example by the use of fines,
taxes and fees levied in India, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh to
prevent the irresponsible and
non-sustainable use oftimber or bamboo.S
The seasaning and preservation of timber and bamboo have been
intraduced in arder ta
prevent excessive cutting. Although many experiments have been
made ta preserve
bambaa chemically, for example, in Bangladesh, they were
ineffective because of the
toxicity ofthese chemicals, and the resultant increase in the
cost orthe material.6
Changing building techniques is another response by people who
can afford to switch
from organic ta manufactured materials 5uch as bricks. But
brick-making increases the use
oftimber not ooly for pales but also for fuel to bake the
bricks.7
Another response is to switch from organic ta other indigenous
materials. For instance in
Niger a system was introduced from Iran and Egypt using unbaked
earth for walls with
very little use oftimber. This method was very weil received and
easily assimilated into the
local tradition.8
The movement to plant trees. Although it requires time ta grow
trees, tree planting is a
very good solution to the problem of scarcity. It has been
applied in severa! countries like
Calombia, and especially with bamboo, because ofits rapid
growth.9
s Wells 1. .1995:826 Wells 1. .1995:837 Wells J. ,1995:84a Wells
J. ,1995:859 WeUs 1. ,1995:85
ChapterlI 11
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
2.S. Bamboo in Colombia.In the middle of this century~ bamboo
was extensively used in the coffee region of
Colombia ta build towns such as ManizaIes, Dos Quebradas,
Cartago and many others.Over the years the supply of bamboo was
seriously depleted. National agencies and the
private sector realized the danger of glladua disappearing and
started infonnation
carnpaigns and programs encouraging severa! types of
cultivation. Sorne of these were
rapidly assimilated because of their simplicity (bamboo grown
using culms), but atherswhich were equally important but more
complex scientifically (bamboo grown inlaboratory), were
implemented as weil.The bamboo in Colombia has been recognized by
new generations of architeets and
engineers, as a building material for the poor and for the rich,
from squatter settlements to
big town and country houses. Seminars, lectures, courses and
advertisements for many
years promoted the plantation of bamboo. Preservation and
sustainabiIity have been
encouraged by the government which imposes ta.xes and issues
special pennits for cutting
and transporting bamboo.
1.6. Physical Properties of Bamboo.2.6.1. Tensile and Flexion
Resistance.
Bamboo can be used without concrete reinforcement. when spans
and post distances do
not exceed the 3 ~ described further in chapter rv. Together
with concrete and steel,
bamboo is a material that can be used for tension purposes in
overhangs, beams~ and
trusses exceeding that distance, and can be applied as
ilIustrated in chapter V. The naturaI
tension strength ofbamboo is due to the fine fibers that caver
its skin between each knot.
The knots are the elements that give the continuity and the
strength to the fibers. The
distances between knots vary between 0.05 M and 0.30 M. The
flexibility of bamboo
provides anti-seismic properties when it is used together with
fibers, cement and barbed
wire (Tendinoso Wall).
Chapterii 12
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Tensile Resistance
Between knots
Maximum
Minimum
In theKnot
Maximum
Minimum
Flexion Resistance
Maximum
Minimum
3.515,5 kg/cm2 (50.000 PSI)
1.828 kg/cm2 (26.000 PSI)
3.480)4 kg/cm2 (49.500 PSI)2.265~58 kglcm2 (18.000 PSI)
2.760 kg/cm2 (39.255 PSI)763 kg/cm2 (10.852 PSI)
2.6.2. Compression Resistance.
The knots and the fibers, as in tensio~ provide great advantages
when building multi-story
structures for housing on steep terrain.
Maximum 863 kglcm2 (12.274,29 PSI)Minimum 562,48 kglcm2 (8.000
PSn10
2.7. Cure of Bamboo.
2.7.1. Natural cure.
Bamboos not younger than 3 years must not be cut for
construction purposes. White spots
on their surfaces determine their age. The more white spots the
bamboo culm has the aider
it is.
10 Hidalgo. 1974:84
Chapterll 13
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Bamboo must he cut before sunrise when the moon is waning. This
anaent custom has
been proven effective due to the natural process ofplants during
this period oftime.
Once bamboo is eut it must be placed at the most vertical angle
possible against the uncut
ones~ without removing the branches. The bamboo must be raised
from the soil by stone
supports to avoid moisture. According to weather conditions,
bamboo culms must be kept
in this position for a 4 to 8 week-period.
This is the MOst recommended system because with i~ the bamboo
keeps its natural color~
it does not crack, and is not attacked by insects or bugs. Tests
have shown that this natural
process of immunization yields a 91% greater probability of
freedom from attach by
inseets or bugs. II
2.7.2. Immersion cure.
This system consists in immersing the barnboo in a tank with
water during a 4 week
period then dried out for use. Even though it is very widely
used, this method makes
bamboo lighter than required and very often resu[ts in cracking.
Il
2.7.3. Beating cure.
In tbis system eut bamboo must be rotated over a tire without
burning it. In tbis way, bugs
and insects are killed and the exterior layer ofbamboo is
strengthened. Il
2.8. Advantages of the Use of Bamboo in Construction.
Due to its hollow sections and circular configuratio~ bamboo is
very light, easy to
transport and store, allowing rapid construction oftemporary and
permanent structures.
Due to its great lightness~ bamboo can he handled very easily~
(one man can carry severaI
11 Hidalgo~ 1974:9212 HidaJgo~ 197-&.:9313 Hidalgo~
1974:93
ChapterIl 14
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
barnboo pieces). The ease ofcutting is also an advantage,
especially when it done just afterits natura! period ofcure.
Bamboo has knots in each sectio~ which makes it rigid without
cracking when it bends;
because of this~ bamboo is an ideal material for anti-seismic
construction.
The natural surface ofbamboo is smooth and clea~ bas a beautiful
color and it does not
require to be painted or polished. Varnish can be used to
enhance its appearance and
beauty.
Bamboo is a very law-cast material which can he used by
lo\v-income families ta build
their homes.
2.9. Disadvantages of the Use of Damboo in Construction.
The permanent contact with the soil rots the bamboo and it is
attacked by termites and
other insects; therefore~ it is not recommended for use in
foundationst unless it is treated.
Once bamboo is cut~ it is attacked by insects 5uch as the
Dinoenls Mimi/lis which builds
large galleries in its walls~ weakening il.
