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Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew G EOFFREY K HAN Volume II
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Page 1: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by

Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures

The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew.

In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ

‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias.

Links and QR codes in the book allow readers to listen to an oral performance of samples of the reconstructed Tiberian pronuncia� on by Alex Foreman. This is the fi rst � me Biblical Hebrew has been recited with the Tiberian pronuncia� on for a millennium.

As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found at www.openbookpublishers.com

Cover image: Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 31.61 (Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ). Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Cover design: Luca Baff a

Geoffrey Khan

The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. II)

OBP

Kh

an

1

The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

GEOFFREY KHAN

Volume II

ebook and OA edi� ons also available

OPENACCESS

ebook

Th

e Tib

erian P

ron

un

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Trad

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of B

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ebrew

Vol. II

Page 2: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by

THE TIBERIAN

PRONUNCIATION TRADITION

OF BIBLICAL HEBREW

VOLUME II

Page 3: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by
Page 4: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by

The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Including a Critical Edition and English Translation of the Sections on

Consonants and Vowels in the Masoretic Treatise

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘Guide for the Reader’

Volume II

Geoffrey Khan

Page 5: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by

https://www.openbookpublishers.com

© 2020 Geoffrey Khan.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license

(CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to

adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the

authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).

Attribution should include the following information:

Geoffrey Khan, The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume II. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2020, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194

In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit, https://

doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194#copyright

Further details about CC BY licenses are available at, https://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by/4.0/

All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have

been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web

Updated digital material and resources associated with this volume are available

at https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194#resources

Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or

error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher.

Semitic Languages and Cultures 1, volume 2.

ISSN (print): 2632-6906

ISSN (digital): 2632-6914

ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-857-0

ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-858-7

ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-859-4

DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0194

Cover image: Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 31.61 (Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ). Courtesy of

the Syndics of Cambridge University Library

Cover design: Luca Baffa.

Page 6: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by

Volume II

Edition and English Translation of the

Sections on Consonants and Vowels in the

Masoretic Treatise

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘Guide for the Reader’

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Page 8: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by

CONTENTS

II. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1

II.Int.0.1. Preliminary Remarks ............................................ 1

II.Int.0.2. The Long Version ................................................. 2

II.Int.0.3. The Short Version ................................................ 5

II.Int.0.4. The Manuscript Corpus ........................................ 8

II.Int.0.5. The Edition and Translation of the Texts............ 11

II.Int.0.6. Terminology ....................................................... 16

II.Int.0.6.1. Arabic Terms .............................................. 16

II.Int.0.6.2. Hebrew and Aramaic Terms ....................... 19

HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (LONG VERSION) ................................... 24

II.L.0.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 24

II.L.1.0. THE FIRST DISCOURSE: ON THE LETTERS .......... 40

II.L.1.1. Preliminary Discussion concerning the Nature of

Letters ......................................................... 40

II.L.1.2. Section concerning the Inventory of Letters ..... 48

II.L.1.3. Chapter concerning the Place of Articulation of

the Letters ................................................... 48

II.L.1.4. Section concerning some General Issues relating

to Letters ..................................................... 58

II.L.1.5. Chapter on the Interchange of Letters .............. 66

II.L.1.6. Chapter concerning the Influence of the Four Let-

ters ʾalef, vav, yod and he on the Six Letters

76 ......................................................... בגדכפת

II.L.1.7. Section on Deviations from the General Rule ... 76

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viii The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition

II.L.1.8. Section on Further General Issues Relating

to 90 .......................................................... אויה

II.L.1.9. Chapter concerning Letters that Occur in Three

Grades ......................................................... 94

II.L.1.10. Conjugations ................................................... 98

II.L.1.11. Chapter concerning the Occurrence of Letters for

the Sake of Enhancement ........................... 100

II.L.1.12. Section (more on Enhancement) ................... 106

II.L.1.13. Chapter on Contraction ................................. 110

II.L.2.0. THE SECOND DISCOURSE .................................. 116

II.L.2.1. Preliminary Remarks on Vowels ..................... 116

II.L.2.2. Chapter concerning the Number of the Vowels

and those of them that are ‘High’, those of them that are ‘Level’ and those of them that

are ‘Low’, and what is Connected to this ... 118

II.L.2.3. Section concerning what Corresponds to (Arabic)

Inflectional Vowels .................................... 122

II.L.2.4. Section on the Correspondence (of Hebrew Vow-

els) to Arabic Inflectional Vowels .............. 124

II.L.2.5. Section on Rafʿ ................................................ 126

II.L.2.6. Section on the Second Rafʿ ............................. 128

II.L.2.7. Section on Naṣb .............................................. 128

II.L.2.8. Section on Khafḍ ............................................. 130

II.L.2.9. Section (Preliminary Remarks on the Shewa) .. 132

II.L.2.10. Section concerning the Shewa ....................... 132

II.L.2.11. Section on the Nature of Mobile Shewa ......... 136

II.L.2.12. Chapter concerning the Mobile Shewa and what

is Related to this ........................................ 138

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Contents ix

II.L.2.12.1. The First Subsection ............................. 138

II.L.2.12.2. The Second Subsection ......................... 144

II.L.2.12.3. The Third Subsection ............................ 146

II.L.2.12.4. The Fourth Subsection .......................... 150

II.L.2.12.5. The Fifth Subsection ............................. 154

II.L.2.12.6. The Sixth Subsection ............................ 154

II.L.2.12.7. The Seventh Subsection ........................ 156

II.L.2.12.8. The Eighth Subsection .......................... 160

II.L.2.12.9. The Ninth Subsection ........................... 162

II.L.2.12.10. The Tenth Subsection ......................... 164

II.L.2.12.11. The Eleventh Subsection ..................... 164

II.L.2.12.12. The Twelfth Subsection ...................... 164

II.L.2.12.13. The Thirteenth Subsection .................. 166

II.L.2.12.14. The Fourteenth Subsection ................. 168

II.L.2.13. Section concerning Uncertainty regarding the

Reading of the Shewa ................................ 168

II.L.2.14. Section on the Names of the Vowels ............ 172

II.L.2.15. Section on their Place of Articulation ........... 172

II.L.2.16. Section concerning Combinations of them (i.e.

the Vowels) to Form Basic Nouns and Combi-

nations of them to Form Abstractions ....... 174

II.L.2.17. Chapter concerning the Descending of the Vow-

els from One to the Other according to the

Order of their Places of Articulation ......... 176

II.L.2.18. On the Origin of the Vowels ......................... 178

II.L.3.0. THE THIRD DISCOURSE: ON THE ACCENTS

(SELECTED PASSAGES) ..................................... 182

II.L.3.1. On the Gaʿya .................................................. 182

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x The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition

II.L.3.2. Chapter concerning Cases whose Rule is not at all

Dependent on an Accent and Cases whose Rule

is Dependent on an Unspecified Accent ..... 184

HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (SHORT VERSION) ............................... 194

II.S.0.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................. 194

II.S.1.0. SECTION CONCERNING THE PLACE OF

ARTICULATION OF THE LETTERS ..................... 198

II.S.2.0. SECTION CONCERNING אויה AND 204 .......... בגדכפת

II.S.3.0. TAV ..................................................................... 216

II.S.4.0. SECTION CONCERNING THE VOWELS ............... 218

II.S.5.0. SECTION CONCERNING THE SHEWA ................. 222

II.S.6.0. MOBILE SHEWA .................................................. 230

II.S.6.1. The First Subsection........................................ 230

II.S.6.2. The Second Subsection ................................... 232

II.S.6.3. The Third Subsection ...................................... 236

II.S.6.4. The Fourth Subsection .................................... 236

II.S.6.5. The Fifth Subsection ....................................... 236

II.S.6.6. The Sixth Subsection ....................................... 238

II.S.6.7. The Seventh Subsection .................................. 240

II.S.6.8. The Eighth Subsection .................................... 240

II.S.6.9. The Ninth Subsection ...................................... 240

II.S.6.10. The Tenth Subsection ................................... 240

II.S.6.11. The Eleventh Subsection ............................... 242

II.S.6.12. The Twelfth Subsection ................................ 242

II.S.6.13. The Thirteenth Subsection ............................ 242

II.S.6.14. The Fourteenth Subsection ........................... 244

II.S.7.0. SECTION ON THE NAMES OF THE VOWELS AND

THEIR PLACE OF ARTICULATION ..................... 246

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Contents xi

II.S.8.0. DISCUSSION CONCERNING THEIR PLACE OF

ARTICULATION ................................................. 250

II.S.9.0. SECTION CONCERNING THE GAʿYA .................. 252

COMMENTARY ON HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ .............................. 254

Long Version .................................................................... 254

Short Version ................................................................... 302

REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................... 305

Abbreviations................................................................... 305

References ....................................................................... 305

INDEXES .............................................................................. 315

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II. INTRODUCTION

II.INT.0.1. PRELIMINARY REMARKS

This volume presents an edition and English translation of the

sections of the Masoretic treatise Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘Guide for the Reader’ that concern the consonants and vowels. This medieval work constitutes an important primary source for the reconstruc-

tion of the Tiberian pronunciation tradition, and it has been con-

stantly referred to in volume 1.

Some general remarks concerning Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ in the

context of other Masoretic treatises have been made in vol. 1,

§I.0.13.1., where references are given to previous scholarship on

the text, in particular the important work of Ilan Eldar.

The author of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ was the Karaite grammarian

ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn, who was active in Jerusalem in the first half

of the eleventh century (see vol. 1, §I.0.13.4.).1 He produced the

work in Arabic in both a long and a short version, first writing

the long version and subsequently abbreviating this to produce a

shortened recension. These underwent further recensions in later

centuries in both Arabic and Hebrew (see vol. 1, §I.0.13.1.). The

original Arabic versions written by ʾ Abū al-Faraj Hārūn contained an introduction, followed by sections on the consonants ,vowels

and accents. The edition presented in this volume is of the extant

portions of the introduction and sections on the consonants and

1 His authorship is identified explicitly in a scribal note preserved in the

Genizah fragment of the short version JRL A 694 (Eldar 1994, 41).

© Geoffrey Khan, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194.01

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2 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

vowels in both versions. Also included in the edition are some

selected passages from the section on the accents that relate to

the gaʿya and to the interaction of vocalization and stress. Eldar

(2018) has made an edition of the section on musical accents and

also has published selected passages from other sections of both

versions of the treatise (e.g. Eldar 1980; 1987a; 1987b; 1994).

There are not, however, any full editions of all the extant portions

of the introduction and the sections on the consonants and vow-

els in the two versions. Moreover, Eldar published the selected

passages with a Hebrew translation. The edition in this volume,

therefore, complements the work of Eldar by making available

the entire text of the introduction and sections on consonants and

vowels and by providing an English translation. It is based on

many newly identified manuscripts in the Firkovitch collections

(National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg), which now allow a

complete reconstruction of the text of the short version and a

nearly complete reconstruction of the text of the long version.

The edition is accompanied by a commentary, which clarifies

passages where it has been deemed necessary and contextualizes

the ideas of ʾAbū al-Faraj within the linguistic and philosophical

thought of his day.

II.INT.0.2. THE LONG VERSION

In his introduction to the long version, ʾAbū al-Faraj indicates

(§II.L.0.1.10.) that the work consists of three discourses

(maqālāt), one devoted to consonants, one to vowels and one to

accents. The introduction to the third discourse refers to the

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II. Introduction 3

division of the work into two parts (ʾajzāʾ), with the first two

discourses in part one and the third discourse in part two:

The first part contains two discourses. The first discourse

contains a discussion concerning the letters. The second

discourse contains a discussion concerning the vowels.

This part contains one discourse, which contains a

discussion concerning the accents of the twenty-one books

and the accents of the three books.2

The majority of sections of the long version that are cov-

ered by the edition here are extant in their entirety in the surviv-

ing manuscripts, with only a few, apparently relatively small,

gaps.

The grammatical works of ʾAbū al-Faraj reflect a consider-

able influence from contemporary Arabic linguistic thought and

direct parallels can be found between his works and Arabic gram-

matical literature (Khan 1997; Khan, Gallego, and Olszowy-

Schlanger 2003, xi–xxxii; Becker 1996; Basal 1998; 1999). ʾAbū al-Faraj’s works exhibit convergences with contemporary Arabic

texts also in general features of literary form, such as the autho-

rial preface (Goldstein 2014).

The Arabic genre of literature that would be expected to

correspond most closely to Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ is that of works on

correct Qurʾānic recitation, known as tajwīd. A comparison with

tajwīd works from roughly the same period, such as those of

2 MS L8, fol. 57r: אן אלגזו אלאול פיה מקאלתין אלמקאלה אלאולי תשתמל עלי

והדא אלגזו אלכלאם פי אלחרוף ואלמקאלה אלתאניה תשתמל עלי אלכלאם פי אלמלוך פיה מקאלה ואחדה תשתמל עלי אלכלאם פי אלחאן אלואחד ועשרין ספר ואלחאן .אלתלתה אספאר

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4 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

al-Dānī (d. 1052-3)3 and al-Qaysī (d. 1045),4 reveals some paral-

lels in structure. These tajwīd manuals open with an introduction

on the requirements of tajwīd sanctioned by earlier authorities.

This is followed by a series of sections on the pronunciation of

the consonants, arranged by place of articulation, which is clearly

analogous to the contents of the first discourse of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ. In these tajwīd manuals, however, there are no clear counterparts

to the various sections of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ on philosophical as-

pects of letters (§II.L.1.1.), on morphological formations involv-

ing the interchange, augmentation and elision of letters

(§II.L.1.5., §II.L.1.11., §II.L.1.13.) and on verbal conjugations

(§II.L.1.10), which are found in the first discourse of the long

version of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ. The remainder of the contents of the tajwīd manuals are

concerned mainly with contextual variations in the realization of

vowels, in particular with regard to their length. This does not

correspond very closely to the second discourse of the long ver-

sion of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ, which is concerned with philosophical

aspects of vowels (§II.L.2.1.–§II.L.2.2., §II.L.2.18.), the role of

vowels in various morphological formations (§II.L.2.3.–§II.L.2.8.,

§II.L.2.16.–§II.L.2.17), the shewa (§II.L.2.9.–§II.L.2.13.) and the

production and places of articulation of vowels (§II.L.2.14.–§II.L.2.15.).

3 ʾAbū ʿAmr ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd al-Dānī, Al-Taḥdīd fī al-ʾItqān wa-l-Tajwīd

(ed. al-Hamad 2001).

4 Makkī ibn ʾAbī Ṭālib al-Qaysī, Al-Riʿāya li-Tajwīd al-Qirāʾa wa-Taḥqīq Lafz al-Tilāwa (ed. Farḥāt 1996).

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II. Introduction 5

The tajwīd manuals do not contain sections corresponding

to the treatment of cantillation accents in the third discourse of

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ, since pitch variation in the recitation of the

Qurʾān is not prescribed but is improvised (Nelson 2001).

The various aforementioned components in the three dis-

courses of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ that do not have counterparts in the

tajwīd manuals have been incorporated from the Masoretic tradi-

tion, from material on morphology in other grammatical works

of ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn, from the Arabic grammatical tradition,

e.g. the theory of the production of vowels (§II.L.2.15.),5 and

from philosophical treatments of language in Muslim speculative

theological works (kalām). The custom of incorporating morpho-

logical material into treatments of pronunciation is seen already

in earlier Masoretic treatises such as Kitāb al-Muṣawwitāt (ed.

Allony 1963) and Seder ha-Simanim (ed. Allony 1965). It is clear

that Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ is hybrid with regard to the nature and

origin of its contents. It does not replicate exactly the format of

Qurʾānic tajwīd manuals. It does not, moreover, constitute a sim-

ple compendium of material from the Masoretic tradition, despite

the statement to that effect in §II.L.0.9. of the introduction.

II.INT.0.3. THE SHORT VERSION

The short version of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ has survived in many more

manuscripts than the long version. This reflects the greater

popularity of the short version. The same applies to the

distribution of ʾAbū al-Faraj’s grammar book al-Kitāb al-Kāfī fī 5 This can be traced to the Muslim physician Ibn Sīnā (980–1037 C.E.);

cf. Eldar (1983) and vol. 1, §I.2.1.3.

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6 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

al-Lugha al-ʿIbrāniyya ‘The Sufficient Book concerning the He-brew Language’, which is a shortened version of his original

grammar book al-Kitāb al-Mushtamil ʿalā al-ʾUṣūl wa-l-Fuṣūl fī al-Lugha al-ʿIbrāniyya ‘The Comprehensive Book of General

Principles and Particular Rules of the Hebrew Language’ and is

extant in many more manuscripts than al-Kitāb al-Mushtamil

(Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, xlvii).

In the introduction to the short version of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ, ʾAbū al-Faraj indicates that he may take the opportunity to in-

clude ‘where necessary what was not mentioned in the (original)

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ’. This is analogous to his approach in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, in which he in several places states that he is expanding on

material that is dealt with in al-Kitāb al-Mushtamil or presenting

the material in a different arrangement. In one case he admits

that the view he expresses in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī should supersede the

remarks he made on the subject in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (Khan, Gallego

and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, xxxiii).

The first two discourses of the original long version of

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ have been made more concise in the short ver-

sion by removing sections that relate to philosophical discussions

of letters and vowels, and sections that are concerned with mor-

phological patterns and processes. The main sections that are re-

tained in the short version of the first two discourses concern the

pronunciation of the consonants, vowels and shewa. The division

into two discourses has also been eliminated.

The first part of the introduction to the short version

(§II.S.0.1.–§II.S.0.2.) includes a variety of titles of the work. It is

indicated that the long version was called Kitāb al-Shurūṭ ‘The

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II. Introduction 7

Book of Conditions/Rules’, but was generally known (mulaqqab)

by the name Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ. The term sharṭ ‘rule’ is a term that

is frequently used in the work. The short version of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (mukhtaṣar Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ) is said in the introduction to

have been known as Kitāb al-Muhja ‘The Book of the Essential

Requirements (literally: the lifeblood).’ This corresponds closely

the title Muhjat al-Qāriʾ ( אלקארמהג׳ה ) ‘The Essential Require-

ments of the Reader’ that appears in a booklist datable to the 13th

century (Allony 1975, 56). A Genizah fragment of the short ver-

sion has a scribal note that refers to the work as Kitāb al-Hidāya fī ʿIlm Shurūṭ al-Miqrā ‘The Book of Guidance regarding the Knowledge of the Rules of Scriptural Reading’ (JRL A 694). A

Genizah fragment of an anonymous Masoretic treatise (CUL T-S

NS 311.113) refers, moreover, to what appears to be Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ by the title Kitāb al-ʾAlḥān ‘The Book of the Accents’.

Some other works of ʾAbū al-Faraj are referred to with dif-

ferent forms of title. This applies, for example, to his glossary of

biblical words, which is referred to in the sources with various

titles, including Tafsīr ʾAlfāz al-Miqrā ‘Explanation of Biblical

Words’, Sharḥ ʾAlfāz allatī fīhā Suʿūba fī al-Miqrā wa-Dhikr

Ishtiqāqihā ‘The Explanation of Words in the Bible that have Dif-

ficulty and the Mention of their Derivation’, ʾAlfāz al-Saʿba allatī li-l-Torah ‘The Difficult Words of the Pentateuch’ (Goldstein

2014, 357).

The full text of the sections that are covered in this edition

are extant in the surviving manuscripts.

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8 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.INT.0.4. THE MANUSCRIPT CORPUS

The edition of the long version of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ is based on all

manuscripts of the work that are known to me. These are extant

predominantly in the Second Firkovitch collection of the National

Library of Russia in St. Petersburg. The corpus includes the fol-

lowing manuscripts. Full class-marks are given together with the

abbreviations that are used in the edition:6

St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia:

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2390 = L1

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2505 = L2

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 4477 = L3

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 307 = L4

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 418 = L5

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 604 = L6

Cambridge University Library:

T-S NS 301.23 = L7

New York, The Jewish Theological Seminary:

JTS 8110, EMC 829, 832 = L8

The number of extant manuscripts of the short version is

much larger and only a selection of those that are extant were

6 These include some manuscripts that were identified by Ilan Eldar. I

identified the remainder in my investigations in the Firkovitch col-

lection.

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II. Introduction 9

used for the edition. These again are predominantly from the Sec-

ond Firkovitch collection, which preserves the longest manu-

scripts. My corpus includes the following:7

St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia:

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2347 = S1

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2477 = S2

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2478 = S3

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2480 = S4

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2481 = S5

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2528 = S6

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2542 = S7

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2544 = S8

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2551 = S9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2557 = S10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2772 = S11

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2794 = S12

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2795 = S13

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2813 = S14

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2814 = S15

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2897 = S16

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2928 = S17

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2941 = S18

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2945 = S19

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 2966 = S20

7 I identified the majority of these manuscripts in my searches through

the Firkovitch collection. Some were drawn to my attention by Jose

Martinez Delgado, whose help is here gratefully acknowledged.

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10 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 3384 = S21

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 3944 = S22

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 297 = S23

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 323 = S24

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 325 = S25

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 326 = S26

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 420 = S27

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 488 = S28

Cambridge University Library:

Mosseri I, 57.2 = S29

In addition to these manuscripts, there are also several ex-

tant Genizah fragments containing the short version, which were

used by Eldar (1987a; 1987b) in his edition of selected passages

from the short version. For my own edition I decided to give pref-

erence to the longer manuscripts that are now available in the

Firkovitch collection.

The manuscripts of the corpus that are used for the edition

of the long and short versions are all written in Judaeo-Arabic

(Arabic in Hebrew script). They do not include any colophons.

Their scribal hands and codicology, however, are similar to the

manuscripts from the Firkovtich collection that formed the basis

of the edition of ʾAbū al-Faraj’s grammatical work al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (Khan, Gallego, and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, xlvii–lxix). Based

on this comparison, therefore, they can be dated to a period rang-

ing from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. Their ultimate

origin would in all likelihood have been the Karaite synagogue

in Cairo, which appears to have been the source of most of the

Second Firkovitch collection (Harviainen 1996).

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II. Introduction 11

II.INT.0.5. THE EDITION AND TRANSLATION OF THE TEXTS

The edition of the two texts follows the same basic method as

was applied in the edition of ʾAbū al-Faraj’s al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed.

Khan, Gallego, and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003). The objective of

this method is to produce a text that is as clear and readable as

possible but still remains close to the philological reality of the

manuscripts.

For each section of the works a single manuscript was

chosen to act as the basis of the edition. Preference was given to

a manuscript that contains the section in undamaged folios. As is

the case with most manuscripts of the Second Firkovitch collec-

tion, individual folios are often out of order in the manuscripts

of the corpus. This has often necessitated re-ordering the folios.

Where the complete section is not contained in one base

manuscript, various base manuscripts are used for the section.

As far as possible, the text is presented in the edition

exactly as it appears in this base manuscript for a particular sec-

tion, following its orthography and reproducing the diacritical

marks and vocalization. Where scribes make corrections or

additions to the text, these are incorporated into the edition. No

indication is made, however, of deleted text. Similarly, when text

is inserted as an afterthought in the margin, it has been included

in the main text of the edition .

Collations are made with other manuscripts that preserve

this section of the text. Where there is a difference in another

manuscript, this is indicated in the critical apparatus. These

differences include both textual and also orthographic variations.

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12 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

If the reading in another manuscript is clearly superior to

that of the base manuscript, the superior reading is adopted in

the edited text and distinguished by enclosing it in angled

brackets < .... >. Editorial judgements as to superiority in reading

do not include cases where another manuscript has a linguistic

construction that conforms more closely to the conventions of

Classical Arabic than the one found in the base manuscript, so

long as the construction in the base manuscript could be

interpreted as exhibiting a difference only in linguistic register

and is not the result of a scribal error. In some cases where the

reading of the base manuscript makes little sense and no superior

reading is available in other manuscripts, an emended reading is

proposed, enclosed in angled brackets, which is as close as

possible in form to the reading in the manuscript .

If small lacunae occur in the base manuscript and the text

has been supplied from another manuscript or the missing text is

easily reconstructable, the supplied text is enclosed in square

brackets […].

As remarked, the diacritical marks of the base manuscript

are reproduced in the edition. These include marks on letters and

vocalization. In most cases diacritical dots on letters are

inconsistently marked in the manuscripts and this inconsistent

marking is reproduced in the edition. It was decided, however,

to mark a dot consistently over the letters ṣade and ṭet when they

represent Arabic ḍād and zāʾ, respectively, even if they do not

have a diacritical dot in the manuscript. The purpose of this was

to make the text more readable. Missing or inconsistently marked

diacritics of other letters were judged not to reduce the

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II. Introduction 13

readability of the text. Indeed, it cannot be excluded that the

omission of diacritical marks on the letters dalet and tav

representing Arabic dhāl and thāʾ may, in some cases, be a

reflection of the pronunciation of these consonants by the scribe

as stops rather than fricatives due to the interference of his

vernacular dialect .

Hebrew words and Biblical quotations are vocalized in

some manuscripts. If vocalization appears in the base manuscript,

this is reproduced in the edition exactly as it is written by the

scribe. The vocalization always consists of Tiberian signs, but in

many cases it deviates from the standard Tiberian Masoretic

vocalization. These reflect idiosyncracies of vocalization and pro-

nunciation of individual scribes who transmitted the text. The

standard Tiberian vocalization of the Hebrew words is given in

the translation on the page facing the edited text. The most com-

mon deviations from standard Tiberian vocalization include the

following:

Interchange of segol and pataḥ (cf. vol. 1, §I.4.3.3.), e.g.

רע :long version, §II.L.1.10. | Standard Tiberian) ברע .Gen ב

14.2 ‘Bera’) ער :long version, §II.L.1.10. | Standard Tiberian) בער .Psa ב

92.7 ‘stupidity’) (’also‘ גם :long version, §II.L.2.12.7. | Standard Tiberian) גם ננת מק (long version, §II.L.2.12.14. | Standard Tiberian:

נת נ (’Jer. 22.23 ‘nested מק יחדיהו :long version, §II.L.2.10.2. | Standard Tiberian) יחדיהו

‘Jehdeiah’)

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14 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

it‘ ירבה :long version, §II.L.1.13. | Standard Tiberian) ירבה multiplies’)

Simple vowel sign in place of a ḥaṭef sign on gutturals, e.g.

.Psa ועלי :long version, §II.L.1.11.4. | Standard Tiberian) ועלי

92.4 ‘and on’) -un‘ עדי :long version, §II.L.1.11.4. | Standard Tiberian) עדי

til’) :long version, §II.L.2.12.4.2. | Standard Tiberian) וימהרו

ימהרו (’Josh. 8.14 ‘they made haste ו Non-standard distribution of shewa and ḥaṭef signs, e.g.

:long version, §II.L.2.12.1.6. | Standard Tiberian) ימחאו כף

ף (’Psa. 98.8 ‘let them clap their hands ימחאו־כוםאלהה (long version, §II.L.2.12.1.6. | Standard Tiberian:

ם (’Ezra 7.16 ‘their God אלהה ום ההואי ב (long version, §II.L.2.12.2.2. | Standard Tiberian:

וא ום הה (’Isa. 27.2 ‘on that day ביThe edited texts have been divided into numbered sections

and subsections, which correspond to sense units. In some cases

these paragraph divisions are also marked in the base manuscript

by various means, such as section titles or blank spaces. In

numerous cases, however, they are not marked in the manuscript.

