The U. S. Constitution

The U. S. ConstitutionChapter 3

Section 3.1Basic Principles

Objectives: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to…List and define the five basic principles on which the U.S. Constitution is based.Discuss and give examples of how the Constitution ensured the people’s authority over government.Provide examples of how the Constitution provides a system of limited government.Describe how the Constitution protects the rights of states.


Define the following terms in your notebook:republicanismpopular sovereigntyseparation of powerschecks and balancesvetojudicial reviewunconstitutional


The US Constitution limits and defines the powers of our government. It is based on five main principles

1. popular sovereignty2. limited government3. separation of powers4. checks and balances5. federalism


How does the Constitution ensure the people’s authority over government?

Popular sovereigntyPS means a government authority comes from the… ???

The principle of PS can be found in the Preamble

“We THE PEOPLE of the United States…. Do ordain [order] and establish this Constitution forthe United States of America.”

The Constitution further emphasizes the power of the people by establishingrules of electing government officials. NO ONE is entitled by birth!


Limited GovernmentHow does the Constitution provide for a system of limited government?

The Constitution limits government by establishing guidelines for how the government may act. Examples:

Article I, Section 8: enumerates the powers of CongressArticle I, Section 9: lists powers that the national government DOES NOT have, such as the power to grant titles of nobility.


The Constitution gives some powers to the national government, and some to the states. The framers of the Constitution wanted to make sure the national government was strong enough to maintain order and keep the country united. The Constitution prohibits states from exercising powers that belong to the national government. For example, states can’t coin money or declare war. Article VI of the Constitution is the “supremacy clause.” It declares that the Constitution (and all federal laws passed under the Constitution, including treaties) to be the “supreme law of the land.”Concurrent powers are those powers shared by both the national and state governments.

In what ways does the Constitution protect the rights of states?


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The Constitution prevents the concentration and abuse of power by giving each branch the authority to check, or restrain, the powers of the other two branches.

Section 3.2Amending the Constitution

Objectives: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to…Discuss the reasons framers established ways to amend the Constitution.Describe the methods for amending the Constitution.Explain the purpose of the Bill of Rights.


Define the following terms in your notebook:amendmentrepealBill of Rights

Bob Dylan, one of America’s best known songwriters, wrote songs in the 1960s that illuminated the political and social issues of the time (ex: the civil rights movement, women’s rights and the war in Vietnam). The Times They Are A-Changin’, recorded in 1964 “captured the spirit of social and political upheaval that characterized the 1960s.”

The Times They Are A-Changin’by Bob Dylan (1964)

Come gather ‘round people

Wherever you roam

And admit that the waters

Around you have grown

And accept it that soon

You’ll be drenched to the bone

If your time to you is worth savin’

Then you better start swimmin’

Or you’ll sink like a stone

For the times they are a-changin’

Verse 2Come writers & criticsWho prophesize with

your penAnd keep your eyes wide The chance won’t come

againAnd don’t speak too soonFor the wheel’s still in

spin

And there’s no tellin’ who that it’s namin’

For the loser nowWill be later to

winFor the times

they are a-changin’

Come senators, congressmen

Please heed the call

Don’t stand in the doorway

Don’t block up the hall

For he that gets hurt

Will be he who has stalled

There’s a battle outside

And it is ragin’

It’ll soon shake your windows

And rattle your walls

For the times they are a-changin’

Verse 3

Come mothers & fathers

Throughout the land

And don’t criticize

What you can’t understand

Your sons and your daughters

Are beyond your command

Your old road is

Rapidly agin’

Please get out of the new one

If you can’t lend a hand

For the times

They are a-changin’

Verse 4

The line it is drawn

The curse it is cast

The slow one now

Will later be fast

As the present now

Will later be past

The order is

Rapidly fadin’

And the first one now

Will later be last

For the times

They are a-changin’

Verse 5

SG Discussion - Respond to the following questions:

What do you think this song is about i.e. what’s going on in this song? (Hint: you may incorporate background information into your answer).In each verse, Dylan is challenging a certain group to change. Analyze each stanza of the song, and identify who and what needs to change.What do you think is the overall message of the songwriter? When might forces (social, political, or economic) produce interest, debate, and perhaps the necessity to change the U.S. Constitution?