When it is dry~ bamboo is a high combustible material, 50 it
must be tire proofed or
protected from tire.
Bamboo does not have a regular diameter aIong its body and its
variable width causes
difficulties in the construction process.
When it is dried, bamboo contracts and its diameter is reduced~
causing difficulties in the
construction proceS5.
Bamboo cannot he fastened with nails, the way it is used with
timber, due to its tendency
to crack, but it can be tied with ropes or screwed steel
bars.
Chapter Il 15
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
3. Chapter ID : The Use of Bamboo in Asia andAmerica, a General
Overview.
3.1 Introduction.
Tls chapter deals with the main bamboo construction techniques
used in Iapan and India,
the Americas, and the Hawaiian Islands. These are the places
where a considerable amount
of work has been done on the use of bamboo. The emphasis in tms
study is on the
construction of walls, floors and structures. On analyzing these
three elements and
indicating where bamboo gives its best performance with respect
to resistanee to tension
and compression, versatility, ease ofhandling and eeonomy.
The first country ta be studied is lapan. In the analysis
ofJapanese bamboo architecture,
the building techniques of walls, floors and structures for
housing, such as those used in
the traditional ways of building with bamboo, and in the
implementation of new
techniques, are addressed. These new techniques are evaluated to
show the relative
advantages, as weIl as the possible disadvantages ofusing
bamboo. The traditional and the
new techniques are eompared with those used in Colombia in
ehapters li and IV.
In general, the literature from Iodia emphasize the use ofbamhoo
in housing for the poor.
rn Hawaii the popular use of bamboo links it ta the Asian
cantext and provides another
interesting ease study. In lapan by way of contrast, bamboo has
been and still is, the
material used for the housing of the wealthy, and the
traditional methods afbuilding with
bamboo have survived the advance of modem technology and have
became a symbol of
status, refinement and beauty.
The information has been drawn from an extensive review ofthe
available literature on the
use of bambao in these countries. Graphie material such as
drawings, sketches, and
pietures are used ta clearly illustrate and concretize the
practiees described. Basically this
ChapterIll 16
-
The Use ofBanlboo in A,.chitecture
chapter demonstrates in detail, how bamboo has been used for
Many purposes in the
construction field: low incarne families have utilized it as a
principal, inexpensive and
versatile material for the construction of their dwellings and,
as in the case ofJap~ it is
valued for its aesthetic qualities above the economic ones. this
chapter summarizes the
main trends and techniques of domestic architecture built with
bamboo pointing out
significant differences, but also revealing the important common
elements of housing
construction.
3.2. The East Asian Region.
3.2.1. Japan.
For centuries, Japanese architecture has refleeted a deep
appreciation of local materials,
especially bamboo. Bamboo has had the most impressive
development in arts and crafts
such as weaving, e.g. basket making and in [he creation of fans,
musical instruments, andmany other applications. In homes, bamboo
is found in water canals, wall frames,
structures, floors, and ceilings. (Fig.3.01). For many
generations, bamboo in Japan hasbeen the material preferred by
emperors and weU-to-do families, for its beauty, color, and
texture.
This section gives a general context for sorne of the mast
important bamboo construction
techniques, especially in the domestic architecture of lapan.
The focus is on the building
systems of walls, structures (including roof and ceiling
structures), and Boors; these arethe most representative uses
ofbamboo in the lapanese house. With the help of drawings
and pictures, the most important forms of joint assembly and
cutting and carvingtechniques are descnoed. (Fig. 3.02)
Chapte,. III 17
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Fans
Baskets
Flutes
Kiosks
Figs.3.01
Source
(http://www.omnics.co.jp/myhmtwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwalIlpaintwaIl-E.html)
ChapterllI 18
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Japanese gate Garden ofthe bouse
Figs. 3.02 (Source: Austin R.& Ueda K., 1970:59 and 68)
Chapterm 19
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
3.2.1.1. Walls.
According to Hidalgo 14 and Yoshida15y in developed countries~
modern materiaIs forconstruetio~ such as cement and other synthetic
produets~ have been replacing clay as a
plastering material for walls; taday, clay is only used in
isolated rural areas or in low
incorne family homes. However in Japan, the most developed
country in Asi~ where the
most modem techniques ofconstruction have been applied, the
traditional clay wall is still
being used, not only for housing but for new steel and concrete
buildings. In sorne of these
buildings, walls, f100rs and ceilings are constructed using the
same materials and
techniques utilized in the Middle Ages ta build luxurious homes.
This tradition is
maintained because of the coloring and beauty of the texture of
clay, as weil as its
resistance to weather changes, aJthough it lacks resistance to
impact and wear.
The clay wall is built within a wooden frame, which is part of
the structure, of beams,
props, and columns. Into tms wooden frame, a net made of very
thin bamboa strips is
inserted, reinforced by waaden sticks, as shown in the Fig.
3.03.
Once this frame is made, 3-5 layers of specially prepared clay
are applied to each side of
the wall. The bamboo net is made by stems varying from 8-13 mm.
in diameter or by
sticks eut from wider bamboos. The principal ones are plaeed
every 30 cm. horizontally
and vertically, and their edges are tied ta the main frame, The
secondary sticks are placed
between the main ones every 2.5 to 4.0 cm, and tied with a
5mm-diameter straw rope
called "Kaki-Nawa". Fig. 3.03
14 Hidalgo, 1974:222-225IS Yoshida, 1954:135
Chapte,. III 20
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Figs. 3.03 Details ofthe clay wall constructiol\ and its bamboo
frame
The wall is built with 3-5 layers of clay, each one of them
having a different composition
and process of preparation. These layers are placed on each side
of the wall~ and the
bamboo aets as reinforcement. The final layer is made of
different kinds of clay and the
type of finishing depends on the weather and local tradition.