It was decided that the imposition of a system of paragraph

division produced a text that is far more readable and also would

facilitate reference to specific passages. The numbers of the

paragraphs consist of three elements: A roman numeral II, denot-

ing volume 2 of the book, a capital L or S, denoting the long or

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II. Introduction 15

short version respectively, and a series of Arabic numerals indi-

cating sections and subsections, e.g. II.L.1.7.11 (= vol. 2, long

version, section 1.7.11.). Where the original text does not have a

title at a major section division, a title indicating the contents of

the section is supplied in the translation in brackets. Where the

original text has only a generic title at such divisions, such as פצל

faṣl ‘section’, the specific content of the section is likewise sup-plied in the translation in brackets.

Section numbers of this introduction have the prefix II.Int.

The folio divisions of the base manuscript are shown in the

edited text by a superscribed abbreviation of the manuscript with

the folio number after a colon, indicating where the following

text begins, e.g. (L5:17v) denotes that the following text begins on

fol. 17 verso of the manuscript L5.

The English translation is intended to be read either in

conjunction with the original text or independently of it. An

attempt has been made to convey to the reader as clearly as

possible the sense of the author. The translation is not, therefore,

a slavishly literal rendering of the text, since this would often

remain obscure for the English reader on account of the

predilection of ʾAbū al-Faraj for complex syntax. Biblical

quotations are reproduced in the original Hebrew, with standard

Masoretic vocalization and an English translation. Occasional

footnotes clarify some details of the translation. Longer explana-

tions on the various sections of the text are given in a commen-

tary after the editions. This commentary includes references to

various parallel sources and to the relevant sections in vol. 1.

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16 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.INT.0.6. TERMINOLOGY

The technical terminology used by ʾAbū al-Faraj in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ corresponds closely to what is found in his grammatical

works (Khan, Gallego, and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, xxxix–xlvi).

Much of the grammatical terminology is that which was used in

the mainstream Baṣran school of Arabic grammar of the period.

There are also a number of survivals of Hebrew and Aramaic

terms from the Masoretic and early Karaite grammatical

tradition. Some of these have been Arabicized. The main

technical terms that are used in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ are as follows.

II.Int.0.6.1. Arabic Terms

’ʾamr ‘imperative אמר ’ʾanḥāʾ ‘vowels אנחא ’ʾasās ‘basic noun אסאס ’ism ‘noun אסם ’istifhām ‘interrogative אסתפהאם ’ʾaṣl ‘basic form אצל ’bē ‘bet בי ’dāl ‘dalet דאל ’wāw ‘vav ואו ג zujj ‘arrow-head’ (term for the vowel sign qibbuṣ) ז ’ḥarf ‘letter חרף ḥarf al-līn ‘soft letter’ (see commentary on חרף אללין

§II.L.1.1.7.)

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II. Introduction 17

-ḥarf mustaʿmal ‘auxiliary letter’ (see commen חרף מסתעמל

tary on §II.L.1.12.3.)

םאטע ṭaʿām ‘taste (of a vowel)’, ‘perceived quality (of a

vowel)’ (see commentary on §II.L.1.1.)

’khādim ‘subordinate particle כאדם ’kāf ‘kaf כאף ’khabar ‘assertion כבר ’kasdānī ‘Aramaic כסדאני kasra (i vowel) כסרה

khafḍ ‘lowering’ (vowel quality) (see commentary on כפץ

§II.L.2.3.)

lugha ‘lexical class’ (see commentary on §II.L.0.1.1.) לגה

’māḍī ‘past tense מאצי ’madgūsh ‘with dagesh מדגוש ’madhakkar ‘masculine מדכר ’muʾannath ‘feminine מונת vowel’ (literally: ‘king’)‘ (מלוך .pl) מלך ’mustaqbal ‘future tense מסתקבל ’mafʿūl ‘passive participle מפעול mafʿūl muṭlaq ‘absolute object’ (equated with the מפעול מטלק

Hebrew infinitive, see commentary on §II.L.2.7.1.)

muḍāf ‘conjoined’ (see commentary to §II.L.1.5.21.) מצאף

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18 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

maṣdar mustaʿār ‘transposed infinitive’ (see מצדר מסתעאר

commentary on §II.L.2.7.2.)

maqṭaʿ ‘prosodic stopping point’, ‘place of prosodic מקטע

division’ (§II.L.2.10.3., §I.2.5.2.)

’marfī ‘with rafe מרפי ’naghama ‘vowel נגמה naṣb ‘holding level’ (vowel quality) (see commentary on נצב

§II.L.2.3.)

nuqṭa wāḥida ‘single dot’, i.e. ḥireq נקטה ואחדה

nuqṭa min ʾasfal ‘dot below’, i.e. ḥireq נקטה מן אספל

nuqṭatayn ‘two dots’, i.e. ṣere נקטין ’sākin ‘silent, without a following vowel סאכן ’ʿibrānī ‘Hebrew (language) עבראני ’ʿaṭf ‘conjunction עטף ’ʿaraḍ ‘abstraction, abstract property, verbal property ערץ ’fāʿil ‘agentive participle פאעל ’fāʿil bi-l-ghayr ‘transitive agent פאעל באלגיר ’fāʿil bi-nafsihi ‘reflexive agent פאעל בנפסה ’pataḥ‘ פאתחה ’fiʿl ‘verb פעל -fiʿil alladhī lam yusamma fāʿiluhu ‘ac פעל אלדי לם יסם פאעלה

tion whose agent has not been mentioned’, i.e. passive. ’fiʿl fī al-nafs ‘intransitive verb פעל פי אלנפס

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II. Introduction 19

’farʿ ‘secondary, derivative form פרע fatḥa (a vowel) פתחה

ḍamma (u vowel) צמה

’qameṣ‘ (קואמץ .pl) קאמצה ’qaṭʿ ‘disjoined state קטע ’rākib ‘affix ראכב rafʿ ‘raising’ (vowel quality) (see commentary on רפע

§II.L.2.3.)

’shewa‘ שוא ’shewa mutaḥarrik ‘mobile shewa שוא מתחרך ’shewa sākin ‘silent shewa שוא סאכן thalāth nuqaṭ ‘three dots’, i.e. segol תלת נקט

’taṣrīf ‘verbal conjugation תצריף taqdīr ‘virtual form’ (see commentary on §II.L.1.4.8.) תקדיר

II.Int.0.6.2. Hebrew and Aramaic Terms

collection’ of exceptional words with regard to the‘ אוגרה

occurrence of dagesh on initial בגדכפת consonants

(§II.L.1.7., §II.S.2.0.)

(ת ,נ ,י ,א) the person prefixes of the prefix conjugation אינת

קימרח אתא ‘coming from far’, a variant form of deḥiq

(§II.L.1.7., §II.S.2.0.)

’place of swallowing, throat‘ בית הבליעה

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20 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

’gimel‘ גמאל -symbol representing verbal conjugations with impera גני

tives containing pataḥ in the first syllable and past forms

containing ḥireq in the first syllable (§II.L.2.7.2.,

§II.L.2.8.2.)

הי ע ג ‘gaʿya’ ’dagesh‘ דגש what is compressed’, deḥiq, compression of a vowel‘ דדחיק

that brings about the occurrence of dagesh at the beginning

of a following word (§II.L.1.7., §II.S.2.0.)

,.what is paused’, a pause due to paseq (§II.L.1.7‘ דפסיק

§II.S.2.0.)

’he‘ הי ,הא ’vav‘ וו ’ḥet‘ חית ’ḥolem‘ ח לם ’ḥireq‘ חרק ’ṭet‘ טית םע ט (i) ‘accent’; (ii) ‘taste (of a vowel)’, ‘perceived quality

(of a vowel)’ (see commentary on §II.L.1.1.)

’yod‘ יוד -symbol representing verbal conjugations with impera כונן

tives containing ḥolem in the first syllable and past forms

containing pataḥ in the first syllable (§II.L.2.5.)

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II. Introduction 21

’lamed‘ למאד lexical class’, ‘linguistic form’ (see commentary on‘ לשון

§II.L.0.1.1.)

דע ’definite‘ מי ’mem‘ מאם ,מים -symbol representing verbal conjugations with impera מכה

tives containing pataḥ in the first syllable and past forms

containing segol in the first syllable (§II.L.2.7.2.)

כרת disjoined’ (see commentary to §II.L.1.5.21.)‘ מ

רכ נ מ ‘indefinite’ -symbol representing verbal conjugations with impera מסב

tives containing ṣere in the last syllable and past forms con-

taining pataḥ in the last syllable (§II.L.2.8.2.)

mappiq מפק ,מפיק

’nun‘ נון ’segol‘ סגולה ’samekh‘ סמאך ,.conjoined’ (see commentary to §II.L.1.5.21‘ סמוך

§II.L.2.17.)

’past tense‘ עבר ’ʿayin‘ עין ’root of the tongue‘ עיקר הלשון ’pe‘ פא

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22 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

’pataḥ‘ פתח ’ṣade‘ צדי ’ṣere‘ צרי ’qof‘ קוף ’qameṣ‘ קמץ ’resh‘ ריש ’rafe‘ רפה -symbol representing verbal conjugations with impera שועל

tives containing shureq in the first syllable and past forms

containing qameṣ in the first syllable (§II.L.2.6.)

’shin‘ שין -symbol representing verbal conjugations with imper שירה

atives containing ḥireq in the first syllable and past forms

containing qameṣ in the first syllable (§II.L.2.8.2.)

-symbol representing verbal conjugations with impera שירו

tives containing ḥireq in the first syllable and past forms

containing ḥolem in the first syllable (§II.L.2.5.)

’shureq‘ שרק ’tav‘ תיו ,תו ’interrrogative‘ תמה

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HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ

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HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (LONG VERSION)

II.L.0.0. (INTRODUCTION)

GAP

II.L.0.1.

ד […] י לע .for the day when I arise as a witness’ (Zeph‘ ליום קומ

ישעי ,(3.8 י ו .The Lord is my light and my salvation’ (Psa‘ יהוה׀ אור

27.1), which are two masculine nouns, since the accent is at the

end and not the beginning of the word. Another example is

י ם־נעמ בה ע which means ‘who returned’ and is a ,(Ruth 2.6) הש

past verb, since the accent is on the rst letter. Similar to this in

letters and form is יה ית אב ה אל־ב which means ,(Lev. 22.13) ושב

‘and she became one returning (to her father’s house)’, ‘she

became one doing’, since the accent is not on the rst letter. A

similar case is ב ה ליעק נפש הבא which means ,(Gen. 46.26) כל־ה

‘every soul (belonging to Jacob) that is entering’. Since the

accent occurs on the ʾalef, (it means) the soul became one doing,

as opposed to ימה אה מצר ב הב ית־יעק which ,(Gen. 46.27) כל־הנפש לב

means ‘(all the persons belonging to Jacob who) arrived’ or

‘who entered’. The he in the rst word (i.e. ה Gen. 46.26) is הבא

the he of the de nite article, whereas in the second word (i.e.

אה The accent has changed .אשר Gen. 46.27), it is in place of הב

two things: the meaning (of the word) and the meaning of the

a xed he. Likewise, ם ת אבות בו על־עונ They have turned back to‘ ש

the iniquities of their forefathers’ (Jer. 11.10), since the accent

is on the shin, this is from the lexical class of ‘returning’, as

opposed to זו .They captured and made their prey’ (Gen‘ שבו ויב

34.29), which should be interpreted as being from the lexical

© Geoffrey Khan, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194.02

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הדאיה אלקאר

II.L.0.0.

GAP

II.L.0.1.

<אסמין> אורי וישעי פצארא לעד ייי ליום קומי [ ]לא (L5:17r)

עם בה הש וכדלך אלכלמה אול ען אללחן תאכר למא למדכר

י ותפסירה אלתי רגעת פעלא מאציא למא כאן אלטעם מע נעמ

ה אל בית אלחרף אלאול מתל דלך פי אלחרוף ואללפט כקו ושב

תאכר למא פאעלה צארת ראגעה ותציר תפסירה אלדי אביה 5

אלטעם ען אול חרף וכדלך כל הנפש הבאה ליעקב אלדי יפסר

צארת (L5:17v) אלאלף עלי אללחן למגי אלדאכלה אלנפס כל

אה הב יעקב לבית הנפש [כל] לקו מכאלפא פאעלה אלנפס

ימה אלדי תפסירה אלדי חצלת או אלדי דכלת ויכון אלהא מצר

אלתאניה אלכלמה ועלי אלתעריף הא אלאולי אלכלמה עלי 10

אלראכב אלהא ומעני אלמעני שיין אללחן גייר אשר מקאם

ם לחצול אלטעם עלי אלשין כאן מן בו על עונות אבות וכדלך ש

זו אלדי יפסר מן לגה אלסבי למגי לגה אלרגוע מכאלפא שבו ויב

L5:17r אמראן S20:1r (short version) [1 אסמין

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26 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

class of ‘capturing’, since the accent is on the bet. Likewise י עור

יר ה עורי עורי דברי־ש in which the rst (two ,(Jud. 5.12) עורי דבור

cases of עורי) mean ‘my rousing, my rousing’, since the accent

occurs on the resh, whereas the second (two cases of עורי) mean

‘rouse yourself, rouse yourself’, feminine singular imperative, on

account of the occurrence of the accent on the ʿayin. Similarly,

ים רתי על־הנביא and I spoke to the prophets’ (Hosea 12.11)‘ ודב

should be interpreted as a past verb, since the accent falls on the

bet, as opposed to ה י על לב ’I will speak tenderly to her‘ ודברת

(Hosea 2.16), which should be interpreted as a future verb. (To

these could be added) other similar examples. On account of

this, the accents have an important status and there is a need to

learn them.

II.L.0.2

If one were to say ‘What do you say concerning the formation of

these accents?’, the response would be that they originated by

convention among the people of the language, by the help of

which they fully expressed their purposes, as in the aforemen-

tioned examples and others. They established them by

convention, just as they established the vowels by convention,

as will be explained. It is not impossible that the established

form was based on a particular type of arrangement of the

Levites in [ Ezra], peace be upon him, because [ ] the

accents were established [ ] his time [ ], for if he

investigates what [ ] the forms, he would realize that it was

xed by the Levites [ ] on the basis of the principles of

singing and according to the established arrangement [ ] [

] serves pashṭa [ ] close to [ ] two conjunctive accents,

namely inverted shofar1 and merkha, as will be explained.

1 I.e. mahpakh.

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27II.L.0.1. – II.L.0.2.

י עורי דבורה עורי (L1:4r) עורי דברי אללחן עלי אלבא וכדלך עור

עלי אלטעם למגי תוראני תוראני אלאול תפסיר אלדי שיר 15

עלי אלטעם למגי למונת אמר תורי תורי יפסר ואלב אלריש

אללחן [למגי] מאציא יפסר על־הנביאים רתי ודב וכדלך אלעין

יפסר אלדי לבה על ודברתי לקולה מכאלפא אלבא עלי

מסתקבלא אלי גיר דלך ממא יגרי הדא אלמגרי פאדא כאן דלך

כדלך כאן ללאלחאן מוקף כביר ואלחאגה תדעו אלי עלמהא 20

II.L.0.2.

לה קיל רתבהא מן אלאלחאן הדה פי [ת]קול פמא קיל פאן בע[ונהא] כמלו אללגה אהל בין אלאצל פי מואצעה אנהא עליהא פתואצעו וסואהא אלמדכורה כאלאמתלה אגראצהם ימתנע ומא ביאנה יגי מא עלי אלמלוך עלי תואצעו כמא אלת[ואצע] עלי וגה מכצוץ מן תרתיב אללוים פי [ עזרא] 25

אדא לאן [ זמאנה[ [ מוצוע[ [ ]אלאלחאן לאן אל ע אל[לויים תקריר מן אנה עלם אלאחכאם [ ] מא תאמל

[ ] (L1:4v) [ ב]עלי אצול אלשיר ועלי מואצעה תרתי [

יכדם אלפשטה [ ] אלקריב אלי[ ]כאדמין והמא אלשופר אלתביר וכדלך ביאנה יאתי מא עלי ואלמארכה אלמקלוב 30

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28 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

Likewise, tevir is served by two conjunctive accents, namely

merkha and darga. Each has its own special melody, and a

particular number of tones in various di erent pitches according

to the accent when it is followed by a vowel in the word, as will

be explained. If it be said ‘What is the origin of the melodies of

the accents before the aforementioned arrangement was xed?’, the response would be as follows. It is possible that the people

of the language paused on one letter and made it slightly longer

than another one to the extent that they could make thereby

their intentions known. My claim that the accents have been

xed since the time of the prophets, peace be upon them, is

supported by three things.

II.L.0.3

One of these is that the nation has not been cut o from the

holy land. The period in which they were cut o from it was

between the two temples, concerning which it is stated ה אז תרצ

ם יה בהשמה מה רץ את־שבתת Then the land shall enjoy its‘ הא

sabbaths while it lies desolate without them’ (Lev. 26.34, 43).2

When the land completed its rest in the periods of its lying

fallow, ס ־פר ל רש מ כ ה את־רו יר יהו the Lord stirred up the‘ הע

spirit of Cyrus king of Persia’ (Ezra 1.1 etc.) and he sent up the

two groups (of returnees) to the holy land, the group of Ezra

and the group of Nehemiah, according to what [ ] Ezra.

After they arrived in the Holy Land they were not cut o from it

until this day. Now the reading that Ezra, peace be upon him,

and his congregation used to read is the reading of the Land of

Israel today. It has remained the way (of reading) that has been

transmitted among them from generation to generation, from

2 The wording is a con ation of the two verses Lev. 25.34 and Lev. 26.43

in the Masoretic Text.

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29II.L.0.2. – II.L.0.3.

יכדמה כאדמין אלמארכה ואלסלסלה ולכל כא[ן] תנגים מכצוץ

בקי אדא <אללחן> חסב מכתלפה וגוה עלי מעדודה וחרכאת

בעדה מלך פי אלכלמה עלי מא יאתי ביאנה פאן קיל פכיף כאן

אצל אלאלחאן פי תנאגימהא קבל אן תקרר אלתקריר אלמדכור

ען ויתקלונה אלחרף יוקפון אללגה אהל כאן אן ימכן לה קיל 35

גירה יסירא במקדאר מא יעלם בה גרצהם יאיד מא דכרתה מן

אן אלאלחאן מקררה מן זמאן אלאנביא על אלס אמור ג

II.L.0.3.

אחדהא אן לם תנקטע אלאמה ען ארץ הקדושה ואלמדה אלתי

אנקטעו מנהא בין אלביתין והו אלדי קאל פיהא אז תרצה הארץ

עטלהא אלארץ אסתופאת פלמא מהם בהשמה שבתותיה את 40

פרס מלך כרש רוח] [את ייי העיר אלשמטות פי כאן אלדי

וגמע עזרא ג]מע והמא הקדושה [ארץ אלי אלגמעין וצע[ד]

נחמיה עלי מא [ ] עזרא ומן בעד חצולהם פי ארץ [הקדוש]ה

כאן אלדי פאלקראה (L1:5r) הזה היום ועד מנהא אנקטעו מא

אליום ישראל ארץ קראה הי וגמע[הא] א ע עזרא יקראהא 45

פבקית אלטריקה אלמאתורה מעהם גיל ען גיל וכלף ען כלף אלי

L1 32 אללחן] אלאלחן

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30 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

one o spring to another, until now. If it be said: the wicked

Edom deported the people, lled ships with them, left them

without a sailor or a helmsman, and caused the hot baths to

overwhelm them with smoke until they died, in accordance with

what is said to have happened during the conquests of

Jerusalem by Edom; the response should be: Although it did to

them what you have mentioned, Edom only cut them o from

Jerusalem. This is demonstrated by the fact that there was

pilgrimage to Tiberias from the direction of the Levant and the

East and to Gaza from the direction of the West during the

period the people of Edom were in control of the Land of Israel,

which was about ve hundred years, in accordance with what is

mentioned in their chronicles. Those who dwelt in the land all

taught their children the Torah and the Scriptures, I mean the

remainder of the twenty-four books. If all this is indeed so, then

it must be the case that the people used to teach their children

what they knew and were familiar with concerning the correct

division of the accents and their musical rendition.

II.L.0.4.

The second point is that those who were exiled and did not

come back with Ezra and Nehemiah, peace be upon them,

remained scattered and they lost (knowledge of) the accents,

and began to read with di erent cantillations. Therefore, you

see that the (Jews of) Byzantium read in a way that is di erent from that of the people of Iraq. The (Jews of) Persia have a way

of reading that is di erent from that of the (Jews of) Byzantium

and the Iraqis. The people of the West have (a reading) di erent from all of the aforementioned. Indeed, perhaps some

community that you do not know has a way (of reading) that

di ers from all of these, such as those whom Edom drove away

to remote countries, as we have mentioned. It is the general

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31II.L.0.3. – II.L.0.4.

מנהם ומלת אלאמה אגלת הרשעה אדום אן קיל פאן אלאן עליהם ודכנת מדבר ולא נותי בלא וכלתהא אלמראכב אלחמאמאת חתי מאתו עלי מא קיל אנה גרי פי פתוח ירושלים פלם דכרת מא בהם פעלת קד כאן ואן לה קיל אדום יד עלי 50

תקטעהם אדום אלא מן ירושלים פקט יאייד דלך אן אלחג כאן גזה אלי אלגרב גהה אלשאם ואלשרק ומן גהה מן טבריה אלי מדה מא קאמת גמאעה אדום מאלכה ארץ ישראל והו נחו כמס מאה סנה עלי מא הו מדכור פי אכבארהם ומא כאנו מקימין פי בקיה אעני ואלקראן אלתורה אולאדהם ויעלמו אלא אלבלד 55

אלקום אן יצח אלגמלה הדה תבתת פאדא ספר וכ ארבעה אלאלחאן תעדיל מן וערפוה עלמוה מא אולאדהם יעלמו כאנו

ותנאגימהא

II.L.0.4.

בקיו א ע ונחמיה עזרא מע יגי ולם אנגלא אלדי אן תאניהא

ולדלך לחן בגיר יקרו פצארו אלאלחאן ענהם ותשתת משתתין 60

וללעגם אלעראק לאהל הי ליס בטריקה יקרו אלרום תרי

ליס מא אלגרב ולאהל ללעראקיין ולא ללרום הי ליס טריקה

תכאלף טריקה [לה] (L1:5v) ע[רפת] מא מן ולעל ללמדכורין

אלשאסעה אלבלאד פי וצאר אדום אגלתה מן וכדלך אלכל

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32 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

consensus of those just mentioned3 that the way of reading of

the Land of Israel is the original one and this is what is called

the Tiberian reading. This is demonstrated by the fact that the

people in the communities of the exile would press any teacher

who travelled (from Tiberias) to these distant lands to teach

their children the reading of the Land of Israel and eagerly

imbibed that from him, making him sit down so that they could

assiduously learn it from him. Whoever came from the exile to

the Land of Israel had a desire for the teaching of the reading of

the Land of Israel that was equally ardent as that of those absent

and (a desire) for abstaining from his own (tradition of reading).

This is evidence for what I have stated.

II.L.0.5.

The third point is that if somebody were to read ית .Gen) בראש

1.1) with the accent tevir or an accent other than the ṭifḥa, he

would provoke the congregation to point out his error and

angrily censure him. This demonstrates what I have stated.

Likewise, if somebody were to read the three books with the

cantillation of the twenty-one books or read the twenty-one

books with the cantillation of the three books, the congregation

would declare him to be in error and reject it. Likewise, if

somebody were to read merkha in place of darga, or darga in

place of merkha, or reviaʿ in place of pazer, or the like, he would

be declared to be in error. Now, if all this is the case, it

strengthens my claim that the accents have been established

since the time of the prophets. If this were not the case, then

anybody who wished to change (the reading) could change it

without being called to account for this, just as there would be

3 I.e. the various Jewish communities outside of the Land of Israel.

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33II.L.0.4. – II.L.0.5.

חכמה מא דכרנאה ובאגמאע מן דכר אן טריקה ארץ ישראל הי 65

מא יאייד אלטבראני אלקראן יסמונהא אלדי והי אלאצל

דכרתה אן מן סאפר מן אלמעלמין אלי הדה אלבלאד אלנאאיה

עלקת בה אלגואלי ליעלם אולאדהם קראה ארץ ישראל ותנשף

מן גא ומן באגתהאד מנה דלך ליתעלמו ואגלסוה מנה דלך

שהותה פי אלגאיבין חכם חכמה ישראל ארץ אלי אלגולה 70

לתעלים קראה ארץ ישראל וזהדה במא פי ידה אמארה עלי מא

דכרתה מן דלך

II.L.0.5.

בראשית בלחן תביר או מא כאן מן לו קרא אלאנסאן ואלג אן לה אלגמאעה תגליט פי <לכאן> אלטפחה גיר אלאלחאן קרי לו וכדלך דכרתה מא עלי דלאלה באלזגר עליה ואלרד 75

קרי או ספר ועשרין אלואחד בלחן אספאר אלג קאריא לגלטה אספאר אלתלתה בלחן ספר ועשרין <אלואחד>

או מארכה סלסלה מוצע קרי מן וכדי דלך עליה ורד אלגמע מוצע מארכה סלסלה או מוצע פזר רביע ומא גרי הדה אלמגרי אן מן דכרתה מא תקוא אלגמלה הדה אסתקרת פאדא לגלט 80

ללמגייר לכאן דלך ולולא אלאנביא זמאן מן מקררה אלאלחאן (L1:6r) אן יגייר ולא יחתסב עליה פי דלך כמא לא יחתסב עלי מן

L1 77 אלואחד] אלואחד אלואחד L1 74 לכאן] לכאן לכאן

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34 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

no calling to account of somebody who wanted to recite in

prayer the Psalms or some passage from the twenty-four books

without the intention of reading (the text) in order.

II.L.0.6.

Some people have considered the following passage to

demonstrate that the accents are the work of the Levites: ושום א ינו במקר כל ויב and they gave the sense, so that they‘ ש

understood the reading’ (Neh. 8.8). The argument is that there

was no one preceding the time of Ezra, as has been mentioned

before, and what is referred to (in this passage) is an innovation

in relation to earlier practice. This is not improbable, since

neither reason nor textual tradition confutes this claim.

II.L.0.7.

It is an established fact that the reading has various character-

istic features, which the reader must learn in order to ensure a

correct cantillation of what he reads. When he does not know

this, the cantillation is produced in a corrupt fashion. If it be

said ‘So what bene t is there in the accents apart from what you

have stated?’, the response would be that their bene t is that

they enable the congregation, however numerous, small or

large, all to read one word together, and that they continue,

whatever they read, in a coordinated way. Such a thing cannot

be achieved without the established accents. Surely you see that

Muslims, whether they be two or more, cannot read with the

same degree of coordination as the Jews read, since each one

has his own way (of reading). One makes long a place that

another makes short. One reads melodically a place that another

reads at. For this reason they are unable to achieve what Jews

do, because a group and individuals intone according to speci c

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35II.L.0.5. – II.L.0.7.

לם אדא ספר וכ ד מן כאן> <ומא אלתהלות יצלי אן אראד

יכון גרצה תרתיב אלקראה

II.L.0.6.

