The United States Goes to War. B4 our involvement in the war… what else is going on? Double V Campaign –Against ____ abroad & against ____ at home A.

The United States Goes to War

B4 our involvement in the war… what else is going on?• Double V Campaign

– Against ____ abroad & against ____ at home

• A. Phillip Randolph– Head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters– Black male industrialists

• March on Washington

• FDR’s response:Executive Order 8802– Fair hiring practices for gov’t funded jobs.

Close Reading Activity

• Brief summary of WWII

• Read aloud

• Circle things you don’t know or want to know more about

• Underline important information _____

• Star the most important

So… how do we get involved?

Clash of Ideologies:Totalitarian Governments

• Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.– These Gov’ts used terror to

suppress individual rights and to silence all forms of oppression.

– They controlled all aspects of everyday life.

• Fascism– Germany’s Adolf Hitler

and Italy’s Benito Mussolini.

– Places the importance of the nation above the value of the individual.

– Focused on the need to rebuilt Italy/Germany.

– Different from communism, b/c it allows private business.

Where the heck is America?

• Neutrality– The US will withhold

weapons & loans from all nations at war.

• Cash and Carry– Allies can buy war goods

from the US and transport them in their own ships.

• Lend-Lease Act– Allies could buy goods

from the US on credit, in exchange for leases on military bases.

December 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor

• Hawaiian Island, Oahu• Right before 8:00am, 180

Japanese warplanes sailed overhead.

• Most of the Pacific fleet was in an area less than 3 square miles.

• 2,400 Americans were killed and 1,200 were wounded.

• 300 warplanes damaged.• 18 warships sunk, (8/9

fleet battleship).• Japan lost 29 planes.

Pearl Harbor – Destroyed Battleships

Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.

Americans were part of another world conflict.

Their contributions would make the differences between victory and

defeat for the Allies.

Who’s side are you on?

• Axis Powers:

• Germany• Italy • Japan

• Allied Powers:

• Great Britain• Soviet Union (Russia)• United States• Gov’ts in exile –

“Free French”

THE BIG THREE

• US Alliance with Great Britain and the Soviet Union

• Ideological differences• Common Enemy – Hitler• Stalin asked others to attack from France and

open a second front to split the Nazi forces• Eastern Front took a heavy toll on the Soviet

population• Allies attacked through Northern Africa

Early Allied Victory

• November 1942, GB won a victory in El Alamein in Egypt.– They made Germans retreat west.

• Eisenhower took US/GB troops in Morocco & Algeria and pushed east.

• The two allied forces came together and posed an intimidating threat.– 240,000 Germans/Italian surrendered.

General George Marshall

• FDR’s Army Joint Chief of Staff

• Orchestrated the “War in Europe!”

• Later will win the Nobel Peace Prize for his “Marshall Plan.”

North Africa

• General George S. Patton – Allies

• General Erwin Rommell “Desert Fox” – Axis (Nazi)

Hitler invades Soviet Union?!!?

• Since 1924, Hitler had called for conquest of the Soviet Union.– He claimed Germany needed Lebensraum.

• Living space

– After the loss of the Battle of Britain, he launched an attack against the Soviet Union.

• June 1941, 3.6 million Germans poured across the Soviet (Baltic to Black Sea).

• Soviets used “Scorched Earth” policy for defense.

Stalin asks for Help!• Stalin asked

Roosevelt for help through the Lend-Lease Act.

• Stalin asked the allies to please attack Western Europe.– Would make Hitler

divide his troops.

– Instead Churchill wanted to invade Italy the “soft under-belly of Europe.”

Allies invade Italy

• Allies, led by General George Patton, launch invasion of Sicily from North Africa.– Fell in 38 days.

• Mussolini is denounced and arrested by the Italian government.

• Italy announces declaration of war agaisnt Germany.

Peace out Mussolini…Here he is with his mistress

Battle of Stalingrad

• September 1942 – Germany attacks, bombs!– Prolonged German offensive.