The initial layer is made of
clay of different colars and consistency, rnixed with other
produets such as fibers, glues~
and sand, which give the wall resistance and durability. The
second layer ofclay is applied
with more fine components in its mixture and the last one is a
layer made of rnortars There
is a variety in their appearance, color and texture, and sorne
examples of these mortars
are:
ltTsuchi-Kabe". A colored clay, sand and glue mixture
"Ootsu-Kabelf Colored clay, fine sand and lime
"Shikkui-Kabe". Lime and water
ItSuna-Kabe". A mixture ofcolored clay and gluel6
An example of these traditional Japanese clay walls is shawn
with great splendor in the
Kojuro Katakuras castle tawn of Shiroishi; the wall called
Takekomai is an old style ofwall construction in Japan in which the
frame, made of bamboo pales bound together, is
coated with layers ofclay and finished with white plaster. 17
Figs. 3.04
Il
http-.J/www.omnics.co.jplmyluntwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwalVpe1intwall..E.htmI17
http-.J/ww\V.omnics.co.jplmyluntwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwalllpaintwalI..E.html
ChapterIII 21
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Kojuro Katakura's Castfe Town
Kojuro Katakura's Castle Town
Chapter III 22
-
The Use ofBambou in Architecture
This kind of wall is composed of a frame of green bamboo that
has a thickness of 3 cm
with bamboo stems within the frame separated every 10 cm. Poles
are lied together with
helm-palm rope forming a large frame. Large knots ofthis rope
are alIowed to hang down
tram the frame while it receives its first coating of plaster.
The clay is extracted trom a rice
field near the Family Cemetery of Lord Katakura. Ta prevent
crackingy shredded straw is
mixed with the clay. In arder to strengthen the matenaI, the
mixture is set aside to age and
settle for one year before using il. Finally, layers of white
plaster are applied to the wall
until it reaches a thickness ofapproximately 24 cm. Fig.3.0S
Construction process of the traditional Japanese clay wall
Figs. 3.05
(Source:(http://www.omnics.co.jp/myhmtwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwaIVpaintwall-E.htmI)
ChapterIIl 23
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Figs. 3.05
(Source:(http://www.omnics.co.jp/myhmtwnlshiroishilprocesslpaintwalVpaintwall-E.html)
Continuation
ChapterIII 24
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
3.2.1.2. Structure.
3.2.1.2.1. Trusses and beams
According to Hidalgo11 and Yoshida19~ the trusses~ beams and
ceilings construeted withbamboo are the only traditional structural
elements represented in Japanese architecture.
These elements appear on the roofofthe traditional Japanese Tea
House. As is the custom
and legacy ofcenturies, trusses are tied with the traditional
helm-palm rope, representing a
deep knowledge of the capacity ofbamboo: when bamboo is tied
with steel wire or nails,
it tends to show longitudinal cracks that eventually become
dangerous to the structural
frame. These cracks could even lead to a coUapse depending on
their extent, on the load
that this piece ofbamboo has to bear and on the position that
the piece occupies within the
truss. These cracks not only pose the potential danger of
collapse but they allow insects
and bugs ta penetrate the body ofthe bamboo, adding to the
likehood ofa short life ta the
structure, as weil as a decrease in structural resstance. The
traditional Japanese roofstructure avoids these problems by tying
joints with helm-palm ropes, which give thebamboo a longer
life-span by protecting it against cracking, and provides the
structure
with a more natural and authentic finish and beauty.
3.2.1.2.2. Ceilings
Harmonizing with the wooden structure, bamboo is used in the
entire ceiling in severa!
styles, as in Colombia and Hawaii. According ta Kitao and
Janssen, the traditional ceiling
of the Tai-an Hermitage and the ceiling of the Vuin use
"tlattened bamboos or green
bamboo culm opened on one side with a knife and then unfolded
till flat. The diaphragms
are removed. A 100 mm diameter bamboo results in a flattened
bamboo surface about 320
mm wide. This is laid on top of the joists, and lashed to them
or nailed.,,20 AlI the ceiling
11 HidaIgo~ 1974:222-22519 Yoshi~ 1954:13520 Janssen,
1988:29
ChapterIII 25
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
area uses flattened bamboo~ placed a10ng the joists of thin
bamboo~ 5 and 7 cm indiameter, polished with sand paper, and placed
facing the outermost surface, along the
truss and tied with tmn helm-palm rope.21(Fig.3.06). As shown in
the images, the thicknessof several kinds of wood used in the
&anle is a perfeet fit with the long and thin pieees of
bamboo.
The other type of bamboo ceiling uses long and very thin bamboo
branches 2 cm in
diameter, which are tied with galvanized wire and placed
together: a thatch type ceiling is
laid a10ng the bamboo structure of the tmss and tied with
rope.
Two examples are the ceiling of the Karakasatei or Umbrella
Arbour in the precincts of
Takadaiji Temple Higashiyama in Kyoto, which represents the
structure of a kiosk root:and the ceiling of Sekkatei Arbour~ an
example of rattan-thatch garret ceiling, thatched on
the lattice ofthe Hokedake bamboo beam and lateral bamboo poles
crossed together. (Fig.3.07). Another very simple but beautiful
example of ceiling used in the tea house is called
"Horse-tail Styled Bamboo Ceiling", where the intermediary
bamboo rafters are tied with
wisteria vne. This farro is popular for the ceiling over the
dirt-tloor of the private house22
which uses thick pieces ofbamboo (10 ta 12 cm) tied together
aiong the wooden structurewith rope. AIthough it is a heavier root:
it is supported by large wooden beams which are
embedded into the walls, and supported by the posts and columns
of the structured frame.
(Fig. 3.08)The last two systems of ceiling construction are
first~ that used in the Tea-Ceremony
House representing ail the above-mentioned techniques. Combined
with other wood
structures, these bamboo ceilings integrate all thickness and
lengths of severa! types of
bamboo, including the thin branches, as weil as in manually
woven ceilings. Second is the
hurdled ceiling, made completely with bamboo~ with trusses not
exceeding 8 cm in
diameter, and ceilings of4 cm in diameter as shown in the
illustrations. (Fig.3.09)
21 IGtao, 1958:58-6922 IGtao~ 1958:127
ChapterIlI 26
-
The Use ofBamhoo in Architecture
Figs. 3.06 The ceiling oCthe Yuin (Source: Kitao, 1958).
The ceiling aCTai-an Hermitage
3.2.1.2.3. Joints.
There are several types ofjoints depending on the function and
load of the beam, truss orjoist that they carry. The first type is
the MOst commonly used, specially on trusses andstructural members
orthe roof. Two barnboo stems are pfaccd perpendicularly and tied
with a rope
giving the bamboo its total capacity and resistance; in this
case bamboo is not cut or
transformed to gain structural resistance. (Figs. 3.07)Severa!
types of carving and cutting to level and secure the joints, are
used in thetraditional Japanese bamboo structure. The stems are cut
or carved depending on the
position and function that they have within the truss. As shawn
in the drawings, cuttings
can be made between two knots of the bamboo stell\ or else on
the edges to adjust the
ChapterIlI 27
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
joint completely to the joist.. the cut following the bamboo's
circular contour. (Fig. 3.10)Figs.3.07
The celling oflCarakasatei or UmbreUa Harbour
Figs. 3.09.