Methods of Amending the ConstitutionWhy did the framers establish ways to amend the Constitution?

Article V gives procedures for amending the ConstitutionPassing an amendment requires more than a simple majority.Amending the Constitution is difficult intentionally. The framers didn’twant to change the Constitution for just any old reason.

1. Proposing Amendments: Vote in Congress (so far, all amendments have been proposed this way).

Two-thirds of the house (290 votes) and the Senate (67 votes) requiredbefore it can be sent to the states for ratification.


2. National Convention – Congress, at the request of two-thirds (34) of the state legislatures, can call a national convention to propose a Constitutional amendment.

While this is sort of cool… it has never happened.Why? Article V does not say whether a convention can be limited to proposing only the amendment it was called to consider. In other words, such a convention could be used to revise (or toss) the entire Constitution.

See: The Philadelphia Convention of 1787.

Methods of ProposalMethod 2

By national constitutional convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the state legislatures (34 states)[This method has never been used]

Method 1By 2/3 vote in both the House and the Senate[most common method of proposing an amendment]

Or

Method 1By 2/3 vote in both the House and the Senate (290 in the House, 67 in the Senate.

This is the most common method of proposing an amendment]


RATIFYING AMENDMENTS – TWO METHODS1. Legislatures in at least three-fourths (38) of the states must approve an amendment before it becomes part of the Constitution.

All but one of the Constitution’s amendments have been ratified this way

2. By special convention in at least three-fourths of the states. The 21st Amendment was ratified this way. It repealed the 18th Amendmentwhich had outlawed to production, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Methods of RatificationMethod 2

Ratified through conventions in ¾ of the states.

[Only been used once to ratify the 21st Amendment]

Method 1By legislatures in ¾ of the states (38 states)[in all but one case, this is how amendments have been ratified]

Or


The 27 AmendmentsFirst Amendment: Freedom of speech, assembly, religion, press, and petition. Second Amendment: The right to keep and bear arms.

Third Amendment: No quartering of troops

Fourth Amendment: Search and seizure; search warrentsFifth Amendment: Rights of an accused person

Sixth Amendment: Right to a speedy trial

Seventh Amendment: Right to trial by juryEighth Amendment: Bails, Fines, and Punishments

Ninth Amedment: Rights of the PeopleTenth Amendment: Powers of the States

THESE 10 AMENDMENTS ARE CONTAINED IN THE BILL OF RIGHTS (1791)


Eleventh Amendment: Suits Against StatesThe 27 Amendments

Twelfth Amendment: Election of the President and Vice PresidentThirteenth Amendment: Abolition of Slavery

Fourteenth Amendment: Rigths of Citizens; Privileges and Immunities, Due Process, and Equal Protection

Fifteenth Amendment: Extension of Suffrage to African American MenSixteenth Amendment: Income Tax

Seventeenth Amendment: Direct Election of SenatorsEighteenth Amendment: Prohibition

Nineteenth Amendment: Extension of Suffrage to WomenTwentieth Amendment: Change in Dates for Presidential and Congressional Terms of Office

Section 3.2Amending the ConstitutionThe 27 Amendments

Twenty-first Amendment: Repeal of ProhibitionTwenty-second Amendment: Two-Term Limit on Presidential Office

Twenty-third Amendment: Right to Vote in Presidential Election

Twenty-fourth Amendment: Poll Tax Banned in Federal Elections

Twenty-fifth Amendment: Presidential Disability and Succession

Twenty-sixth Amendment: Lowering of Voting Age to 18

Twenty-seventh Amendment: Legislative Salaries

Section 3.3A Flexible Document

OBJECTIVES: AFTER COMPLETING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO…1.EXPLAIN HOW THE CONSTITUTION GIVES

EACH OF THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT FLEXIBILITY IN USING ITS POWERS.

2.DISCUSS HOW POLITICAL PARTIES CHANGED THE WAY GOVERNMENT OPERATES.

