The Umayyads and the Abbasids Print

The Umayyads and the The Umayyads and the AbbasidsAbbasidsPresented by:Aamir AnwarAli

UMMAYYADS – An UMMAYYADS – An IntroductionIntroduction

The first Muslim dynasty (661-750 AD)

The Umayyads was one of the major clans of the Quraysh tribe.

The Capital city of Umayyads was Damascus.

UTHMAN, the third “Righteous Caliph”, was the first Umayyad Caliph. (644-655).

The formation of UmayyadThe formation of UmayyadThe reign of Uthman- A foundation of

Umayyad dynasty(644-656AD)Civil war between Ali and Ma’awiyaConquest of Egypt by

Ma’awiya(658AD)◦Ali appointed M. b. Abu Bakar instead of

Qees b. Saad b. Ibadah◦Ma’awiya forced a pre-decided revolt in

Egypt◦Malik Ashtar was poisoned.◦Ma’awiya, with the help of Umr b. Al A’as,

captured Egypt.

The formation of UmayyadThe formation of UmayyadIn 658 AD the Syrians

acknowledge Mawiyya as Caliph.That same year he get control of

Egypt and after the death of Hazrat Ali in 661 AD he subdued Iraq and establish himself as Caliph.

Major Political Development Major Political Development in Umayyad Periodin Umayyad Period Political Shift Khilafat to Malukiat Shift of Capital from Kufa to Damascus Increase in Taxes (Jazia) and Revenues Establishment of New Cities

(Urbanization) Arbanization Let people feel the importance of the

ruler Secular concerns began to dominate

the attention of the Caliph often at the cost of religious concerns.

Territorial Expansions

Major Political Development Major Political Development in Umayyad Periodin Umayyad PeriodBrought Political StabilitySocio-Cultural ReformsEducation and Educational CirclesEmergence of Qazi CourtsFriday and Eid Congregation

OrationEmergence of Theological Schools

Murjia, Jabariah and QadariahHadith Culture

Umar b. Abdul Aziz – A Umar b. Abdul Aziz – A Different UmayyadDifferent UmayyadNationalized Bait-ul-MaalReturn Fidak Garden to FatimidsEqual rights to Zhimmis and MuslimsBanned Tabarra on Friday and Eid

CongregationsEducational Reforms: Sent teachers

to Egypt and AfricaDeposed Hujjaj’s GovernorsSupported Alavis and other

Deserving People

End of UmmayyadsEnd of UmmayyadsThe last Umayyad Caliph of Syria,

Marwan II (744-750 AD), attempted to restore order.

But by this time Abbasids revolutionary movement have gained momentum in the eastern province of an empire.

In 749 AD Abu AL Abbas was proclaimed the first Abbasid Caliph; the Ummayyads were Masscarred in 750 AD.

End of UmmayyadsEnd of UmmayyadsUmmayds during the 90 years of its

leadership, rarely shook off their empire’s reputation as a “mulk”- that is a worldy kingdom and in the last year of dynasty their opponents form a secret organization for claiming the Caliph.

Abdl Rehman Ibne Mawiyya, build Ummayad dynasty in Spain in 756 AD.

Mistakes by Umayyads Mistakes by Umayyads (esp (esp last few rulers)last few rulers)

Karbala Event and Its AftermathsInternal ClashesIndividual lustAlternative support to Qayesites

and KalbitesDifferentiations between Arabs

and Mawalis

ABBASIDS – An ABBASIDS – An IntroductionIntroduction

Abbasids, the second and the longest Muslim Dynasty.

The Muslim dynasty which was exists till 767 years. The largest Muslim ruling period in the whole history.

The Abbasids came to power under the backing of a Shi’I movement which, they claimed, has transferred its loyality to Mohammad bin Ali.

It was under Al Mansoor (754-755) that the changes brought by the Abbasid revolution made visible.

The reign of Harun Al Rashid (786-809) is widely regarded as the apex of Abbasid power and achievement.

The Abbasid line was reestablished by the Mamluks in Egypt in 1261.

The formation of AbbasidsThe formation of AbbasidsThe Abbasid dynasty

◦Hazrat Abbas Supported Hazrat Ali◦Abdullah b. Abbas Did not bother for

leadership◦Ali b. Abdullah Did not bother for

leadership(settled at Hamyma, Palestine)◦Mohammad b. Ali b. Abdullah was

appointed as successor by Abu Hashim, the son of Mohammad b. Hanfia

This was the foundation for Abbasid Movement

The formation of AbbasidsThe formation of AbbasidsMohammad b. Ali propagated that

the king would be from Ahl-e-Bayt (Aal-e-Ali)

He organzied the movement and sent missionaries to various regions.

Abu Muslim, sent to Khurasan , created a solid base for the Abbasid.

Abu Salma, a companion of Abu Muslim, asked Imam Jafer Sadiq to take over just before the Abbasids took over, but the Imam refused.

The formation of AbbasidsThe formation of AbbasidsAt a meeting of Aal-e-Ali and

Banu Abbas at Abwa, Ibrahim, the successor of Mohammad, recognized Mohammad Nafs-e-Zakia (descendent of Hazrat Hasan) as their political leader.

Prediction of Imam Jafer Sadiq

Abbasid ReginAbbasid ReginPolitical Struggle to gain powerAbu Jaffar Al Mansur – the real founderAggression against Fatimids and AlavisDomination of Persian CultureTranslation of Greek PhilosophyAn Epoch of Intellectualism and

responses to it – Ikhwan-as-Safa and Asharites

Development of ShariahEmergence of Traditional Madrassah