Hurdled Ceiling
Figs.3.10. Bamboojoint assemblage. (Source: Kitao~ 1958:(7)
ChapterIII 28
-
The Use ofBamboo in A,chitecture
3.2.1.3 Floors.
Bamboo floors in the Japanese house are works of art and beauty.
Prestigious homes like
the Imperial Katsura Palace, use bamboo in the terraces facing
the garden as Tesuro
Yoshida describes in bis book The Japanese House and Garden.23
Bamboo tloars are used
mainly in the contemplation places of the house, verandahs, and
railings, commonly facing
the garden or a pond.
Long bamboo stems of approx. 3 cm diameter are placed across the
wooden frame of the
platform. Bamboo is held to this platform with nails as in the
case of the Katsura Palace,
or sometimes with a wire or a rope.
The bamboo verandahs could vary in thickness and color depending
on the interior design,
and their location and function. For example, in the bamboo
verandah of Sekkatei Arbour
in the precinets of Kinkakuji Temple of Kyoto, the Susudake
strips are arranged in ahorse-tail style. The colors and texture of
the surrounding space are integrated and
combined to produce an effect ofintimacy, local expression, and
tradition.
The bamboo hurdled verandah, installed in front of a
tea-ceremony house, rises from the
ground to meet the threshold. Beautifully cut, these pieces of
bamboo of approx. 8 cm
diameter, are attached to the walls, and give acce~s to the
entrances of the house. The
irregularly arranged Madake bamboo verandah is constructed in a
horse-tail style. (Fig.3.11)
23 Yoshida, 1954:47,. 51,57. 135.
Chapter III 29
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Fil'.. 3..11. (Source: Kitao, 1958)
Bamboo veranda of
Sekkatei Arbour
Bamboo hurled veranda
Figs. 3.11 Continuation
Washroo~ Imperial Katsura
Palace
Bamboo terrace, Imperial Katsura Palace
Bamboo terrace and raiIin~ Imperial Katsura Palace
(Source: Kitao.. (958)
Chapter III 30
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
3.3 The Middle Asian Region.3.3.1. India.
In Indi~ bamboo is a material ofdaily use, especially as a
construction matenal.
Manual bamboo weaving is a traditional way of creating walls,
partitions, floors and
structures. Extracted from the tropical fores~ the Indian
bamboos are sorne of the
strongest in Asia.; the impressive diameter the IlDendrocalamus
giganteus" make it suitable
for creating large structures, as in the case of, (Fig. 3.(2),
an Indian specie of largebamboo.
Transportation of bamboo is accomplished by horse or bullock
carts, or by river, which
provides an easy and economical way to bring them to sites where
housing production by
manual and/or mechanical means is carried out. Fig. (3.13a-b).
One characteristic ofbamboo construction in India is the value that
people place upon traditional architecture,
especially in the rural areas. where tradition is still an
important element of the social and
culturallife. Fig. (3.13.a)Fig. 3.12a. (Source: United Nations,
1972:8)
ChapterllI 31
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Fig. 3.12. Dendrocalamus Giganteus. A large diameter
bamboo(Source: United Nations, 1972:3)
Fig. 3.12b. Bamboo transportatio~ Kerala, India. (Source: United
Nations, 1972:7)
ChaplerIIl 32
-
The Use ofBamboo in A,.chitecture
3.3.1.1. Walls.
3.3.1.1.1. Mat waUs.
As in Indonesia, bamboo mat walls in India are made by plaiting
splits. These mats are
made in a variety ofshapes and patterns. The strips are usually
woven by hand, but lately
small machines have been used to do the same job. Mats are used
to enclose houses, (Figs.3.14.) one very common method used is
called ply-bamboo, and consists of wovenbamboo matting glued
together like traditional plywood. This is glued with phenol...
fonnaIdehyde, malamine...formaldehyde hot-press resins, casein
and urea-formaldehyde.
One-ply bamboo is made by applying pressure at 30 kglcm2 and
140C: the results ofthis
process are mats containing 15 per cent phenol-formaldehyde
resins which have great
resistance to termites and weather.24
Bamboo matting
24 United Natio~ 1972:32
Chapterlll 33
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Another technique used in India is called the plastered bamboo
mat waIl; it is a wall made
using a thin bamboo mat which is nailed on bath sides ofa braced
tmber frame, thenattached to the timber ofthe bamboo frame and the
strips are plaited horizontally between
vertically stretched wires. Plaster is then applied to one or
both sides. For plastering, cow
dung, mud, sand, lime and portland cement are used alone or in
combination. These
bamboo mats are used for Iight partitions and walls, which are
suspended from rafters on
verandahs as protection against the sun. wind and rain.25 (Fi s.
3.15 & 3.16)
Fig. 3.15. Mat wans. (Source: U. N., 1972:63-64
~~ TM~ t4 Fr M~ er-n
Figs. 3.16. Structural details for floors and post &beams.
(Source: U. N., 1972:63-64)2.3.1.1.2. Board Walls.
Board walls or unrolled bamboo wa[)s, are made from a culm that
is eut and unfolded untilit is aImost tlat. This type of technique
is used in Indonesia as weil, and consists of"panels
placed vertically and lashed or pinned to horizontal round
members which in tum are fitted
to mortises made in the vertical bamboo framing pales ofthe
structure. To make it
weather-tight it is covered with c10sely plaited matting. Outer
walls are finished with
plaster on one or bath sides."26
2S United Nations. 1972:5326 United Nations.. 1972:53
ChapterIlI 34
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architeclure
3.3.1.2. Structure.
In India, bamboo and reeds are usually used for both roof
traming and ro06ng. "The
simplest faon ofbamboo roofcovering is made ofhalved bamboo
tiles running full length
from the overhangs to the ridge (Fig. 3.17). Large diameter
culms are split into twohalves, the diaphragm scooped out and the
tiles seasoned in a sheltered place.....27 in this
way bamboo is used as a tHe as "vell as in the structure.
