The United States in World War II How can the United States use its resources to achieve victory?

The United States in The United States in World War IIWorld War II

How can the United States How can the United States use its resources to achieve use its resources to achieve

victory?victory?

Mobilizing for DefenseMobilizing for Defense

Main IdeaMain Idea

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States mobilized for war.the United States mobilized for war.

Why it Matters TodayWhy it Matters Today

Military Industries in the United States Military Industries in the United States today are a major part of the American today are a major part of the American

economy.economy.

Americans Join in the War Americans Join in the War EffortEffort

► The Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor with the The Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor with the expectation that once Americans had experienced expectation that once Americans had experienced Japan’s power, they would shrink from further Japan’s power, they would shrink from further conflict.conflict.

War Effort

Selective Service

Expanding the Military

Recruiting &Discrimination

DramaticContributions

George MarshallWAAC

300,000 Mexicans1 mil African-Americans25,000 Native Americans

13,000 Chinese Ams33,000 Japanese Ams.

A Productions MiracleA Productions Miracle► Early in February 1942, American Early in February 1942, American

newspapers reported the end of newspapers reported the end of automobile production for private use.automobile production for private use.

► The Industrial ResponseThe Industrial Response Automobile plants began to produce Automobile plants began to produce

tanks, planes, boats, and command tanks, planes, boats, and command cars.cars.

Shipyards produced tanker, cargo Shipyards produced tanker, cargo carriers, aircraft carriers.carriers, aircraft carriers.

► Labor’s ContributionLabor’s Contribution Women contribute in factoriesWomen contribute in factories African Americans still faced African Americans still faced

discriminationdiscrimination► Mobilization of ScientistsMobilization of Scientists

Office of Scientific Research & Office of Scientific Research & Development (OSRD)Development (OSRD)► Improved radar and sonarImproved radar and sonar► Atomic BombAtomic Bomb

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

The Federal Government Takes The Federal Government Takes ControlControl

► As war production increased, there were fewer As war production increased, there were fewer consumer products available for purchase.consumer products available for purchase.

GovernmentControl

Office of Price Admin.(OPA)

War Production Board(WPB)

Department of Treasury

Freezing Wages, prices,and

rent. Rationed food

Rationed fuel, heating oil, metals, Rubber, and plastics

Issued War bonds to raise money for the

War effort and to fight inflation

Mobilizing for DefenseMobilizing for DefenseReviewReview

►How did U.S. military reflect the diversity How did U.S. military reflect the diversity of American society during World War II?of American society during World War II? It included large number of white, African-It included large number of white, African-

Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian Americans.Americans, and Asian Americans.

►How did the federal government’s How did the federal government’s actions influence civilian life during World actions influence civilian life during World War II?War II? It drafted civilians and established a system It drafted civilians and established a system

of rationing and other economic controls.of rationing and other economic controls.

The War for Europe and North The War for Europe and North AfricaAfrica

Main IdeaMain Idea

Allied forces, led by the United States Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain battled Axis powers and Great Britain battled Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa.for control of Europe and North Africa.

Why it Matters TodayWhy it Matters Today

During World War II, the United States During World War II, the United States assumed a leading role in world affairs assumed a leading role in world affairs

that continues today.that continues today.

The United States and Britain The United States and Britain Join ForcesJoin Forces

►War PlansWar Plans On December 22, 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt On December 22, 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt

met to work out war plans.met to work out war plans. Churchill convinces Roosevelt to attack Hitler first.Churchill convinces Roosevelt to attack Hitler first.

► Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic Hitler orders submarine attacks on America’s east Hitler orders submarine attacks on America’s east

coast.coast. Germany’s aim was to prevent food and war Germany’s aim was to prevent food and war

materials from reaching Great Britain.materials from reaching Great Britain. Hitler wanted to cut Britain’s life-line.Hitler wanted to cut Britain’s life-line. 11stst four months of 1942- 87 ships were sunk four months of 1942- 87 ships were sunk Convoys were formedConvoys were formed Shipbuilding increasedShipbuilding increased

The Eastern Front and the The Eastern Front and the MediterraneanMediterranean

► By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see victories on land as well as sea.see victories on land as well as sea.

Eastern FrontMediterranean

Battle ofStalingrad

North AfricanFront

Italian Campaign

Summer 1942Germans surrender

Jan. 31, 1943

Operation TorchDwight D. Eisenhower

Erwin Rommel

July 25, 1943Mussolini stripped of power

“Bloody Anzio”

Heroes in CombatHeroes in Combat

► Tuskegee Airmen- Tuskegee Airmen- 9999thth Pursuit Pursuit SquadronSquadron

► 9292ndnd Infantry Infantry Division- BuffaloesDivision- Buffaloes

► Company E- All Company E- All Chicano unitChicano unit

► Purple Heart Purple Heart Battalion- Hawaiian Battalion- Hawaiian NiseiNisei

The Allies Liberate EuropeThe Allies Liberate Europe► Even as the Allies were battling Even as the Allies were battling

for Italy in 1943, they had begun for Italy in 1943, they had begun work on a dramatic plan to work on a dramatic plan to invade France and free Western invade France and free Western Europe from the Nazis.Europe from the Nazis.

