The universe

The universe

The Milky Way

The Solar System

The earth

The universe is made up of stars, planets and other matter scattered throughout space.

A galaxy is a huge collection of stars held together by gravity. There are probably over a billion galaxies in the universe. The sun is just one of the common sized stars contained within our home galaxy, the Milky Way.

The solar system is made up of the sun and the objects that orbit( 绕 ... 轨道而行 )it. These include the nine plants----Mercury 水星 , Venus金星 , Mars 火星 , Jupiter 木星 , Saturn 土星 , Uranus. 天王星 , Neptune 海王星 and Pluto 冥王星 .

the Milky Way

The Solar System

The Solar system

Where are we?

Unit 4Astronomy: the science of the stars

Warming up

1.When we talk about science ,what subject will come into your mind ?

Physics chemistry biology geology mathematics

2.Some studies combine two or more these subjects. Discuss which science subjects are part of medicine, biochemistry , geophysics or astronomy.

Astronomy

Geophysics

Biochemistry

Medicine

Frontier Science

mathematics and physics

geology and physics

biology and chemistry

biology and chemistry

3.Fill in the blanks with the four frontier science above.

The scientific study of treatment of diseases and injuries.

The study of the chemistry of living things.

The scientific study of the earth’s atmosphere , oceans and climate .

The scientific study of objects in space ,such as planets ,stars ,

comets and“black holes”

Medicine

Biochemistry

Geophysics

Astronomy

Warming up: Discussion: 1. What do we mean when we say we are studying a

subject scientifically?

To study a subject scientifically, you must: --- try to be objective;--- present your idea to be tested --- design an experiment to test the idea--- analyze the results --- draw a conclusion

Warming up: Discussion: 2. What are the most important skills we need to be

real scientists?

Some of the important skills are: --- accuracy( or being very careful),--- a logical approach,--- thorough writing of the experiment so someone else could redo the experiment from your notes--- be able to draw conclusions from the evidence and not impose conclusions on the data.

How life began on the earth

Pangu separates the sky from the earth

The sky and the earth were at first one blurred entity like an an egg. Pangu was born into it. The separation of the sky and earth took 18,000 years. Between the sky and the earth was Pangu, who went through nine changes every day, his wisdom, greater than that of the sky rose ten feet higher, the earth became ten feet thicker, and Pangu grew ten feet taller. Another 18,000 years passed, and there was extremely high sky, an extremely thick earth, and an extremely tall Pangu.

The beginning of the universe

Stories about the beginning of the universe in China:

The Biblical Account

“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said…”Day 1: God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night. Day 2: God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean. Day 3: God spoke and created dry land Day 4: God spoke and created the sun, moon and starsDay 5: God spoke and created living creatures in the air and seaDay 6: God spoke and created the land animals and manDay 7: God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy

Do you know what a scientific idea is?

The Big Bang

The big bang theory suggests that the universe was once extremely compact( 紧密的 ) dense( 密集的 ), and hot. Some original event, a cosmic ( 宇宙的 ) explosion called the big bang, occurred about 13.7 billion years ago, and the universe has been expanding ( 扩大的 )and cooling.

Word study: Translate the following into English

1. 把……当作2. 太阳系3. 总有一天；及时4. 一般地说来5. 信赖；取决于6. 目前7. 做出选择8. 现存的；存在的9. 天文学10.氧

think of …assolar systemin timegenerally speakingdepend on at presentmake choices in existenceastronomyoxygen

Reading comprehension:

Put the following sentences into Chinese: 1. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust

began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.

随后它会变成什么曾经是一个谜，直到最后这团尘埃开始慢慢地合成一个环绕太阳运转的球状物。

2. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.

问题是地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。

Reading comprehension:

3. It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which had become part of the earth’s atmosphere, into the oceans and seas.

它使得地球得以把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体，溶解在海洋里。

4. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.

在未来的千百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。

Scanning

Read Para 1. and find out how the earth came out

Energetic dustBig Bang

a ball slowly combine

the earth cooled down

it exploded and produced kinds of gases

water

the earth’s atmosphere

Read the text very carefully, and fill out the chart: How life began on earth

water 1.

2.

10.

3.

4. Insects (on land)5.

6.

7.8. dinosaurs (on land)9..