וקד אסתדל בעצהם באן אלאלחאן עמל אללוים בקו ושום שכל 85

כמא עזרא זמאן ען מתקדמא יכון לם אן הדא במקרא ויבינו

דכר מן קבל ויכון מא דכר תגדיד למא תקדם ומא הו בעיד לאן

לא יחיל מא דכר לא עקל ולא שרע

II.L.0.7.

אלקאר יעלמהא אן יחתאג טרק להא אלקראה אן תבת פקד

ליעדל תנגים מא יקראה פמתי לם יעלמה כרג אלתנגים מפסוד 90

פאן קיל ומא פי אלאלחאן מן אלמנפעה גיר מא דכרתה קיל לה

אן ואלכביר אלצגיר אלכתיר ללגמע יתם אנה מנפעתהא אן

יקרון הם מהמא דלך ויסתמר ואחדה כלמה פי גמיעא יקראו

אלאלחאן הדה בגיר סבילה הדא מא יתם ולא תרתיב עלי

אלמקררה אלי תרי אן ישמעאל לא יקדר אתנין מנהם ומא זאד 95

לכל ואחד מנהם לאן ישראל בני יקרוה מא תרתיב עלי יקראו

פהדא יתקל מוצע יכפפה גירה והדא ינגם מוצע ירסלה טריקה

אלגמע לאן ישראל לבני תם מא עליהם תעדר פלהדא גירה

L1 83 ומא כאן] ומא כאן ומא כאן

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36 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

rules, and they do not change that from letter to letter. If

somebody were to change something, (his reading) would be

rejected and declared to be incorrect.

II.L.0.8.

For this purpose and others, they xed the rules of the accents

and the masters of this discipline composed books and treatises

that discuss the principles that have brought about their

particular e ects. They recorded what has deviated from a

particular principle. This includes cases where the reason for the

deviation is stated and cases where a reason is not stated. Know

that the rules of the discipline of the accents involve the

consideration of a particular accent that exhibits some inconsist-

ency and stating what the reason is for this inconsistency. This

involves, for example, consideration of the fact that the accent

tevir is served sometimes by the conjunctive accent merkha and

sometimes by darga, this being a case where the same accent has

two alternating conjunctive accents. When somebody considers

the reason for this, it is clear to him what the cause is that

conditions the darga. The other rules are formulated in a similar

manner. It is a discipline that is known by all who have

investigated it carefully. If somebody has not investigated

carefully, he only knows it from somebody who has investigated

carefully. It is possible that the person who established these

accents founded a discipline derived from them, which was

transmitted with its practitioners. Some of this was lost and

some remained, just as some of the knowledge of a language

may be lost while some remains. This applies to the rules (of the

accents). Whoever investigates carefully achieves his goal, or at

least part of it. Since earlier scholars—may God have mercy

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37II.L.0.7. – II.L.0.8.

אלי חרף מן דלך יגיירו ולא בעינה אלחק עלי ינגמו ואלפראד

חרף פאן גייר מגייר רד עליה וגלט 100

II.L.0.8.

ווצעו אלאלחאן [ש]רוט (L1:6v) צבט[ת] וגירה אלוגה פלהדא

אלעלל עלי יתכלמו ותצאניפא כתבא לה אלעלם הדה ארבאב

אלעלה תיך ען כרג מא וצבטו מעלולאתהא פי ותרת אלתי

לה ידכר לם מא ומנהא כרוגה פי אלסבב דכר מא פמנהא

סבבא ואעלם אן אלשרוט פי עלמהא תחתאג אן ינטר לחן ואחד 105

יכון פיה כלאף מא פיקול אלנאטר מא אלסבב פי הדא אלכלאף

ותארה מארכה תארה יכדמה אנה תביר לחן פי נטר כמן

מא נטר פאדא מתגאיראן ואלכאדמין ואחד לחן והו סלסלה

ללסלסלה אלמוגבה <אלעלה> מא לה באן דלך פי אלסבב

וכדי יגרי אמר סאיר אלשרוט פהו עלם יעלמה כל מן נטר פיה 110

אן ימתנע ממן סבר ומא אלא יעלם לם יסבר לם באלסבר ואן

וכאן מסתמדא עלמא להא געל אלאלחאן להדה אלואצע יכון

מע אצחאבה ואנדרס מנה אלבעץ ובקי אלבעץ כמא אנדרס מא

פמן אלשרוט וכדלך אלבעץ ובקי אללגה בעץ מן מעלום כאן

רגע אלי אלסבר חצל לה אלגרץ או בעצה למא כאן אלמתקדמין 115

L1 ואלעלה L5:18v [109 אלעלה L5:18r 101 צבט[ת]] צבטת

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38 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

upon them—investigated this discipline very carefully, they

achieved an expert knowledge of it.

II.L.0.9.

When, however, somebody wishes to learn about this, he is not

able to nd a complete book of theirs on this subject, only

fragmentary writings. I have, therefore, been requested to strive

to complete this short treatise that I have begun, and I have

acceded to this request, acknowledging my de ciencies with

regard to it and transmitting what I have learnt from their

writings and from their pupils, and seeking help (in this task)

from the God of Israel.

II.L.0.10.

This book consists of three sections. The rst section concerns

the letters and their pivots, I mean their places (of articulation)

in the mouth, including those that are heavy and those that are

light. The second section concerns the vowels, those that are

long and those that are short, their places of articulation, their

basic form and their accidental properties. The third section

concerns the accents, those of low pitch and those of high pitch,

and their subordinate accents.

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39II.L.0.8. – II.L.0.10.

רח אללה קד סבר הדא אלעלם סברא גיידא אתבתו מא עלמוה

II.L.0.9.

כתאבא דלך פי להם יציב לם דלך עלם אלראים ראם ולמא

כאמלא בל כתב מקטעה פסאל אלסאיל אן אגד פי מא אבתדית

בקצורי מקר דלך אלי פאגבת אלמכתצר הדא תכמיל מן בה

תלאמידהם (L1:7r) ומן כתבהם מן תעלמתה מא חאכי פיה 120

ובאלהי ישראל אסתעין

II.L.0.10.

פי אלא אלמקאלה מקאלאת תלת עלי ישתמל אלכתאב הדא

מנהא ואלתקיל אלפם פי מחאלהא אעני ומראכזהא אלחרוף

וכפיפהא ותקילהא אלמלוך פי אלב אלמקאלה ואלכפיף

אלאלחאן פי אלג אלמקאלה <וערצהא> ואסהא ומחאלהא 125

ווצעהא ורפעהא וכדאמהא

L1 125 וערצהא] וערצעהא

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II.L.1.0.THE FIRST DISCOURSE: ON THE LETTERS

II.L.1.1. (Preliminary Discussion concerning the Nature of

Letters)

II.L.1.1.1.

It should be noted that a letter by itself in isolation does not

convey meaning. What we say is demonstrated by the fact that

if you say אלף (ʾalef), although you may think it is a single letter,

it is not one but three letters, viz. א ל פ. Likewise, the בא (bāʾ, i.e.

bet) is two letters. Similarly, when you say גמאל (gimel), this is

four letters. Similarly, the דאל (dāl, i.e. dalet) is three letters, and

so forth for the remainder of the inventory of letters. This is

because one cannot communicate only with the (phonetic)

property of the letter itself, but when two letters follow each

other, it is possible to do this with them, whether they are

identical or di erent, as when you say גג (‘roof’), דד (‘breast’),

דיה ,(’roofs‘) גגות One cannot .(her breasts’ Prov. 5:19‘) ד

communicate concerning the (phonetic) property of gimel or the

(phonetic) property of dāl (i.e. dalet) (by uttering the sounds) in

isolation. This shows that the original conventional agreement

was on the properties of the letters, and since the property could

not be talked about (by uttering it) by itself, it needed

something else to allow it to stand as an independent expression

[ ]. So, to ʾalef was added a lamed and pe, to bāʾ (i.e. bet) was

added an ʾalef, and to gimel mem, ʾalef and lamed so that it is

possible to communicate about their property in isolation.

II.L.1.1.2.

If somebody were to say ‘Why was the conventional agreement

not on the ʾalef without its property, and on the bāʾ (i.e. bet) and

gimel without their property’, the response would be that ʾalef

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II.L.1.0.אלמקאלה אלאולי אלכלאם פי אלחרוף

II.L.1.1.

II.L.1.1.1.

אן קולנא מא יביין במגרדה יפיד לא וחדה אלחרף אן אעלם

ג בל ואחד הו פליס ואחד חרף אנה ענדך כאן ואן אלף קולך

ד׳ גמאל קולך וכדלך חרפאן איצא אלבא וכדלך אלף חרוף 130

הדא אלמגרי יגרי אמר בקיה חרוף וכדלך אלדאל ג חרוף ועלי

אלתכאטב יצח לא וטעמה אלחרף מחץ אן ודלך אלקבאלה

או כאנא מתלין פיהמא דלך צח תראדפא אדא בל במפרדה

יצח לא אלגמאל פכאציה דדיה גגו ד ג כקולך גירהן

אלתכאטב בהא ולא כאציה אלדאל עלי אלתפריד פדל דלך עלי 135

אן אצל אלמואצעה עלי כואץ אלחרוף ולמא לם תכון אלכאציה

יקלהא אכר אמר אלי אחתאגת אלתכאטב פי בנפסהא תנהץ

עלי ואזיד ופא למאד אלאלף עלי פאזיד דלך [ ] וינהצהא

יצח חתי ולמאד ואלף מאם אלגמאל עלי אלף [אלבא]

אל[תכאטב] (L1:7v) באלכאציה עלי אלתפריד 140

II.L.1.1.2

פאן קאל קאיל פלם לא כאן אלתואצע עלי אלאלף דון כאציתה

ואלבא ואלגמאל דון כאציתהמא קיל לה אן אלאלף פיה ג חרוף

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42 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

has three letters and each letter has a di erent property, so how

could they aim to know the property of one letter, then two

further letters when no property is known to them. Rather it is

necessary for them to know the distinctive property of the three

letters and then pronounce a single word. My claim that the

conventional agreement was initially on the property of the

letter is supported by the fact that people di er with regard to

the number of the letters that are added to the quality of the

letter and its phonetic property, whereas no di erence is

permitted with regard to the quality of the letter and its

phonetic property. This is because the Tiberians add only yod to

the essence of bāʾ, whereas other towns add to it yod and tav

and they say ‘bet’. Likewise, they (the Tiberians) add ʾalef and

lamed to the property of dāl, whereas others add lamed and tav

and say ‘dalet’. They add ʾalef and yod to the quality of zāy and

say ‘zāy’, whereas others add nun to this and say ‘zayin’. To

lamād they add mem, then ʾalef, then dāl, where others reverse

this and add ʾalef, then mem, then dāl and say ‘lamed’, and so

forth. This is also the practice with the remaining letters. The

variation has not taken place in the property (of the letter) but

rather in the occurrence of the added letters in order for the

property to be articulated in a single utterance. If this (i.e. the

addition of letters) is what existed in the establishment (of the

language), there would be no variation.

II.L.1.1.3.

Since the property of the letter requires other (elements), the

additions have been added to the property and the letter has

become a free-standing entity consisting of a combination of its

property with additional elements. After this, however, the

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43II.L.1.1.

ולכל חרף כאציה מתגאירה פכיף יקצדו כאציה חרף ואחד ותם כצוציה יערפו אן ינבגי ואנמא כאציה להם ערף מא חרפאן דכרתה מא יאייד ואחדה כלמה בהא ינטקו תם חרוף אלתלת 145

מן אן אלמואצעה וקעת עלי כאציה אלחרף פי אלאבתדא הו אן יכתלף קד וכאציתה אלחרף טעם אלי אלמצאפה אלחרוף יצח לא וכאציתה אלחרף וטעם וקלתהא כתרתהא פי אלנאס בתה אלכרוג ענה ודלך אן אלטבראניין יזידון עלי כאציה אלבא יוד פקט ומדן אכר יזידון עליה יוד ותו פיקולון בית וכדלך יזידון 150

פיקולון ותו למאד יזיד וגירהם ולמאד אלף אלדאל כאציה עלי טעם אלזאי אלף ויוד פיקולון זאי וגירהם דלת וכדלך יזידון עלי מאם עליה יזידון אללמאד יזיד עלי דלך נון פיקולון זאין וכדלך תם מאם תם אלף פיזיד דלך יעכס וגירהם דאל תם אלף תם בקיה פי הדה אלמגרי גרי אלי גיר דלך ומא לאמד דאל פיקול 155

וקוע> <פי בל אל]כאציה [פי יקע לם פאלתגייר אלחרוף אלתפריד פי באללפט [אלכא]ציה <לנהוץ> אלמזידה אלחרוף

פלו כאן ממא הו [וקע] פי אלמואצעה לם יתגייר

II.L.1.1.3.

עלי אלזואיד זידת גירה אלי אלכאציה (L1:8r) אפתקרת פלמא

אלכאציה ואסתקל אלחרף בטעמה מע אלזואיד ולם יכן מן בעד 160

L1 157 לנהוץ] בל ללנהוץ L1 156 פי וקוע] וקוע פי

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44 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

letter still cannot communicate meaning by itself, because if

somebody said ‘ʾalef’, he would not thereby communicate to the

hearer more than what he already knows, namely that ʾalef is distinct from (other letters such as) ṭet. The letter, therefore,

requires other letters to be combined with it in order for

meanings to be understood. So it is required, for example, to

have the combination ʾalef, resh and ṣade to (form the word) ארץ,

and the combination shin, mem and resh to form שמר.

II.L.1.1.4.

Just as the property of a letter requires added elements, the

combinations of letters required something else, without which

no meaning can be understood by the joining of letters, namely

the vowels (literally: ‘kings’), which are called also vocalization

(literally: in ectional vowels). This is because if (vowels such

as) qameṣ and pataḥ were missing from שמר, you would not

know to what form to assign the word, whether to שמור, or to

This would have been after the vowels were .שומר or to שמר

xed among those who established (the language) by

convention. If the vowels are removed, the meaning is not

understood at all.

II.L.1.1.5.

The letters and vowels also require something else, namely the

accents. This is the case as remarked above with (a pair of)

words that have identical combinations of letters and identical

vowels with no di erence (between them), and that require (the

placement of) the accent in order for the meaning to be

understood, as in קומי אורי ‘Arise! Shine!’ (Isa. 60.1), ד י לע my‘ קומ

arising as a witness’ (Zeph. 3.8), ישעי י ו The Lord is my‘ יהוה׀ אור

light and salvation’ (Psa. 27.1).

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45II.L.1.1.

למא אלף קאיל קאל לו לאן במפרדה מעני יפיד אלחרף דלך

לטית מכאלף אלף אנה עלמה מא גיר מנה אלסאמע אפאד

פאחתאג אלחרף איצא אלי גירה מן אלחרוף ינטם אליה ליפהם

ארץ פי ואלצדי ואלריש אלאלף אלי פאחתיג אלמעאני בדלך

ואלי אלשין ואלמים ואלריש פי שמר 165

II.L.1.1.4.

וכמא אפתקרת כאציה אלחרף אלי אלזואיד אפתקרת אלחרוף

אלחרוף באנצמאם פהם מא לולאה אכר אמר אלי אלמנצומה

מעני והם אלמלוך אלדי תסמא אנחא <לאן> לו עדם מן שמר

שמור אלי אין תרדהא עלמת אלי למא אלקאמצה ואלפאתחה

בעד אסתקראר אלמלוך בין הדא אם אלי שמר אם אלי שומר 170

אלמתואצעין ואמא בארתפאע אלמלוך מא יפהם מעני אלבתה

II.L.1.1.5.

אלאלחאן והו אכר אמר אלי ואלמלוך אלחרוף איצא ואפתקר

כמא מצא פימא אנצמת חרופה עלי סוא ואסתות מלוכה מן גיר

י כלף ואחתאג אלי אללחן ליפהם אלמעני מתל קומי או[רי] קומ

י וישעי לעד ייי אור 175

L1 168 לאן] לאן לאן

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46 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.1.6.

So, there are four cases of need (of complements): the need of

the property (of a letter) for added elements in order for it to be

an autonomous utterance, the need of a letter for another letter,

the need of (a combination of) letters for vowels—these three

are necessarily interdependent—and the need of (combinations

of) letters and vowels for accents, not in all circumstances but in

certain cases. For this reason I have presented the section on

letters rst, then I have presented second the section on vowels

and I have presented third the section on accents, according to

this order of obligatory complementarity.

II.L.1.1.7.

Now, meaning is not expressed by a letter alone and so the

Hebrew grammarians have called a ‘letter particle’ a ‘functional

particle’, since a functional particle does not express meaning in

relation to itself but expresses meaning in relation to something

else. This terminology (i.e. ‘functional particle’ rather than

‘letter’) is appropriate because אל consists of two letters, and

likewise עם ,א ,מן ,כי and similar cases. When some letters are

combined with each other, unwritten letters are concealed

between written letters. The main case of this are the vowels in

words such as שם ,יד ,עם ,בם ,שם. In each of these words a letter

ʾalef is hidden, which is one of the soft letters. When some

letters are combined and a vowel occurs with them, a letter is

not hidden between them, as in בי ,מי ,בו ,כי, in which another

letter is not hidden between the two (written) letters, as a yod is

hidden between the kaf and nun in נרות  גב כ -south of Chin‘ נ

neroth’ (Josh. 11.2). There are many cases of this, but I have

cited here one example.

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47II.L.1.1.

II.L.1.1.6.

אלזואיד אלי אלכאציה אפתקאר אפתקאראת ארבעה פצאר ואפתקאר חרף אלי חרף ואפתקאר אללפט פי לתסתקל אלחרוף אלי אלמלוך הדה תלתה לא בד מן חאגה בעצהא אלי בעץ ואפתקאר אלחרו[ף] (L1:8v) ואלמלוך אלי אלאלחאן לא עלי אלחרוף מקאלת געלת ולהדא אלמואצע בעץ פי בל וגה כל 180

מקאלה ותלת אלמלוך במקאלה ותנית אלאול פי מתקדמה אלאלחאן עלי תרתיב אלאפתקאר ואלחאגה

II.L.1.1.7.

הדא אלוגה סמא מעני ועלי יפאד מנה פאדן אלחרף וחדה לא

אלדקדוקיין <אלחרף כאדמא> מן חית אן אלכאדם וחדה לא

יפיד מעני פי נפסה בל יפיד מעני פי גירה והדה אלתסמיה תגוז 185

לאן אל חרפאן וכדלך כי ומן וא ועם ומא שאכל דלך ואלחרוף

גיר חרוף אנכתמת בעץ אלי בעצהא אנצם אדא מא פיהא

אלמלוך דלך פי ואלאצל אלמכתובה אלחרוף בין מכתובה

חרף אלף לפטה כל יד שם פקד אנכתם פי עם בם כקולך שם

והו מן חרוף אללין ופי אלחרוף מא אדא אנצמת וחצל מעהמא 190

מלך לא ינכתם בינהמא חרף כק כי בו מי בי אלדי מא כפי בין

נרות אליוד אלחרפין חרף סואהמא כמא כפי ואנכתם פי נגב כ

בין אלכאף ואלנון ואמתאל דלך כתיר ואנמא אורדת באנמודגא

L1 184 אלחרף כאדמא] אלכאדם חרפא

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48 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.2. Section (concerning the Inventory of Letters)

The traditional inventory of letters consists of twenty-two basic

letters. To the basic letters are added ve letters, which are

called ‘straight’, namely ךםןףץ. To the basic letters are added six

letters, namely בגדכפת. The Tiberians add to these six letters the

letter resh, making it (i.e. the group of non-basic letters) בגדכפרת,

so that the total comes to thirty-four with the resh of the

Tiberians. It is said that there are some who attribute a

particular feature to zayin and call it zāy makrūkh. I have not,

however, been able to identify their purpose in using the term

makrūkh, in order for me to be able to describe it, as I shall

describe the purpose of the Tiberians (in the use of this term

makrūkh) with regard to the resh.

II.L.1.3. Chapter concerning the Place (of Articulation) of

the Letters

II.L.1.3.1.

Know that according to the traditional inventory (of letters)

there are ve groups in ve places (of articulation). These are

.בומף ,זסצש ,דטלנת ,גיכרק ,אהחע

II.L.1.3.2.

The letters אהחע have a single place of articulation. This is the

throat and the root of the tongue. The Tiberians call it the ‘root

of the tongue’ and the ‘place of swallowing’. This is the rst place of articulation in the mouth. For this reason they are the

lightest letters, as a group or individually. The meaning of their

‘lightness’ is that they never take dagesh. It has been said that

dagesh is placed in ʾalef in some speci c places in Scripture,

namely in the following four cases: ה יאו לו את־המנח and they‘ ויב

brought him the present’ (Gen. 43.26), ינו ה נו כיד־א יאו ל and‘ ויב

they brought to us by the hand of our God’ (Ezra

יאו׀ ,(8.18 ם תב תיכ ’from your dwellings you shall bring‘ ממושב

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49II.L.1.2. – II.L.1.3.

.II.L.1.2 פצל

והי חרוף כמסה אלאצול וינצאף אלי אצולא חרף כב אלקבלה 195

איצא אלאצול אלי ינצאף ךםןףץ והם פשוטות יסמונהא אלתי

אלסתה הדה עלי יזידו אלטבראניין בגדכפת והי חרוף סתה

(L1:9r) אחרף חרף ריש ויגעלונהא בגדכפרת פיציר אלכל ארבעה

ותלאתין בריש אלטבראניין וקד קיל אן תם מן יגעל ללזאי חכם

מכרוך קולהם פי גרץ עלי להם וקפת ומא מכרוך זאי ויסמיה 200

פכנת אדכרה כמא אדכר גרץ אלטבראניין פי אלריש

.II.L.1.3 באב פי מחל אלחרוף

II.L.1.3.1.

אעלם אלקבלה תגי כמסה אקסאם פי כמסה מחאל והי אהחע גיכרק דטלנת זסצש בומף

II.L.1.3.2.

אהחע מחלהא מחל ואחד והו אלחלקום ואצל אללסאן ויסמונה 205

אלפם פי מחל אול והו הבליעה ובית הלשון עקר אלטבראניין

ולדלך צארת אכף אלחרוף מגמועה או מפתרקה ומעני אלכפה

פיהא הו אן לא ידכלהא דגש בתה וקד קיל אן אלדגש ידכל פי

לו ויביאו ארבעה והו אלמקרא מן מכצוצה מואצע פי אלאלף

ושפו תביאו ממשבותיכם אלהינו כיד לנו ויביאו המנחה את 210

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50 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

(Lev. 23.17), א ראו יו ל צמות and his bones, which were not‘ ושפו ע

seen, are laid bare’ (Job 33.21). I shall clarify this in response to

those who have adduced this as a counterargument. Ḥet and

ʿayin do not take dagesh in any circumstances. As for he, it takes

what could be thought to be dagesh, but it is not what it is

thought to be. This is because dagesh makes a letter heavy and

rafe makes it soft, as in ג ‘roof’.

II.L.1.3.3.

The quality of the letter is uttered with dagesh and with rafe in

the realization of its phonetic property. Dagesh is placed on a

letter at the beginning of a word, the middle and the end. This is

not the case with he, since it is in a place (of articulation) in

which heaviness is not possible. This is because heaviness is for

the purpose of a pressure4 that is applied to the place of

articulation, so that the letter is made heavy. The tongue root

and the place of swallowing are not a place that permits closure

or contraction, or what resembles this, like the lips, which can

be closed and receive pressure,5 so that from them can be heard

as will be described below. It is only at the end of a ,בי and בי

word that a point occurs in it (i.e. he) in order to cause its

property to appear and distinguish it from places where it does

not appear, such as ה וגדופה .a reproach and a taunt’ (Ezek‘ חרפ

5.15), in which the quality of the he is not pronounced, rather it

is pronounced with the pronunciation of ʾalef. This di ers from

the other letters in which dagesh is permitted, such as kaf and pe,

which have two types of pronunciation that both necessarily

entail the articulation of the property of the letter.

4 Literally: leaning. | 5 Literally: leaned upon.

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51II.L.1.3.

בה עארץ מן גואב פי פיה אלכלאם וסאביין ראו לא עצמותיו

ואלהא בסבב ולא בוגה לא דגש ידכלהא פלא ואלעין ואלחית

קד ידכלה בטן אלטאן אנה דגש וליס דלך כמא טן לאן אלדגש

יתקל אלחרף ואלרפי ירכיה כק ג

II.L.1.3.3.

קד כרג טעם אלחרף פי אלדגש ואלרפי למעני כאציתה ואלדגש 215

מא ואלהא ואלאכר ואלוצט אלכלאם אול פי אלחרף פי ידכל

אלתקל לאן אלתקל פיה יצח לא מחל פי לאנה חאלה הדא

הלשון ועקר אלחרף דלך פיתקל אלמחל פי יפעל ללאעתמאד

(L1:9v) ובית הבליעה מא המא מחל יגוז פיה אלטבק או אלצם או

מא מאתל דלך כאלשפתין אלתי יצח אן תטבקא ויעתמד עליהא 220

ויסמע מנהא בי ובי עלי מא ידכר מן בעד ואנמא יגי פי אואכר

לא מא פי ותבינה כאציתה פתצהר נקטה פיה פקט אלכלאם

דופ אלדין מא כרג ללהא טעאם בל כרג בכרוג יטהר חרפ ו

פיהמא יצח אלדי אלחרוף לבקיה מכאלף הו אלדי אלאלף

אלדגש כאלכאף ואלפא אלדי עלי חאלתין פי אלנטק לא בד מן 225

אללפט פי כאציה אלחרף

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52 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.3.4.

As for he, this is not pronounced at the end of a word unless it

has a dot in it. This is is not called dagesh but rather

‘appearance’. Do you not see that if a dot appears in it, (it is) at

the end of a word, as in ה ה ,Oh!’ (Josh. 7.7)‘ אה ’half of it‘ מחצית

(Lev. 6.13). It may occur in the middle of a word and be

pronounced in the way that it is pronounced when it has a dot

in it, as in י ים ,you wrong me’ (Job 19.3)‘ תהכרו־ל ‘ מהבל lling with vain hopes’ (Jer. 23.16), ל הרא ’and the altar hearth‘ וה

(Ezek. 43.15). So it is clear to you that this (dot) denotes

appearance and is not dagesh, for dagesh is a strengthening that

occurs in the letter after the articulation of its property: מל

‘king’, מלו ‘Malluch’ (1 Chron. 6.29), ’He made you see‘ הרא

(Deut. 4.36), הראיתם ‘Have you seen?’ (1 Sam. 10.24). It is clear,

therefore, from this that the dot in he is to indicate the

appearance of the property (of the letter) and not for making it

heavy.

II.L.1.3.5.

It follows from all of this that these four letters are never made

heavy since they are in the rst place of articulation from which

speech is sounded. If it were said: Surely the dagesh may be

inserted in some of the four letters of this place, namely in the

ʾalef in the four passages that you have just mentioned, and this

disproves your statement that dagesh is not put on the letters of

this place of articulation, the response would be: If one

examines carefully the so-called dagesh in the ʾalef in these four

passages, one sees that it is not dagesh, since the speaker strives

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53II.L.1.3.

II.L.1.3.4.