Another example is bamboo shingle rooting. Bamboo shingles are
made from mature but
still green culms of maximum diameter. "The shingles being
formed ofsplit segments 34
cm wide are dried in the shade. The maximum length is equal to
the distance between
nodes. A 'hanging-split' is formed on the outside ofthe shingle
at the oode end and the
tiles are fixed to split bamboa battens by hooking this
haoging-split over them. ,,21 (Fig.3.18)
In general, bamboo framing and structure are used in [ndia with
the same designs andcharaeteristics as traditionaI waaden or timber
structures. " The individual structural
elements that compose the frame ofa conventional ali-bamboo
house correspond closely
to those found in an all-timber frame: Corner posts., girders or
plates, joists, studs, strotsor braces, tie beams, king posts~
purlins, ridge pales., rafters, sheathing and so forth.....29
3.17. Bamboo tile roof Fig.3.l8. Bamboo shingle roof(Source:
United Nations~ 1972:4647)
n United Nations~ 1972:4521 United Nations. 1972:4529 United
Nations. 1972:42
Chapterlll 35
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Fig. 3.19. Structural details for trusses (Surce: United
Nations, 19).(Source: United Nations.. 1972:66)
Chapterlll 36
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architeclure
Bamboo trusses are tied together with ropes and joints are made
with simple unions ofwell-cut and carved bamboo poles to frame the
structure.
Figs. 3.20. Structural details (Source: United Nations, 1972:65,
67)In these examples, two systems of joint assembly for trusses are
ilIustrated: one is thesimple rape joint explained previously and
shown above; the other shawn below, createsthe joint by making
small holes, which together with bamboo sticks, form the joint_ As
isshawn in the Hawaiian examples (Figs. 3.27, 3.28, 3.29), this
type of union provides the
Chapter III 37
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
joint with greater stability and strength and also provides a
level support for the beams.The tight fit ofthe joint protects the
bamboo from both cracking and insects.
, J ".,I.J 1..L,,;
r:'\.._~
Il'1Il
\~
Figs. 3.20, continuation. (Source: United Nations, 1972:68)These
examples show the ditferent types ofjoint assembly for structures
of trusses, postsand beams, as made in India and in sorne other
Asian countries, such as Indonesia and the
Philippines.
Chapterll1 38
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
3.3.1.3 F1oon.
In India many bamboo houses have no floor. The surface of the
soil is used and it is raised
by tilling with compacted earth to prevent flooding. The surface
of the soil is usually
paved with bamboo boards, generally fastened down by the use of
thin strips of bamboo
secured ta the supporting members by thongs, wiee lashings, or
small nails. Another
example is ofthe house raised above the ground. This raised
flocr is mast suitable not only
for hygienic but for functional purpases: it pravides a
sheltered space below the Boar
which has many patential uses. These raised floars are made
entirely ofbamboo, including
the supporting beams and tloor covering.
ChapterllI 39
-
The Use a/Bamboo in Architecture
3.4. The Pacifie Island Region: Hawaii.
Hawaii is a group of islands where bamboo has been used as a
traditional architectural
element, especially for walls and structures. In wall-making, it
is important ta emphasize
the relation of the Hawaiian and Colombian traditional bamboo
architecture. Perhaps they
are related due ta the influence ofa European tradition in
architecture for rural areas.
Many houses are built entirely of bamboo, with woven bamboo
walls, board bamboo
walls, and pole walls. The following are sorne examples
extracted from a web site where
mainly Hawaiian architecture is shown.30 These examples of
houses show the most
important elements in the bamboo wall and structure
construction, especially those
involving traditional architecture - the board bamboo walls,
woven bamboo walls, bamboo
pole walls, structures, detaiIs ofjoints, and ways ofassembling
and tying.
3Q Bain C. and Coll
E.:1995.bttp://wwwlkatmi.netlbambooweblbambooslideslbambooslideslbambooslides.htn
Chapter III 40
-
The Use ofBalllboo in Architecture
3.4.1. WaUs.
A great similarity between the wall techniques ofHawaii and
those employed in Colombia
is round especially in the fabrication of walls that resemble
the Bahareqzle wall of the
traditional Colombian technique. This tS a technique that is
also based on flattened board
bamboo which ts placed horizontally onto a bamboo frame. To
apply the bamboo board a
very thin wire is used~ because of its flexibility and ease of
handling. This wire is placed
along the vertical bamboo post with nails. (Figs. 3.24) The next
step is ta apply chickenwire to the horizontal tlattened bamboo ta
facilitate the adhesion of the plaster. The
plaster could be clay or other materials such as sail-cement~
cement plaster or mud. (Figs.3.25) The final process is the
painting that cauld he the clay, or commercial paiot ornatural
colorants.
Sorne walls in Hawaii are made entirely of barnboo~ held
together and vertically tied by a
bamboo beam and a bamboo base. These walls are supported by
timber foundation beams,
and these beams are supported by stone foundatians. Figs. 3.26.
Almost all the structures
are raised above the ground to avoid contact with humid soil~
enhancing the ventilation
and creating an additional space with multiple functions below
the floor.
Another technique used by the Hawaiians is woven bamboo walls,
which strongly
resemble those in Asian bamboo architecture~ and the same
principles of construction are
applied in these ancient techniques; bamboa is flattened and
then eut in long strips to
weave the waiL [n contrast ta the Asian example, waven bamboo
walls in Hawaii havesimple design patterns, and a characteristic
feature is the bamboo or waoden stair to the
entrance ofthe house.
Chapterlll 41
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Figs. 3.24 Flattened or board bamboo walls(Source:
http://www/kauai.netlbambooweblbambooslideslbambooslideslbambooslides.html)
Chapter III 42
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
ChapterlII 43
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Figs.3.26 Bamboo pole wall
Model
Bamboo hut
Figs. 3.25 Madels orthe process for the construction ofthe board
bamboo wall
(Source:
http://wwwlkauai.netlbambooweblbambooslidesJbambooslideslbambooslides.hbnl)
Chapter III 44
-
The Use ofBanrboo in Architecture
3.4.2. Structure.
In Hawaii thece are sorne particular structural details where
rope is used as a tie elemen~
and pieces of bamboo sticks are crassed through the bamboo
members to adjust andcaMect bamboa posts, beams. jaists and
trusses. (Fig. 3.27) This is sunilar to the Indianexamples shawn
previously.
