The two faces of Janus? Enjoyment & Anxiety in the Foreign Language Classroom Jean-Marc Dewaele Birkbeck, University of London, UK Peter MacIntyre Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada to appear in a special issue Positive psychology in SLA (guest eds Peter MacIntyre & Tammy Gregersen) Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, July 2014
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The two faces of Janus? Enjoyment & Anxiety in the Foreign Language Classroom Jean-Marc Dewaele Birkbeck, University of London, UK Peter MacIntyre Cape.
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The two faces of Janus? Enjoyment & Anxiety in the
Foreign Language Classroom
Jean-Marc Dewaele Birkbeck, University of London, UKPeter MacIntyre
Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
to appear in a special issue Positive psychology in SLA (guest eds Peter MacIntyre & Tammy Gregersen) Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, July 2014
• ancient Roman mythology: Janus, god of beginnings & transitions• Perfect god for FL learners ... endless beginnings followed by a very long
succession of transitions
Enjoyment Anxiety
3
FLE & FLA
• Foreign language anxiety (FLA)= “the worry and negative emotional reaction aroused when learning or using a second language” (MacIntyre, 1994: 27)
• Foreign language enjoyment (FLE) = the fun of learning or using a foreign language
Positive psychology
• Recently dedicated sub-field of psychology that
focuses on the empirical study of what goes well in
life, the factors that lead people to thrive in their
surroundings and flourish in their activities (Lake,
2013, Peterson, 2006)
Too much focus on the negative!
• FLA = strong predictor of success or lack of it in FL learning (MacIntyre 1999, Horwitz 2010)
• Positive emotions not entirely neglected, but embedded in the complex of motivation, which is more than a simple emotion, as is involves a journey towards a goal
• However: desire for FLL is close to affect, “but in a more concrete sense than just emotional reactions or metaphysical illuminations of the soul” (Kramsch 2009: 16).
Positive vs negative
• Negative emotions: anger => urge to destroy obstacles, fear
=> protective behaviours
• Positive emotions: different type of response: joy, interest,
contentment, pride, love share ability to broaden people's
momentary thought-action repertoires, build their enduring
personal resources, ranging from physical & intellectual
resources to social & psychological resources” (Fredickson,
2003, 2007)
• Positive emotion can dissipate lingering effects of negative
emotional arousal, promotes personal resiliency in face of
• 1) Do learners experience more joy in FL classes than anxiety?
• 2) Are FLE and FLCA linked?• 3) What is the effect of number of
languages known, number of FLs studied, general level in the FL, relative standing in group, education level, age group, gender & nationality on FLE & FLCA?
• 5) What characterizes positive episodes in the FL class?
Method: participants
• 1746 multilinguals (1287 females, 449 males)• Mean age = 24 years, SD = 8.5• 91 intermediate high school, 113 high school
0.86)• Final open question: “Describe one specific event or
episode in your FL class that you really enjoyed, and describe your feeling in as much detail as possible”
• 52,471 words from 1076 participants => content analysis => 7 themes (Classroom activities, Peer recognition, Other, Teacher recognition, Realisation of progress, Teacher skills, Authentic use of FL)
Why “enjoyment”?My experience in karate, where enjoyment was a powerful motivator to continue up to black belt, despite anxieties about performance & dangers of combat
Foreign Language Enjoyment scale
• Interest/Enjoyment is one of 7 subscales of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory that assesses participants’ subjective experience related to a target activity in laboratory experiments (enjoyment, fun, interest, boredom) (Ryan, Connell & Plant‚ 1990)
• = kernel of new FLE scale: the 7 items were specifically adapted to FL environment
• Rephrased : not 1 activity at 1 point in time but global judgment of past FL classes
• + items: dealing with FL mistakes in public, identity, improvement in FL use, pride in own performance, group membership, social environment & cohesiveness, attitudes towards the learning of the FL, presence of laughter, judgments about peers & teacher
17
FLE scale To what extent do you agree with the following statements? Strongly disagree=1/ Disagree=2 /Undecided=3/ Agree=4 /Strongly agree=5
• 1) I can be creative• 2) I can laugh off embarrassing mistakes in the FL• 3) I don’t get bored• 4) I enjoy it • 5) I feel as though I’m a different person during the FL class• 6) I learnt to express myself better in the FL• 7) I’m a worthy member of the FL class• 8) I’ve learnt interesting things• 9) In class, I feel proud of my accomplishments• 10) It’s a positive environment• 11) It’s cool to know a FL• 12) It’s fun• 13) Making errors is part of the learning process• 14) The peers are nice• 15) The teacher is encouraging• 16) The teacher is friendly• 17) The teacher is supportive• 18) There is a good atmosphere • 19) We form a tight group• 20) We have common “legends”, such as running jokes• 21) We laugh a lot