נקטה פיה יכון אן אלא אללפט אכר פי בה ילפט לא ואלהא

פיה חצל אדא אנה תרי אלי טהור בל דגש הדא יסמא פלא

וצט פי יכון וקד מחציתה אהה כק אלכלמה אכר פי אלנקטה

אלכלאם מן גיר הדא אלנקטה וילפט בה עלי מא ילפט בה ופיה 230

הדא אן לך באן פקד מהבלים וההראל לי תהכרו כק אלנקטה

בעד אלחרף פי יחצל תשדיד הו אלדגש לאן דגש לא טהור

מלוך הרא הראיתם פבאן בדלך <אלנטק> בכאציתה כק מל

אן אלנקטה פי אלהא אנמא הי לטהור אלכאציה לא ללתתקיל

II.L.1.3.5.

פחצל מן הדה אלגמלה אן הדה אלד חרוף לא תתקל בתה למא 235

<קד אוליס קיל פאן אלכלאם מנה יתצות מחל אול כאנת והו אלמחל הדא חרוף אלד אלחרוף בעץ פי אלדגש ידכל> פקד אנפא דכרתהא אלתי מואצע אלארבע פי אלאלף (L1:10r)

כסר מא דכרתה מן אן הדא אלמחל לא ידכל חרופה דגש קיל פי אלמדכור אלדגש תאמל אדא מואצע אלארבע הדה אן 240

מתכלף אלמתכלם אן חית מן בדגש לא אנה ירי אלאלף

L1 236 קד…237 ידכל] קד L1 233 אלנטק] אלנקט

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54 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

to introduce heaviness into it but it is not made heavy. Surely

you see how heaviness occurs in bet, kaf and other letters

without e ort and strengthening takes place. This is not the case

with ʾalef. If one examines carefully whether ʾalef is made heavy

in this way, one will see that it is not made heavy. Rather it is as

if the speaker is taking it out of a pit, unlike the other letters in

which dagesh is permitted. It is said that the reason for the

impossibility of heaviness in the letters of this place of

articulation is that it is the rst of the places of articulation, and

the more the articulation progresses upwards from place to

place, the more heaviness can be applied.

II.L.1.3.6.

From the second of the places of articulation are heard and ך

rafe. This is the third of the tongue that is adjacent to the

pharynx, opposite the (soft) palate. In fact this is not a primary

place of articulation, but it functions like one. This is because

when gimel and kaf have dagesh, their place of articulation is the

middle of the tongue, in its wide part. The primary places of

articulation are ve in number. The third of the tongue that is

the place of articulation of the two (aforementioned) letters

with rafe, I mean and ך, is secondary. So, the total number of

places of articulation are six, ve primary and one secondary.

The middle of the tongue is the place of articulation of ve letters, namely גיכרק.

II.L.1.3.7.

From the third place of articulation are heard ve letters,

namely דטלנת. This is the extremity of the tongue in combina-

tion with the esh of the teeth. If you press gently, you hear

from it and rafe. If you press with force, you hear from it ד

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55II.L.1.3.

לאדכאל אלתתקיל פיה והו לא יתקל אלי תרי כיף יגי אלתתקיל

מוקעה אלתשדיד ויקע תכלף בגיר וגירהמא ואלכאף אלבי פי

וליס כדלך אלאלף ואן תאמל דלך פי תתקיל אלאלף עלם אנה

למא מכאלפא גב מן יכרגה כאנה אלמתכלם ואנמא יתקל לא 245

סקוט פי אלעלה אן וקיל אלחרוף סאיר מן אלדגש פיה יצח

מא וכל אלמחאל אול לאנה אלמחל הדא חרוף ען אלתתקיל

צעד מן מחל אלי מחל יתקל

II.L.1.3.6.

ואלמחל אלתאני מן מחאל אלחרוף יסמע מנה ג ך אלמרפיין והו

אלמחל והדא אלחנך קדאם אלחלקום ילי ממא אללסאן תלת 250

צאר מתי לאן מגראה יגרי בל אלחקיקה פי אלאצל הו ליס בערצה אללסאן וסט מחלהמא כאן מדגושה ואלכאף אלגמאל

אלחרפין מחל הו אלדי אללסאן ותלת כמסה אלמחאל פאצול

כמסה סתה אלמחאל פגמלה פר[ע] הוא ך ג אעני אלמרפיין

אצול וואח[ד] (L1:10v) פרע פוסט אללסאן מחל לכמסה חרוף והי 255

גיכרק

II.L.1.3.7.

והו דטלנת והי חרוף כמסה מנה> <יסמע אלתאלת ואלמחל סמעת ברפק אלצקת ואן אלאסנאן לחם מע אללסאן טרף ת ד מנה סמעת בקוה אלצקת ואן אלמרפיין מנהא

L1 257 יסמע מנה] יסמע

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56 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

and ת with dagesh. This di ers from the second place of

articulation, which is divided into two places (when the letters

are pronounced) with dagesh and rafe respectively, namely the

(back) third of the tongue and its middle. Dalet and tav are not

like that, rather their place of articulation does not change,

whether they have dagesh or rafe. Dagesh denotes pressing with

force and rafe (pressing) lightly.

II.L.1.3.8.

The fourth place of articulation is the teeth, from which are

heard four letters, namely זסצש. In this place of articulation the

letters are not divided into light and heavy as in the preceding

places of articulation. Know that when you pronounce (the

word) שין, you pronounce three letters from three di erent places of articulation, the shin from the teeth, the yod from the

middle of the tongue, in its wide part, and the nun from the

extremity of the tongue and the esh of the teeth. If you taste a

letter (by pronouncing it) in its place of articulation, you will

taste its property.

II.L.1.3.9.

The fth place of articulation is the lips, which is that of the

four letters בומף. If you close the lips with force, ב and פ with

dagesh are heard. If you close them gently and lightly, you hear

from them ב and ף with rafe. This place of articulation is like the

place of articulation of דטלנת, where two letters with dagesh and

two letters with rafe are heard.

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57II.L.1.3.

ללמחל אלב אלדי אנקסם אלי מחלין אלמדגושין והדא מכאלף 260

המא תלת אללסאן ווסטה ואלדאל ואלתו ענד אלדגש ואלרפה

פי ולא אלדגש פי לא יתגייר לא מחלהמא בל כדלך המא ליס

אלרפי ואנמא אלדגש לאלאלצאק באלקוה ואלרפי באלכפה

II.L.1.3.8.

ואלמחל אלראבע הו <אלאסנאן> יסמע מנה ד חרוף והי זסצש מתל ותקל כפה אלי אלחרף פיה ינקסם לא אלמחל והדא 265

פקד בשין לפטת אדא אנך ואעלם תקדמתה אלדי אלמחאל לפטת בג חרוף מן תלת מחאל מתגאירה פאלשין מן אלאסנאן ואליוד מן [וסט] אללסאן בערצה ואלנון מן טרף אללסאן ולחם מנה דקת אנמא מחלה פי אלחרף דקת פאדא אלאסנאן

כאציתה 270

II.L.1.3.9.

פאן בומף חרוף ארבע מחל אלשפתין הו אלה ואלמחל אטבק[ת] אלשפתין בקוה סמע מנהמא (L1:11r) ב פ אלמדגושין אלמרפיין ף ו ב מנהמא סמעת וכפה ברפק אטבקתהמא ואן מנה יסמע אלדי דטלנת מחל מתל אלמחל הדא צאר פקד

חרפין מדגושין וחרפין מרפיין 275

L1 264 אלאסנאן] אן אלאנסאן

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58 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.4. Section (concerning some General Issues relating to

Letters)

II.L.1.4.1.

If somebody were to say ‘What is the value of knowing the

places of articulation of the letters?’, the response to him would

be as follows. If somebody asked and said ‘What is language?’, I

would say: It consists of expressions that its original speakers6

established by convention among themselves to make their

intentions understood to one another. It needs to be known that

before this they established by convention speci c letters in

various places of articulation, from which the expressions could

be constructed. They were, therefore, the foundations of the

expressions. Through knowledge of the places of articulation the

thinking of the establishers (of the language) can become clear,

in that they taught that the meaning that one intends can be

fully expressed with twenty-two letters, but cannot be fully

expressed with less than this. They took them from ve basic

places of articulation, and one secondary place of articulation,

as has been explained. Either it was the case that only the

aforementioned letters could have been produced from each

place of articulation or they knew that letters other than those

mentioned could have been produced from the places of

articulation but they had no need of more than the ones they

proclaimed. It seems that it will be impossible for us to know

the truth with regard to this issue.

II.L.1.4.2.

[ ] not true. Since it is of this nature, knowledge [ ] than

ignorance. Since the knowledge of the technique of reading is

explicated through (its analysis into) letters, vowels, accents and

6 Literally: the masters.

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59II.L.1.4.

.II.L.1.4 פצל

II.L.1.4.1.

לו לה קיל אלחרוף מחאל מערפה פי אלפאידה מא קאל אן

סאל סאיל פקאל מא אללגה לקלת הי עבאראת תואצע עליהא

יעלם אן ויחתאג בעץ לבעצהם אגראצהם ליפהמו ארבאבהא

קבל הדא אנהם תואצעו עלי חרוף מכצוצה פי מחאל מכתלפה 280

אלתי מנהא יצח אן תנבני אלעבאראת פהי ללעבאראת אצולא

אן עלמו באן אלמתואצעין חכמה אלמחאל בעלם פאתצח

יכמל לא דלך ובדון חרפא ועשרין באתני יכמל אלגרץ

מא עלי פרע ואחד ומחל אצול מחאל כמסה מן ואתכדוהא

מצא ביאנה פאמא אן יכון לא יצח מן כל מחל גיר מא דכר מן 285

אלחרוף או עלמו אן יצח מן אלמחאל גיר אלחרוף אלמדכ[ורה]

גיר אן לם תדעהם אלחאגה אלי אכתר ממא דכרוה וקריב אנא

תתעדר מערפה צחה דלך

II.L.1.4.2.

(L1:11v) [ ] לא יצח פמא כאן הדא סבילה אלעלם [ ]ל מן

ומלוך בחרוף יעלל אלקראה צנאעה עלם כאן ולמא אלגהל 290

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60 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

the shewa, it is appropriate for the necessary description to be

made of each of these, in order for me to demonstrate the

superiority of this language over other languages, since it is ‘a

pure language’ (Zeph. 3.9). Given that among the letters of

Hebrew there are several letters, as explained above, that are

‘straight’, there are בגדכפת letters, and dagesh and rafe in all

remaining letters except אהחע, if one were to say ‘What is the

function of dagesh and rafe?’, the response would be as follows.

There is clearly a function. This includes the change of meaning

by means of dagesh and rafe, for example ח בחור Rejoice, oh‘ שמ

young man!’ (Ecc. 11.9), which is an intransitive verb, since the

mem in it is light. If it has dagesh, the verb becomes transitive, as

in נפש עבד מ .Gladden the soul of your servant’ (Psa. 86.4)‘ ש

Likewise ר מטה ן ה the priest who cleanses’ (Lev. 14.11) is a‘ הכה

transitive agent, whereas ר יש המטה ת הא the man who is‘ א

cleansed’ (Lev. 14.11) is a re exive agent, and similar cases.

II.L.1.4.3.

The people of the language used words from one place of

articulation, such as אהה ‘Oh!’, which is from the place of

articulation of דלת ,אהחע from the place of articulation of דטלנת,

on this side and that’ (Ezek. 40.34) from the place of‘ מפו ומפו

articulation of בומף, and similar cases.

GAP

II.L.1.4.4.

[…] The third category is what interchanges in one place of

articulation, for example ר He scattered’ (Psa. 68.31), which is‘ בז

said to be like ים ן לאביונ ת He has distributed, he has given‘ פזר׀ נ

to the poor’ (Psa. 112.9). The place of articulation of bet and pe

is the lips. (Another case) is ושוב ‘and Shobach’ (2 Sam. 10.16)

and ושופ ‘and Shopach’ (1 Chron. 19.16), which are said to be

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61II.L.1.4.

ואלחאן [ו]שוא חסן אן ידכר פי כל ואחד מא יסנח ויתגה פיה

שפה לאנהא אללגאת סאיר עלי אללגה הדה שרף לאביין

ברורה ואדא פי חרוף אלעבראני כאנת חרוף עדה עלי מא דכר

פי מא תקדם מן אלפשוטות ובגדכפת ואלדגש ואלרפי אלדי פי

אלדגש פי אלפאידה פמא קיל פאן אהחע סוא אלחרוף בקיה 295

אל[מע]נא תגייר דלך מן פאידה מן בד לא לה קיל ואלרפי

באלדגש ואלרפי מתל שמח בחור אלדי הו פעל פי אלנפס לכון

כק אלפעל תעדי מדגושה גאת ואדא כפיפה פיה גאת אלמים

נפש עבדך וכדלך הכהן המטהר פאעל באלגיר את האיש שמ

המטהר פאעל בנפסה ואמתאל דלך 300

II.L.1.4.3.

ואסתעמל אהל אללגה אלכלאם מן אלמחל אלואחד מתל אהה

ומפו בומף מפו מחל ומן דלת דטלנת מחל אהחע ומן מחל מן

ומא מאתל

GAP

II.L.1.4.4.

(L3:14r) אלארוזי ואלקסם אלתאלת מא ינבדל פי מחל ואחד מתל

ואלפא אלבא לאביונים נתן פזר מתל אנה יקאל אלדי בזר 305

אסם אנהמא יקאל אלדי ושופך ושובך אלשפתאן מחלהמא

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62 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

the same name; and likewise י They have misled my‘ הטעו את־עמ

people’ (Ezek. 13.10)—התעו ‘(God) caused (me) to wander’ (Gen.

.חושו—Hasten!’ (Joel 4.11)‘ עושו ,(20.13

II.L.1.4.5.

The fourth category is what interchanges from di erent places

of articulation, which includes scribal error and ciphers, for

dalet and resh (which are sometimes confused by scribal error)

are from two di erent places of articulation and the cipher

(consisting of the interchange of) bet and shin is from two

di erent places of articulation. Interchanges that are from a

single place of articulation do not fall into this category, as will

be explained in a separate chapter (see §II.L.1.5.).

II.L.1.4.6.

Take note that it is said that some letters are contracted. Their

contraction is indicated by two things: meaning and grammar.

Some letters are augments at the beginning, middle or end of a

word.

II.L.1.4.7.

An example of an augmented letter at the beginning of a word is

The third is Absalom’ (1 Chron. 3.2). It is said‘ השלשי לאבשלום

that the presence of this lamed has no meaning and the meaning

would remain the same if it were elided. An example of an

augmented letter in the middle of a word is said to be ר ים אש ילדם כל־מאום ין־בה youths without blemish’ (Dan. 1.4). It is said‘ א

that the ʾalef in מאום is augmented, without any function,

because the lexical class of ‘blemish’ does not contain a root

letter ʾalef. Examples of an augmented letter at the end of a

word are ה פן עיר י לג binding his foal to the vine’ (Gen. 49.11)‘ אסר

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63II.L.1.4.

ואחד וכדלך הטעו את עמי התעו עושו חושו

II.L.1.4.5.

יעם והו מתגאירה מחאל מן ינבדל מא אלראבע ואלקסם

גירין מחלין מן ואלריש אלדאל לאן ואלגמטריא אלתצחיף

מן כאן פמא <מתגאירין> מחלין מן אלבא ואלשין ואלגמטריא 310

סיגי מא עלי אלקסם הדא פי ידכל לא אנבדאלה ואחד מחל

ביאנה פי באב מפרד

II.L.1.4.6.

עלי וידל יכתצר מא איצא אלחרוף פי אן קיל קד אן ואעלם אול פי זאיד יגי מא ופיהא ואללגה אלמעני שיין אכתצארה

אללפט ואלוסט ואלאכר 315

II.L.1.4.7.

הדא אן קיל לאבשלום השלישי אללפט אול פי פאלזאיד

בחדפה אלמעני ינ[תט]ם בל לתבותה מעני לא אללמאד

כל בהם אין אשר ילדים מתל קיל אלכלאם וסט פי ואלזאיד

לגה לאן פאידה פיה לא זאיד מאום פי אלאלף אן פקיל מאום

(L3:14v) אלעיב מא פיה אלף אצלי ואלזאיד פי אכר אללפט כקולה 320

L1:3r 317 ינ[תט]ם] ינתטם L3 310 מתגאירין] מתגאורין

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and ר בנו the son of Beor’ (Num. 24.3), where the vav of‘ בנו בע

has no meaning, and likewise the yod in י since it is not a ,אסר

pronoun, and similar cases.

II.L.1.4.8.

As for cases of the contraction of a letter that is re ected by the

meaning, it is said to include examples such as יהוה׀ אשר נתנ

ד .for the Lord gave you into my hand today’ (1 Sam‘ היום בי

26.23), where it is said that a yod has been contracted in יד, and

its virtual form is בידי, since it does not say ביד, in which it

would be conjoined to an underlying noun, but rather it is

pronounced in its disjoined form, which is with qameṣ. Likewise

in ו ה זה בני עש Are you my son Esau?’ (Gen. 27.24), it is said‘ את

that a he has been contracted in אתה, since it does not have the

function of a declarative but rather of an interrogative, and its

virtual form is האתה. Likewise in ים מו לשח ק ע י Can you like‘ תר ק

him spread out the skies?’ (Job 37.18) an interrogative he is

contracted in it and its virtual form is עמו so that it ,התרקי

would be like ים אגמון ,Can you put a rope?’ (Job 40.26)‘ התש

ים תשלח בר ק .Can you send forth lightnings’ (Job 38.35)‘ ה

II.L.1.4.9.

As for cases of the contraction of a letter that is re ected by the

grammar, these include examples like ת ילפ כ יל ו with hatchets‘ בכש

and hammers’ (Psa. 74.6), since it should according to rule have

been ובכילפות, so that it would be like יר ד ובק ה בדו I will pin‘ אכ

David to the wall’ (1 Sam. 18.11), ר ים׀ ובבק ים ובפרד ים ובגמל בחמור

‘on asses and on camels and on mules and on oxen’ (1 Chron.

12.41), for this is the rule for the co-ordination of two nouns

after one another with the particle bet.

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65II.L.1.4.

לה מעני לא בנו פי אלואו אלדי בעור בנו עירה לגפן אסרי

וכדלך אליוד פי אסרי לאנה ליס צמיר ומא מאתל דלך

II.L.1.4.8.

ואמא מא יכתצר ויתבתה אלמעני פקיל אנה מתל אשר נתנך ייי

היום ביד אלדי יקאל אנה מכתצר יוד פי יד ותקדירה בידי לאנה

בכרוג אכרגה בל מצמר אסם אלי מצאף פיכון ביד קאל מא 325

מן אלהא אן קיל עשו בני זה אתה וכדלך אלקמץ והו אלקטע

ותקדירה אסתפהאם בל כבר מוצע ליסה לאן מכתצר אתה

האתה זה ומתלה תרקיע עמו לשחקים הא אלתמה מכתצר מנה

ותקדירה התרקיע עמו ליגרי מגרי התשים אגמ התשלח ברקים

II.L.1.4.9.

אד וכלפות בכשיל כקו הו אללגה פתתבתה יכתצר מא ואמא 330

כאן חקה אן יגי ובכלפות ליגרי מגרי אכה בדוד ובקיר בחמורים

אלאסמין פי אלעטף חק מן דלך אד ובבקר ובפרדים ובגמלים

אלמעטוף אחדהמא עלי אלאכר בחרף בא

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66 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.4.10.

When two identical letters succeed one another at the end of

one word and the beginning of another and the two words are

linked by an accent, if the reader is not careful to pronounce

them both, one of them would become coalesced and they

would be pronounced as one letter. The reader must pronounce

them clearly in order to distinguish, for example, the two ṣades

in יץ ץ צ it produced blossoms’ (Num. 17.23), to ensure that‘ ויצ

the two nuns are pronounced in ין נבוכדנצר -then Nebuchad‘ באד

nezzar’ (Dan. 3.13, etc.) and to ensure that the two mems are

pronounced in ר הייתי עם־משה אש .as I was with Moses’ (Josh‘ כ

1.5, etc.), and similar cases of two letters succeeding each other

in this manner.

II.L.1.5. Chapter on the Interchange of Letters

II.L.1.5.1.

It is said that among the letters are those that interchange from

the same place of articulation, so that, for example, ʾalef interchanges with he in a case such as ן אתחבר after this‘ ואחריכ

he joined’ (2 Chron. 20.35). This is in place of התחבר, because

the ʾalef in אתחבר is not the ʾalef of the rst person future, but is

the expression of the narrator. Likewise אמון the rest of the‘ יתר ה

multitude’ (Jer. 52.15), which is in place of ה ,ההמון קר את י־ש כ

אל ר אל־ישמע .for you are speaking falsely of Ishmael’ (Jer‘ דב

40.16), which is in place of אל .and similar cases ,על־ישמע

II.L.1.5.2.

From the place of articulation of בומף, bet interchanges with pe,

as in יפזור—יבזור ‘he scatters’, פזר—בזר ‘he scattered’. As for what

interchanges from two di erent places of articulation, this is like

the interchange of bet with he in ית בצור you shall strike the‘ והכ

rock’ (Exod. 17.6), which is said to be in place of הצור.

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67II.L.1.4. – II.L.1.5.

II.L.1.4.10.

ואלחרוף אדא תראדף מנהא חרפאן פי אכר אלכלמה ואחד ופי

מכתלטתין אלכלמתאן וכאנתא מתלה אכר אלאכרי אול 335

ליטהרהמא אליהמא באלה אלקאר יגעל (L3:15r) לם אן באללחן

אן פיגב ואחד חרף מכרג וכרגא אלואחד אנדגם ואלא

פי אלנונין ויכון ציץ ויצץ פי אלצאדין ליבין אלקאר יטהרהמא

באדין נבוכדנצאר ויכרג אלמאמין פי כאשר הייתי עם משה ומא

מאתל דלך מן אלחרפין אלמתראדפה עלי הדא אלוגה 340

.II.L.1.5 באב פי אבדאל אלחרוף

II.L.1.5.1.

אלאלף פינבדל ואחד מחל מן ינבדל מא אלחרוף פי אן קיל

ליס לאן התחבר מקאם פהו אתחבר ואחריכן כקו באלהא

הו בל ללמתכלם אלדי אלאסתקבאל אלף אתחבר פי אלאלף

אתה שקר כי ההמון מקאם האמון יתר וכדלך אלמכבר קול 345

דובר אל ישמעאל הו מקאם על ישמעאל ומא מאתל דלך

II.L.1.5.2.

פזר בזר יפזור יבזור כקו באלפא אלבא ינבדל בומף מחל ומן

אלבא ינבדל מא מתל מתגאירה מחאל מן ינבדל מא ואמא

באלהא בק והכית בצור קיל אנה מקאם הצור

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68 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.5.3.

Gimel interchanges with kaf in ים ’encircled with lilies‘ סוגה בשושנ

(Cant. 7.3), which is said to be סוכה, from ה ר ממסוכ the‘ יש

upright from a thorn hedge’ (Micah 7.4), since it does not make

sense for it to be derived from גו אחור they shall be turned‘ נס

back’ (Isa. 42.17, etc.). These two letters are from the same

place of articulation. Mem interchanges with gimel, as in ה שש נגעורים We grope like the blind’ (Isa. 59.10), which is in place of‘ כ

ש as in ,נמששה ששו־ח .They grope in the dark’ (Job 12.25)‘ ימ

II.L.1.5.4.

Dalet interchanges with zayin, as in דהב—זהב. (The interchange

of) resh with dalet is due to scribal error, as in רעואל ‘Reuel’—

ת ,’Deuel‘ דעואל ת—Riphath’ (Gen. 10.3)‘ ריפ Diphath’ (1‘ דיפ

Chron. 1.6), ים ים—Rodanim’ (1 Chron. 1.7)‘ רודנ ’Dodanim‘ דדנ

(Gen. 10.4).

II.L.1.5.5.

He interchanges with ʾalef, as in ה לעמ what is to befall‘ אשר־יקר

your people’ (Dan. 10.14), in which (the ʾalef of the qere) is in

place of he. A similar case is ה א תכל מח ל The jar of meal‘ כד הק

shall not be spent’ (1 Kings 17.14). This is from the same place

of articulation. A case of interchange from two places of

articulation is יניו he who closes his eyes’ (Prov. 16.30), in‘ עצה ע

place of עוצם from ם .and he closed’ (Isa. 29.10)‘ ויעצ

II.L.1.5.6.

Vav interchanges with bet, as in ר א שכ ין נעו ול כרו ולא־י They‘ ש

were drunk, but not with wine; they staggered, but not with

strong drink’ (Isa. 29.9), in place of בלא שכר ,בלא יין. This is from

the same place of articulation. From two places of articulation it

interchanges with ʾalef, as in מפני גוה ‘because of pride’ (Jer.

13.17), which is said to be in place of גאה.

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69II.L.1.5.

II.L.1.5.3.

ישר מן סוכה אנה קיל בשושנים סוגה בכאף ינבדל אלגמאל 350

אלחרפין והדין אחור נסוגו מן להא מעני לא כאן אד ממסוכה

מן מחל ואחד ואלמאם (L3:15v) ינבדל בגמאל כק נגששה כעורים

מקאם נמששה כקו ימששו חשך

II.L.1.5.4.

אלדאל ינבדל בזאי כקו זהב דהב ואלריש באלדאל מן אלתצחיף רעואל דעואל ריפת דיפת רודנים דודנים 355

II.L.1.5.5.

אלהא ינבדל באלף כקו אשר יקרא לעמך מקאם הא וכדלך כד

עיניו עוצה מחלין ומן ואחד מחל מן והדא תכלה לא הקמח

מקאם עוצם מן ויעצם

II.L.1.5.6.

אלואו ינבדל בבא כק שכרו ולא יין נעו ולא שכר מקאם בלא יין

בלא שכר והדא מן מחל ואחד ומן מחלין ינבדל באלף כק מפני 360

גוה קיל אנה מקאם גאה

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70 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.5.7.

Zayin interchanges in the same place of articulation with ṣade, as in ז ץ—’he rejoices‘ יע ר ,’he rejoices‘ יע .a little’ (Isa‘ מזע

10.25, etc.)—ר a little one’ (Gen. 19.20, etc.). An example‘ מצע

from two places of articulation is ד ,hedgehog’ (Isa. 14.23‘ קפ

etc.)— קפוז ‘hedgehog’ (Isa. 23.15).

II.L.1.5.8.

Ḥet interchanges with resh, as in חץ ל על־כל־בני־ש He is king‘ מ

over all creeping creatures’ (Job 41.26), which is in place of

.These are from two places of articulation .שרץ

II.L.1.5.9.

Ṭet interchanges in the same place of articulation with tav, as in

ין—harp’ (Dan. 3.5, etc.)‘ פסנתרין .harp’ (Dan. 3.7)‘פסנטר

II.L.1.5.10.

It is said that yod interchanges with ʾalef, as in יהרס ד וממעמ‘and I shall cast you down from your station’ (Isa. 22.19), in

place of אהרס, which corresponds to the meaning of י והדפת‘and I shall cast you down’ (Isa. 22.19).

II.L.1.5.11.

It is said that kaf interchangs with bet, as in יד ם מהנז 2) כאכל

Kings 4.40), which is in place of באכלם, so that its meaning is

‘while they were eating (pottage)’, since a comparison here is

not relevant. A similar case ה when bringing up the‘ כעלות המנח

o ering’ (2 Kings 3.20), so that it is like הב when the‘ בעלות הל

ame went up’ (Jud. 13.20). This is from two places of

articulation. A case from the same place of articulation is וירגל He has slandered your servant’ (2 Sam. 19.28), which is‘ בעבד

said to be in place of וירכל, from לא־תל רכיל ‘You shall not go as

a slanderer’ (Lev. 19.16).