11.

small plants in water

shellfish and all sorts of fish

green plants on land

Amphibians(on land and in water)

forests

reptiles(on land)

mammals(on land)

small clever animals with Hands and feet

4. What problem is caused by human beings?

A. They exist everywhere on the earth.

B. They caused global warming.

C. They find new methods of growing crops.

D. They enjoy hunting and fishing.

Read the text quickly,then do the following exercises.1.On which planet did the living things live?

(para1):

(para2—para4):

only on the earth

2.Divide the text into TWO parts and find out the main idea of each part.

Part1 The earth’s coming into being and the requirements of the beginning of life.

Part2 The life came into being on the earth

Reading

Discussion1.How do you think in some films and stories to show dino-aurs and People together? Why?

2.Why do you think that humans are the cleverest animals on the earth?

3. Is the earth getting warmer each year?If so, what effectswill this have?what is the “green house effect”, which some scientists say might destroy our planet? How does it happen? the burning of the coal,oil,natural gas ,etc

Dinosaus died out long before human beings developed on the earth

Because they have larger brains than any other creatures on the earthSo far.

Discussion

Nowadays, we human beings are not taking good care of our earth. Work in group of four and try to find out in which way we are doing harm to the earth and what can we do to save our mother earth

make watch wonder be cool multiply begin exist explode

Where do we come from? How did the universe __________ ? When we _______ the stars through the telescope, we _________ why the universe ________ . After the “Big Bang” ,the earth ______ just a cloud of energetic dust. Somehow it _________ loudly with fire and rock, which ______ the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth _______ down water _______ to appear on its surface, which was important for the beginning of life. Then living things __________ on the earth.

begin watch

wonderexistswas

explodedmadecooled

began

multiplied

1. We usually think of science subjects as physics, … think of … as…: 把……看作

treat … as … look on … as… consider … as… regard … as …

The student thought of his teacher as his good guide.

think highly/ much/ little of speak ill of 说……的坏话 think over, think about, think of

2. But some studies combine two or more of these subjects.

Some films combine education with recreation.

有些影片使教育与娱乐融为一体。

你应该努力把工作和娱乐结合起来。 You should try your best to combine work with pleasure.

combination: N

3. What do we mean when we say we are studying a subject scientifically?

mean doing sth. 意味着 mean to do sth. 打算做 meant to have done 本打算做 had meant to do sth. 本打算做 What do you mean by …? 你做 / 说的……是什么意思？ --- Why haven’t you bought any butter?

--- I _____ to , but I forgot about it. (NMET2001) A. liked B. wished C. meant D. expected

C

means( 单、复数同形）方法 , 手段 meaningful, meaningless

4. Please give an example if you know.

你本应该举个例子让别人明白。

You should have given an example to make yourself understood.

for example, 例如 take… for example 以……为例 take … as an example 以……为例 follow one’s example 模仿某人 set/give a good example to sb. 为某人树立好榜样

5. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. 1. _________________ （使大家吃惊的是） is

that he didn’t come to the meeting.

What surprised everybody

2. ________________ （他所做的） added to our difficulty.

What he did

_____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have. A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That;what_____ made the school proud was _____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. A.What;because B. What;that;C. That;what D.That;because

A

B

5. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. 单句改错 • It was until midnight that he went back home after the experiment. 2. Not until I began to work didn’t I realize how much

time I had wasted. 3. It was not until late afternoon when they began to

deal with his major problem.

not

did

that

6. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not. The problem was that… that 引导的表语从句， that只起连接词作用，无意义，但不可省略。

The trouble is that we are short of tools. What I want to say is that you’d better have a rest. The reason why he was absent is that he was ill.

7. …which were in time to produce the water vapor,… in time, 及时，总有一

天 at one time, 曾经 at times: from time to time in no time, 立即 at the same time, on time, at a time, 每次 take one’s time, 从容进行 kill time, 打发时间 once upon a time

the last time, every/each time, the first time, the moment/minute/second 以上为名词性短语充当连词，引导时间状语从句。

I thought her nice and honest ____ I met her. (98Sh)A. first time B. for the first timeC. the first time D. by the first time

_____ I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.A. Every time B. Every time that C. Each time when D. When that

c

A

8. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.

it 作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。

1. The foreign Minister said, “_____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”(2004BJ)

A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

2. I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (NMET2004)A. this B. that C. it D. one

3. Why don’t you bring ___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it?A. this B. that C. what D. it

D

C

D

4. Why? I have nothing to confess. ____ you want me to say?(2004SH) A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is that 5. Was it at the school ____ was named after a hero ______ he spent his childhood? A. which ; that B. where; where C. that; where D. which; where

A

A

9. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the sea.