Nails are used on the inside of the bamboo board wall, but for
the outer structure which is
visible, bamboo nails and bamboo sticks are designed to adjust
joints as shawn in thedrawings and photographs. (Fig. 3.28) Two
holes are made crossing the cafter or thecross bea~ and inside, the
bamboo sticks are introduced to support the double beam. This
beam is tceated the same way as the post, but now these sticks
do not have a load-bearing
function Iike the post" cather they help to adjust and affirm
the stability of the cross beam.(Fig. 3.29)The other example of
structural assembly is the structure tied with natura! copes,
which
enhances the bamboo members' resistance ta attack by termites or
inseets. This is not the
case with the previously-mentianed stick holders. (Fig. 3.30) In
this example the beam issupported by posts and braces~ in South
America it is called "pie de amigo" . Trusses are
simple bambao joists placed separated every 50 cm.Complex bamboo
structures, as in the example in Figs. 3.31, can he implemented
comhining other timber structures, and reach double and triple
heights. To ereate 50ch
structures it is necessary ta eover the house with a light root:
sueh as thatch or leavest in
arder ta avoid overloading the structure.
The pasts of the structure in the Hawaiian example are very weil
grounded and weil
5Opported. It is of the utmost importance to prevent the direct
contact of the bamboo post
with the soiL It is advisable to support posts with a concrete
or a stone base in arder ta
proteet them from humidity and rotting. (Figs. 3.32)
ChapterIll 45
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Fig. 3.27
Fig. 3.29
(Source:
httpJ/www/kauai.netJbamboowebibambooslidcslbambooslidesibambooslides.htmI)
Chapter III 46
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
(Source:
http://www!'&1lk1.nelibambooweb/bambooslidesibambooslideslbambooslides.btml)
ChaplerIII 47
-
The Use ofBnnlboo in Architecture
Concrete foundation
(Source:
http://w\Vwlkauai.neribambooweblbambooslidesibambooslidesibambooslides.htmI)
ChapterIII 48
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
3.S. Advantages.
The advantages of using these ancient and traditional bamboo
construction techniques is
evident in their continuai and wide spread use throughout many
countnes.
3.5.1. Walls.
The bamboo walls have the enormous advantage of being very
light. This alIows very
easy handling for manual work.
Bamboo is proteeted by the clay from weather and temperature
changes, especially
during the winter season.
The helm...palm rope gives bamboo the flexibility to resist
seismic movements, and aIso
avoids cracking when tying and assembling the wall frames.
The clay wall't because of its natural charaeteristics, is a
good insulator and maintains a
comfortahle and even temperature in the interior spaces.
Because young bamboo poles can be 50 thin and light, they are
used as frames for the
traditional Japanese paper sliding doors and walls.
The tire risk of building with bamboo is diminished by the clay
and plaster applications
to its surfaces.
The extraordinary capacity of the Japanese bamboo to grow and
resist ail kinds of
weather through the seasons makes it an unusuaI natural building
material.
When partitions are made with woven bamboo't they are highly
mobile, which helps in
case ofseismic movements.
The richness in the mat walls design is one of the most
important charaeteristics of the
architecture ofbamboo in Indi~ giving rise to hundreds
ofdifferent varieties.
The use ofbamboo in wall making allows the application ofa great
variety oftraditionai
techniques: for example the use ofmud~ cow dun& lime and/or
other organic elements, on
ChapterIII 49
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
the bamboo frame.
These wall techniques are suitable for rural areas where the
avaiJability of barnboo is
greater than in urban areas.
The application ofvarious chemical substances ta the bamboo
wall, structure) and floor,tan successfully prevent termites and
insects from attacking the bamboo.
New and simple machinery is now used in the fabrication of mats
for walls and floors)wmch allows the possibility of standardization
and industrialization of the traditional
construction techniques.
Bamboo matting is fixed to wall frames with bamboo battens and
given a coat of coaI
tar that gives the walls greater durability.
The application of chicken wire ta the board bamboo wall
provides better adherence ta
plaster, cement, clay or mud.
3.5.2. Structure.
The lightness, resistance, and ease ofhandling of bamboo makes
it a perfeet materia! ta
caver larger spans, taller ceilings, and more spacious interior
rooms.
The Hem-Palm and the Kaki-Nawa ropes give protection to bamboo
from bugs, cracks,
and fissures in the tying of the joints and overlapping
structural members of the truss. In arder to level and adjust the
joints together, carving and cutting of the bamboo isnecessary. It
enriches the possibilities ofmultiple styles ofassemblage and
tlexibiIity.
The combination ofseveral degrees ofbamboo thickness give the
structures and ceilings
enormous possibilities ofinterior and exterior design.
The use of ropes and reeds ta tie the joints of the structural
members of the bamboohouse in India gives bamboo better
possibilities ofa longer structurallife.
There is almost no use of nails and metal elements ta tie joints
together: this providesbetter performance and less likelihood
ofbamboo eaters and insects attacking the culms.
ChaplerlII 50
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
The separation of bamboo from humid soil in the case of stone
foundations, gives
protection and a longer life ta the culm.
Steep roofstructures for rainy seasons are covered with thatch
or leaves, making them
light and easy to replace.
3 to 5 layers of plaster and clay make the Japanese wall very
strong and resistant to
compression, as weil as weather conditions and humidity, so that
it can last for many
years.
3.S.3. Floon.
In lapan, barnboo floors have the advantage ofbeing made on top
of wooden platforms,
avoiding contact with the soil~ and preventing premature
decomposition.
Bamboo tloors have a great number of possibilities of design,
because of the variety of
lengths, diameters, colors, and textures.
When the floor is raised above the ground, it provides excellent
cross-ventilation, and
separates the fioor from the eart~ which helps in cases of
flood. It also provides an extra
space to the house for storage.
Chapterm SI
-
The Use olBomboo in Architecture
3.6. Disadvantages.
3.6.1. Walls.
The time-consuming process ofmanual wall making roeans that
tabor costs are high and
it takes longer to produce 5uch waIls than it does with modem
techniques.
Eventually, problems ofhumidity can create defective wall
performance, especially when
the clay wall is placed facing the exterior or kitchen and
bathroom areas.
The exposure to rain and sun could reduce the life ofbamboo
walls and structure last a
shorter time than expected when bamboo is not proteeted or is
used outdoors.
My experience has shown me that chicken wire used to help in the
adherence of plaster,
can be omitted to reduce the costs, because when the rough part
of the bamboo board is
placed facing the exterior it provides a suitable texture for
the plaster to adhere to.