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71II.L.1.5.

II.L.1.5.7.

ומן מצער מזער יעלץ יעלז בצדי ואחד מחל מן ינבדל אלזאי

מחלין קפוד קפוז

II.L.1.5.8.

שחץ אנה מקאם שרץ כל בני מלך על כק בריש ינבדל אלחית והמא מן מחלין 365

II.L.1.5.9.

אלטית ינבדל מן מחל ואחד בתו פסנתרין פסנטרין

II.L.1.5.10.

אליוד קיל אנה ינבדל באלף כק וממעמדך יהרסך מקאם אהרסך ויואפק מעני והדפתיך

II.L.1.5.11.

מקאם הו מהנזיד כאכלם כק בבא ינבדל אנה קיל אלכאף

לה מא לאן אלתמתיל (L3:16r) מענאה ענד אכלהם ליכון באכלם 370

הלהב בעלות מגרי ליגרי המנחה כעלות ומתלה מדכל הונא

מקאם אנה קיל בעבדך וירגל ואחד מחל ומן מחלין מן והדא

וירכל מן לא תלך רכיל

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72 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.5.12.

Lamed interchanges with bet, as in יו יד כל ש יפ ק At Michmash‘ למכמ

he stores his baggage’ (Isa. 10.28), in place of במכמש. It is said

that לה ת מא ם לאח י־יאש when a man is guilty in any of‘ והיה כ

these’ (Lev. 5.5) is in place of באחת. These two are from two

places of articulation. An example from one place of articulation

is ן .and his border shall be up to Sidon’ (Gen‘ וירכתו על־ציד

49.13), which is said to be in place of עד־צידון.

II.L.1.5.13.

It is said that mem interchanges with bet, in the same place of

articulation, in ה ה מרע ה אש ן בגד Surely, (as) a wife is faithless‘ אכ

against her husband’ (Jer. 3.20), in place of ברעה.

II.L.1.5.14.

Nun interchanges with mem from two places of articulation, for

example למלכים ‘to the kings’ (2 Chron. 1.12, etc.)—ין ’kings‘ מלכ

(Prov. 31.3), ין ץ הימ at the end of days’ (Dan. 12.13), the‘ ל ק

virtual form of which is הימים.

II.L.1.5.15.

Samekh interchanges with ṣade in the same place of articulation,

as in נתסו ‘they have broken’ (Job 30.13)— תצו they broke’ (2‘ נ

Kings 25.10, etc.). It is also said that ס .he will cut’ (Ezek‘ יקוס

17.9) is in place of יקוצץ.

II.L.1.5.16.

It is said that ʿayin interchanges with ḥet, as in עושו ‘hasten’ (Joel

.חושו—(4.11

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73II.L.1.5.

II.L.1.5.12.

במכמש מק כליו יפקיד למכמש מתל בבא ינבדל אללמאד

וקאלו אן והיה כי יאשם לאחת מאלה אנה מקאם באחת והדין 375

מן מחלין ומן מחל ואחד וירכתו על צידון קאלו אנה מקאם עד

צידון

II.L.1.5.13.

ואלמים קיל אנה ינבדל בבא והו מן מחל ואחד אכן בגדה אשה מרעה מקאם ברעה

II.L.1.5.14.

הימין קץ מלכין למלכים מתל במים מחלין מן ינבדל אלנון 380

תקדירה הימים

II.L.1.5.15.

בצדי מן מחל ואחד נתסו נתצו וקיל אן יקוסס אלסמאך ינבדל מקאם יקוצץ

II.L.1.5.16.

אלעין קיל אנה ינבדל בחית מתל עושו חושו

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II.L.1.5.17.

Pe interchanges with bet from the same place of articulation in

ף ח ר ס sweeping rain’ (Prov. 28.3), which is said to be in place‘ מט

of סוחב. Likewise it is said that י ף אביר Your warriors have‘ נסח

been dragged away’ (Jer. 46.15) is in place of נסחב. An example

from two places of articulation is said to be פו ’they shake‘ ירופ

(Job 26.11) in place of ירוחפו from חפו .they shake’ (Jer. 23.9)‘ ר

II.L.1.5.18.

It is said that ṣade interchanges with samekh in the same place

of articulation, as in חמוץ בגדים ‘blood red of garments’ (Isa.

63.1).

II.L.1.5.19.

It is said that qof interchanges with kaf in the same place of

articulation, as in קובע ‘helmet’ (1 Sam. 13.38, etc.)—כובע

‘helmet’ (1 Sam. 17.5, etc.).

II.L.1.5.20.

It is said that resh interchanges with kaf, as in ים שרת־מ ח

‘darkness of water’ (2 Sam. 22.12)—ים ’darkness of water‘ חשכת־מ

(Psa. 18.12).

II.L.1.5.21.

Shin interchanges with samekh in the same place of articulation

in ין ם הע shut of eye’ (Num. 24.3, etc.), which is in place of‘ שת

ים from סתום ם הדבר shut up the words’ (Dan. 12.4). Its‘ סת

interpretation as ‘placed’ is not plausible. This is because ם is שת

a conjoined passive participle. The disjoined form would be

or שתום and its imperative would have to be ,שמור ,זכור like ,שתם

This would lead to the conclusion that there is a root letter .שתם

mem in the lexical class of ‘placing’, but this is not the case,

because (we see from examples such as) ערה תו הש ת ש They‘ ש

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75II.L.1.5.

II.L.1.5.17.

מקאם אנה קיל סוחף מטר בבא ואחד מחל מן ינבדל אלפא 385

סוחב וכדלך נסחף אביריך קיל אנה מקאם נסחב ומן מחלין קיל

ירופפו מקאם ירוחפו מן רחפו

II.L.1.5.18.

אלצדי קיל אנה ינבדל בסמאך מן מחל ואחד מתל חמוץ בגדים

II.L.1.5.19.

קובע מתל בכף ואחד מחל מן (L3:16v) ינבדל אנה קיל אלקוף כובע 390

II.L.1.5.20.

אלריש קיל אנה ינבדל בכף מתל חשרת מים חשכת

II.L.1.5.21.

סתום מק העין שתום והו בסמאך ואחד מחל מן ינבדל אלשין

מן סתום הדברים ואלדי פסרה מגעול מא הו תפסיר קריב ודלך

שמור זכור מתל שתום יכון ואלמכרת מצאף מפעול שתום אן

ויגב אן יכון אמרה שתום או שתם והדא יודי אלי אן יכון פי לגה 395

שתו שת קו לאן כדלך אלאמר וליס אצלי מים אלאגעאל

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76 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

placed (themselves) at the gate’ (Isa. 22.7), ם ים פיה They‘ שתו בשמ

set their mouths against the heavens’ (Psa. 73.9), תה ל ש כ

יו חת־רגל ,You have put everything under his feet’ (Psa. 8.7)‘ ת

(that) all forms from the lexical class of ‘placing’ lack mem.

II.L.1.5.22.

It is said that tav interchanges with ʾalef, as in ח תרזה ואלון He‘ ויק

took a cedar tree and an oak’ (Isa. 44.14), which is in place of

cedar’ (Zeph. 2.14). This is a short sample of the‘ ארזה

interchange of letters.

II.L.1.6. Chapter concerning the In uence of the Four

Letters ʾalef, vav, yod and he, I mean אויה, on the Six

Letters בגדכפתWhen one of these four is at the end of a word and the word is

conjoined with what follows it by the accent, and the second

word begins with one of the letters בגדכפת, this letter is

pronounced light with rafe, as in חם ה פת־ל and I shall fetch‘ ואקח

a morsel of bread’ (Gen. 18.5), י באפם .for in their anger’ (Gen‘ כ

ה ,(49.6 ר רחק לה ,or on a far journey’ (Num. 9.10)‘ או בד א

וסקלתו ,These are the sons of Ephraim’ (Num. 26.35)‘ בני־אפרים .and you shall stone him to death with stones’ (Deut‘ באבנים

י דבר־יהוה ,(13.11 ,and the word of the Lord was’ (1 Kings 17.2‘ ויה

etc.), and very many similar examples of what is not disjoined

from the (preceding) accent. In every case where there is no

disjunction from the (preceding) accent in this way, the בגדכפת

letters are light, with rafe.

II.L.1.7. Section (on Deviations from the General Rule)

II.L.1.7.1.

The cases that deviate from what I have stated are nine

exceptions to the rule concerning which there is, to my

knowledge, no disagreement. I shall exclude from the discussion

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77II.L.1.5. – II.L.1.7.

השערה שתו בשמים פ כל שתה תחת רג כל לגה אלאגעאל מא

פיהא מים

II.L.1.5.22.

ארזה בק ויקח תרזה ואלון מקאם באלף קיל אנה ינבדל אלתו פהדא טרף מן אבתדאל אלחרוף באכתצאר 400

.II.L.1.6 (L1:14r) באב פי מא תותרה אלארבעה חרוף והי אלאלף

ואלואו ואליוד ואלהא אעני אויה פי סתה חרוף בגדכפת אלכלמה וכאנת כלמה אכר פי אחדהא כאן אדא אלד הדה

אלתאניה אלכלמה וכאנת באללחן בעדהא מא אלי מצאפה

אולהא אחד חרוף בגדכפת כרג דלך אלחרף מרפיא כפיפא כק 405

בני־אפרים ל א רחוק ר בד או באפם י כ חם פת־ל ה ואקח

גדא כתיר דלך ואמתאל בר־ייי י ויה (L1:14v) באבנים וסקלתו

עלי אללחן מן ינפצל לא מא פכל אללחן מן ינפצל לא ממא

הדא אלמנהאג תכון חרוף בגדכפת מרפיה כפיפה

.II.L.1.7 פצל 410

II.L.1.7.1.

אלדי כרג ען מא דכרת תסעה כואסר ממ[א ל]ם יכתלף פיהא

מא אן דאך אלדכר פי פיה אכתלף מא אפרד ואנא עלמי עלי

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78 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

cases concerning which there is disagreement. This is because

when there is no disagreement about a case, the reader cannot

change anything, but when disagreement has occurred

concerning a case, the reader makes a choice. He reads

whatever variant he wishes. Nobody who may wish to reject it

is able to reject it, since he would be rejecting something

concerning which there is disagreement, involving one (reading)

and an alternative. He (the reader) may read the one reading or

the two alternatives (i.e. with dagesh or rafe) interchangeably.

So long as this is the situation, a rule cannot be xed. A rule can

only be xed for something concerning which there are no

disagreements. Cases concerning which there is no disagreement

include, as far as I can see, the following nine exceptions to the

rule: ʾoghera, di-fsiq, di-dhḥiq, ʾathe me-raḥiq, mappiq he, mappiq

vav, mappiq yod, two identical letters, bet and pe.

II.L.1.7.2.

As for ʾoghera, this is the ‘collection’ of only seven words.

People, however, often add to them what does not belong to

them, and introduce variant readings with regard to them. What

is contained in this exception to the rule are four words in the

song ושע ה :These are .(’Exod. 14.30, ‘the Song of the Sea) וי גאה He has triumphed gloriously’ (Exod. 15.1, 21), which Moses‘ גא

said, and the twin phrase that Miriam said, בן They are as‘ ידמו כא

still as a stone’ (Exod. 15.16), כה י כמ .Who is like you?’ (Exod‘ מ

15.11). In this song there is one word that one may think is

analogous to these four, but it is not the case, rather there is

disagreement concerning it. This is לת the people whom‘ עם־זו גא

you have redeemed’ (Exod. 15.13). There are only these four in

the song that belong to the exceptional group ʾoghera. In the

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79II.L.1.7.

לם יכתלף פיה לא יקדר אלקאר יגייר מנה שיא ואלדי חצל פיה

אלכלף אלקאר מכייר אי אלאכתלאף אראד קרי ולא יתסע למן

אן לה וכלאפה אלואחד אלכלף ירד לאן ירד אן עליה ירד 415

הדא כאן פמא אלבדל סביל עלי אלכלאפין יקרא או יקראה

לם מא אלאצול מן ינצבט ואנמא אצלא בה ינצבט לא חאלה

הדה הי טני עלי כלאף פיה וקע מא פאלדי כלף פיה יקע

יק · אתא מרחק · מפק יק · דדח ה · דפס יר אלתסעה כואסר או

הא · מפק ואו · מפק יוד · חרפין מתראדפין · בא ופא 420

II.L.1.7.2.

ואלנאס פקט כלם לסבעה אלגאמעה פהי אלאוגירה פאמא

אלכלף פיהא וידכלו מנהא ליס מא עליהא יציפו <מא> כתיר

והי ויושע שירת פי לפטאת ארבע אלכאסרה הדה פי ואלדי

מרים קאלתה אלדי וחבירו משה קאלה אלדי ה גא ה גא (L1:15r)

כה ופי אלשירה לפטה ואחדה ממא יטן אנהא י כמ בן מ ידמו כא 425

לת תגרי מגרי אלד וליס אלאמר כדלך בל הי כלף והי עם זו גא

ואלארבע אלד הדה סוא אוגירה כאסרה מן אלשירה פי וליס

L1 422 מא1] ממא

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80 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

rst four books there is nothing, except that there is what may

be imagined belongs to the exceptional group, but it is not the

case, rather there is disagreement concerning it, viz. ם׀ ויעש ירבעה־עשר דש השמיני בחמש ג בח and Jeroboam appointed a feast in‘ ח

the eighth month on the fteenth (day)’ (1 Kings 12.32). There

is disagreement concerning the bet in ה In Isaiah there is .בחמש

one word from the ʾoghera group, viz. דכד י כ and I shall‘ ושמת

make (your pinnacles) of agate’ (Isa. 54.12), in Jeremiah, viz.

ל לכ יתי כ and I am weary of holding it in’ (Jer. 20.9) and in‘ ונלא

Daniel ין ה כחכמת־אלה ’and wisdom like wisdom of the gods‘ וחכמ

(Dan. 5.11). These seven aforementioned cases are called

ʾoghera. As for בריא דתבריא the counselors, the‘ אדרגזריא גד

treasurers, the justices’ (Dan. 3.2, 3), א פסנתרין ’trigon, harp‘ סבכ

(Dan. 3.5), they are cases of disagreement. I do not know for

what reason this group of (seven) exceptional cases breaks the

rule of the letters אויה. I have only documented them by

listening to the transmitters of the reading.

II.L.1.7.3.

The second type of case that breaks the rule is di-fsiq (i.e. ‘what

is paused’). Whenever paseq comes between one of the letters

have no in אויה the letters ,בגדכפת and the letters אויה uence, because they only have in uence when there is nothing cutting

(them o from what follows). The paseq cuts (them o ) in a way

and so this is the reason why the rule of אויה is not observed, as

in עשו׀ כלה ‘they have done completely’ (Gen. 18.21), ה יוסף יהו May the Lord add to his people (a hundred times as‘ על־עמו׀ כהם

many) as them’ (1 Chron. 21.3). There is no exception at all to

this type of case that breaks the rule. Whenever a paseq occurs,

the rule of אויה is broken.

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81II.L.1.7.

יתוהם מא פיהא אן גיר שי מנהא פיהא מא אלאולה אספאר

חג ירבעם׀ ויעש כלף הו בל כדלך אלאמר וליס מנהא אנה

ופי כלף בחמשה פי אלבא פאן עשר בחמשה השמיני בחדש 430

ירמיה ופי כדכוד י ושמת והי ואחדה לפטה אוגירה מן ישעיה

אלסבעה פהדה אלהין כחכמת וחכמה ופי דניאל ל כלכ י ונלאת

כאן מא ואמא ירה או אלמסמאה והי דכרהא תקדם אלדי

עלמת ומא כלף פהו <פסנתרין> דתבריא גדבריא אדרגזריא

ואנמא אלאויה שרט עלי אלכאסרה הדה כסרת עלה לאי 435

נאכדהא מן אהל אלקראה סמעא

II.L.1.7.3.

אלאויה חרף בין אלפסק חצל מא כל דפסיק אלב אלכאסרה

אנמא לאן תאתיר ללאויה יכון לם בגדכפת חרוף אחד ובין

פצארת וגה עלי קטע ואלפסק יקטע מא יכון לם אדא תותר

עשו׀ כק אלאויה שרט מעהא יתבת לא אלעלה הדה (L1:15v) 440

אסתתני אלכאסרה הדה עלי וליס כהם עמו׀ על ייי יוסף כלה

בתה פכל מא חצל אלפסק כסר שרט אלאויה

L1 434 פסנתרין] פסנתרין פסנטרין

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82 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.7.4.

The third type of case that breaks the rule is di-dhḥiq (i.e. ‘what

is compressed’). Know that this breaking of the rule consists of

what is compressed with regard to the rule regarding them (i.e.

the letters אויה), and that is why they say di-dhḥiq. The meaning

of di-dhḥiq is that between the accent that is in the word

containing one of the אויה letters and a בגדכפת letter there is a

vowel and this vowel is not dwelt upon or prolonged in

pronunciation. On account of this compression (of the vowel)

the rule of the אויה is broken, as in ם ידה ב that I may call to‘ ואע

witness against them’ (Deut. 31.28), והגית בו ‘you shall meditate

on it’ (Josh. 1.8) and similar cases. The compression may occur

in a word that does not have an accent but is a small word, as in

ר י ,whatever (your soul) says’ (1 Sam. 20.4)‘ מה־תאמ This is‘ זה־בנ

my son’ (1 Kings 3.23), רי ,What, my son?’ (Prov. 31.2)‘ מה־ב

ה ה־תעש and what will you do?’ (Josh. 7.9), and other cases. If‘ ומ

it is said that this condition may hold for אויה and בגדכפת but its

e ect does not come about, namely dagesh, as in נו בו ר הורדת אש

‘through which you let us down’ (Josh. 2.18), ם עוד רו יה ב ולא־ה‘and there was no longer any spirit in them’ (Josh. 5.1), תי ראה נת

 ד See, I have given into your hand’ (Josh. 6.2), and the‘ בי

vowel that you mentioned in ם ידה ב is present in והגית בו and ואע

נו בו and dagesh does not occur in the bet, the response הורדת

should be that the di erence between what you mentioned (and

the cases with compression) is that the vowel that is after the

accent in ם ידה ב does not have an exhalation of breath but is ואע

very compressed, but the vowel in נו בו is not compressed הורדת

in the joining (of the words) but is expansive with an exhalation

breath, and is like other (long) vowels, or nearly so. Whoever

examines this closely will perceive the di erence.

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83II.L.1.7.

II.L.1.7.4.

אלציק אלכאסרה הדה אן אעלם דדחיק אלג אלכאסרה

בין יכון אן הו דדחיק ומעני דדחיק קולהם והו פיהא אלשרט

חרף ובין אלאויה חרף פיהא אלדי אלכלמה פי אלדי אלטעם 445

בדלך אלנטק פי יטול ולא יתאנא ולא ואחד מלך כפת בגד

י ואע כקולה אלאויה שרט כסר אלציק הדא פלאגל אלמלך

כלמה פי חאצל אלציק יכון וקד דלך מאתל ומא בו ית וה ם ב

מה־תאמר כק צגירה כלמה תכון אנה גיר טעם פיהא יכון לא

הדה אן קאל פאן דלך גיר אלי תעשה ומה מה־ברי זה־בני 450

והו מעלולהא יחצל ולא ובגדכפת אויה פי תחצל קד אלעלה

תי נ ראה רוח עוד ם ב יה ולא־ה בו נו ת הור אשר כק אלדגש

פאלמלך אלדי דכרתה פי ואעידה בם והגית בו תאבת פי בי

הורדתנו בו ולם יחצל אלדגש פי אלבא קיל לה אלפרק בין מא

בם ואעידה פי (L1:16r) אלטעם בעד אלדי אלמלך אן הו דכרתה 455

פי אלדי אלמלך כדלך וליס גדא מציק הו בל תנפס פיה ליס

הורדתנו בו מציק פי אלנסק בל הו מוסע בתנפס יגרי מגרי מלך

אכר או קריב מנה ומן תאמל דלך וגד אלפרק

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84 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.7.5.

The fourth type of case that breaks the rule is ʾathe me-raḥiq.

This is the opposite of the previous type of case that breaks the

rule, because the latter (i.e. ʾathe me-raḥiq) is on account of what

is far and the former (i.e. di-dhḥiq) is on account of what is near,

and so there is a fundamental di erence between them. This

(i.e. ʾathe me-raḥiq) arises from the fact that due to the distance

of the accent (from the preceding conjunctive accent), one

comes upon it (the accent) like a ballista and so the בגדכפת letter

is pronounced with dagesh, as in י ית לשמ He will build‘ הוא יבנה־ב

a house for my name’ (2 Sam. 7.13), לא ים תעשה־פ Do you‘ הלמת

work wonders for the dead?’ (Psa. 88.11), ה Turn‘ סורה שבה־פ

aside, sit here’ (Ruth 4.1). Also (included in this category) are

cases in which there is no (conjunctive) accent, so (such cases

must be considered) to have a virtual (conjunctive) accent

before them in order to conform to (cases such as) ית הוא יבנה־ב

י ה as in ,לשמ יה ואדרשה־ב ה אל that I may go to her and inquire‘ ואלכ

of her’ (1 Sam. 28.7), and similar cases.

II.L.1.7.6.

The fth type of case that breaks the rule is mappiq he. The

meaning of their term mappiq he is the (consonantal) pronunci-

ation of the he. It is derived from ת א נפק and the decree went‘ ודת

forth’ (Dan. 2.13). This is because when the he is pronounced at

the end of a word, the rule of the אויה letters is broken, as in

קר ה בב ה ,half of it in the morning’ (Lev. 6.13)‘ מחצית ר את וכל־אשית ,and all those who are with her in the house’ (Josh. 6.17)‘ בב

ע ין ארב ה גפ .and it has four wings’ (Dan. 7.6), and similar cases‘ ול

There are no exceptions to this breaking of the rule at all.

II.L.1.7.7.

The sixth type of case that breaks the rule is mappiq vav. This is

because every vav at the end of a word is pronounced according

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85II.L.1.7.

II.L.1.7.5.

אלכאסרה מן באלעכס הדה מרחיק אתא אלד אלכאסרה

פשתאן קרב למא ותיך בעד למא הדה לאן להא אלמתקדמה 460

בינהמא והו אן כמא יבעד אללחן ינצב עליה כאלמנגניק פידגש

לא ־פ תעש ים הלמ לשמי ית יבנה־ב הוא כק כפת בגד חרף

סורה שבה־פה ומא לם יכון פיה אללחן פהו בתקדיר לחן קבלה

ית ואלכה אליה ואדרשה־בה ומתל דלך ליגרי מגרי הוא יבנה־ב

II.L.1.7.6.

כרוג הו הא מפק קולהם מעני הא מפק אלכאמסה אלכאסרה 465

פי וכרג טהר אדא אלהא אן והו נפק ודתא מן ישתק אלהא

קר וכל אשר ה בב אכר אלכלמה כסר שרט אלאויה כקול מחצי

הדה עלי ומא דלך מאתל ומא ארבע ין גפ ולה ית בב ה את

אלכאסרה שיא מסתתנא בתה

II.L.1.7.7.

אלכאסרה אלסאדסה מפק ואו ודאך אן כל ואו פי אכר כלמה 470

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86 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

to the Palestinians as a bet rafe, which breaks the rule of the

יו בתהלה as in ,אויה .his courts with praise’ (Psa (enter)‘ חצרת

אתי ,(100.4 י־קר יו פ I cried aloud to him’ (Psa. 66.17), and‘ אל

similar cases. There are two words that are exceptions to this

breaking of the rule, namely הו ו־ת יה ק ה על He will stretch the‘ ונט

line of confusion over it’ (Isa. 34.11), ו בה The sound‘ וקול המון של

of a carefree multitude was with her’ (Ezek. 23.42). Although

according to the principle of breaking the rule what follows the

two vavs should have had dagesh, this has not occurred.

II.L.1.7.8.

The seventh type of case that breaks the rule is mappiq yod. Take

note that whenever yod occurs at the end of a word and the next

word begins with one of the בגדכפת letters, and ḥireq or ṣere occurs under the letter before the yod, then the rule of אויה is

observed, as in י בנו י בקקום ,Libni his son’ (1 Chron. 6.14)‘ לבנ כ

‘for they have stripped them’ (Nahum 2.3), ים י פלשת the‘ שר

princes of the Philistines’ (1 Sam. 18.30), and similar cases. If

vowels that are di erent from the aforementioned occur under

the aforementioned letter, the yod is strengthened and the rule

of אויה is not observed, as in י תערוצי perhaps you may inspire‘ אול

terror’ (Isa. 47.12), י בנו י ,Jeatherai his son’ (1 Chron. 6.6)‘ יאתר כ

into a‘ לגוי־גדול ועצום ,for what great nation’ (Deut. 4.7)‘ מי־גוי גדול

great and mighty nation’ (Num. 14.12), דש Sinai into the‘ סיני בק

holy place’ (Psa. 68.18). One word is an exception to this

breaking of the rule, namely ם .the Lord in them’ (Psa‘ אדני ב

68.18). What should have occurred according to the principle of

the breaking of the rule is ם with dagesh, because there is אדני ב

no ḥireq or ṣere on the letter before the yod. I do not know for

what reason it contravenes the breaking of the rule.

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87II.L.1.7.

כק אלאויה שרט הו יכסר בבא מרפי אלשאמיין ראי יכרג עלי

ואלדי ואמתאלהמא קראתי (L1:16v) י פ יו אל הלה ב חצרותיו

הו יסתתנא עלי הדה אלכאסרה לפטתין והמא ונטה עליה קו

וקול המון שלו בה פאן כאן יגב עלי אצל אלכאסרה אן יגי מא

בעד אלואוין מדגושא ולם יגי כדלך 475

II.L.1.7.8.

כלמה אכר פי יוד אלכאסרה אלסאבעה מפק יוד אעלם אן כל

ואול אלאכרי מן חרוף בגדכפת ותחת אלחרף אלדי קבל אליוד

י בקקום חרק וא צרי פאן שרט אלאויה יתבת פיה כק לבני בנו כ

סוי אלמדכור אלחרף תחת צאר פאן ד ומת פלשתים י שר

כק אלאויה שרט יתבת ולם אליוד אשתד אלמדכורין אלמלכין 480

ול לגוי גדול ועצום סיני בקדש י תערוצי יאתרי בנו ומי גוי ג אול

וקד ם ב אדני והו ואחדה בלפטה אלכאסרה הדה עלי יסתתני

יגב אן תגי עלי מקתצא אלכאסרה אדני בם דגש לאן ליס תחת

אלחרף אלדי קבל אליוד נקטה ולא נקטתין ומא עלמת לאי עלה

גא מכאלף ללכאסרה 485

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88 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.7.9.

