The Urinary System MEDL 2350 Lecture 3 February 17, 2003.

The Urinary The Urinary SystemSystem

MEDL 2350MEDL 2350

Lecture 3Lecture 3

February 17, 2003February 17, 2003

FunctionsFunctions

The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys, The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, and the 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, and the urethra.urethra.

The urethra has distinct functions The urethra has distinct functions depending on the sex (gender) of the depending on the sex (gender) of the individual.individual.

The female urethra has ONLY a urinary The female urethra has ONLY a urinary function.function.

The male urethra has both urinary and The male urethra has both urinary and reproductive functions.reproductive functions.

In both sexes, the main function of the In both sexes, the main function of the urinary system is the eliminate waste urinary system is the eliminate waste products from the body.products from the body.

The FunctionsThe Functions

Maintain HOMEOSTASIS, or a constant Maintain HOMEOSTASIS, or a constant internal environment.internal environment.

Maintain constant concentrations of salt, Maintain constant concentrations of salt, water, and acids.water, and acids.

Anatomy of the Urinary Anatomy of the Urinary SystemSystem

Blood enters the kidneys through the RENAL Blood enters the kidneys through the RENAL ARTERIES and leaves the kidneys through the ARTERIES and leaves the kidneys through the RENAL VEINS.RENAL VEINS.

Blood is filtered in the GLOMERULUS. Blood is filtered in the GLOMERULUS. The glomerulus is part of the functional unit of The glomerulus is part of the functional unit of

the kidney called the NEPHRON.the kidney called the NEPHRON. The nephrons are contained within the RENAL The nephrons are contained within the RENAL

CORTEX and RENAL MEDULLA.CORTEX and RENAL MEDULLA.

Urine is collected in the CALICES Urine is collected in the CALICES (singular – CALYX).(singular – CALYX).

From the calices (located within the From the calices (located within the RENAL PELVIS) the urine enters the RENAL PELVIS) the urine enters the URETERS.URETERS.

The ureters connect the kidneys to the The ureters connect the kidneys to the bladder.bladder.

Within the bladder, urine is stored until there is Within the bladder, urine is stored until there is enough pressure to cause it to enter the enough pressure to cause it to enter the urethra.urethra.

The urethra carries urine from the bladder to The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside world.the outside world.

The male urethra has three parts:The male urethra has three parts: 1. penile urethra – within the penis1. penile urethra – within the penis 2. membranous urethra – within the 2. membranous urethra – within the

urogenital diaphragmurogenital diaphragm 3. prostatic urethra – within the prostate gland3. prostatic urethra – within the prostate gland

The female urethra is very short and is The female urethra is very short and is located superior to the vagina.located superior to the vagina.

Urinary Combining FormsUrinary Combining Forms

Combining Combining FormForm

MeaningMeaning ExampleExample

Cyst / oCyst / o bladderbladder Cyst / o / scopeCyst / o / scope Instrument to view Instrument to view the bladderthe bladder

Ureter / oUreter / o ureterureter Ureter / o / lithUreter / o / lith A stone or calculus A stone or calculus in the ureterin the ureter

Glomerul / oGlomerul / o glomerulusglomerulus Glomerul / o/ pathyGlomerul / o/ pathy Disease of the Disease of the glomerulusglomerulus

Nephr / o Nephr / o kidneykidney Nephr / itisNephr / itis Inflammation of the Inflammation of the kidneykidney

Ren / oRen / o kidneykidney Ren / alRen / al Pertaining to the Pertaining to the kidneykidney

Pyel / oPyel / o Renal pelvisRenal pelvis Pyel / lith /o/ tomyPyel / lith /o/ tomy An incision in the An incision in the renal pelvis to renal pelvis to remove a stoneremove a stone

Urethr / oUrethr / o urethraurethra Urethr /o/ dyniaUrethr /o/ dynia Pain in the Pain in the urethraurethra

Ur / oUr / o urineurine Ur / emiaUr / emia Blood in Blood in the urinethe urine

Urin / oUrin / o urineurine Urin / aryUrin / ary Pertaining Pertaining to the urineto the urine

Some SuffixesSome Suffixes

-osis abnormal condition-osis abnormal condition

-pathy disease-pathy disease

-pexy fixation-pexy fixation

-ptosis falling-ptosis falling

Abnormal condition -osisAbnormal condition -osis

Enlargement - megalyEnlargement - megaly

Hardening - sclerHardening - scler

What does each word mean?What does each word mean?

NephromegalyNephromegaly

Enlargement of the kidneyEnlargement of the kidney

NephrectomyNephrectomy

Removal of the kidneyRemoval of the kidney

The suffix –iasis is used to describe The suffix –iasis is used to describe something abnormal.something abnormal.

An abnormal condition of kidney stones is An abnormal condition of kidney stones is

Nephr / o / lith / iasisNephr / o / lith / iasis

kidney stone Abnormal condition

Combine nephr / o and -ptosisCombine nephr / o and -ptosis

NephroptosisNephroptosis

Which means a dropping or prolapse of a Which means a dropping or prolapse of a kidney.kidney.

The Ureters, Bladder, and The Ureters, Bladder, and UrethraUrethra

Urine is conveyed from each kidney Urine is conveyed from each kidney through one of two ureters and stored in through one of two ureters and stored in the bladder until it is removed from the the bladder until it is removed from the body through the urethra.body through the urethra.

The suffix -ectasis means dilation or The suffix -ectasis means dilation or enlargement.enlargement.