► D-DayD-Day 3 million British, American, and 3 million British, American, and

Canadian troopsCanadian troops Operation Overlord (Allied Operation Overlord (Allied

invasion)invasion) June 6, 1944June 6, 1944 Omaha BeachOmaha Beach

► Allies Gain GroundAllies Gain Ground General Omar BradleyGeneral Omar Bradley General George PattonGeneral George Patton Aug. 23, 1944- Paris liberatedAug. 23, 1944- Paris liberated

► The Battle of the BulgeThe Battle of the Bulge October 1944- Americans October 1944- Americans

captured their first German town, captured their first German town, Aachen.Aachen.

Germans lost 120,00 troops, 600 Germans lost 120,00 troops, 600 tanks, 1,600 planestanks, 1,600 planes

► Liberation of the Death CampsLiberation of the Death Camps Soviets were the first to come Soviets were the first to come

upon the death campsupon the death camps Majdanek in PolandMajdanek in Poland

Allies Liberate Europe-cont’Allies Liberate Europe-cont’► Unconditional Unconditional

SurrenderSurrender April 25, 1945- Soviet April 25, 1945- Soviet

storm Berlinstorm Berlin Hitler and wife Eva Hitler and wife Eva

Braun commits suicideBraun commits suicide May 8, 1945- V-E Day May 8, 1945- V-E Day

(Victory in Europe)(Victory in Europe)

► Roosevelt’s DeathRoosevelt’s Death April 12, 1945- April 12, 1945-

Roosevelt dies of a Roosevelt dies of a strokestroke

Harry S. Truman- 33Harry S. Truman- 33rdrd PresidentPresident

The War for Europe and North The War for Europe and North AfricaAfrica

►What was the significance of the Battle of What was the significance of the Battle of the Bulge?the Bulge? Soviets stopped Hitler’s eastward expansion, Soviets stopped Hitler’s eastward expansion,

destroyed the German Sixth Army, and destroyed the German Sixth Army, and diverted German troops from the western diverted German troops from the western front.front.

►How did the Battle of the Bulge signal the How did the Battle of the Bulge signal the beginning of the end of World War II in beginning of the end of World War II in Europe?Europe? Germany could not replace the manpower and Germany could not replace the manpower and

weapons it lost, and could not only retreat.weapons it lost, and could not only retreat.

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific

Main IdeaMain IdeaIn order to defeat Japan and end the war in In order to defeat Japan and end the war in

the Pacific, the United States unleashed the Pacific, the United States unleashed a terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb.a terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb.

Why it Matters TodayWhy it Matters TodayCountries of the modern world struggle to Countries of the modern world struggle to

find ways to prevent the use of nuclear find ways to prevent the use of nuclear weapons.weapons.

The Allies Stem the Japanese The Allies Stem the Japanese TideTide

►While the Allies agreed that the defeat of While the Allies agreed that the defeat of the Nazis was their first priority, the United the Nazis was their first priority, the United States did not wait until V-E Day to move States did not wait until V-E Day to move against Japan.against Japan.

Battle withJapan

JapaneseAdvances

Doolittle’sRaid

Battle of the Coral Sea

Battle of Midway

Douglas MacArthurPhillipines

James DoolittleRaid on Tokyo

Americans & Australians

Chester NimitzTurning point in the

Pacific“Island Hopping”

The Allies Go on the The Allies Go on the OffensiveOffensive► The first Allied offensive began in August 1942 The first Allied offensive began in August 1942

when 19,000 troops stormed Guadalcanal in the when 19,000 troops stormed Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.Solomon Islands.

► The victory at Guadalcanal marked Japan’s first The victory at Guadalcanal marked Japan’s first defeat on land, but not its last.defeat on land, but not its last.

► The Japanese DefenseThe Japanese Defense Battle of Leyte Gulf and a new tacticBattle of Leyte Gulf and a new tactic Kamikaze or suidcide-plane “Divine wind”Kamikaze or suidcide-plane “Divine wind”

► Iwo JimaIwo Jima ““Sulfur Island”Sulfur Island” Most heavily defended spot on earthMost heavily defended spot on earth 20,700 Japanese- 200 survived20,700 Japanese- 200 survived

► Battle for OkinawaBattle for Okinawa Japanese send 1,000 kamikaze pilotsJapanese send 1,000 kamikaze pilots Fighting ended on June 21, 1945Fighting ended on June 21, 1945 7,600 Americans killed7,600 Americans killed 110,000 Japanese killed110,000 Japanese killed

The Atomic Bomb End the The Atomic Bomb End the WarWar

► The taking of Iwo Jima and Okinawa opened The taking of Iwo Jima and Okinawa opened the way for an invasion of Japan.the way for an invasion of Japan.