The eighth type of case that breaks the rule is the succession of

two letters. If two bets or kafs, but not the remaining בגדכפת

letters, succeed one another and under the rst of them there is

a shewa, then the rule of אויה is broken, as in ה י בבוא and‘ ויה

when she came’ (Josh. 15.18), הו בבגדו and she caught‘ ותתפש

him by his garment’ (Gen. 39.12), יש א ככרכמ Is it not like‘ הל

Carchemish?’ (Isa. 10.9), and other cases. If a vowel occurs

under the rst of the two instead of shewa, the rule of אויה is

observed, as in יה ה בבתול And he (shall take) a wife in‘ והוא אש

her virginity’ (Lev. 21.13), לו בבהילו They went in haste’ (Ezra‘ אז

4.23), and similar cases.

II.L.1.7.10.

The ninth type of case that breaks the rule is bet and pe. The

statement concerning them is similar to the statement regarding

the preceding type of case that breaks the rule, without there

being any disagreement. This is that when bet is followed by pe

and shewa is below the bet, the rule of אויה is broken, as in

ה בפרעה ,and I will get glory over Pharaoh’ (Exod. 14.4)‘ ואכבד

י מתי בפ י אשר־ש and my words which I have put in your‘ ודבר

mouth’ (Isa. 59.21), and similar cases. If a vowel occcurs instead

of shewa, then the rule of אויה is observed, as in אל־י רא בפלגות ‘He

will not look upon the rivers’ (Job 20.17). I do not know any

exception to this breaking of the rule.

II.L.1.7.11.

Take note that Ben Naftali, and perhaps some of those who

preceded him, had a particular opinion about the dagesh of

seven cases of kaf after ויהי, namely יו אדנ when his‘ ויהי כשמ

master heard’ (Gen. 39.19), י כשמעו .and when he heard’ (Gen‘ ויה

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89II.L.1.7.

II.L.1.7.9.

וכאפין באאין כל מתראדפין חרפין אלתאמנה אלכאסרה

בגדכפת חרוף> <בקיה דון מן אלאכר בעד אלואחד תראדפא

ויהי מתל אלאויה שרט כסר שוא מנהא אלאול תחת וכאן

כאן פאן דלך גיר אלי ככרכמיש הלא בבגדו בבואה ותתפשהו

תחת אלאול מנהמא מא עוץ (L1:17r) מן אלשוא מלך תבת שרט 490

אלאויה כק והוא אשה בבתוליה אזל׳ בבהילו ומא שאכל דלך

II.L.1.7.10.

פי כאלכלאם פיהא אלכלאם ופא בא אלתאסעה אלכאסרה

אלכאסרה אלתי קבלהא מן גיר כלף והו אן כל בא ובעדהא פא

ואכבדה כקול אלאויה שרט כסר שוא אלבא תחת כאן אדא

עוץ צאר פאן ואמתאלהא בפי אשר־שמתי ודברי בפרעה 495

אלשוא מלך תבת שרט אלאויה כק אל ירא בפלגות ומא ערפת

עלי הדה אלכאסרה מסתתני

II.L.1.7.11.

ז דגש פי ראיה ראי קד תקדמה מן ולעל נפתלי בן אן ואעלם

כראותו כראות כשמעו אד כשמ והי ויהי בעד כאפאת

L1 חרף S10:1v (short version) [487 בקיה חרוף

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90 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

ויהי ,and when (the king) saw’ (Esther 5.2)‘ ויהי כראות ,(39.15ם ,and when he saw’ (Jud. 11.35)‘ כראותו and when‘ ויהי כהוציא

they brought (them) out’ (Gen. 18.17), י כמלכו when he‘ ויה

became king’ (1 Kings 15.29), מו י כאשר־ת and when they had‘ ויה

perished’ (Deut. 2.16).7 According to him, each of the seven

cases of kaf that occurs after ויהי in Scripture has dagesh. This is

known from his codices. Others, however, pronounce these rafe.

I do not know for what reason Ben Naftali pronounced them

with dagesh, for those who pronounce them rafe follow the

principle of the in uence of the soft אויה letters on the בגדכפת

letters. The reader, therefore, has two options. Either to read

with the reading of Ben Naftali, in which case he must read all

forms that he (Ben Naftali) reads, whether they be good

readings or di cult readings, or to read with the reading of Ben

Asher, which also is authoritative. If somebody reads what he

deems to be the best reading of this one and of that one, he

would (read) without any rule, because he deviates from the

rationale of each of them.

II.L.1.8. Section (on Further General Issues Relating to אויה)

II.L.1.8.1.

Take note that the criterion of the (rule of) the אויה letters and

the בגדכפת letters should be based on the pronunciation and not

on the writing. This is demonstrated in ק ’and Balak saw‘ וי רא בל

(Num. 22.2). The word וי רא ends in ʾalef, one of the אויה letters,

and (the next word) begins with bet, one of the בגדכפת letters,

but this letter is not pronounced rafe, despite the ʾalef being

adjacent to the bet and their being linked by the accent. The bet

of ק -in pronunci) וי רא occurs with dagesh, since the end of בל

7 The fuller citation י מו ויה י as opposed to simply כאשר־ת in the text כאשר ויה

of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ is given in Kitāb al-Khilaf (ed. Lipschütz, 1965, 19).

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91II.L.1.7. – II.L.1.8.

כהוציאם כמלכו כאשר ענדה אן כל ויהי פי אלמקרא יגי בעדה 500

מדגושה ודלך מערוף תגי כלהא כאפאת אנהא אלז הדה אחד

בן דגשהא עלה לאי ערפת ומא ירפיהא וגירה מצאחפה מן

תאתיר פי אלמוצוע אלאצל עלי משא רפאהא מן לאן נפתלי

אויה אלרפי לחרוף בגדכפת פאלקאר אדן עלי אחד אמרין אמא

אן יקרא קראה בן נפתלי פילזמה אן יקרא גמיע מא יקראה מן 505

מסתחסנאת (L1:17v) ומסתתקלאת ואמא אן יקרא קראה בן אשר

ודלך איצא חכמה ואמא מן קרא מסתחסנאת הדא והדא פאנה

יבקא בלא שרט לאנה יכרג ען עלה הדא והדא

.II.L.1.8 פצל

II.L.1.8.1.

אעלם אן אלמעול פי אויה ובגדכפת עלי אללפט לא עלי אלכט 510

מן בא ואולה אויה מן אלף וירא אכר בלק וירא אן דלך יביין

אלבא אלי אלאלף אסתנאד מע רפי אלחרף יגי ולם בגדכפת

לאן מדגוש בלק מן אלבא גא ואנמא באללחן ואכתלאטהמא

לא אללפט עלי אלמעול פצאר אלאלף לא אלריש וירא מחט

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92 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

ation) is the resh not the ʾalef, and the criterion is the pronunci-

ation not the writing. An opposite case is י ית בד and you will‘ ועש

make poles of’ (Exod. 25.13). The last letter of the word ית is ועשtav, but the bet is rafe. The reason for this is that when tav has

qameṣ, it is pronounced with two letters, and if you were to

write ועשיתה in full orthography, it would have he. So the

criterion is the pronunciation. The other cases of the breaking of

the rule are also based on this principle, since this is the

principle that forms the basis for the rule of אויה and בגדכפת.

Surely you see that in או י ב ’and your servants have come‘ ועבד

(Gen. 42.10) the bet occurs with dagesh on account of the

breaking of the rule known as di-dhḥiq.

II.L.1.8.2.

Perhaps somebody may ask why the letters אויה have caused

what is after them to be rafe in accordance with the preceding

discussion. The response could be that this is because these four

letters are the letters of softness and prolongation, as has been

stated by Yaḥyā ibn Dāʾūd the Maghribī, the author of the Book

of Prolongation and Softness, and letters that come after them

that are not one of the letters of softness become soft due to

their proximity. It may also be said that this is a custom adopted

by the people of the language for a good reason known to them,

and the knowledge of this has been transmitted by us and we

read what we have received from the people of the language,

and we should not abandon it until the people of the language

come and we know the function of what they adopted as their

convention. So whoever does not read according to the rule of

is reading incorrectly. Blessed is He who knows בגדכפת and אויה

secrets (cf. Psa. 44.22).

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93II.L.1.8.

לפטה ועשית תו בדי אכר עלי אלכט ובאלעכס מן דלך ועשית 515

מקמוצא כאן אדא אלתו אן דלך פי ואלעלה מרפי אלבא וגא

אדן פאלמעול בהא כאן מלא ועשיתה כתבת ולו בחרפין כרג

הו לאנה אלאצל הדא פי תתם אלכואסר וסאיר אללפט עלי

אלאצל אלדי בני ללאויה ובגדכפת אלי תרי אלי ק ועבדיך באו

אן אלבא [יגי] מדגוש מן כאסרה דדחיק 520

II.L.1.8.2.

בעדהא מא תרפי כאנת לם אויה על חרוף [יס]אל ולעל סאיל

הדה כאנת למא אן יגאב אן פימכן אלמדכורה אלשרוח עלי

בן יחיי דכרה מא עלי ואלמד אללין חרוף הי חרוף אלארבע

מא פילין ואללין אלמד כתאב צאחב (L1:18r) אלמגרבי דאווד

אן יקאל ללמגאורה וימכן אללין מן חרוף ליס הו ממא בעדהא 525

איצא אן הדא אצטלאח אצטלחו עליה אהל אללגה לגרץ צחיח

עלמוה הם ואנשד ענא נחן עלמה פנחן נקרא מא תסלמנאה מן

פאידה פנעלם אללגה אהל יגו אן אלי נכליה ולא אללגה אהל

כאן ובגדכפת אויה שרט בגיר קרא פמן עליה אצטלחו מא

לאחנא וברוך יודע תעלומות 530

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94 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.9. Chapter concerning Letters that Occur in Three

Grades

II.L.1.9.1.

Take note that just as there are among the letters those that

when they are adjacent to another letter, the latter makes them

light with rafe, likewise among the letters are those that occur in

three grades with regard to heaviness and lightness. The rst grade is lightening. The second is the normal dagesh. The third is

the major dagesh. This includes the tav.

II.L.1.9.2.

Take note that the tav, unlike the other letters, may occur rafe,

as in ער י הש and rooms of the gate’ (Ezek. 40.10); it may‘ ותא

occur with dagesh, as in שת חת הנח .instead of bronze’ (Isa‘ ת

י זהב ,(60.17 ornaments of gold’ (Cant. 1.11); and it may‘ תור

occur with major dagesh. The latter includes three tavs: ה וישימ ,He made it an eternal heap of ruins’ (Josh. 8.28)‘ תל־עולם

יו יו וגנזכ ת את־ב ,and its houses and its treasuries’ (1 Chron. 28.11)‘ ו

תהון תל and these three men’ (Dan. 3.23). I do not‘ וגבריא אל

know anybody who di ers (in reading) with regard to these

three tavs. As for the form בתים, there were di erences (of

reading) with regard to it.

II.L.1.9.3.

Take note that the Tiberians said that they have a resh that is

not read (in the same way) by anybody else. It is likely that the

climate of their town caused this. It has the same status as the

tav in the word בתים according to the view of Ben Naftali, who

gives it a grade in between two grades.

II.L.1.9.4.

The resh in their tradition is associated with speci c letters, just

as the בגדכפת are associated with the letters אויה, namely דזצתטס

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95II.L.1.8. – II.L.1.9.

.II.L.1.9 באב פי מא יגי מן אלחרוף עלי תלאתה מנאזל

II.L.1.9.1.

אעלם אן כמא גא פי אלחרוף מא אדא אסתנד אלי גירה כפפה

אלתקל פי מנאזל ג עלי יגי מא אלחרוף פי כדאך ורפאה

אלג אלמעהוד אלדגש אלב אלתכפיף אלא אלמנזלה ואלכפה

אלדגש אלכביר והו אלתו 535

II.L.1.9.2.

אי השער אעלם אן אלתו מן דון סאיר אלחרוף קד יגי רפי כק ו

וקד יגי דגש כקול תחת הנחשת תורי זהב וקד יגי דגש כביר והו

אלך וגבריא וגנזכיו ובתיו תל־עולם ה וישימ תאואת תלת

תהון פהדה אלתלת תאואת מא ערפת מן כאלף פיהא ואמא תל

לשון בתים פקד אכתלף (L1:18v) פיה 540

II.L.1.9.3.

גירהם יקראה לא ריש להם אן דכרו אלטבראניין אן ואעלם

לשון פי אלתו מגרי יגרי והו יפעלה בלדהם הוא אן ואלקריב

בתים עלי ראי בן נפתלי אלדי יגעלה הו מנזלה בין מנזלתין

II.L.1.9.4.

אויה חרוף לבגדכפת כמא מכצוצה חרוף לה ענדהם פאלריש קבל תעמל מנהא חרפאן חרוף אלח פהדה לן דזצתטס והי 545

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96 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

and לן. Two of these eight letters operate both before the resh

and after it, namely לן, and the six other letters before the resh.

The eight letters a ect the resh only when shewa is under it or

(when shewa is) under the eight letters that are speci c to it.

II.L.1.9.5.

The light resh in their tradition is (in words) such as ה ם המרכב רת

‘Harness the chariot!’ (Micah 1.13), ילה יסי ל ’drops of the night‘ רס

(Cant. 5.2), בת המשנה .in his second chariot’ (Gen. 41.43)‘ במרכ

Such cases and similar ones are their normal pronunciation of

the letter, for they consider it to be the light resh.

II.L.1.9.6.

The major resh in their tradition are cases such as הראיתם ‘Have

you seen?’ (2 Kings 6.32), ה ,to irritate her’ (1 Sam. 1.6)‘ הרעמ

and the like.

II.L.1.9.7.

The grade between two grades (of the resh) where dalet precedes

it are cases such as י ציון דרכו ,the roads to Zion’ (Lam. 1.4)‘ דרכ

‘his way’ (Gen. 24.21), לדראון ‘to contempt’ (Dan. 12.2). Cases

with zayin are יף ל ,dripping’ (Psa. 72.6)‘ זרז any of his‘ מזרעו למ

o spring to Molech’ (Lev. 20.2), ק .He scatters’ (Isa. 28.25)‘ יזר

Cases with ṣade are ף ף ,the crucible’ (Prov. 17.3)‘ מצר as‘ כצר

testing’ (Zech. 13.9), ת רפ .as far as Zarephath’ (Obd. 1.20)‘ עד־צ

Cases of tav are י ה ,you spread out’ (Job 37.18)‘ תר ק and‘ ותראל

Taralah’ (Josh. 18.27), י .you will (not) cause to breed’ (Lev‘ תרב

19.19). Cases of ṭet are י צמחה all the leaves of its‘ כל־טרפ

sprouting’ (Ezek. 17.9), יכסוף לטרוף ‘He is eager to tear’ (Psa.

the rains of his strength’ (Job 37.6). A case‘ מטרות עזו ,(17.12

with samekh is יו רעפת its boughs’ (Ezek. 31.5). Cases with‘ ס

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97II.L.1.9.

והדא אלריש קבל מן חרוף ואלסתה לן והמא ובעדה אלריש אלריש אלמדכור לא תותר פיה חרופה אלח אלא אן יכון תחתה

שוא או תחת חרופה אלח [אל]מכצוצה בה

II.L.1.9.5.

לילה רסיסי המרכבה רתם מתל להם אלדי אלכפיף פאלריש

במרכבת המשנה פהדא ומא שאכלה מא כלאמהם עליהא לאן 550

הדא ענדהם הו אלריש אלכפיף

II.L.1.9.6.

ואלריש אלכביר ענדהם הו הראיתם הרעימה ואמתאלהמא

II.L.1.9.7.

ואלמנזלה בין מנזלתין ממא קבלה [אלד]אל כק דרכי ציון דרכו

מצרף אלצדי <יזרוק> למולך מזרעו זרזיף ואלזאי לדראון

[כ]צרוף עד צרפת אלתו תרקיע ותראלה תרביע טית כל טרפי 555

אללמאד סרעפותיו אלסמאך עזו מטרות לטרוף יכסוף צמחה

L1 554 יזרוק] יזרוק אל יסוד

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98 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

lamed are ץ .to graze’ (1 Sam‘ לרעות ,to wash’ (Gen. 24.32)‘ לרח

ם ,(17.15 רצנכ ’for his favour‘ לרצנו ,for your favour’ (Lev. 19.5)‘ ל

(Lev. 1.3). Cases with nun are סרני ‘rulers of’ (Josh. 13.3), י נרד‘my nard’ (Cant. 1.12). They call these cases and similar ones a

grade (of resh) between two grades, namely (the grades of)

dagesh and rafe. Whoever investigates this carefully (will see

that) it is as they say, since the di erence is clear between the

resh of ם יסי and רת and (the resh) that is adjacent to the eight רס

letters (preceding it) when they have shewa under them or when

shewa is under it. Its heaviness is clear compared to the lightness

of the resh of ם .and the like רת

II.L.1.9.8.

It has been stated previously that I do not know anything that I

can report about the zāy makrūkh. I only mentioned it so that it

be known that letters have di erent attributes and because

speech is dependent on letters.

II.L.1.10. (Conjugations)

Take note that the people of the language made the

conjugations of the language in four categories: from one root

letter, such as הכה ‘hit’ and the like, from two letters, such as בנה

‘build’ and the like, from three letters, such as שמר and the like

and from four letters, such as כרבל ‘wrap’, and the like. A letter

may also change position in a word with the result that its

meaning changes. I shall mention here the phenomenon of

change of position in one word as an example: ערב with three

letters from ‘becoming evening’, איש ב ל .sweet to a man’ (Prov‘ ער

20.17) from the lexical class of ‘delight’, ד ב כב ’heavy swarm‘ ער

(Exod. 8.20) from the lexical class of ‘mixing’, ב למינו (every)‘ ער

raven according to its kind’ (Lev. 11.15), a bird, ב ב ואת־זא את־ער

‘Oreb and Zeeb’ (Jud. 7.25), the name of a man. When you

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99II.L.1.9. – II.L.1.10.

פהדה נרדי סרני אלנון לרצונו לרצונכם לרעות לרחוץ

והמא מנזלתין בין מנזלה יסמונהא ואשבאההא אלאמתאל

אלדגש ואלרפי ומן תאמל דלך כאן כמא דכרו אד (L1:19r) אלפרק

חרוף אלח להדה ללמגאור רסיסי וריש רתם ריש בין טאהר 560

אדא כאן תחתהא או תחתה שוא ותקלה טאהרא ענד כפה ריש

רתם ומא מאתלה

II.L.1.9.8.

שיא פיה ערפת מא אלמכרוך אלזאי אן אלקול תקדם וקד ולאן אחכאם ללחרוף אן ליערף דכרתה ואנמא אדכרה

אלכלאם מתעלק באלחרוף 565

II.L.1.10.

ארבעה עלי אללגה תצאריף געלו אללגה אהל אן ואעלם (L3:8r)

מתל חרפין ומן ונחוה הכה מתל אצלי ואחד חרף מן אקסאם

ונחוה כרבל מתל ד ומן ונחוה שמר מתל ג ומן ונחוה בנה

מעאניהא ותתגאיר אללפטה פי תתקלב קד איצא ואלחרף

ג ערב נמודגא לתכון ואחדה לפטה אלתקליב גנס מן פאדכר 570

ערב כבד מן (L3:8v) לאיש מן לגה אללדה ערב חרוף מן אלגרוב

ואדא רגל אסם וזאב ערב טאיר למינו ערב אלאכתלאט לגה

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100 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

change the position of their letters, they become רע .Bera’ (Gen‘ ב

14.2), the name of a man, רבע ‘a quarter’, בער ‘stupidity’ from

(the lexical class) of ‘being stupid’, from ע א יד ער ל יש־ב The‘ א

stupid man does not know’ (Psa. 92.7), י יבער־איש when (a‘ כ

man) causes (a eld or vineyard) to be grazed over’ (Exod. 22.4)

from the lexical class of ‘trampling, befouling with dung’,

He ignited re’ (Jud. 15.5) from the lexical class of‘ ויבער־אש

‘kindling and setting re’, and ע ערת הר and you will remove‘ וב

the evil’ (Deut. 13.6, etc.) from the lexical class of ‘removing’.

II.L.1.11. Chapter concerning the Occurrence of Letters for

the Sake of Enhancement

II.L.1.11.1.

Take note that you do not nd in the Bible a word that consists

of less than two letters, as, for example, א ‘surely, but’, כי ‘for,

when’, בו ‘in it’, מן ‘from’, על ‘upon’, מי ‘who’. A word may

consist of three letters, for example, שמר ‘keep’, זכר ‘remember’,

,’wrap‘ כרבל pass’. It may consist of four letters, for example‘ עבר

from ל יד מכרב .and David was wrapped’ (1 Chron. 15.27)‘ ודו

Expressions may be constructed from ve up to eleven letters.

We have not found more than that number. This is found in only

three words: ן .and in their abominations’ (Ezek‘ ובתועבותיה

,according to your deeds’ (Ezek. 20.44)‘ וכעלילותיכם ,(16.47

and the satraps’ (Esther 9.3). It has been said that it‘ והאחשדרפנים

would have been possible for the people of the language to use

twelve letters in the expression ומתעצומותיכם ‘and from your

strength’ (cf. ותעצמות ‘and strength’ Psa. 68.35) and other

expressions according as the need may have arisen. As for words

of two letters, when you move the rst to the (position of) the

last and the last to the (position of) the rst, they turn out to be

a functional part of speech consisting of two parts, for example,

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101II.L.1.10. – II.L.1.11.

אקלבתהא גת ברע אסם רגל [ר]בע רבע בער מן אלתגאהל מן

איש בער לא ידע כי יבער איש מן לגה אלתבאער ויבער אש מן

לגה אלאחראק ואלאשעאל ובערת הרע מן לגה אלנפי 575

.II.L.1.11 באב פי מא יגי מן אלחרוף ללתפכים

II.L.1.11.1.

אעלם אן כלמה פי אלמקרא אקל מן חרפין לא תגד מתל אך כי

בו מן על מי ותכון מן ג כק שמר זכר עבר ותכון מן ד כרבל מן

ודוד מכרבל ותנבני אלאלפאט מן ה ומא זאד אלי יא ומא וגדנא

וכעלילותיכם ובתועבותיהן פקט אלפאט ג והו דלך מן אזיד 580

יב אללגה אהל יסתעמלו אן ימכן אן קיל וקד והאחשדרפנים

תדעוהם ממא דלך וגיר ומתעצומותיכם לפטה פי חרפא

אלחאגה אליה ומא כאן מן אלכלם מן חרפין אדא נקלת אלאול

כלאמא אלקסמין עלי תכון אלאול אלי ואלאכיר אלאכיר אלי

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102 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

—’he measured‘ כל ,’he came‘ בא—’father‘ אב ’Gad‘ גד ,’to you‘ ל

‘ דג— sh’, חם ‘heat’— end’, and similar‘ קץ—’pour‘ צק ,’brain‘ מ

cases.

II.L.1.11.2.

An expression consisting of two or more letters may be

enhanced. Enhancement includes various di erent types. A noun

that is enhanced by he, as in עצמון ‘Azmon’—עצמונה ‘to Azmon’

(Josh. 15.4), דביר ‘Devir’—רה בבל ,to Devir’ (Josh. 10.38, etc.)‘ דב

‘Babylon’—לה to Babylon’ (2 Kings 20.17, etc.) is one type. A‘ בב

second type is where a feminine noun ending in he is enhanced

by tav, for example סופה ‘storm’—תה עיפה ,storm’ (Hos. 8.7)‘ סופ

‘darkness’—תה —’salvation‘ ישועה ,darkness’ (Job 10.22)‘ עיפ

תה שוע salvation’ (Psa. 3.3, etc.), and similar cases. It may be‘ י

said that in ימה—מצרים ירושל to Egypt’ (Gen. 46.3, etc.) and‘ מצרמה— to Jerusalem’ (1 Kings 10.2, etc.) that the he at the‘ ירושל

end of the word is in place of אל ‘to’. A verb may also be

enhanced with he, as in א ח־נ חה—pardon’ (Num. 14.19)‘ סל סל

‘pardon’ (Dan. 9.19), שמע ‘hear’— עה שוב ,hear’ (Dan. 9.19)‘ שמ

‘return’—ה ה—’arise‘ קום ,return’ (Num. 10.36, etc.)‘ שוב ’arise‘ קומ

(Num. 10.35, etc.).

II.L.1.11.3.

In ected nouns may be enhanced by yod, for example י ישב the‘ ה

one sitting’ (Psa. 123.1), י .the one who changes’ (Psa‘ ההפכ

י ,(114.8 מגביה י ,the one who makes high’ (Psa. 113.5)‘ ה משפיל ה

‘the one who makes low’ (Psa. 113.6). Feminine nouns may also

be enhanced by yod, as in יכי ,your diseases’ (Psa. 103.3)‘ תחלא

יכי .your life’ (Psa. 103.4)‘ חי יכי ,your youth’ (Psa. 103.5)‘ נעור

Nouns may also be enhanced by vav, for example ר the son‘ בנו בע

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103II.L.1.11.

קץ צק מח חם דג גד לך כל בא אב מתל (L3:10r) מסתעמלא 585

ואמתאל דלך

II.L.1.11.2.

פאללפט אלדי הו מן חרפין ומא זאד יפכם ואלתפכים עלי וגוה

דביר דבירה עצמון עצמונה מתל באלהא יפכם פאלאסם אלדי

יפכם קד בהא מונת אלאסם כאן אדא והו ב וגה בבלה בבל

בת[ו] מתל סופה סופתה עיפה עיפתה ישועה ישועתה ואמתאל 590

אן מצרים מצרימה ירושלם ירושלמה אן אלהא דלך וקד יקאל

מתל איצא באלהא יפכם ואלפעל אל מקאם אלאסם אכר פי

סלח נא סלחה שמע שמעה שוב שובה קום קומה

II.L.1.11.3.

ההופכי הישבי באליוד תפכם פקד אלמתצרפה ואלאסמא

המגביהי המשפילי ואלאסמא אלמונתה קד תפכם איצא באליוד 595

מתל תחלואיכי נעוריכי חייכי ואלאסמא איצא תפכם בואו מתל

L1:20v 589 וגה] ווגה

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104 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

of Beor’ (Num. 24.3, etc.), רץ יתו־א .beasts of the earth’ (Gen‘ ח

ים ,(1.24 .into a spring of water’ (Psa. 114.8)‘ למעינו־מ

II.L.1.11.4.

Functional particles may be enhanced by yod, for example

שור ועלי־נבל לי־ע ’on a ten-stringed instrument and on a harp‘ ע

(Psa. 92.4), עד ‘until’—עדי ‘until’. Functional particles may also

be enhanced by mem and vav, for example י ם במו־פ I‘ אאמצכ

strengthen you with my mouth’ (Job 16.5), the virtual form of

which is י ,בפי ם במו ראש ליכ יעה ע ’and I shake my head at you‘ ואנ

(Job 16.4), the virtual form of which is י־תל במו־אש ,בראשי כ

‘when you walk through re’ (Isa. 43.2), the virtual form of

which is באש. The same is found in the middle of words, for

example כמוהם ‘like them’—ם .like them’ (2 Kings 17.15)‘ כה

II.L.1.11.5.

Take note that somebody who has discussed enhancement has

stated that נו י אהוד ’and with my song I give thanks to him‘ ומשיר

(Psa. 28.7) is enhanced by he, and that if it was not enhanced, it

would have been אודנו. Likewise he has stated he saves’ is‘ יושי

enhanced to י יודו he saves’ (1 Sam. 17.47, etc.), and also‘ יהוש‘they praise you’— הוד they praise you’ (Psa. 45.18). The‘ י

situation is not, however, as he states, because the imperative

forms are הודה and and it is the rule that the (pre הוש xed) letter of the future is attached to the imperatives of active verbs,

so in the forms נו ,אהוד י הוד and יהוש the he is part of the basic י

structure and it is not a he of enhancement. Since, however, the

people of the language regarded this as heavy, they elided the

hes in such forms, in order to make the word lighter. You will

nd this explained in the books of the grammarians.

