THE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) BY: ROMER, PINO, POPE, CHAPTER # 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.

THE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMTHE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) BY: ROMER, PINO, POPE, CHAPTER # 2BY: ROMER, PINO, POPE, CHAPTER # 2

FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY BY MARTINI, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY BY MARTINI, 77THTH EDITION, CHAPTERS # 4 & 5 EDITION, CHAPTERS # 4 & 5

ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

PRESENTATION CREATED BY:PRESENTATION CREATED BY:

ALFONSO A. PINO, MD.ALFONSO A. PINO, MD.


THE MICROSCOPE


THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPETHE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE


BASEBASE

It contains:It contains: Off on switchOff on switch Voltage regulatorVoltage regulator illuminatorilluminator


STAGESTAGE

It supports the It supports the microscope slides microscope slides and contains and contains slide clips and slide clips and mechanical stagemechanical stage


MECHANICAL STAGEMECHANICAL STAGE

It has 2 knobs for It has 2 knobs for movement of the movement of the slides from left to slides from left to right and front to right and front to backback


SUBSTANCE CONDENSORSUBSTANCE CONDENSOR

It has 3 parts:It has 3 parts: blue filterblue filter iris diaphragmiris diaphragm condenser lenscondenser lens


Blue filter:Blue filter: the short wavelength the short wavelength

of the blue light provides of the blue light provides maximum resolutionmaximum resolution

Iris diaphragm:Iris diaphragm: controls the amount of controls the amount of

light passing from the light passing from the slide sourceslide source

Condenser lens:Condenser lens: collets and focuses collets and focuses

the light from the the light from the illuminator onto the slideilluminator onto the slide


LENSESLENSES They magnify the imageThey magnify the image Objectives: they have 3 Objectives: they have 3

or 4 objectives or 4 objectives 4X scanner4X scanner 10X low power10X low power 40X high dry40X high dry 100 X oil emersion lens100 X oil emersion lens Ocular lens or eyepiece:Ocular lens or eyepiece: it is 10X and it can have it is 10X and it can have

a scalea scale


ADJUSTMENT KNOBSADJUSTMENT KNOBS

They are for focusingThey are for focusing Coarse adjustment Coarse adjustment

knob:knob: for locating and for locating and

focusing objects (DO focusing objects (DO NOT USE for high NOT USE for high magnification)magnification)

Fine adjustment knob: Fine adjustment knob: (small)(small)

for focusing on higher for focusing on higher powerspowersknobs


ARMARM

Supports the Supports the objective lens objective lens


CARES OF THE MICROSCOPECARES OF THE MICROSCOPE

When moving the microscope, carry it with When moving the microscope, carry it with 2 hands (one hand to grip the arm and the 2 hands (one hand to grip the arm and the other under the baseother under the base

Lenses have to be clean with lens paper Lenses have to be clean with lens paper (to keep them free of oil and dust). (to keep them free of oil and dust).

Do not use the coarse adjustment when Do not use the coarse adjustment when focusing with the higher power objectivesfocusing with the higher power objectives


PROCEDURESPROCEDURES

1- Turn on the illuminator using the on/off switch1- Turn on the illuminator using the on/off switch 2- Turn the nosepiece to bring the 4X objective (scanner) into 2- Turn the nosepiece to bring the 4X objective (scanner) into

positionposition 3- Raise the stage into its highest position3- Raise the stage into its highest position 4- Place a slide of the letter “e” in the slide clamp on the stage4- Place a slide of the letter “e” in the slide clamp on the stage 5- Turn the coarse adjustment knob to bring the “e” into focus5- Turn the coarse adjustment knob to bring the “e” into focus 6- Measure the field (the brightly lighted circle that you see 6- Measure the field (the brightly lighted circle that you see

when you look through the ocular lens)when you look through the ocular lens) 7- Center the ”e” in your field of view and then rotate the 7- Center the ”e” in your field of view and then rotate the

nosepiece to 10Xnosepiece to 10X 8- Use the fine adjustment knob to focus until the image is 8- Use the fine adjustment knob to focus until the image is

sharp. Draw the image. Do not use the coarse adjustmentsharp. Draw the image. Do not use the coarse adjustment 10- Rotate the nosepiece until the 40X. Draw the image 10- Rotate the nosepiece until the 40X. Draw the image


CUBOIDAL CELLSCUBOIDAL CELLS

Simple cuboidal kidneySimple cuboidal kidney


SQUAMOUS CELLSSQUAMOUS CELLS

•Simple squamous peritoneum


COLUMNAR CELLSCOLUMNAR CELLS Simple columnar small intestineSimple columnar small intestine


