The U.S. goes to war with Great Britain for the second time. President. James Madison declares war on June 18, 1812.

The U.S. goes to war with Great The U.S. goes to war with Great Britain for the second time.Britain for the second time.

President. James Madison declares President. James Madison declares war on June 18, 1812war on June 18, 1812

Key terms:Key terms:• Battle of Lake ErieBattle of Lake Erie

• Battle of the ThamesBattle of the Thames

• Battle of Horseshoe BendBattle of Horseshoe Bend

• Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans

• Hartford ConventionHartford Convention

• Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent

The battleground

• Impressment of American seamen.

• Violation of the three-mile territorial limit.

• War Hawks

• Land disputes between Indians/Settlers

Underlying Causes

Who WereWho WereThey…They…

What DidWhat DidThey Do?They Do?

Collection of The New-York Historical Society

President James Madison

Key U.S.LeadersKey U.S.Leaders• President James MadisonPresident James Madison

• General William Harrison, Northern CommanderGeneral William Harrison, Northern Commander

• General Andrew Jackson, Southern CommanderGeneral Andrew Jackson, Southern Commander

• Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, Lake ErieCommodore Oliver Hazard Perry, Lake Erie

Key British LeadersKey British Leaders

• Gen. Sir Isaac Brock - overall land Gen. Sir Isaac Brock - overall land commandercommander

• Gen. Henry ProctorGen. Henry Proctor

• Adm. George Cockburn - overall sea Adm. George Cockburn - overall sea commandercommander

The Naval WarThe Naval War

• British warships more numerous, but British warships more numerous, but scatteredscattered

• American frigates are better armed and American frigates are better armed and better constructedbetter constructed

• American privateers…cheaper to fundAmerican privateers…cheaper to fund

• American sailors well-trainedAmerican sailors well-trained

Success at Sea

• U.S. frigate Constitution defeatsthe British frigate Guerriere.

CanadaCanada• American policy is to invade American policy is to invade

and conquer Canadaand conquer Canada

• Land forces not successful Land forces not successful due to poor due to poor training/equipmenttraining/equipment

Perry’s VictoryPerry’s Victory

• Control of Lake Erie vital - Control of Lake Erie vital - Perry constructs small fleetPerry constructs small fleet

• Sept. 10, 1813 Perry defeats Sept. 10, 1813 Perry defeats British after hard fought British after hard fought battle…heavy casualties on battle…heavy casualties on both sidesboth sides

Tecumsehand

Indian allies fight for the

British

The FrontierThe Frontier• British General Proctor retreats after Perry’s British General Proctor retreats after Perry’s

victoryvictory

• Tecumseh furious with Proctor for abandoning Tecumseh furious with Proctor for abandoning Indian alliesIndian allies

• British/Indians make stand on Thames River, Oct. British/Indians make stand on Thames River, Oct. 18131813

• Americans defeat them at Battle of ThamesAmericans defeat them at Battle of Thames

• Tecumseh killed. Canadian border secured by Tecumseh killed. Canadian border secured by AmericansAmericans

Creek IndiansCreek Indiansunder Chief Red under Chief Red

Eagle attackEagle attack

• In 1813 Creek Indians take up arms - In 1813 Creek Indians take up arms - destroy Fort Mims - 500 soldiers/settlers destroy Fort Mims - 500 soldiers/settlers killedkilled

• Andrew Jackson marches to meet themAndrew Jackson marches to meet them

• In 1814 Jackson defeats Creeks at Battle of In 1814 Jackson defeats Creeks at Battle of Horsehoe BendHorsehoe Bend

Britain takes the OffensiveBritain takes the Offensive

Photo credit to The Times and Stephanie Freeman © 1995.

• Britain defeats France in 1814..looks to AmericaBritain defeats France in 1814..looks to America

• More troops and ships sent to the American More troops and ships sent to the American shoresshores

• Britain attacks and burns Washington in Britain attacks and burns Washington in response to American burning of Canadian response to American burning of Canadian capital Yorkcapital York

• sail on to attack Fort McHenry - it survives sail on to attack Fort McHenry - it survives attackattack

One last battle

• Gen. Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815

• 5300 British regulars attack New Orleans defended by Gen. 5300 British regulars attack New Orleans defended by Gen. Andrew Jackson and 4500 troopsAndrew Jackson and 4500 troops

• British attacks fails with heavy casualties…2000 deadBritish attacks fails with heavy casualties…2000 dead• American losses fewer than 100American losses fewer than 100• Battle not necessary…peace treaty signed two weeks earlierBattle not necessary…peace treaty signed two weeks earlier

British advance British advance on New Orleanson New Orleans

Hartford ConventionHartford Convention• Federalist gather at Hartford, Conn. - demand Federalist gather at Hartford, Conn. - demand

that New England withdraw from warthat New England withdraw from war

• delegation to Pres. Madison offer to support delegation to Pres. Madison offer to support war if states given more powerwar if states given more power

• war ends before delegation arrives in war ends before delegation arrives in Washington…Federalists discredited - lose Washington…Federalists discredited - lose political powerpolitical power

• precedent set for states to challenge precedent set for states to challenge government policiesgovernment policies

The Treaty of GhentThe Treaty of Ghent

• Peace Treaty sign on December 24, Peace Treaty sign on December 24, 1814 at Ghent, Belgium1814 at Ghent, Belgium

• Result was a draw…all conquered Result was a draw…all conquered territory restored to each sideterritory restored to each side

• no solution to impressment/trade no solution to impressment/trade embargoesembargoes

What WereWhat Werethe Long Term Effects the Long Term Effects of this Conflict?of this Conflict?• To the United States’ relations with To the United States’ relations with

EuropeEurope• To United States foreign policyTo United States foreign policy• For the native AmericansFor the native Americans• For Canadians and MexicoFor Canadians and Mexico