18
FLCA scale (Horwitz et al 1986) To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
Effect of participant’s sex on FLE & FLCA t (1734) = 3.1, p < .002 & t (1734) = 2.8, p < .004
2,5
2,7
2,9
3,1
3,3
3,5
3,7
3,9
Women Men
FLE
FLCA
Effect of nationality group on FLE & FLCAeta2 = .024 & eta2 = .021
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
NAmerican SAmerican Arab European Asian
Nationality group
FLE
FLCA
Main themes in feedback of 1076 participants on FL enjoyable episodes
Selection of data extracts
• Most representative of the category, most poignant & most interesting
• Some extracts in other languages, to give voice to those who do not feel comfortable in English
• Good idea of participant in context, with the enjoyment arising from a unique confluence of internal & externals factors
• Some concise statements
Classroom activity: debates, role plays, making films, interviews, music…
• LE, female, 24: Es gracioso cuando tenemos que hacer diálogos con los compañeros, y más cuando uno el otro responde cosas equivocadas. o cuando en los diálogos una realmente imita a el personaje que le corresponde. (‘It’s nice when we have dialogues with our peers, and when the interlocutor answers something wrong, or when in the dialogues one can really imitate the corresponding character’).
Peer recognition
DX, male, 20: I was telling my fellow students about my 3 month
stay in Cuba and I noticed that they really enjoyed listening to
what I have experienced, so I kept talking and I felt quite
proud of how fluent I can tell a story. I felt confident and
enjoyed "showing off" my own skills.
Teacher recognition
MG, female, 16: I love it when I do a writing activity to the best of
my ability, using time phrases and specialist vocabulary and I
get a great comment and mark, it makes me feel like I’m good
at a skill that enjoy, which makes me very happy.
Realisation of progress
CL, female, 24: When I nailed the pronunciation on a sentence I
read out loud in my seminar group.
Teacher skills
GB, female, 21: I really like the participation part where the
teacher is asking our opinion. Being able to express our
thoughts and making students active rather than passive
members is going to aid the learning process.
The authentic use of the FL SX, female, age 11: In French we pretended we were in a
sandwich shop and had to order our own sandwich. I really enjoyed it as it was a good way to practice our skills. I felt really confident doing this and in the end I got a nice sandwich for my efforts!
CR, male, 20: What I like is to use the language, to find someone in the street and to talk to him.
FLE & FLCA: 2 faces of Janus?
• FLCA => Phobus, Greek God of Fear• FLE => Laetitia, Roman Goddess of Joy
Summing up
Independent variables reflecting experience with
languages & level attained + education level
positively linked to FLE & negatively to FLCA
• Female participants: more FLE & FLCA
• Cultural differences: not to be over-interpreted
Conclusion• More FLE than FLCA• Ratio of positive to negative emotion might be more
important than absence or presence of one or the other
• Many participants aware of maxim “We have to learn to walk before we can run”: first successful steps or first run in the FL which filled them with pride
• Not overgeneralize descriptions of episodes or fit them into ‘laws’ of effective FL teaching => unique contexts
• Savouring small successes is good advice for long term health of both teachers & learners (Seligman, 2006)
Some references• Arnold, J. (1999). Affect in Language Learning. Cambridge: CUP
• Dewaele, J.-M. (2011). Reflections on the emotional and psychological aspects of foreign language learning and use. Anglistik. International Journal of English Studies 22, 23-42.
• Dewaele. J.-M. (2013b). The link between Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety and Psychoticism. Extraversion and Neuroticism among adult bi- and multilinguals. The Modern Language Journal 97, 670-684.
• Dewaele, J.-M. & MacIntyre, P. (2014). The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and Enjoyment in the Foreign Language Classroom. Special issue Positive Psychology in Second Language Acquisition (guest eds P. MacIntyre & T. Gregersen), Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, July 2014.
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Selega (Eds.), A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (pp. 85-103). New York: OUP.
• Horwitz, E. K. (2010). Foreign & SL anxiety. Language Teaching 43, 154-167.
• MacIntyre, P. & Gregersen, T. (2012). Emotions that facilitate language learning: The positive-broadening power of the imagination. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 2, 193-213.
• Peterson, C. (2006). A Primer in Positive Psychology. New York: OUP