TISSUETISSUE

CONCEPTCONCEPT- IT IS A COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED CELLS & - IT IS A COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED CELLS & CELLS PRODUCTS THAT ARE ORGANIZED CELLS PRODUCTS THAT ARE ORGANIZED TO PERFORM FUNCTIONSTO PERFORM FUNCTIONS

4 TYPES :4 TYPES : EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE NEURAL TISSUENEURAL TISSUE


EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE- IT COVERS EXPOSED SURFACES (SKIN), - IT COVERS EXPOSED SURFACES (SKIN), LINES INTERNAL PASSAGES & CHAMBERSLINES INTERNAL PASSAGES & CHAMBERS (DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, REPRODUCTIVE AND , (DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, REPRODUCTIVE AND , URINARY SYSTEMS )URINARY SYSTEMS ) IT FORMS GLANDSIT FORMS GLANDS

CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE- IT FILLS INTERNAL SPACES,- IT FILLS INTERNAL SPACES, PROVIDES STRUCTURE SUPPORT ,PROVIDES STRUCTURE SUPPORT , TRANSPORTS MATERIAL WITHIN THE BODY &TRANSPORTS MATERIAL WITHIN THE BODY & STORES ENERGYSTORES ENERGY

MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE- IT CONTRACTS TO PERFORM MOVEMENT. - IT CONTRACTS TO PERFORM MOVEMENT.

IT GENERATES HEAT THAT WARMS THE BODYIT GENERATES HEAT THAT WARMS THE BODY

NEURAL TISSUE-NEURAL TISSUE- IT CARRIES INFORMATION FROM ONE PART OF IT CARRIES INFORMATION FROM ONE PART OF THE BODY TO ANOTHER BY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES THE BODY TO ANOTHER BY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES


FUNCTIONS OF THE EPITHELIAFUNCTIONS OF THE EPITHELIA

PHYSICAL PROTECTIONPHYSICAL PROTECTION-- FROM ABRASION, FROM ABRASION, DEHYDRATION, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL AGENTSDEHYDRATION, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS CONTROL PERMEABILITYCONTROL PERMEABILITY-- REGULATED BY REGULATED BY HORMONES, TRANSPORT IONS & NUTRIENTSHORMONES, TRANSPORT IONS & NUTRIENTS PROVIDES SENSATIONSPROVIDES SENSATIONS-- TOUCH RECEPTORS, TOUCH RECEPTORS, NEUROEPITHELIUM CONTEINS SENSORY CELLS NEUROEPITHELIUM CONTEINS SENSORY CELLS THATPRODUCE SENSATIONS OF SMELL, TASTE, THATPRODUCE SENSATIONS OF SMELL, TASTE, SIGTH, EQUILLIBRIUM OR HEARINGSIGTH, EQUILLIBRIUM OR HEARING PROVIDES SECRETIONSPROVIDES SECRETIONS-- GLANDS CELLS PRODECE GLANDS CELLS PRODECE SECRETIONS FOR PHYSICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL SECRETIONS FOR PHYSICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL

MENSSAGERS IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID & BLOODMENSSAGERS IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID & BLOOD


CLASSIFICATION OF THE EPITHELIACLASSIFICATION OF THE EPITHELIA

SHAPESHAPE- SQUAMOUS- THIN & FLAT- SQUAMOUS- THIN & FLAT CUBOIDAL- LIKE LITTLE HEXAGONAL BOXESCUBOIDAL- LIKE LITTLE HEXAGONAL BOXES COLUMNAR- TALLER & MORE SLENDERCOLUMNAR- TALLER & MORE SLENDER

NUMBER OF CELLSNUMBER OF CELLS SIMPLE- SINGLE LAYER OF CELLSSIMPLE- SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS STRATIFIED- SEVERAL LAYERS OF CELLSSTRATIFIED- SEVERAL LAYERS OF CELLS

COMBINATIONS OF SHAPE & NUMBERCOMBINATIONS OF SHAPE & NUMBER


Martini pg 111


TYPES OF EPITHELIA TISSUES WITH EXAMPLESTYPES OF EPITHELIA TISSUES WITH EXAMPLES

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS- Lung, serous membranes, lining heartSIMPLE SQUAMOUS- Lung, serous membranes, lining heart STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS- epidermis, mouth, throat, vaginaSTRATIFIED SQUAMOUS- epidermis, mouth, throat, vagina

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL- glands, ducts, kidney tubulesSIMPLE CUBOIDAL- glands, ducts, kidney tubules STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL- linings some ductsSTRATIFIED CUBOIDAL- linings some ducts