3.6.2. Structure.
In arder to tie the bamboo sticks to the exterior platforms, it
is necessary to apply nails
and metal wires, which increase the risk of cracks and insect
attacks and reduces
durability and resistance.
When cutting and carving is necessary, there is a high
p05sibility of cracking and
fissuring, which could diminish the performance of the structure
and eventually could lead
ta collapse if the bamboo piece is not replaced in time.
Because of the physical charaeteristics of bamboo, structures
are highly tlammable,
especially when they are not covered or embedded in walls
ofplaster or clay.
The use of certain bamboos is made difficu(t by the crookedness
of the cu~ theprominence of the nodes, the unevenness of the
intemodes and the rate of taper. This
unevenness and the taper~ which is more marked toward the tip of
the culm, may make it
Chapterlll 52
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
difficult ta achieve tigh~ weatherproof, vermin
proofconstruction. 31 The costs of the house depend principally on
the manual labor; the longer the house
takes ta be completed. the more expensive it becomes.
Using nails and wires in the junctions and jointst especially
when making bamboo boardwallst is a potential danger to the whole
structure, because it could create cracks and
fissures, and even result in collapse ifthe piece or pieces are
not replaced in time.
The hales made in the cross beam and rafters in the structure
allow easy access to
insects and bugs which eat the inside part of the barnboo
culm.
Ali the load of the roof is given to the bamboo sticks. which do
not always have the
capacity ta support the weight.
3.6.3. Floors.
Bamboo floors in Japan are principally used in the exterior
terraces and verandahs. Due
to its permanent outdoor location, the inclemency of weather
conditions, wood-eating
inseets, such as termites and post beetles, there are high
possibilities of a very short
durability and resistance.
Bamboo can not be placed in contact ,vith the sail, 50 the
foundations must be on top of
solid stone or concrete for the exterior walls.
It is good to use bamboo on raised floors. however, it raises
the costs ofconstruction.
II Colonial Building Notes, 1957:13
ChapterlIl 53
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
4. Chapter IV : The Use of Bamboo in Colombia
4.1. Introduction
In this chapter, important bamboo construction techniques used
in Colombia for Many
generations are analyzed. These methods are still in use in Many
parts of the country.
Many improvements in the construction assembly of joints and
unions made completelywith bamboo. The main objectives of this
chapter is ta introduce the MOst advancedcurrent techniques to
build walls, tloors and structures out ofbamboo. This chapter of
the
thesis is also devoted ta understand of the Colombian context as
it relates ta bamboo
architecture.
The following is a selection of traditional systems used in the
construction of walls, flaors
and structures with bamboo in Colombi~ which have existed since
the pre-Columbian
period. Sorne of them have been improved ta address the specifie
necessities of modern
lire, using new materials such as concrete, steel, and sorne
chemical substances ta make
bamboo more durable and iosect resistant.
Guadua, as this family of bamboo is called, grows along the
shores of the rivers and
creeks in the lush green environment oftropical Colombia, with
its hot and humid cmate.
The soil is so fertile that beside the bamboo forests, cotfee is
planted, and this coifee is
commonly considered ta be the best in the world. This sail
yields Many fruits and bamboo
is one of them: abundant and tall, this strong plant grows with
an the advantages of a
climate with an average year-round-temperature of 12C ta 25C.
This environment is
ideal for the growing of bamboo. The versatility of bamboa
permits a tremendously wide
variety ofuses, especially in the field ofconstruction.
ChapterW S4
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
4.2. Walls.
Bamboo walls are common in Colombi~ specially using esterilla or
flattened bamboo
construction. Two construction systems use esterilla as a main
material: the first one is
called Bahareqlle. and the second is known as "earth-filled
waUs". The Quincha wall ismade using waven laths ofbamboo.
4.2.1. Bahareque Walls.
The structure of the bahareqlle walls is formed by bamboo pasts
of an average of 10 cm
in diameter, placed every 30 to 40 cm and framed by the superior
and inferior beams.
Once these posts are fixed and tied together they are covered
with esterilla panels in the
interior and on the exterior, placing them with the roughest
part facing the exterior, in
arder to provide the best adherence for the plaster. There are
two systems used to tie the
esteri/la panels: the first one is to place a thin 2 cm bamboo
stick which is taken from the
external and strongest part of the bamboo culm, onto the
eslerilla panel in the center of
each bamboo post with nails separated every 8 cm. The second
system is ta use galvanized
wire, which is tied together with the nails before they are
completely inserted into the
postS.32 (Figs 4.01)
12 Hidalgo, 1981:28
ChapterIV 5S
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Figs. 4.01 (Source: Hidalgo, 1981:28)
PI~
Plast~r
~erillalt boards-__-I-_~~
Lowerbe:un
Chapter/V 56
-
The Use o[Bamboo in Architecturf!
When building a hahareque wall, it is important ta take into
consideration the foUowing
recommendations :
The trapezoidal esterilla panels have one side wider than the
other, and it is
recommended that these panels should be placed with the
narrowest part on the wider one
and vice-versa.
The thickest panels must he placed onto the thinnest bamboo
posts, and the thinnest
panels onto the thickest bamboo posts, ta create a flat and
regular surface thickness.
Ifthe average esterilla panels are thi", it is necessary ta
place the bamboo posts at a
smaller distancet at about 30 cm ofseparatio", otherwise the
application ofany strong
pressure would crack the plastert putting at risk the stability
of the wall.
The plastering of the hahareque walls is made by two layers
ofsail and cow dung in a
proportion of 1:2 or two layers ofcement and sand in a
proportion of 1:5.33
4.2.2. Earth-filled walls.
The frame of the earth-filled wallt as it is called in Colomhia,
is built in the same way as
the bahareque wall. The ditlrence is that instead of panels of
esterillat bamboo laths 4
cms wide are used: they are placed horizontally onto the bamboo
posts, putting the rough
part towards the exterior ta provide sufficient adherence for
the plastering. The laths are
separated every 8 c~ to facilitate the filling with sail, strawt
and clay. The wall is tilled up
until the filling material reaches the Ievel of the lathst and
then it is left on site to dry for
about a month~ at which time it is ready to be covered with twa
layers of sail and cow
dung, as with the baharequf! \valls. [f the laths are very thin,
the separation of the postsmust not he larger than 30 cm.