3.DESCRIBE THE WAYS IN WHICH THE CONSTITUTION ALLOWS CUSTOM AND TRADITION TO HELP SHAPE GOVERNMENT.


Define the following:

EXECUTIVE AGREEMENT

POLITICAL PARTY

CABINET


How does the Constitution give the three branches of government flexibility in using their powers?


GOVERNMENT ACTIONS

By reinterpreting their powers, the three branches of government are able to addressissues that face our nation.

Court DecisionsVague wording in the Constitution allows the courts to apply it to situations that could not have been imagined early on.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) gives the federal court system the power to rule on theconstitutionality of actions taken by the Legislative and Executive branches.


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Congressional LegislationCongress passes laws that address new situations.

Congress assumes responsibilities and roles that are allowed by, but not mentionedin, the Constitution.

Example: Article III, Section Igives Congress the power to establishthe federal court system below theSupreme Court. Since the word “establish” is vague, Congress is able to structure these courts in ways that help meet the needs of our nations.


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Other examples:Congress has passed laws regulating working conditions and wages.

Where does the authority come from?Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states and with foreign nations.

Congress can regulate interstate commerce and they’ve interpreted this to includeworking conditions and wages.

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Executive Action

Executive Agreements – the president’s power to reach agreements withforeign counties without the Senate’s approval.

FDR’s Lend – Lease Act


How have political parties changed the way government operates?

A political party is an organized group that seeks to win elections in order to influence the activities of government. The flexibility of the Constitution allows political parties to influence how the operates. Political parties play in important role in electing candidates to office and in organizing the day-to-day operation of Congress.


How does the Constitution allow custom and tradition to shape the government?

Customs and traditions are informal, long-established ways of doing things.

Not mentioned in the Constitution

Example: The President’s Cabinet

Section 3.4The Constitution and the Public Good

Objectives: After completing this lesson, you will be able to…

1. Discuss James Madison’s contribution to the development of the U.S. government.

2. List ways the Constitution ensures that government makes laws that promote the public good.

3. Discuss critics’ claims that the Constitution sometimes makes government less effective.


Key Terms:

Factions


WHAT WERE SOME OF JAMES MADISON’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT

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n Federalist Paper #10Madison argues in favor of the Constitution and a republican form of government. He said that competing interests would prevent any one faction from gaining control of the government.

OPPONENTS of theConstitution fearedthat a republic couldfall under the influenceof a faction.

WAS HE CORRECT???


PREVENTING CONTROL BY FACTIONSMadison argues in Federalist #10 thatpopular sovereignty prevents majority rule.

Still, Americans in 1787 feared a majority faction could take away the rights of minorities. This fear, especially in the South where there was strong opposition to centralizedgovernement, posed a real threat to ratifying the Constitution.

Madison addresses the fear by arguing that a large republic (i.e., lots of people) would lead to a variety of interests and make it harder for a majority to establish itself. Distances would also present an obstacle to the formation of a majority faction.


In other words, in a large republic there will be so many different interests, and people will be separated by such great distances, that it will be nearly impossible for a majority interest (faction) to form on any issue.

CHAPTER 4FEDERALISM

Section 4.1Powers and Responsibilities

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to…1.list the powers given to the federal government

and to the state governments bythe Constitution.

2. list the powers denied to the federal government and to the state governments by theConstitution.

3. identify the responsibilities that the federal and state governments have to each other.

4. describe the courts’ role in the federal system.


Key Terms:

a.expressed powersb.implied powersc.Elastic Claused.inherent powerse.reserved powersf. concurrent powers


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Article I, Section 8Tenth Am

endment

Neither granted to the federal govt., nor denied to the states


Recall that FEDERALISM means the sharing of power between???

In more centralized government systems (GB), power sharing does not occur… or only occurs rarely. Although the Constitution of the United States establishes a federal form of government, the national government is supreme. Why? See the Supremacy Clause (Article VI, Section 1, Clause 2) in the Constitution.