TRANSITIONAL- urinary bladder, ureters TRANSITIONAL- urinary bladder, ureters

SIMPLE COLUMNAR- stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubesSIMPLE COLUMNAR- stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubes PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- respiratory tract respiratory tract

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- salivary glands ductsSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- salivary glands ducts


Martini pg112


Martini pg 112

Martini pg 113


Transitional epithelium(Martini pg 113)


Simple columnar epithelium(Martini pg 115)


Stratified columnar epithelium(Martini pg 115)


Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium(Martini pg 115)


FUNCTIONS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUEFUNCTIONS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

IT FORMS AN STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORKIT FORMS AN STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK IT TRANSPORTS FLUID & MATERIALSIT TRANSPORTS FLUID & MATERIALS IT PROTECTS DELICATES ORGANSIT PROTECTS DELICATES ORGANS IT SUPPORTS, SURROUNDS & INTERCONNECTS IT SUPPORTS, SURROUNDS & INTERCONNECTS

TISSUESTISSUES IT STORAGES ENERGY IT STORAGES ENERGY IT CONTAINS CELLS THAT DEFEND THE BODY FROM IT CONTAINS CELLS THAT DEFEND THE BODY FROM

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS


CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUECHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

COLLAGEN FIBERSCOLLAGEN FIBERS THEY ARE LONG, STRAIGTH & UNBRANCHEDTHEY ARE LONG, STRAIGTH & UNBRANCHED THEY ARE A BUNDLE OF FIBROUS PROTEIN SUBUNITS THEY ARE A BUNDLE OF FIBROUS PROTEIN SUBUNITS WOUND TOGETHERWOUND TOGETHER THEY HAVE LITTLE STRETCH, BUT GREAT TENSILE STRENGHTHEY HAVE LITTLE STRETCH, BUT GREAT TENSILE STRENGH THEY FORM TENDONS AND LIGAMENTSTHEY FORM TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS

RETICULAR FIBERSRETICULAR FIBERS THEY HAVE SAME SUBUNITS THAN COLLAGEN FIBERS THEY HAVE SAME SUBUNITS THAN COLLAGEN FIBERS BUT WITH A DIFFERENT PHYSICAL ARRNGEMENTARRANGEMMENTBUT WITH A DIFFERENT PHYSICAL ARRNGEMENTARRANGEMMENT THEY FORM A NETWORK THAT RESISTS FORCES APPLY THEY FORM A NETWORK THAT RESISTS FORCES APPLY FROM MANY DIRECTIONS ANDFROM MANY DIRECTIONS AND THEY STABILIZE RELATIVE POSITION OF CELLS, ORGANS, BLOOD THEY STABILIZE RELATIVE POSITION OF CELLS, ORGANS, BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES & OTHER STRUCTURESVESSELS, NERVES & OTHER STRUCTURES


ELASTIC FIBERSELASTIC FIBERS

THEY CONTEIN PROTEIN ELASTINTHEY CONTEIN PROTEIN ELASTIN THEY ARE BRANCHED & WAVYTHEY ARE BRANCHED & WAVY AFTER STRECHING, THEY CAN RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL LENGTHAFTER STRECHING, THEY CAN RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL LENGTH THEY LACK THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF COLLAGEN THEY LACK THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF COLLAGEN THEY DOMINATE IN ELASTIC LIGAMENTS THEY DOMINATE IN ELASTIC LIGAMENTS


TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUESTYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

AREOLARAREOLAR ADIPOSEADIPOSE RETICULARRETICULAR DENSE REGULARDENSE REGULAR DENSE IRREGULARDENSE IRREGULAR ELASTICELASTIC CARTILAGECARTILAGE BONEBONE BLOODBLOOD LYMPHLYMPH


Areolar tissueAreolar tissue(Martini pg 119)(Martini pg 119)


Adipose tissueAdipose tissue(Martini pg 122)(Martini pg 122)


Reticular tissueReticular tissue(Martini pg 122)(Martini pg 122)


Dense regular connective tissueDense regular connective tissue(Martini pg 124)(Martini pg 124)


Dense irregular connective tissueDense irregular connective tissue(Martini pg 124)(Martini pg 124)


Elastic tissueElastic tissue(Martini pg 124)(Martini pg 124)


Hyaline cartilageHyaline cartilage(Martini pg 127)(Martini pg 127)


Bone tissueBone tissue(Martini pg128)(Martini pg128)


BloodBlood(Martini pg125)(Martini pg125)


INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM


INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM(Martini, chapter 5; pg 154)(Martini, chapter 5; pg 154)

LAYERS OF THE SKINLAYERS OF THE SKIN FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL:FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL:

