THE URINARY SYSTEM Objectives 1. Identify the components of the urinary system, and describe the functions it performs. 2. Describe the location and structural features of the kidneys, identify major blood vessels associated with each kidney, trace the path of blood flow through a kidney, describe the structure of a nephron, and outline the processes involved in urine formation. 3. Discuss the major functions of each portion of the nephron and collecting system, and describe the primary factors responsible for urine production. 4. Describe the factors that influence glomerular filtration pressure and the rate of filtration formation. 5. Identify the types and functions of transport mechanisms found along each segment of the nephron, explain the role of countercurrent multiplication, describe hormonal influence on the volume and concentration of urine, and describe the characteristics of a normal urine sample. 6. Describe the structures and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, discuss the voluntary and involuntary regulation of urination, and describe the micturation reflex. 7. Describe the effects of aging on the urinary system. 8. Give examples of interactions between the urinary system and each of the organ systems. Functions of Urinary System Regulate blood ______________ and blood ____________________ document.doc 1
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THE URINARY SYSTEM
Objectives1. Identify the components of the urinary system, and describe the functions it
performs.2. Describe the location and structural features of the kidneys, identify major blood
vessels associated with each kidney, trace the path of blood flow through a kidney, describe the structure of a nephron, and outline the processes involved in urine formation.
3. Discuss the major functions of each portion of the nephron and collecting system, and describe the primary factors responsible for urine production.
4. Describe the factors that influence glomerular filtration pressure and the rate of filtration formation.
5. Identify the types and functions of transport mechanisms found along each segment of the nephron, explain the role of countercurrent multiplication, describe hormonal influence on the volume and concentration of urine, and describe the characteristics of a normal urine sample.
6. Describe the structures and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, discuss the voluntary and involuntary regulation of urination, and describe the micturation reflex.
7. Describe the effects of aging on the urinary system.8. Give examples of interactions between the urinary system and each of the organ
Generates an average of 180 Liters/day (_______________ gallons)
Can be measured using __________________ Clearance Test (More accurate
inulin)
_________________ is reabsorbed
Regulation of GFR
__________________________________
Dilation of afferent arteriole
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Relaxation of supporting cells and dilation of glomerular capillaries
Constriction of efferent arteriole
___________________________________ regulation
Renin-angiotension system
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
___________________________________ regulation
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, decreasing the GFR.
Characteristics of Carrier-mediated transport A specific substrate binds to a carrier protein that facilitates movement across the membrane A given carrier protein normally works in one direction only The distribution of carrier proteins can vary from one portion of the cell surface to another The membrane of a single tubular cell contains many types of carrier protein Carrier proteins, like enzymes, can be saturated
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsorption of
________________________ nutrients
(___________________________, amino acids,
vitamins)
_________________________________ reabsorption of ions (Na+, K+, HCO3-)
Reabsorption of water (____________________________________)
_____________________________ reabsorption of ions (urea, Cl-, lipid-
soluable)
Secretion of H+ ions
Loop of Henle
_________________________________ Multiplication
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Sodium and chloride are pumped ______________________ of the thick
______________________ limb and into peritubular fluid
This pumping elevates the ________________________ concentration in the
peritubular fluid around the thin descending limb.
The result is an osmotic flow of water __________________ of the thin
descending limb and into the peritubular fluid, ______________________________ the
solute concentration in the thin descending limb
The arrival of the highly concentrated solution in the thick ascending limb
_____________________________ the _________________________ of sodium and
chloride ions into the peritubular fluid of the medulla
Distal Convoluted Tubule
__________________________
Active transport of Sodium and Chloride ions
_________________________________ influenced water reabsorption
Calcium reabsorption influenced by parathyroid and calcitrol hormones
____________________________
Potassium ion
Hydrogen ion
Toxins
________________________________________
Collecting System
__________________________________
Sodium ion reabsorption
Bicarbonate reabsorption
Urea reabsorption
_________________________________ ( ________________________ of pH)
Hydrogen ions, Bicarbonate ions
Renin-angiotension Control
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Peripheral capillary beds – brief, but powerful vasoconstriction
______________________________ – constriction of the efferent arteriole
_____________________________ glands –secretion of aldosterone (accelerates
sodium reabsorption)
CNS
Sensation of _________________________________
Release of __________________________________
Sympathetic motor tone causing vasoconstriction
Control of Urine Volume
______________________________________
Water conserver
______________________________________
Salt and water conserver
________________________________________
Salt and water loser
Urine Color Yellow color due to urochrome Odor Ammonia odor due to bacterial metabolism of urea pH Usually about 6, but varies between 4.5-8 Specific gravity Between 1.001 to 1.035 Chemical composition 95% water, urea, Na, K, P & S ions, creatinine, uric acid, Ca, Mg, CO3-
Urinalysis Routine Color Turbidity Odor Specific gravity Volume Microscopic Sediment from being centrifuged Blood Abnormal cells Chemical pH Glucose Acetone albumin