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105II.L.1.11.

בנו בעור חייתו ארץ למעינו מים

II.L.1.11.4.

עדי עד נבל ועלי עשור עלי מתל באליוד אלכואדם ותפכם

פי במו אאמצכם מתל וואו במאם אלכואדם איצא ותפכים

תקדירה בפי ואניעה עליכם במו ראשי תקדירה בראשי כי תלך 600

במו אש תקדירה באש ומתל דלך פי וסט אלכלאם כמוהם כהם

II.L.1.11.5.

ואעלם אן מן תכלם פי אלתפכים קאל אן ומשירי (L3:10v) אהודנו

יפכם הו מפכם בהא ולו לם יפכם כאן אודנו ומתלה קאל יושי

וכדלך יודוך יהודוך וליס אלאמר כמא דכר לאן אלאמר יהושי

אלאואמר עלי ידכל אלאסתקבאל חרף חכם ומן הושע הודה 605

אלהא יהודוך יהושיע אהודנו קאל פאדא פאעלה יסמא ממא

דלך אסתתקל למא ואנמא תפכים הא הי פליס מקרהא קרת

אסתכפאפא מאתלהא ממא אלהאאת חדפו אללגה אהל

ללכלאם והדא תגדה פי כתב אללגויין מביינא

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106 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.1.11.6.

Verbs may be enhanced by a vav at the end of the word, for

example מו מפני and you will drive them out from before‘ וגרשת

you’ (Exod. 23.31), the virtual form of which is וגרשתם. Similar

examples are מו חיל והוריד מו ב make them move by your‘ הניע

power, and bring them down’ (Psa. 59.12), רת עזמו י־תפא for‘ כ

(you are) the glory of their strength’ (Psa. 89.18), and further

cases.

II.L.1.12. Section

II.L.1.12.1.

One person who has discussed enhancement has said that

identical successive letters are enhanced in (ways that fall into)

two categories. The rst category is (an enhancement) of a letter

by another identical letter, whereby they become two letters.

The second is (an enhancement) of two letters by two identical

adjacent letters, whereby they become four.

II.L.1.12.2.

Examples of the rst category include the following. Bet: עוד

They still bring forth fruit’ (Psa. 92.15), which does not‘ ינובון

have successive letters, and ב בתלות It will make the maidens‘ ינוב

ourish’ (Zech. 9.17). Gimel: י גו ל that they may hold a feast‘ ויח

for me’ (Exod. 5.1), ים גג :and celebrating’ (1 Sam. 30.16). Dalet‘ וח

א תנוד י בו ,and you should not waver’ (Jer. 4.1)‘ ול י דבר י־מד כ

ד .whenever you spoke of him, you shook your head’ (Jer‘ תתנוד

48.27). He: עש כה מכ has grown dim from anger’ (Job (My eye)‘ ות

ה ,(17.1 ה תכה .be utterly blinded’ (Zech (Let his right eye)‘ כה

11.17). Zayin: זו כסף זזו ,Plunder the silver’ (Nahum 2.10)‘ ב ובם זזיה .and they will plunder those who plunder them’ (Ezek‘ את־ב

39.10). Ḥet: יחה ש ,I will complain’ (Job 7.11, etc.)‘ א I‘ אשוח

muse’ (Psa. 143.5). Ṭet: מוטו מוט ,are shaken’ (Psa. 82.5)‘ י

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107II.L.1.11. – II.L.1.12.

II.L.1.11.6.

וגרשתמו כק בואו אלכלאם אכר פי אלאפעאל תפכם וקד 610

כי והורידמו בחילך הניעמו ומתלה וגרשתם תקדירה מפניך

תפארת עזמו אלי גיר דלך

.II.L.1.12 פצל

II.L.1.12.1.

תפכם אלמתראדפה אלחרוף אן אלתפכים פי תכלם מן קאל

פיצירא מתמאתלין לחרף חרף אלואחד אלקסם קסמין עלי 615

חרפאן אלב חרפין לחרפין מתגאורה פיצירון ארבעה

II.L.1.12.2.

בתולות ינובב מתראדף גיר ינובון עוד אלבא אלאול אלקסם

מדי כי תנוד ולא אלדאל וחוגגים לי ויחגו אלגמאל מתראדף

דבריך בו תתנודד אלהא ותכה מכעס (L1:20v) כהה תכהה אלזאי

בזו כסף ובזזו את בזזיהם אלחית אשיחה אשוחח אלטית ימוטו 620

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108 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

ה תמוטט go through’ (2‘ שוט ;is violently shaken’ (Isa. 24.19)‘ ה

Sam. 24.2), שוטטו ‘go through’ (Jer. 5.1). Yod: ים .Kittim’ (Gen‘ כת

10.4, etc.), כתיים ‘Kittim’ (Jer. 2.10,. etc.). Kaf: ל ת המ כש חמ

‘when the anger of the king had abated’ (Esther 2.1), ל ת המ וחמכה ל :The anger of the king abated’ (Esther 7.10). Lamed‘ שכ ימ‘withers’ (Job 18.16), ל ה :withers’ (Psa. 90.6). Mem‘ ימול in‘ דומ

silence’ (Psa. 94.17), ם :in silence’ (Isa. 47.5, etc.). Nun‘ דומ

י י ,and I will establish’ (1 Chron. 17.11, etc.)‘ והכינות and I‘ וכננת

will establish’ (2 Sam. 7.13). Samekh: ס .to moisten’ (Ezek‘ לר

יסי ,(46.14 רעם :drops’ (Cant. 5.2). ʿAyin‘ רס You shall break‘ ת

them’ (Psa. 2.9), ה תרעע עה ה :is utterly broken’ (Isa. 24.19). Pe‘ ר

יף ידו ף ידו ,and he will wave his hand’ (2 Kings 5.11, etc.)‘ והנ ינפ‘He will shake his hand’ (Isa. 10.32). Ṣade: חץ ’and he divided‘ וי

(Gen. 32.8, etc.), צו יו חצ ר חדש while the number of his‘ ומספ

months have been cut in two’ (Job 21.21). Qof: קו ב יז ומקום לזה‘and a place for gold that they re ne’ (Job 28.1), ק re‘ מזק ned’

(1 Chron. 28.18, etc.). Resh: אורו מרוז ‘Curse Meroz’ (Jud. 5.23),

רו ארור ילו עד־בוש :Curse bitterly’ (Jud. 5.23). Shin‘ א and they‘ ויח

waited until they were disappointed’ (Jud. 3.25), ש He‘ בש

disappointed (by delaying)’ (Exod. 32.1); תקוששו וקושו Come‘ ה

together and hold assembly’ (Zeph. 2.1). Tav: תו will be‘ יח

broken’ (1 Sam 2.10, etc.), י and I will cause to be‘ והחתת

dismayed’ (Jer. 49.37). These are examples of a letter being

followed by another letter to form two (identical) letters.

II.L.1.12.3.

Now, the second category, in which two letters follow two

letters, include cases such as ים .smashed the jars’ (Jud‘ ונפוץ הכד

ני ,(7.19  יפצפצ ה ;and he dashed me to pieces’ (Job 16.12)‘ ו ארזה ער

‘The cedar work has been laid bare’ (Zeph. 2.14), ר ר תתערע ערע

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109II.L.1.12.

מוט התמוטטה שוט שוטטו אליוד כתים כתיים אלכאף כשך ח

וחמת המ שככה אללמאד ימל ימולל אלמאם דומה דומם אלנון

רעה תרועם אלעין רסיסי לרס אלסמאך וכוננתי והכינותי

חדשיו מספר אלצדי ויחץ ידו ינופף ידו אלפא והניף התרועעה

חצצו אלקוף ומקום לזהב יזקו מזקק אלריש ארו מרוז ארו ארור 625

יחתו אלתו וקשו התקוששו בושש בוש עד ויחילו אלשין

והחתתי פהדה מן תראדף חרף לחרף פצאר חרפין

II.L.1.12.3.

ונפץ לחרפין חרפין יתראדף מא והו אלב אלקסם והדא

<הכדים> ויפצפצני ארזה ערה <ערער> תתערער אלי גיר דלך

L1 ערה L3:1r [ערער | L3:1r L1 629 הכדים] הבדים

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110 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

‘will be laid utterly bare’ (Jer. 51.58), and other cases, which

have been stated to be enhancement by a scholar who has

discussed enhancement. Note, however, according to the diqduq

scholars this is not enhancement. This is because the meaning

(of a word) can be fully expressed without a letter of enhance-

ment and also (a letter of enhancement) is not a xed

component of a conjugation. These scholars fall into two groups.

Some of them consider it (i.e. the enhanced letter in the

examples above) to be a root letter due to the fact that it is a

xed component of the conjugation. Others call it an auxiliary

letter and do not consider that it should be called a root letter,

since one may utter (in ections of) the lexical class without it,

but not in the way that (in ections of) a lexical class are uttered

without a letter that is for the purpose of enhancement.

II.L.1.13. Chapter on Contraction

Take note that he may occur for the sake of enhancement

without expressing meaning and, conversely, it may be

contracted, being indicated only by the grammar, and retain the

meaning of he. It is contracted after ʾalef, as in דא י He ew‘ ו

swiftly’ (Psa. 18.11), the virtual form of which is ידאה, like ר כאש

ה as (the eagle) ies swiftly’ (Deut. 28.49), its imperative‘ ידא

being דאה. He is contracted after bet, as in רב  and let the‘ והעוף י

birds multiply’ (Gen. 1.22), the virtual form of which is ירבה, and after gimel, as in הגג ‘the roof’, גה  .to the roof’ (Josh. 2.6)‘ הג

He is contracted after dalet, as in יה ה כל She adorns herself‘ תעד

with her jewels’ (Isa. 61.10), עד נזמה She decked herself with‘ ות

her ring’ (Hos. 2.15). It is contracted after he: ה will be‘ תכה

blinded’ (Zech. 11.17), כה has grown dim’ (Job (My eye)‘ ות

17.7). It is contracted after vav: ו ’will desire (The king)‘ ויתא

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111II.L.1.12. – II.L.1.13.

אן ואעלם תפכים אנה אלתפכים פי תכלם מן קאלה ממא 630

יתם אלתפכים חרף לאן תפכים ענדהם הדא ליס אלדקדוקיין

קסמין עלי והם תצריף פי יתבת פלא ואיצא דונה מן אלגרץ

מן ומנהם אלתצריף פי לתבותה אצלי חרף יגעלה מן מנהם

יתכלם קד לאן אצלי יסמיה אן ירי] [ולא מסתעמל יסמיה

באללגה מן דונה לא עלי אלוגה אלדי (L3:1v) יתכלם באללגה מן 635

דון אלחרף אלדי ללתפכים

.II.L.1.13 באב פי אלאכתצאר

להא מעני ותגי בעכס אעלם אן אלהא תגי ללתפכים ולא יטהר

להא מעני אלהא דלך והו אן תכתצר ותדל עליהא אללגה ויכון

כאשר מתל וידאה תקדירה וידא כק אלאלף בעד תכתצר קד 640

ידאה אלאמר מנה דאה ויכתצר אלהא בעד אלבא מתל והעוף

ירב ותקדירה ירבה ובעד גמאל [הג]ג הגגה ויכתצר אלהא בעד

אלהא בעד ויכתצר נזמה ותעד כ[ליה] תעדה מתל אלדאל

בעד ויכתצר ויתאוה ויתאו אלואו בעד ויכתצר ותכה תכהה

L3:1r 634 [ולא ירי]] ולא ירי

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112 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

(Psa. 45.12), ויתאוה ‘and he longed’ (2 Sam. 23.15). It is

contracted after zayin: ו בז עש ,and Esau despised’ (Gen. 25.34)‘ וי

א תבזה ים ל ה God, you will not despise’ (Psa. 51.19). It is‘ א

contracted after ḥet: מח תמחה ,and he blotted out’ (Gen. 7.23)‘ וי

‘You will blot out’ (Deut. 25.19). It is contracted after ṭet: ויט ‘and he stretched’ (Gen. 29.21, etc.), ה ידו stretches (The Lord)‘ יט

out his hand’ (Isa. 31.3). It is contracted after yod: י בל אח י ה א

‘Where is Abel your brother?’ (Gen. 4.9), י Where is‘ איה׀ חסד

your loving kindness?’ (Psa. 89.50). It is contracted after kaf:

בך עליו ל ,and she wept before him’ (Jud. 14.17)‘ ות א תאכ ותבכה ול‘and she wept and did not eat’ (1 Sam. 1.17). It is contracted

after lamed: ים ה ,He made the mists rise’ (Jer. 51.16)‘ ויעל נשא ויעלים and he made the mists rise’ (Jer. 10.13). It is contracted‘ נשא

after mem: מצפון ומים ‘from the north and from the south’ (Psa.

107.3, etc.), נה ,westward and northward’ (Deut. 3.27‘ ימה וצפ

etc.). It is contracted after nun: ית בן את־הב and he built the‘ וי

house’ (1 Kings 6.9), ויבנה ‘and he built’ (Josh. 19.50). It is

contracted after samekh: רץ עלה אכסה־א I will arise and cover‘ א

the earth’ (Jer. 46.8), ין כל־הארץ ס את־ע and it covered the face‘ ויכ

of the whole land’ (Exod. 10.15). It is contracted after ʿayin: וישע בל ואל־מנחתו ה אל־ה and the Lord had regard for Abel and his‘ יהו

o ering’ (Gen. 4.4), ם ה האד man will regard’ (Isa. 17.7). It is‘ ישע

contracted after pe: י רף יד .Do not release your hand’ (Josh‘ אל־ת

ה ,(10.6 רץ :release’ (Jud. 11.37). It is contracted after ṣade‘ הרפ ותיה רץ ,Let it enjoy its sabbaths’ (Lev. 26.43)‘ את־שבתת ה הא אז תרצ

‘Then the land will enjoy’ (Lev. 26.34). It is contracted after qof:

ל .and he made the people of Israel drink’ (Exod‘ וישק את־בני ישרא

ם ,(32.20 אשקה את־כל־הגוי .and I made all the nations drink’ (Jer‘ ו

25.17). It is contracted after resh: י ר נפש Do not pour out‘ אל־תע

my soul’ (Psa. 141.8), ות נפשו ה למ ר הער because he poured out‘ אש

his soul to death’ (Isa. 53.12). It is contrated after shin: קש ויה יש יהוד The words of the men of Judah were harder’ (2‘ דבר־א

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113II.L.1.13.

וימח אלחית בעד ויכתצר תבזה לא אלהים עשו ויבז אלזאי 645

אליוד אי בעד ידו ויכתצר יטה בעד אלטית ויט תמחה ויכתצר

עליו ותבכה אלכאף ותבך בעד ויכתצר חסדיך איה אחיך הבל

נשיאים ויעלה נשיאים ויעל אללמאד בעד ויכתצר תאכל ולא

ויכתצר בעד אלמאם מצפון ומים ימה וצפונה ויכתצר בעד אלנון

ארץ אכסה אעלה אלסמאך בעד ויכתצר ויבנה הבית את ויבן 650

ויכס את עין כל הארץ ויכתצר בעד אלעין וישע ייי אל הבל ואל

מנחתו (L3:12r) ישעה האדם ויכתצר בעד אל[פ]א אל תרף ידי[ך]

תרצה אז שבתותיה את ותרץ אל[צ]די בעד ויכתצר הרפה

כל את ואשקה יש בני את וישק אלקוף בעד ויכתצר הארץ

למות הערה אשר נפשי תער אל ריש בעד ויכתצר הגוים 655

יקשה לא יהודה איש דבר ויקש אלשין בעד ויכתצר נפ[שו]

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114 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

Sam. 19.44), ה בעינ .It will not seem hard to you’ (Deut‘ לא־יקש

15.18). It contracts after tav: את I stirred up (one)‘ העירותי מצפון וי

from the north and he has come’ (Isa. 41.25), ה י תאת To you‘ עד

it will come’ (Micah 4.8). (To these can be added) other

examples of this type.

This is what needs to be said in the discourse on the letters. It is

nished, much praise be to God.

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115II.L.1.13.

בעיניך ויכתצר בעד אלתו העירותי מצפון ויאת עדי תאתה אלי

גיר דלך מן הדא אלגנס

פהדא מא לאח אן ידכר פי מקאלה אלחרוף תמת ואלחמד ללה כתירא 660

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II.L.2.0.THE SECOND DISCOURSE

II.L.2.1. (Preliminary Remarks on Vowels)

II.L.2.1.1.

Discussion concerning the ‘kings’. If you wish, you may say

concerning the ‘melodies’, and if you wish, you may say

concerning the ‘in ections’. The meaning of these is the same.8

Four preliminary issues will be presented at the beginning of

this section. Some of these have already been mentioned

previously.

II.L.2.1.2.

The rst is that speech cannot begin with a ‘melody’ (vowel),

i.e. a ‘king’ (vowel). Rather it must begin with a letter. This is

because when somebody begins speaking, the rst component of

his speech that is heard is one of the letters. He cannot begin

with one of the vowels without putting a letter before it.

II.L.2.1.3.

The second is that when somebody begins (speech) with a letter,

he must attach vocalic articulation (ʾiʿrāb) to this, since the

letter cannot be deprived of this when it is the beginning (of

speech).

II.L.2.1.4.

The third is that if somebody utters a word consisting of two

letters that appear in speech,9 a vowel must come between

8 I.e. they refer to the vowels. | 9 I.e. letters that are consonants and not

‘soft’ vowel letters.

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II.L.2.0.אל מקאלה אלתאניה

II.L.2.1.

II.L.2.1.1.

שית ואן אלנגמאת פי תקול אן שית ואן אלמלוך פי אלכלאם

להדה יקדם ואחד דלך פי פאלמעני אלאנחא פי תקול

פימא מנה טרף דכר קד ממא מקדמאת ארבע אלמקאלה

תקדם 665

II.L.2.1.2.

אלאול אלנטק לא יכון אבתדאה ואולה נגמה אעני מלך ואנמא יטהר מא אול באלכלאם אלמבתדי אן ודלך חרף אולה יכון מן בשי יבדא אן ימכנה ולא אלחרוף אחד נטקה מן ללסמע

אלמלוך דון אן יקדם קבלה חרףII.L.2.1.3.

ואלתאני הו (L3:12v) אן אדא אבתדא בחרף לא בד מן אן יתבעה 670

אעראב אד לא יגוז אן יערא אלחרף מן דלך אדא כאן אבתדא

II.L.2.1.4.

פי טאהרין חרפין דאת בלפטה נטק אדא אנה הו ואלתאלתה אחד אעני אלנגמה מן בינהמא יתולד אן מן בד לא אלנטק

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118 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

them, I mean one of the eight vowels, as in ל ,עם ,שם, and as in

.and similar cases 10,ויל

II.L.2.1.5.

The fourth is that the vowels always belong to the letters and

the letters do not belong to vowels. This is because the vowels

cannot function without letters. A letter may be deprived of a

vowel but a vowel may not be deprived of a letter. This is

because speech must consist of quiescent and mobile

components and a mobile component is only made mobile by a

vowel, whereas a quiescent component dispenses with this, as

will be described in what follows.

II.L.2.2. Chapter concerning the Number of the Vowels and

those of them that are ‘High’, those of them that

are ‘Level’ and those of them that are ‘Low’, and

what is Connected to this

II.L.2.2.1.

What is to be said concerning the vowels is manifest and clear,

and not obscure, because it is through them that the purpose of

a speaker is understood, and without them speech would be

nonsense. Surely you see that in the original establishment (of

language) by convention they were indispensable. This is

because the origin of language was with Adam, peace be upon

him. Either at the beginning the angels and he established

language by mutual convention11 or they taught him language.

It is not possible that God, may He be exalted, established

10 This word consists of two consonantal radicals, viz. ל and ך, the

in ectional pre x being ignored. | 11 Literally: The angels established

language by convention with him and he established it by convention with

them.

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119II.L.2.1. – II.L.2.2.

אלתמאניה נגמאת מתל קו שם עם לך וכקו וילך ואמתאל דלך

II.L.2.1.5.

ואלראבעה הו אן אלמלוך אבדא תאבעה ללחרוף וליס אלחרוף 675

תאבעה ללמלוך לאן לא תפיד אלמלוך מן דון אלחרוף ואלחרף

קד יערי מן נגמה ואלנגמה לא תערי מן חרף לאן אלנטק לא בד

בנגמה אלא יתחרך לא פאלמתחרך ומתחרך סאכן מן לה

ואלסאכן מסתגני ען דלך עלי מא יגי דכרה פי מא בעד

ומא רפע מנהא ומא אלנגמאת עדד פי באב (L5:2r) II.L.2.2. 680

מנהא נצב ומא מנהא כפץ ומא יתצל בדלך

II.L.2.2.1.

אלכלאם פי אלמלוך טאהר (L5:2v) גלי גיר כפי לאן בהא יפהם ען

אלמתכלם גרצה ולולאהא לכאן אלכלאם עבתא אלי תרי אן פי

אצל אלמואצעה לא בד מנהא ודאך אן אצל אללגה מע אדם על

וואצעהא אללגה ואצעתה אלמלאיכה תכון אן אמא אלס 685

אן יגוז לא ואלמלאיכה תעלימא אללגה עלמתה או אבתדא

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120 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

language by convention with the angels, because the establish-

ment by convention requires the pointing to the thing for which

language is conventionally established. Pointing can only be

undertaken with a limb, but He, may He be exalted, transcends

the need to have limbs. If somebody were to say that He could

have created a limb with which to establish (language) just as

He could have created an instrument for speech, with which He

could speak, (the response would be): but He must have taught

them language to some extent for the sake of His rst speech,

namely when He said to the angels י אור ’Let there be light‘ יה

(Gen. 1.3), and He caused this to happen after this speech and

thereby obliged them to recognize that ‘light’ is the name of

what came into being after the speech and they learnt this. Then

other items (of language) followed a similar course. He would

have helped them receive and retain (language) from the rst instance.

II.L.2.2.2.

When He said י אור the shewa in it under the yod must of ,יה

necessity have been pronounced mobile and the ḥireq must have

been pronounced under the he, so that יהי was a future form.

Similarly, when He said to Adam ל ל תאכ  ן אכ ץ־הג ל ע You may‘ מכ

eat of every tree of the garden’ (Gen. 2.16), if He had not

pronounced qameṣ under the ʾalef and ḥolem over the kaf, it

would not have been known that this is an in nitive. This is

because the meaning of the letters in a case such as אכל changes

with pataḥ, resulting in the change of vowels into the form אכל.

When pataḥ occurs in the place of ḥolem, it becomes a past verb.

So with אכל, when shewa occurs in place of qameṣ, it becomes an

imperative. Likewise with אכל, when ḥolem occurs on ʾalef and

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121II.L.2.2.

יואצעהא אללה תע לאן אלמואצעה לא בד להא מן אלאשארה

אלי אלשי אלמתואצע עליה ואלאשארה לא תכון אלא בגארחה

קאל קד כאן ואן (L5:3r) גארחה בדי יכון אן ען יתעאלי תע והו

אן יגוז כמא בהא [יואצע] גארחה יכלק אן יגוז אנה בעצהם 690

יכון אלאול אלקול עלי לכן בהא ויתכלם ללכלאם אלה יכלק

אור יהי ללמלאיכה קאל יכון אן והו וגה עלי אללגה עלמהם

אלשי אסם אור אן אלי ואצטרהם קולה מן אלתאני פי פחדת

מגראה גרי סואה כאן ומא פעלמוה אלקול בעד מן אלחאדת

ויכון קד אידהם באלקבול ואלחפט מן אול מרה 695

II.L.2.2.2.

בהא מנטוק אלשוא חרכה מן בד יכון לם אור יהי קאל פלמא תחת אליוד ואלחרק תחת אלהא (L5:3v) חתי יכון יהי מסתקבלא

לולא מא אתי הגן אכל תאכל לאדם מכל עץ וכדלך למא קאל

למא אלחלם פוק אלכאף בחרכה אלקמץ תחת אלאלף וחרכה

עלם אן דלך מצדר לאן מתל חרוף אכל יתגייר (L3:13v) באלפתחה 700

אלפתחה צארת למא אכל בקו אלמלוך תגייר לאגל מענאהא

עוץ צאר למא אכל וכדלך מאציא פעלא צאר אלחלם עוץ

אלאלף עלי צאר למא אכל כדלך אמרא צארת שוא אלקמץ

L3:13r 697 ואלחרק] אלחרק L3:13r 690 [יואצע]] יואצע

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122 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

ṣere under the kaf, it becomes a participle. The changes in

meaning of these three letters that you see, without themselves

changing, are all due to the change of vowels, so without them

none of what has been mentioned (with regard to changes of

meaning) could have come about and no speech would have

taken place. A similar case is ה ,עשה ,עשה .עשה ,עשה ,עש

II.L.2.2.3.

So it is clear to you that the vowels are not innovations but

rather the fourth of the obligatory requirements, in accordance

with what has been discussed previously in the rst discourse. A

single letter may exist without a vowel. When a speaker wants

to speak, he adds to the single letter another letter, and further

letters, but he is in no circumstances able to add a second letter

when the rst letter is deprived of a vowel. A letter is an

element (of speech), but communication between people can

only be achieved by combining a letter with a vowel. A letter

can stand without a (subsequent) vowel but a vowel can only

stand with (a preceding) letter.

II.L.2.3. Section concerning what Corresponds to (Arabic)

In ectional Vowels

II.L.2.3.1.

In this regard it has been said that vowels are a basic component

of speech and every language requires certain vowels so that

speakers can make their intentions understood to one another.

II.L.2.3.2. Section

The Arabs have three in ectional vowels in their language.

These are ‘raising’ (rafʿ), i.e. the vowel ḍamma, which is written

above; ‘holding level’ (naṣb), i.e. the vowel fatḥa, which is

written above; and ‘lowering’ (khafḍ), i.e. the vowel kasra,

which is written below. They also have vowelless in ection

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123II.L.2.2. – II.L.2.3.

צארת מא אלי תרי פמא פאעל צאר צרי אלכאף ותחת חלם אליה הדה אלתלתה אלחרוף מן תגייר אלמעאני והי מא תגיירת 705

פי דאתהא וכל דלך מן אגל תגייר אלנגמאת פלולאהא למא צח עשה עשה דלך ומתל כלאם תם ולא שיא דכר מא גמיע מן

עשה עשה עשהII.L.2.2.3.

פקד באן לך אן אלמלוך ליס הי מסתחדתה בל הי אלראבע מן אלאולי אלמקאלה פי אלכלאם מצא מא עלי אלאפתקאראת 710

אראד פאדא מלך מן עארי וגודה ימכן אלואחד פאלחרף ומא אכר חרף אלואחד אלחרף עלי זאד יתכלם אן אלמתכלם מן עארי ואלאול תאניא חרפא יזיד אן ימכן לא אנה גיר זאד בה (L3:2r) אלתכאטב יתם ולא אצלא אלחרף פצאר בתה מלך לא ומלך מלך בלא יכון [ק]ד פחרף באלמלך אלא ללאפאדה 715

יכון אלא בחרף.II.L.2.3 פצל [פי] מא גרי מגרי אלאעראב

II.L.2.3.1.