The bamboo laths could be placed with the interior and the
exterior ones at the same
heigh~ or else the interior laths couId be placed in the center
of the separation of the
lJ Hidalgo~ 1981:29
ChapterIV 57
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
exterior ones~ ta provide a better barrier when tiUing with
sail, straw~ etc. When placing
the bamboo laths on two corner wa1Is~ they must he put at
different heights~ in arder to
make the joint connect praperly, as shawn in the dra\vng.3-'
(Figs 4.02)
Figs. 4.02. (Source: Hidalgo, 1981 JO)
Plan
IJamboo1Mu'" \\ ilh Siraw .~~
. P'~h:r
PerspectiveC~mi.wwilh 5U':Iw
P~wilhsail :usd a1W dwg
30l HicL'lIgo, 1981 :30
ChaplerlV 58
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architeclure
4.2.3. The Qllincha wall.
For many centuries this system of bamboo wall construction has
been used in Latin
America, especially in Peru, Ecuador and the southem regions of
Colambia. This type of
wall is used in the rural areas and for law-incorne family
homes. This system of
construction can produce very thin and resistant waJls, using
the bamboo posts, beams,
and structures which can be seen from the outside, just as in
the traditional Japanese walland structures. (Figs 4.03). In the
construction of the qllincha wall, two systems are used
according to the weaving direction ofthe laths to the posts.
4.2.3. [. System A.
The weaving of the lath is placed vertically, between the
horizontal support bamboo
sticks previously fixed to the column (or post) and separated
uniformly every 50 ta 70 cm.
4.2.3.2. System B.
The bamboo weaving laths are placed horizontally between the
vertical support bamboo
sticks previously fixed to the superior and inferior beam,
separated uniformly at the same
distance as in system A.
In the construction of the qllillcha wall, bamboo culms from 2
to 3 years old are used
because these are flexible enough to weave properly. Older
bamboo culms are more
susceptible ta breaking when bending. If the laths are extremely
flexible and thin, the
separation between the support bamboo sticks must be
narrower.
At the time of the wall plastering, 2 to 3 layers of sail or
cement are used, the most
advisable being the latter. The first layer ofpIaster must be
appIied very strongly, pressing
hard towards the center in order to penetrate between the laths
and obtain the union of the
plaster from each side.3S
35 Hidalgo, 1981:31
ChapterlV 59
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Bam.booposts
Plaster
Bamboo osts
PIa..c;;ter
ChapterW
A
B
Figs~.03
Laths ofbamboo
omontal sUPp"0rtsof-bamboo
f-'l- Lower beam
Vertical supportsofbamboo
Laths ofbamboo
Lo\verbeam
60
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
4.2.4. Weaving flattened bamboo walls.
This system of bamboo wall construction is composed of a bamboo
frame) posts) upperand lower bearns) and in betwee~ bamboo supports
separated every 80 c~ as it is shownin the figure. (Figure 4.04)The
bamboo weaving is made with tlattened bamboo or esterilla, between
5 and 20 cm in
width. Once the weaving is adjusted and weil cut at the edges,
it is placed onto thebamboo frame: these woven panels are tied
together to the beams and supports ofbamboo
with bamboo laths.
The wall is made is tinished with plaster, or else it is left as
is, the latter especially in rural
areas where peasants and native tribes have used this method of
construction for many
centuries. The plastering of this wall is done with cow dung,
soil + cemen~ and thatcb, or
else cement mixed with sand. In each of these cases, 3 layers
ofplastering are used.36
Figs. 4.04. (Source: Hidalgo, 1981:32).Bamboo weaving
36 Hidalgo. 1981:32
ChapterlV 61
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
4.3. Structure.
For many generations, the traditional bamboo structure has been
the most important
construction system used in Colombia, especially in rural areas,
and in low-cost-housing
on the peripheries of the cities.
In foundations, footing is constructed with stones, and on the
stones bamboo is placed to
create raised floors. These structures are used especially in
very steep terrain, and consist
of triangulated bamboo frames. Fig ~.05
Bamboo must be protected with bumt ail, applied to the area of
the bamboo hase to he
covered with concrete. This preventive measure is taken because
humidity and cement
contractions can damage the base of the bamboo posts. This is
made before being
embedded into the concrete footing. As we have seen in the
traditional system tbis
preventative measure is not taken, putting al risk the stability
of the structure of the
foundation.
Bamboo posts are fused with the structure of the wall, creating
a very resistant and strong
frame to receive the load of the trusses and roof. There are
many ways ta combine
bamboo ta create joints~ Figs. 4.06 provide sorne examples of
traditional methods of
bambao joint construction for structures.When building
structures for roofs (trusses), 1. Janssen states that: "In many
regionswhere bamboo is a familiar building material, such trusses
are in traditional use but they
are often built with more bamboo than is necessary and are at
the same time not always
structurally sound.1I37 On the other hand, according ta Hidalgo,
in the construction of
bamboa trusses, the same principles and sorne of the same
standard designs as for the
trusses made out of wood are used. He adds that due to the
physicai form of bamboo,
sometimes it is not possible ta build certain types of trusses;
however, the implementation
of new technologies (such as additional accessories like joints
made of steel) permits
37 Janssen.. 1988:
ChapterIV 62
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
bamboo trusses to have the same standard designs as those made
out ofdifferent kinds of
wood.JI
Up~rraft.:r
Diagonals
Woocbboard. or "esteriUa"
StruclLWOf'found4ltion
support raisedfrom tb~ ground
Figs.4.0S. (Source: Hidalgo~ 1981:38)
38 Hidalgo. 1981:38
ChapterIV 63
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Ridgr:.Diagows
Cross-raftersRaftcr _.
ChapterIV
.Upp~rr:U\er
Rafler
King
caola----.'
Figs. 4.06. (Source: Hidalgo~ 1981:35)
Detail 6
Detail 7
64
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
A
A
A
B
B
B
Figs. 4.06. -Continuation- (Source: Hidalgo, 1981 :26 and
3.6.)
ChapterW 6S
-
The Use ofBamboo in Architecture
Upper rafter- ---.
Cross mfters
b
a
ChapterlV 66
-
The Use ofBaniboo in Architecture
4.4. Floors.
The most common material used for floors is timber: however~
rural dwellings often use
esterilla in one of two ways. Either it is placed directly on
the earth or onto raised floors
over the sub-flooring. According to Hidalgo~ the first is used
in very