• Mid Nov – got too cold for the Nazi’s– The Red Army was able to beat them!

• They hold the city against unbelievable odds.

• January 31, 1943– 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.– Germany lost about 330,000

• Turning point of the war in the East!!!!

D-Day• General Dwight D. Eisenhower -

leading officer• Largest amphibious attack in

history• June 6, 1944• Operation Overlord• D-Day = Designated Day• 2 million troops involved (largest

invasion force ever assembled)• First waves experienced high

casualty rates• Eventually liberated Paris and

Belgium

Battle of the Bulge• December 1944

– General Patton brought 250,000 soldiers.

• Nazi troops squeezed b/w Soviets and Allies

• Hitler launched a surprise offensive in a weakened part of the line

• Created a “bulge” in the front line.

• Hitler was defeated again• Largest battle in Western

Europe during WWII.– Out of 600,000 GI’s 80,000

killed.– German loss: 100,000

• One more nail in the coffin.• Nazi leaders knew that the end

was near.

Yalta Conference•The Big Three planned for the post war world & agreed that:

•Germany would be divided.•Part of Poland would go to the Soviet Union.•Soviet Union would declare war on Japan 2 to 3 months after defeating Germany.

•Stalin didn’t allow free elections and was slow to enter the war with Japan.•This would cause problems b/t them and the US which would lead to the Cold War.

Allied Victory in Europe

• After “Bulge,” Allies closed in on Berlin.• Allies met at Yalta to discuss terms of

German surrender.• Berlin ended up under Soviet control.

(Uh, oh).• Hitler committed suicide at the beginning

of May in 1945.• VE DAY = Victory in Europe!

– May 8, 1945

• Discovery of the “death” camps.

• Germany signs unconditional surrender.– May 1, 1945 Hitler kills himself.– May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders.

• War in Europe is over!– May 8, 1945

The Potsdam Conference

• New Big Three:

– Stalin (still), Clement Attlee (replaces Churchill), and Harry Truman (no more FDR).

– They finalized plans for administration of Europe.

– Germany and Berlin were divided into four zones of occupation.

– Administered by Big Three countries plus France.

– Free elections to be held later for self-determination.

– Now… time to focus on the Pacific!

America in the Pacific

• Battle of Midway– June 4, 1942;

fought by air.– Sunk 4 Japanese

carriers, 250 planes.• Japan can no longer

launch an offensive, allies can.

• Battle of Guadalcanal– First taste of Japanese

jungle for the Allies.

• Battle of Iwo Jima– One of the bloodiest,

74 days long.• 110,000 US vs. 25,000

Jap

– Enemy fought until the last man, only 216 taken prisoner.

– 27 medals of Honor awarded.

• Island hopping commences!

Island Hopping Campaign• US made its way from island to island to stop the

Japanese control

• Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led several raids on Tokyo (known as Doolittle Raids)

Turning Point in the Pacific

• Had to gain control of the skies and waters of the Pacific– The Battle of Coral Sea was the 1st major battle for US in the

Pacific.

• Battle of Midway in June of 1942 was THE turning point

• Faced many Kamikazes

KAMIKAZES

• Japanese suicide squadrons

• Aircrafts were loaded with explosives

• Flew directly into US naval vessels killing themselves in an effort to stop the American advance

• Altogether, they sank about 40 ships

Battle of Iwo Jima

• US Island hopping Dangers other than battle included:

1. Monsoons2. Malaria3. Heat4. Earthquakes5. Jungle Conditions

• Iwo Jima:– US 6,800 killed and

23,000 wounded

Battle of Okinawa

• April to June 1945.– Last obstacle to attack on

Japan!• 1,300 warships, 18,000

Allied troops; 2,000 Kamikazes.

• Ended after three months.• 7,2000 defenders

surrendered.• 50,000 Allied deaths,

costliest engagement.• This victory, however,

gave the US strong positions to launch air strikes

Manhattan Project

• Albert Einstein comes up with the idea.– An Atomic Bomb!