1- EPIDERMIS1- EPIDERMIS 2- DERMIS2- DERMIS 3- HYPODERMIS3- HYPODERMIS


Martini pg 154


EPIDERMISEPIDERMIS

Function- protection from chemical, physical & Function- protection from chemical, physical & biological agentsbiological agents

5 strata (from external to internal)5 strata (from external to internal) Stratum corneumStratum corneum Stratum lucidumStratum lucidum Stratum granulosumStratum granulosum Stratum spinosumStratum spinosum Stratum germinativum (basale)Stratum germinativum (basale)

Stratum corneumStratum corneum- 15-30 layers of keratinized cells. Water - 15-30 layers of keratinized cells. Water resistant resistant

F- allows F- allows insensible perspirationinsensible perspiration More or less 500 ml of water every dayMore or less 500 ml of water every day Stratum lucidumStratum lucidum- clear layer only in thick skin (palms & soles). - clear layer only in thick skin (palms & soles).

F-contains flattered & packed cells filled with the F-contains flattered & packed cells filled with the proteinprotein

keratinkeratin Stratum granulosumStratum granulosum- grainy layer- grainy layer F- to produce F- to produce protein keratinprotein keratin & & keratohyalinkeratohyalin basic basic structural component of hair & nails structural component of hair & nails

Stratum spinosumStratum spinosum (8 to 10 layers) (8 to 10 layers) F- it contains F- it contains Langerhands cellsLangerhands cells for Immune response for Immune response against microorganisms & Cancer cells against microorganisms & Cancer cells Stratum germinativumStratum germinativum or basaleor basale(The innermost) (The innermost) F- cells divide to replace superficial cells F- cells divide to replace superficial cells

it contains it contains MelanocytesMelanocytes –to produce melanin –to produce melanin For protection against For protection against uv radiationuv radiation


Epidermis (5 strata)(Martini pg 156)


DERMISDERMIS

FunctionFunction- thermoregulation & protection- thermoregulation & protection 2 mayor components- 2 mayor components- papillary & reticular layerspapillary & reticular layers

Papillary lPapillary l- contains capillary & lymphatic - contains capillary & lymphatic vessels & sensory neurons vessels & sensory neurons function- support & nourishment of the function- support & nourishment of the overlaying epidermisoverlaying epidermis

Reticular lReticular l- deep to papillary layer- deep to papillary layer function- to resist tension in the skinfunction- to resist tension in the skin


HYPODERMISHYPODERMIS

FUNCTION- ENERGY STOREFUNCTION- ENERGY STORE

CUSHIONINGCUSHIONING

INSULATIONINSULATION

ACCESSORY STRUCTURESACCESSORY STRUCTURES Meissner’s corpusclesMeissner’s corpuscles (white in models) (white in models) F- light touch & tactile receptorsF- light touch & tactile receptors Pacinian corpusclesPacinian corpuscles (olive in models) (olive in models) F- deep pressure & vibration receptorsF- deep pressure & vibration receptors Sebaceous glandsSebaceous glands- discharges waxy sebum into the hair - discharges waxy sebum into the hair follicle follicle

F- lubricationF- lubrication Hair: Hair: for protection, insulation, and tactile reception. for protection, insulation, and tactile reception. It is divided into:It is divided into: ShaftShaft: exposed hair and first part under skin: exposed hair and first part under skin RootRoot- surrounded by hair follicle. Contains hair - surrounded by hair follicle. Contains hair papillapapilla- at the base- at the base Hair bulbHair bulb- surrounds the papilla- surrounds the papilla Arrector piliArrector pili- smooth muscle that erects the hair- smooth muscle that erects the hair Sweat glandsSweat glands- Apocrine- Apocrine MerocrineMerocrine


Apocrine sweat glandApocrine sweat gland Secrets its products into the hair follicleSecrets its products into the hair follicle Begins its function at pubertyBegins its function at puberty Bacteria can intensify its odor Bacteria can intensify its odor Present only under armpits, around the nipples and groinPresent only under armpits, around the nipples and groin

Merocrine sweat glandMerocrine sweat gland- Discharge its contends directly on the - Discharge its contends directly on the skin surface skin surface

Sensible perspiration and thermoregulation by cooling Sensible perspiration and thermoregulation by cooling surface of skin to reduce body temperature. surface of skin to reduce body temperature. It also acts to excrete water and electrolytes and reduces It also acts to excrete water and electrolytes and reduces growth of microorganisms. growth of microorganisms.


Hair follicle(Martini pg165)


Hair follicle(Martini pg165)


REMEMBER, GO TO THE TUTORING REMEMBER, GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS!ROOM AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS!

ROOM 3326ROOM 3326

THE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) BY: ROMER, PINO, POPE, CHAPTER # 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.

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