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10TH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION:

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Rewrite this amendment in your own words


Article I, Section 9

Article I, Section 9 –

Powers Denied to

the Federal Governemnt

No taxing exports

No favoring trade with one state over anotherNo

spending $ unless authorized by federal law to do so

EXAMPLES


Article I, Section 10

Article I, Section 10 –

Powers Denied to the states

No issuing state moneyNo making

treaties with foreign governmentsNo going

to war unless invaded or authorized to do so.

EXAMPLES


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Making sure states have republican

forms of government

Protecting states from violent actions

Respecting states’ territories

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?Protecting states from violent actions


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member of the House

Set rules for electing members of Congress and choosing members of the

Electoral College

Pay the costs of running elections

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?Establish congressional districts for electing member of the House

Virginia’s Congressional Districts


Federal Governme

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Article III of the Constitution gives the judicial branch authority tohear cases involving the Constitution, U.S. laws, and disputes among the states.

Article VI includes the Supremacy Clause, which makes Constitution, federallaws, and treaties made by the federal government the “supreme law of the land.”

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Section 4.2Growth of Federalism

Objectives: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to…

a.explain how the federal government’s involvement in state affairs have grown.

b.describe how grants-in-aid have affected the growth of federalism.

c. identify the role of federal mandates in federalism.


KEY TERMS

1.REVENUE SHARING2.GRANT-IN-AID3.CATEGORICAL GRANT4.BLOCK GRANT5.FEDERAL MANDATE


ASK YOURSELF….

How has the federal government become more influential in my life. How will incontinue to influence my future?

Now turn to your neighbor

introduce yourself

and discuss this question

Be ready to …..SHARE


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Increasing Federal Involvement

After the 1930s (remember FDR’s New Deal?), the federal government increased dramatically. This growth coudl be seen in the amount of money the federal government gave to the states.

Early 1970s -1980s – revenue sharing

Federal tax dollars were shared with state and local governments.States had lots of freedom in allocating this money.

Revenue sharing ended under President Reagan who worked tocut federal spending.

Ronald Reagan


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Grants-in-aid are money or other resources that the federal governmentprovides to pay for state and local projects and programs.

Grants-in-aid are used for specific projects and programs authorized bythe federal government… unlike revenue sharing, which gave stateslots of room to decide how the money would be spent.

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Examples of past grants-in-aidLand Ordinance of 1785 set aside land for public schools in the terrritorieswon for Great Britain during the American Revolution.

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Examples of past grants-in-aid

Morrill Act of 1862 gave grants-in-aid of federally owned land to states. Statesused the money they made from selling the land to establish state universities.Seventy “land grant” universities were established, including…

Virginia Tech

Virginia State University

Land grant universities were established to teach and promote science, agriculture and the mechanical arts.

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Categorical GrantsPayments by the federal government to carry out specific activities.

Examples:building airportsport facilitiesunemployment compensationfighting crimeproviding relief after natural disastersHead Start

Usually based on certain conditions, such as populationTypically require states to contribute there own funds, in an amount determined by Congress, to show commitment to the program.

These grants are competitive. States must apply for them.

The federal government will choose to fund only those applicants that offer the best proposal.


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Block Grants

Block grants are federal funds that can be used by a state or locality ina broadly defined area, such as welfare, community defelopment, health, or education.

Block grant projects include developing public transportation systems, anticrime programs, and community youth activities.

Block grants give states more freedom in making decisions about howto spend the money than categorical grants.

Since 1996, all federal contributions to states for welfare have been in the form of block grants. US Department of Health and Human Services

https://mchdata.hrsa.gov/TVISReports/LearnMore/BlockGrantProgram.aspx


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Federal Mandates

Federal mandates are requirements that the federal government imposes on state and local governments. The federal government passes mandates to address issues thataffect people in many or all of the states.

man·date [man-deyt] Show IPA noun, verb, man·dat·ed, man·dat·ing.noun1.a command or authorization to act in a particular way on a public issue given by the electorate to its representative: The president had a clear mandate to end the war.

states usually hate ‘em



The U. S. Constitution

Documents

constitution limits

national government

government authority

federalism section

system of limited government

rights of states

basic principlesdefine

basic principleshow