– Tested in the US and blew out windows 125 miles away.

• FDR died in April 1945.

• Harry Truman took over the Presidency.

• 3 months later, he had a decision to make.

1953, Las Vegas – A mom and her son watch the mushroom cloud after an atomic bomb test 75 miles

away.

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

Little Boy and Fat Man

Little Boy and Fat Man

• Little Boy was the first nuclear weapon used in warfare. It exploded approximately 1,800 feet over Hiroshima, Japan, on the morning of August 6, 1945, with a force equal to 13,000 tons of TNT. Immediate deaths were between 70,000 to 130,000.

• Little Boy was dropped from a B-29 bomber piloted by U.S. Army Air Force Col. Paul W. Tibbets. Tibbets had named the plane Enola Gay after his mother the night before the atomic attack.

• Fat Man was the second nuclear weapon used in warfare. Dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945, Fat Man devastated more than two square miles of the city and caused approximately 45,000 immediate deaths.

• Major Charles W. Sweeney piloted the B-29, #77 that dropped Fat Man. After the nuclear mission, #77 was christened Bockscar after its regular Command Pilot, Fred Bock.

• While Little Boy was a uranium gun-type device, Fat Man was a more complicated and powerful plutonium implosion weapon that exploded with a force equal to 20 kilotons of TNT.

A-Bomb

• On August 6, 1945 US dropped the first A-bomb on Hiroshima

• Japan still does not surrender

• On August 9th, 1945 US dropped the second A-bomb on Nagasaki

• On August 14, 1945 Japan surrenders unconditionally; VJ Day

Devastation Innocents

Nagasaki

Pikadon

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEOZ1sBppWs

Effects of the War

• Holocaust• Nuremberg Trials• Japanese War Criminals• Unbelievable death & destruction• US Home front :

– Japanese Interment Camps • Korematsu v. United States (intro activity tomorrow)

– Wartime Economy boost – Women (“Rosie the Riveter,” and Minorities join the market

economy, only to be booted out AGAIN after the war.– Women’s Baseball (A League of their Own!)

Country Number Killed (military)

USSR 13,600,000 (14 mil civilians)

Germany 3,300,000 (2.35 mil civilians)

Japan 1,740,429 (393,400 civilians)

British Empire 357,116 (60,000 civilians)

France 122,000 (470,000 civilians)

Italy 279,800 (60,000 civilians)

United States 405,400 (No civilian)

TOTAL 21,268,992 (40 mil w/ civilian)

THE WAR IS OVER!

Let the BABY BOOM begin Let the BABY BOOM begin

What we’ve learned so far:

SSUSH19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal government.

•Element: SSUSH19.a

•Explain A. Philip Randolph's proposed march on Washington, D.C. and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's response.

•Element: SSUSH19.b

•Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the internment of Japanese-Americans.

•Element: SSUSH19.c

•Explain major events including the lend-lease program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and the fall of Berlin.

•Element: SSUSH19.d

•Describe war mobilization, as indicated by rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of women in war industries.

•Element: SSUSH19.e

•Describe Los Alamos and the scientific, economic, and military implications of developing the atomic bomb.

•Element: SSUSH19.f

•Compare the geographic locations of the European theater and the Pacific theater and the difficulties the U.S. faced in delivering weapons, food, and medical supplies to troops.

What else we have to learn before the ATA and PA:

• SSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States.

• Element: SSUSH20.a • Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine,

and the origins and implications of the containment policy.• Element: SSUSH20.b • Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China, the outbreak of the Korean War, &

how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy.

• SSUSH21 The student will explain economic growth and its impact on the United States 1945-1970.

• Element: SSUSH21.a • Describe the baby boom and the impact as shown by Levittown and the Interstate Highway Act.• Element: SSUSH21.d • Describe the impact of competition with the USSR as evidenced by the launch of Sputnik I and

President Eisenhower's actions.

LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT WHAT IS HAPPENING AT HOME DURING THE WAR.