Therefore, an enlargement of the ureter is Therefore, an enlargement of the ureter is called ureter / ectasis.called ureter / ectasis.

A stone in the ureter is a A stone in the ureter is a ureterolithureterolith

You would use a procedure called a You would use a procedure called a

ureter / o / lith /o / tomy ureter / o / lith /o / tomy

to remove a ureterolith.to remove a ureterolith.

A surgical procedure

stoneureter

Stones are formed in the urinary tract by Stones are formed in the urinary tract by the deposit of crystalline substances the deposit of crystalline substances excreted in the urine.excreted in the urine.

Stones can be surgically removed or Stones can be surgically removed or crushed so the pieces are voided in the crushed so the pieces are voided in the urine.urine.

The suffix -tripsy means crushing.The suffix -tripsy means crushing.

The urinary bladder is a muscular sac The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine until it is removed.that stores urine until it is removed.

The combining forms cyst / o and The combining forms cyst / o and

vesic / o are used to refer to the vesic / o are used to refer to the bladder.bladder.

Ureterolith -> stone in the ureter.Ureterolith -> stone in the ureter.

Ureterocystoscope -> an instrument to Ureterocystoscope -> an instrument to view the ureter and bladder.view the ureter and bladder.

Ureterocystoscopy -> visual Ureterocystoscopy -> visual examination of the ureter and bladder.examination of the ureter and bladder.

The urethra differs in men and women. The urethra differs in men and women. In men, it serves a dual function of In men, it serves a dual function of conveying sperm and urine. In females, conveying sperm and urine. In females, it only conveys urine.it only conveys urine.

The combining form for urethra is The combining form for urethra is

urethr / ourethr / o

CancersCancers

Malignant tumors are cancerous.Malignant tumors are cancerous. Benign tumors are non-cancerous.Benign tumors are non-cancerous. Malignant tumors spread rapidly.Malignant tumors spread rapidly.

The combining form adeno / o The combining form adeno / o

Is used to denote a gland.Is used to denote a gland.

Therefore, adeno / o / dyniaTherefore, adeno / o / dynia

is a word that denotes pain in a gland.is a word that denotes pain in a gland.

The combining form carcin / o means The combining form carcin / o means cancer.cancer.

Therefore, Therefore,

aden / o / carcin / oma aden / o / carcin / oma

refers to a cancerous glandular tumor.refers to a cancerous glandular tumor.

A “UTI” refers to URINARY TRACT A “UTI” refers to URINARY TRACT INFECTION.INFECTION.

UTI’s account for the majority of office UTI’s account for the majority of office visits resulting from urinary symptoms.visits resulting from urinary symptoms.

The NephronThe Nephron

Each kidney contains about 1 million Each kidney contains about 1 million NEPHRONS. These structures are the filtering NEPHRONS. These structures are the filtering mechanisms of the kidney.mechanisms of the kidney.

The nephron is responsible for keeping fluid The nephron is responsible for keeping fluid levels balanced.levels balanced.

Urine flows from the nephron into the funnel-Urine flows from the nephron into the funnel-shaped CALYX.shaped CALYX.

From the calyx, urine passes into the RENAL From the calyx, urine passes into the RENAL PELVIS to the ureter.PELVIS to the ureter.

The combining form The combining form

pyel / opyel / o

refers to the renal pelvis.refers to the renal pelvis.

Parts of the NephronParts of the Nephron

Glomerulus Glomerulus Collecting tubeCollecting tube Bowman’s CapsuleBowman’s Capsule

The combining form The combining form

glomerul / oglomerul / o

refers to the glomerulus.refers to the glomerulus.

Combining Forms for Combining Forms for ColorColor

Erythr / o -> redErythr / o -> red

Leuk / o -> whiteLeuk / o -> white

Combining Form for Combining Form for InfectionInfection

PUS is a collection of dead blood and PUS is a collection of dead blood and inflammatory cells.inflammatory cells.

The combining form that means pus isThe combining form that means pus is

py / opy / o

The suffix -uria refers to urination.The suffix -uria refers to urination.

Hemat / uria -> blood in urineHemat / uria -> blood in urine

py / uria -> pus in the urinepy / uria -> pus in the urine

The combining formThe combining form

olig / oolig / o

refers to scanty or little.refers to scanty or little.

Therefore, olig / uria means little or Therefore, olig / uria means little or scanty urination.scanty urination.

MiscellaneousMiscellaneous

The combining form for night isThe combining form for night is

noct / onoct / o

The suffix -phobia means fear.The suffix -phobia means fear.

The prefix in- refers to “not”.The prefix in- refers to “not”.

Other Urinary DisordersOther Urinary Disorders

AZOTURIA - an increase in nitrogen in the urine.AZOTURIA - an increase in nitrogen in the urine.

DIURESIS – abnormally large amount of urine.DIURESIS – abnormally large amount of urine.

ENURESIS – involuntary discharge of urine after the age ENURESIS – involuntary discharge of urine after the age which bladder control should have been established.which bladder control should have been established.

HYPOSPADIAS – abnormally place urethral opening on HYPOSPADIAS – abnormally place urethral opening on the underside of the penis.the underside of the penis.

PHIMOSIS – stenosis (narrowing) of the PHIMOSIS – stenosis (narrowing) of the foreskin opening over the glans of the foreskin opening over the glans of the penis.penis.

UREMIA – elevate level of waste products UREMIA – elevate level of waste products in the blood.in the blood.