1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year. (NMET 2000)

A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out

2._____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. (2000SH)

A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding

C

C

A visit to the moon

Isaac Newton Albert Einstein Stephen Hawking

Gravity The theory of relativity

Black holes

The three scientists who have made the greatest contribution to our understanding of gravity are Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking. The science fiction stories in this unit are based on the scientific facts discovered by them.

Introduction

Word study: Translate the following into English1. 向某人解释某事2. 迫使某人做某事3. 靠近；接近4. 感到高兴 / 振奋5. 爆发6. 在阴凉处7. 给某人拍照8. 既然；由于9. 向前走10.掉到地上

explain sth. to sb. force sb. to do sth. get/be close to cheer upbreak out in the shadetake photos of sb. now that step forward fall to the ground

1. Your friend, Daisy, is working for a publishing company that pays her for every word she writes.

cost, pay, spend, take sth. cost sb. money; sb. pay money for sth; sb. spend money/ time on sth sb. spend …in doing sth It takes sb some time to do sth

1. You can ___ the night here if you like. 2. It ___ a lot to buy a house in this part of London.3. The boy’s bad behavior ____ his mother many

sleepless nights. 4. I don’t know how I managed to ____ so much in

the pub last night. 5. Most of these women are very poorly ____ and

work in terrible conditions. 6. According to a recent survey in the US, children

____ up to 25 hours a week watching TV. 7. It ____ me a long time to find a way out. 8. Your carelessness will _____ you your life. 9. We usually get _____ once a month.

spend

costs

cost

spend

paid

spend

tookcost

paid

2. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.

now that: 既然 since ______ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make

full use of it. A. Now that B.After C. Although D. As soon as

A

Using structures 1. If, like me, you have looked at the stars, and

tried to make sense of what you see, … make sense of: 理解某事物 make sense: 有意义，讲得通 I have read the material several times, but it

doesn’t make any sense to me. Can you make sense of this telegram?

2. But the answers have always seemed well beyond our reach, until now.

beyond [above, out of] one's reach 达不到的 , 力所不及的 ; 不能理解 within sb.'s reach 在某人力所能及的范围内 , 在某人能到达

的范围内

Reading task Caught in a black hole

1. Just then the lights on our spaceship went out and the computer stopped working.

2. I felt sick.

3. At last we slowed almost to a stop and we were able to look around us.

4. They “eat” some objects but “spit” other objects out.

In pairs discuss a list of things you would need if you were going to the moon.

• to keep you cool • to help you breathe oxygen• clothes for exercise• to travel on the moon• to protect your skin• to stop you flying off into space• to stop your food from floating away• clothes for walking on the moon• to give shade • to take photographs

Speaking

After the discussion, write a short article explaining three problems you might meet on the moon. Set out what you should do to overcome these difficulties and have a happy visit.Here is a plan. Main idea: explain the three problems you will have

while visiting the moon. Paragraph 1: problem 1 and how you will solve it. Paragraph 2: problem 2 and how you will solve it. Paragraph 3: problem 3 and how you will solve it. Summing up: how successful the holiday will be if you follow the advice.

Writing

Sample article: If I visited the moon, I might have three problems:how to breathe, how to eat and how to move around. I would have to carry all my air with me if I went to the moon. This is because the moon has no air of its own. So I would need oxygen tanks placed on my back so I could breathe all the time. I would have to take all my food with me if I went to the moon. In the spaceship there is no gravity so the food would float around. So I would make sure that it is specially made as space food and then I would be able to eat it more easily.

Writing

I would find it difficult to move around on the moon

as I would weigh one-sixth what I weigh on the earth. This means I would bounce like a balloon if I try to walk. I would have to learn to walk differently so that I don’t fall over. If I follow this advice, I think I will have a good holiday on the moon.

1. With the development of science and technology, people have come to depend more and more on the computer to deal with all kinds of things.

2. Now that many problems exist which cannot be solved, wars will probably break out.

3. He gradually go the hang of this method of research after many years’ practice.

4. The presence of that famous director cheered up all the people at the meeting.

5. We should find some ways to prevent the harmful gas from spreading.

6. He is already exhausted. We should lessen his pain instead of disappointing him.