Atomic Bomb

Manhattan Project

HiroshimaNagasaki

J. Robert OppenheimerJuly 16, 1945July 25, 1945

Enola GayLittle Boy-Hiroshima

Fat Man-Nagasaki

Rebuilding BeginsRebuilding Begins

►With Japan’s With Japan’s surrender, the Allies surrender, the Allies turned to the turned to the challenge of challenge of rebuilding war-torn rebuilding war-torn nations.nations.

OccupationOf

Japan

NurembergTrials

YaltaConference

Rebuilding

The War in the PacificThe War in the PacificReviewReview

►Briefly describe the island war in the Briefly describe the island war in the Pacific.Pacific. The Allies adopted a policy of leapfrogging The Allies adopted a policy of leapfrogging

from island to island, all the time moving from island to island, all the time moving westward toward the Japanese homeland.westward toward the Japanese homeland.

►Why did President Truman decide to use Why did President Truman decide to use atomic weapons?atomic weapons? The U.S. wanted to avoid the casualties that The U.S. wanted to avoid the casualties that

would result from an invasion of Japan, and would result from an invasion of Japan, and to end the war quickly.to end the war quickly.

The Home FrontThe Home Front

Main IdeaMain Idea

After World War II, Americans adjusted After World War II, Americans adjusted to new economic opportunities and to new economic opportunities and

harsh social tensions.harsh social tensions.

Why it Matters TodayWhy it Matters Today

Economic opportunities afforded by Economic opportunities afforded by World War II led to a more diverse World War II led to a more diverse

middle class in the U.S.middle class in the U.S.

Opportunity and AdjustmentOpportunity and Adjustment

► In contrast to the Great Depression, WW II In contrast to the Great Depression, WW II was a time of opportunity for millions of was a time of opportunity for millions of Americans.Americans.

OpportunitiesAdjustments

Economic Gains Population Shifts Social Adjustments

Paychecks rose 35%Crop production 50%Women in workforce

Families uprooted and movedCalifornia population increase

African Ams. Moved north

Mothers raise childrenGI Bill of Rights-1944

Discrimination and ReactionDiscrimination and Reaction

►Despite the opportunities that opened up for Despite the opportunities that opened up for women and minorities during the war, old women and minorities during the war, old prejudices and policies persisted, both in the prejudices and policies persisted, both in the military and at home.military and at home.

► Civil Rights ProtestsCivil Rights Protests African Ams. Moved to the MidwestAfrican Ams. Moved to the Midwest James FarmerJames Farmer

►Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1943 Riots in Detriot1943 Riots in Detriot

► Tension in Los AngelesTension in Los Angeles Summer 1943- “Zoot-Suit” RiotsSummer 1943- “Zoot-Suit” Riots 11 Sailors reported they had been attacked by 11 Sailors reported they had been attacked by

zoot-suit Mexicanszoot-suit Mexicans

Internment of Japanese Internment of Japanese AmericansAmericans

► When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S.the U.S.

► Frighten people believed false rumors that Japanese Frighten people believed false rumors that Japanese Americans were committing sabotage by mining coastal Americans were committing sabotage by mining coastal harbors and poisoning vegetables.harbors and poisoning vegetables.

► The War Dept. called for the mass evacuation of all Japanese The War Dept. called for the mass evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii.Americans from Hawaii.

► U.S. is forced to order the U.S. is forced to order the internment internment or confinement of or confinement of 1,444 Japanese Americans.1,444 Japanese Americans.

► Feb. 19, 1942-Roosevelt signed an order requiring the Feb. 19, 1942-Roosevelt signed an order requiring the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from California and removal of people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona.parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona.

► No specific charges were ever filed and no evidence of No specific charges were ever filed and no evidence of subversion was ever found.subversion was ever found.

► 1944- Korematsu vs. U.S.1944- Korematsu vs. U.S. Gov. decision was justified on the basis of “military Gov. decision was justified on the basis of “military

necessity”necessity”► Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

Compensation for those sent to the campsCompensation for those sent to the camps

The Home FrontThe Home FrontReviewReview

►How did the U.S. economy change How did the U.S. economy change during World War II?during World War II? Unemployment decreased, women took Unemployment decreased, women took

jobs outside the home, and housing and jobs outside the home, and housing and food were in short supply.food were in short supply.

►What events show the persistence of What events show the persistence of racial tensions?racial tensions? Racial riots in Detroit, zoot-suit riots in Los Racial riots in Detroit, zoot-suit riots in Los

Angeles, and the internment of Japanese Angeles, and the internment of Japanese Americans.Americans.