לכל בד פלא ללכלאם תאבתא אצלא אלמלוך אן קיל ולהדא לגה מן חרכאת מא ליפהמו בעצהם בעץ אגראצהם

.II.L.2.3.2 פצל

לגתהם מן אלאעראב תלתה והי אלרפע והו אלצמה ללערב פי 720

מן אלכסרה והי ואלכפץ פוק מן אלפתחה והו ואלנצב פוק מן

והי יסכנהו אעני אלחרף בה יגזמו אלדי אלגזם ולהם אספל

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124 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

(jazm), in which they cut short a letter, I mean they make it

quiescent (without a vowel). This is a circle (sign) written over

the letter that is made quiescent. ‘Raising’ (rafʿ) is a form such

as Zayd-u, ‘holding level’ (naṣb) is Zayd-a and ‘lowering’ (khafḍ)

is Zayd-i. They have given the agent rafʿ in ection due to its

agency. They have given the patient naṣb in ection due to the

occurrence of the action upon it. They have made the a xed

particles bi-, ka- and li- govern khafḍ in ection and they say dār li-Zayd-in ‘a house of Zayd’, marartu bi-Zayd-in ‘I passed by

Zayd’, Zayd-u ka-Bakr-in ‘Zayd is like Bakr’, and the same

applies also to other particles that govern khafḍ in ection other

than these three a xes, i.e. min, ʿalā, ʿan, ʾilā, fawqa, ʾasfala,

taḥta, quddāma, and other khafḍ-governing particles. I have

mentioned this to show that the Hebrew language has vowels

corresponding to these in ectional vowels that are greater in

number than those of the Arabic language. In this respect

Hebrew exhibits its superiority over Arabic, as it does in other

features that are not connected with the topic I have described.

II.L.2.4. Section on the Correspondence (of Hebrew Vowels)

to Arabic In ectional Vowels

(What corresponds to) Arabic in ectional vowels (ʾiʿrāb) in the

Hebrew language consists of three categories: ‘raising’ (rafʿ), ‘holding level’ (naṣb) and ‘lowering’ (khafḍ). (What corresponds

to Arabic) vowelless in ection (jazm) in Hebrew falls into two

categories, one like the vowellessness of the Arabic language

and the other is not found in it (i.e. in Arabic). For this reason I

have said that the vowels of our language are greater in number

than the in ectional vowels of Arabic. The last category (i.e.

mobile shewa) is divided into three types. The rst of these types

corresponds to the three types of Arabic in ectional vowels. The

second type corresponds to the ‘holding level’ (naṣb) only. The

third type corresponds to the ‘lowering’ (khafḍ) only. What

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125II.L.2.3. – II.L.2.4.

זידא ואלנצב זיד נחו פאלרפע אלמגזום אלחרף עלי דאירה

אלמפעול וגעלו בפעלה מרפוע אלפאעל פגעלו זיד ואלכפץ

ואללאם ואלכאף אלבא וגעלו עליה אלפעל בוקוע מנצובא 725

מע כבכר וזיד בזיד ומררת לזיד דאר תכפץ פיקולון אלזואיד

ואלי וען ועלי מן והי זואיד אלג גיר אלכפץ חרוף מן להם מא

אלכאפצה אלחרוף מן דלך גיר אלי וקדאם ותחת ואספל ופוק

ממא להא אלעבראניה אללגה אן לאורי דלך אורדת ואנמא

פתטהר אלערביה ללגה ממא אכתר אלאעראב מגרי יגרי 730

ממא דלך סוא עליהא להא מא מע אלוגה הדא פי פצילתהא

ליס יתעלק בה אלכלאם פי מא קצדתה

.II.L.2.4 (L3:2v) פצל [פי] מא יגרי מגרי אלאעראב

ואלגזם וכפץ ונצב רפע תלת אללגה אלעבראניה אלאעראב פי

אלערביה אללגה גזם מתל אלואחד קסמין עלי אלעבראני פי 735

ואלאכר ליס הו להא פלהדא קלת אן חרכאת לגתנא אכתר מן

אעראבהא והדא אלקסם אלאכיר ינקסם עלי ג אקסאם אלקסם

אלאול מן הדה ינוב ען ג אקסאם אלאעראב ואלקסם אלב ינוב

פי אלרפע פקט אלכפץ ען ינוב אלג ואלקסם פקט אלנצב ען

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126 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

corresponds in Hebrew to (the Arabic in ectional vowel)

‘raising’ (rafʿ) are two vowels, namely או and או. Three vowels

correspond to (the Arabic in ectional vowel) ‘holding level’

(naṣb), namely ‘big fatḥa’, i.e. א, ‘medium fatḥa’, i.e. א, and

‘small fatḥa’, i.e. א. Two vowels correspond to (the Arabic

in ectional vowel) ‘lowering’ (khafḍ), namely אי and אי. The

vowelless in ection (jazm) is the quiescent shewa. This is the

vowellessness of Arabic. The other jazm is the mobile shewa.

This, as I have mentioned, is divided into three types. The shewa

requires special discussion and this will come in its appropriate

place, with the help of God.

II.L.2.5. Section (on Rafʿ)Take note that one category of ‘raising’ (rafʿ) in the Hebrew

language is used in the active participle in certain conjugations,

for example קונה ,בונה, and other examples with this pattern,

,and other examples with this pattern ,שומר ,אוכל ,שמ and , פת

other examples with this pattern. To these should be added

forms that are used for the imperative and the past such as שורף

‘be burnt’, שורף ‘was burnt’, and other examples of this pattern;

those that are used for the imperative in the conjugaton כונן such

as סב ‘turn’, חן ‘be gracious’; those that are used for the past in

the conjugation שירו, such as נודע ‘be known’, נושע ‘be saved’;

those that are used for unconjugated nouns designating bodies

and abstractions, such as אהל ‘tent’, בהן ‘thumb’, אפן ‘circum-

stance’, אוצר ‘store’, and similar cases, and the abstractions רוגז

‘anger’, חרב ‘desolation’, אמר ‘speech’, and so forth. This vowel is

not found in (forms expressing) a patient. This category (of rafʿ) is used for agents, just as the Arabs use [their] rafʿ for agents.

The Hebrews use it for forms other than those designating

agents by extension, just as the Arabs use their rafʿ for forms

other than those designating agents by extension, such as

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127II.L.2.4. – II.L.2.5.

לגה אלעבראני דכל תחתה נגמתאן והמא או ואו ואלנצב ידכל 740

תחתה ג נגמאת אלפתחה אלכברי והי א ואלפתחה אלוסטי והי

א ואלפתחה אלצגרי והי א ואלכפץ ידכל תחתה נגמתאן והמא

ללערבי אלדי אלגזם והו אלסאכן אלשוא הו ואלגזם אי אי

אנה דכרת אלדי והו אלמתחרך אלשוא הו אלאכר ואלגזם

ינקסם ג אקסאם וללשוא כלאם מפיד פיגי פי מוצעה בעון אללה 745

.II.L.2.5 פצל

אלעבראניה אללגה פי אלרפע מן אלואחד אלקסם אן אעלם קונה בונה נחו אלפאעל פי מכצוצה תצאריף פי אסתעמלוה ווזנהמא אלי ופת ווזנהמא (L3:11v) ושמ ווזנהמא ואוכל ושמר שורף מתל ואלעבר אלאמר פי אסתעמל קד ממא דלך גיר 750

חן פי אלאמר מן תצריף כונן נחו סב שורף ווזנהמא ואסתעמל ואסתעמל פי אלעבר מן תצריף שירו נחו נודע נושע ואסתעמל פי כקו ואלאעראץ אלאגסאם פי מתצרפה אלגיר אלאסמא פי רוגז ואלאעראץ דלך ואמתאל אוצר אופן בהן אהל אלאגסאם פקד מפעול פי אלמלך הדא יוגד ולא דלך גיר אלי אמר חרב 755

כמא אלפאעלין פי יסתעמל אלואחד אלקסם הדא צאר ואסתעמלו אלפאעלין פ]י רפע[הם אלערב אסתעמלו אלערב אסתעמלו כמא תוסעא אלפאעלין גיר פי אלעבראניין אלאבתדא נחו מן תוסעא אלפאעלין ג[יר] פי רפעהם

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128 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

topicalization, interrogative constructions, and so forth. Nobody

can object to my statement that this category of rafʿ is not used

in (a form expressing) a patient by saying that שת ה הר the‘ מזר

net is spread’ (Prov. 1.17) is a patient and that it has been made

a patient by rafʿ, i.e. או. This is because my statement refers only

to cases where this type of rafʿ occurs at the beginning of a word

with the rst letter but the mem in ה has been placed before מזר

the rafʿ, and it is for this reason that I have stated that this

category of rafʿ is not found in a patient.

II.L.2.6. Section on the Second RafʿAs for א, the Hebrews use this in the imperative of (conjugations

in the category) שועל, as in קום ,שוב, and the like. They use it in

a verb whose agent is not named (i.e. a passive verb), for

example קבר ,ספר, and the like. They use it in concrete and

abstract nouns and in the names of people. An example of a

personal name is ה נער .and Purah, your servant’ (Jud. 7.10)‘ ופר

A concrete noun is כתי ה׀ דר ’I have trodden the wine press‘ פור

(Isa. 63.3). An abstract noun is ה .Psa) דומיה ,(.Psa. 94.17, etc) דומ

22.3, etc.) ‘silence’. To these can be added further examples.

II.L.2.7. Section on NaṣbII.L.2.7.1.

The small naṣb, which is qameṣ, like naṣb in the language of the

Arabs, is used in (forms expressing) the patient, for example

built’, and‘ בנוי ,’remembered‘ זכור ,’broken‘ שבור ,’guarded‘ שמור

the like. It is used in the ‘absolute patient’, i.e the in nitive, as

in שמור ‘guarding’, זכור ‘remembering’, בנה ‘building’, עשה

‘doing’, and the like. It is used in past verbs, such as שמר ‘he

built’, בנה ‘he built’, and the like. It is used in the form that

expresses both the past and the active participle such as קם ,שם

and words with this pattern.

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129II.L.2.5. – II.L.2.7.

ואלאסתפהאם וגיר דלך וליס למעתרץ אן יעתרץ מא קלתה אן 760

הרשת מזורה אן יקול באן מפעול פי אלרפע הדא יוגד לא

פי כלאמי אנמא לאן או מפעולה והו צארת ובאלרפע מפעולה

מא כאן הדא אלרפע פי אול לפטה מע אלחרף אלאול ואלמאם

פי יוגד לא אנה קלת פלדל]ך [אל]רפ[ע תקדם קד מזורה פי

מפעול מן הד[א אלקס]ם 765

.II.L.2.6 פצל [פי] אלרפע אלתאני

שוב נחו אלאמר מן שועל אלעבראניין פי אסתעמלוה א (L3:11r)

קום ואמתאל דלך ואסתעמלוה פי אלפעל אלדי לם יסם פאעלה

אלגאמדה אלאסמא פי ואסתעמלוה ונחוהמא קבר ספר מתל

נערך ופורה מתל אנסאן פאסם אלנאס ואסמא ואלאעראץ 770

ואלגמאד פורה דרכתי ואלערץ דומה דומיה אלי גיר דלך

.II.L.2.7 פצל פי אלנצב

II.L.2.7.1.

אלנצב אלצגיר והו אלקאמצה תגרי מגרי אלנצב פי לגה אלערב

[ואמ]תאלה בנוי זכור שבור שמור כק אלמפעול פי יסתעמל

זכר שמר נחו אלמצדר והו אלמטלק אלמפעול פי ואסתעמל 775

נחו אלמאציה אלאפעאל פי יסתעמל דלך ואמתאל עשה בנה

אלואחדה אללפטה פי ויסתעמל ואמתאלהמא בנה שמר

ללעבר ולאסם אלפאעל מתל שם קם ואוזאנהמא

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130 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.2.7.2.

The ‘big naṣb’ is used in imperatives from (conjugations in the

category) גני, such as הכה ‘hit’, הטה ‘incline’, האכל ‘feed’, העמד

‘cause to stand’, and the like. It is used in ‘transposed

in nitives’, such as דבר ‘speak’, קוה לשלום ‘(we) look for peace’

(Jer. 8.15, etc.), and other forms expressed by this category of

naṣb.

II.L.2.7.3.

The third (category of) naṣb, i.e. segol, is used in imperative

forms such as ני רף ממ ני ,leave me alone’ (Deut. 9.14)‘ ה רב כבס ה

‘wash me thoroughly’ (Psa. 51.4). They use it in past forms such

as האכיל ‘he fed’, חזיק חשו ,’he made strong‘ ה ,’they were silent‘ ה

and so forth.

II.L.2.8. Section on KhafḍII.L.2.8.1.

The khafḍ vowel אי is used in past forms such as הקים ‘he caused

to rise’, העיד ‘he bore witness’. It is used in a noun of agent

(active participle) such as מקים ‘causing to rise’, מעיד ‘bearing

witness’. It is used in imperative forms substituting for the other

category of khafḍ (i.e. ḥireq) when it is followed by one of the

letters אהחע, as in עלו מו ,remove yourselves’ (Num. 16.24)‘ ה הר

remove yourselves from the midst’ (Num. 17.10), and the‘ מתו

like.

II.L.2.8.2.

The second category of khafḍ, i.e. אי, is used in the past of all

conjugations from the category גני, for example הכה ‘he hit’, הציל

‘he saved’, הגש ‘he approached’, הנח ‘he placed’, גלה, ‘he

revealed’, הגלה ‘he exiled’, דבר ‘he spoke’, בלע ‘he swallowed’, זבח

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131II.L.2.7. – II.L.2.8.

II.L.2.7.2.

הטה הכה נחו גני מן אלאואמר פי יסתעמלוה אלכביר אלנצב

האכל העמד ונחו דלך ואסתעמלוה פי אלמצאדר אלמסתעארה 780

נחו דבר קוה לשלום אלי גיר דלך ממא יפידה הדא אלנצב

II.L.2.7.3.

נחו אלאמר פי (L5:19r) אלסגול אסתעמלוה אלנצב אלתאלת והו

האכיל אלעבר נחו פי הרף ממני הרב כבסני (L3:7r) ואסתעמלוה

החזיק החשו אלי גיר דלך

.II.L.2.8 פצל פי אלכפץ 785

II.L.2.8.1.

העיד אלמלך אלדי ללכפץ אי אסתעמלוה פי אלעבר נחו הקים

פי ואסתעמלוה מעיד מקים נחו אלפאעל אסם פי ואסתעמלוה

אלאמר נאיבא ען אלכפץ אלאכר אדא כאן בעדה חרף מן חרוף

אהחע נחו העלו הרמו מתוך אלי גיר דלך

II.L.2.8.2.

גמיע פי גני מן אלעבר פי אסתעמלוה אי הו אלב אלכפץ 790

בלע דבר הגלה <גלה> הנח הגש הציל הכה נחו תצאריפהא

L3 791 גלה] גלה L5:19r 790 אי] א L5:19r 786 אי] א

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132 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

‘he sacri ced’, נחם ‘he comforted’, השלי ‘he threw’, השלי ‘he

threw’, הפצר ‘he pushed’, ,’he sought‘ בקשה ,’he sated‘ השבי

,’he mantled‘ כרבל ,’he bent (bow)‘ הדרכה ,’he mocked‘ תעת

he turned left’. It is used in the imperative of all‘ השמאיל

conjugations in the category of שירה, for example שים ‘place’, שי

‘tell’, הכון ‘be prepared’, .’be confused‘ הבו ,’decay‘ המק ,’?‘ הסו

It is used in the imperative, the past and the active participle of

most conjugations of the category מסב, for example התהל,

,These and others are examples of the use of khafḍ .מתהל ,התהל

naṣb and rafʿ in the Hebrew language.

II.L.2.9. Section (Preliminary Remarks on the Shewa)

(What corresponds to Arabic) vowellessness (jazm) in the

Hebrew language is the quiescent shewa. This is because the

shewa falls into two categories, quiescent and mobile. The

quiescent shewa is what deprives a letter of a vowel so that it is

not mobile. The mobile shewa is additional to the (inventory of)

vowels of the Arabic language, (the treatment of which) has

various subsections.

II.L.2.10. Section concerning the Shewa

II.L.2.10.1.

The shewa is divided into two categories, quiescent and mobile.

There is no third category. The quiescent shewa has features by

which it is distinguished from the mobile shewa. The mobile

shewa has two features by which it is distinguished from the

quiescent shewa.

II.L.2.10.2.

A feature of the quiescent shewa is that it makes a letter under

which it occurs quiescent and makes it part of the preceding

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133II.L.2.8. – II.L.2.10.

בקשה הדרכה <כרבל> זבח נחם השליך השליך הפצר השבי

גמיע פי שירה מן אלאמר פי ואסתעמלוה השמאיל תעת

והבוך והמק והסוע והכון ושי שים נחו תצאריפהא

פי מסב עלאמה מן ואלפאעל ואלעבר אלאמר פי ואסתעמלוה 795

דלך גיר אלי מתהלך התהלך התהלך נחו תצאריפהא אכתר

ממא אסתעמל אלכפץ ואלנצב ואלרפע פי לגה אלעבראניה

.II.L.2.9 (L5:20r) פצל

עלי אלשוא לאן אלסאכן אלשוא הו אלעבראני לגה פי אלגזם

לילא אלחרף יגזם אלדי הו פאלסאכן ומתחרך סאכן קסמין 800

ולה אלערביה אללגה אנחא ען אלזאיד הו ואלמתחרך יתחרך

פנון עדה

.II.L.2.10 פצל פי אלשוא

II.L.2.10.1.

להמא תאלת קסם ולא ומתחרך סאכן קסמין ינקסם אלשוא

וללמתחרך אלמתחרך מן בהא יתמייז עלאמאת פללסאכן 805

עלאמתין יתמיז בהא מן (L5:20v) אלסאכן

II.L.2.10.2.

מן עלאמה אלסאכן אנה יסכן אלחרף אלדי הוא תחתה ויגעלה

L3 792 כרבל] כרבל

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134 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

(syllabic) group, for example ישראל ‘Israel’, יחדיהו ‘Jehdeiah’, זמרי ‘Zimri’, י י ,for cleansing’ (Ezek. 16.4)‘ למשע י ונסכ my graven‘ ופסל

image and my molten image’ (Isa. 48.5). So the letter under

which the (quiescent) shewa occurs becomes quiescent.

Whatever letter it occurs under is not mobile at all and it (the

quiescent shewa) cuts it o from what is after it and conjoins it

to what is before it.

II.L.2.10.3.

Another of it features is that it divides a word into (units) that

have the status of words. This is because every letter at the end

of a word is quiescent when it is deprived of an accompanying

vowel and this letter that is deprived of a vowel is the stopping

point of the word and its place of division, as in בראשית, in

which the tav is the stopping point of the word, and אור, in

which the resh is the stopping point of the word, and so forth. A

quiescent shewa in the middle of a word has the same status, for

it is in a sense a stopping point on account of its quiescence, for

example והאחשדרפנים ‘and the satraps’ (Esther 9.3), ים מצפצפ ה

‘those who chirp’ (Isa. 8.19). Each of these two expressions has

the status of three words on account of the quiescent shewa. If it

were absent, this division would not be admissible.

II.L.2.10.4.

Another of its features is that it indicates the feminine gender in

many cases, for example, לת צת כח you (fs.) washed and you‘ רח

painted (fs.) (your eyes)’ (Ezek. 23.40), and similar cases. Forms

such as דר and מל are not counterevidence, since I did not say

that it occurred at the end of a word only to express the

feminine gender, but that it indicates feminine gender in many

cases.

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135II.L.2.10.

פי חזב מא תקדמה נחו ישראל יחדיהו זמרי למשעי ופסלי ונסכי

בתה יתחרך לא סאכנא אלשוא תחתה אלדי אלחרף פצאר

מהמא הוא תחתה ופצלה ממא בעדה ואצאפה אלי מא קבלה 810

II.L.2.10.3.

ומן עלאמאתה איצא אנה יקסם אללפטה מתאבה כלם לאן כל מלך יכון מעה פיכון הו סאכן אדא ערי מן כלמה אכר פי חרף דלך אלחרף אלעארי מן (L4:4r) מלך הו מחט אלכלמה ומקטעהא נחו בראשית אלדי אלתו מחט אלכלמה ונחו אור אלדי אלריש פי וסט אלכלמה מחט אלכלמה אלי גיר דלך פאלשוא אלסאכן 815

מתל לסכונה וגה עלי מחט צאר קד לאנה אלמגרי הדא יגרי האתין מן לפטה כל צארת המצפצפים והאחשדרפנים ולו אלסאכן אלשוא לאגל כלם תלת במתאבה אללפטתין

אנעדם לם תצח אלקסמה פיהא

II.L.2.10.4.

(L4:4v) ומן עלאמאתה איצא אנה ינבה עלי אלתאנית פי כתיר מן 820

דלך יעתרץ ולא דלך מאתל ומא כחלת רחצת נחו אלמואצע אלא כלמה אכר פי יכון לא אנה קלת מא לאני מלך דרך מן כתיר פי אלתאנית עלי ינבה אנה קלת ואנמא ללתאנית

אלמואצע

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II.L.2.11. Section (on the Nature of Mobile Shewa)

II.L.2.11.1.

A feature of mobile shewa is that when it occurs under a letter,

the letter is not in any way static or at rest. If a speaker wished

to make it quiescent, he would never speak, just as if a speaker

wanted to always make a quiescent shewa mobile, ….

GAP

II.L.2.11.2.

Another of its features is that it does not make the letter

following it quiescent but rather only makes the third letter

after it quiescent. This statement is valid since it (the mobile

shewa) itself is not removed from under its letter but rather its

letter is made mobile and the letter after it is made light (i.e.

rafe). Quiescence may occur in the third letter or one greater (in

number) than that. Examples of the occurrence of quiescence on

the third letter are בישראל ‘in Israel’, ביזרעאל ‘in Jezreel’, לירמיה

‘to Jeremiah’ (Neh. 12.12, etc.). Examples (of quiescence) in a

later syllable are בראשית ‘in the beginning’, בארץ ‘in the land

(of)’, בחרב ‘with a sword’, and similar cases.

II.L.2.11.3.

And if somebody were to say ‘What are the full facts concerning

the two of them, I mean the quiescent and the mobile shewa?’,

the response would be as follows. As for the quiescent shewa, I

do not know any more of its distinctive features than those that

I have already mentioned. With regard to the mobile shewa, it

must be treated in various subsections. All the following

subsections, therefore, concern the mobile shewa rather than

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137II.L.2.10. – II.L.2.11.

.II.L.2.11 פצל 825

II.L.2.11.1.

מן עלאמה אלמתחרך אנה אדא כאן תחת חרף לא יסתקר דלך אלחרף ולא יסכן בתה עלי וגה מן אלוגוה ולו ראם אלמתכלם אן יסכנה למא תכלם אבדא כמא אנה לו ראם אלמתכלם אן יחרך

אלסאכן דאימאGAP

II.L.2.11.2.

אלתאני אלחרף עלי יסכן מא אנה איצא עלאמאתה ומן (L5:4r) 830

הו אלקול הדא אלתאלת אלחרף עלי אלא יסכן לא בל מנה

יתחרך ואנמא חרפה תחת מן יברח לא בעינה הו לאנה תגוז

אלתאלת פי אלסכון יקע פקד בעדה אלדי אלחרף ויכף חרפה

פי אלסכון וקע פימא פתקול דלך ען זאד מא פי יקע וקד

מתל דלך ען זאד ומא לירמיה ביזרעאל בישראל אלתאלת 835

בראשית בארץ בחרב ואמתאל דלך

II.L.2.11.3.

אלסאכן אעני בהמא אלפאידה מחצה פמא קאל (L5:4v) פאן

אלחט מן לה ערפת פמא אלסאכן אמא לה קיל ואלמתחרך

אלמפנן פהו אלמתחרך ואמא עלאמאתה מן דכרתה מא אלא

באלפנון פגמיע מא בעד מן אלפנון פהי ללמתחרך דון אלסאכן 840

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138 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

the quiescent shewa. It is not necessary to mention the

corresponding quiescent shewa in each place, since it is

su cient to say that the quiescent shewa does not have any

more features than those that have been mentioned. I shall

present below the various subsections concerning the mobile

shewa.

II.L.2.12. Chapter concerning the Mobile Shewa and what is

Related to this

Take note that the inventory (of letters) consists of twenty-two

basic letters, in addition to which there are the ‘straight’ letters,

the letters with rafe and the letters ‘between two grades’, as has

been stated previously. The discussion here relates only to basic

features and not to secondary features.

II.L.2.12.1. The First Subsection

II.L.2.12.1.1.

This is its in uence by the four letters אהחע. When these four

letters are preceded by a letter that is not one of them and

under this letter there is shewa, the shewa is pronounced as a

shortened vowel like the vowel that is under one of the four

letters. Now, if it is appropriate for gaʿya to occur on it, it is

pronounced equal to the vowel (following it). For example,

כה and if thus’ (Num. 11.15), in which shewa is under vav‘ ואם־כ

and the vav is pronounced with ḥireq like that which is under

the ʾalef, but shortened since it it does not have gaʿya. Surely

you see that when it is appropriate for it to have gaʿya, it is

pronounced with the (vowel) pronounced on the letter equally,

without any di erence, for example ר אם־יות and if there‘ ו

remains’ (Exod. 29.34). Similar to the preceding examples are

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139II.L.2.11. – II.L.2.12.

פלא חאגה אלי דכר סאכן אלמתחרך פי כל מוצע אד קד גנית

בקולי אן מא ללסאכן פאידה גיר מא דכר מן עלאמאתה פאדכר

מא יתגה מן פנון אלמתחרך

.II.L.2.12 באב פי (L5:5r) אלשוא אלמתחרך ומא יתצל בדלך

סוי מא אצולא חרפא עשרין אתנין אלקבאלה אן אעלם 845

מנזלתין בין אלמנזלה ואלחרוף אלמרפיה ואלחרוף אלפשוטות יתעלק אנמא האהנא ואלכלאם פיה אלקול תקדם כמא

באלאצול דון אלפרוע

II.L.2.12.1.

II.L.2.12.1.1.

חרוף ארבע פי אלתאתיר מן לה יחצל מא הוא אלאול אלפן

אהחע פאן הדה אלארבע חרוף אדא כאן קבל אחדהא חרף מן 850

אלמלך דלך (L5:5v) בכרוג אלשוא דלך כרג שוא תחתה סואהא

דכול מעה יחסן אן אלאן מכפפא חרוף אלארבעה תחת אלדי

תחת אלשוא ככה ואם נחו סוא אלמלך בכרוג כרג אלגעיה

אלואו כרג אלואו בחרק מתל מא תחת אלאלף מכפפא למא לם

תכון מעה אלגעיה אלי תרי אן למא חסן מעה דכול אלגעיה כרג 855

ר ומתל אלדי תקדם אם יות בכרוג אלחרף סוא מן גיר פרק כקו ו

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140 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

 זר ,and Taanach’ (Jud. 1.27)‘ ואת־תענ  Megiddo‘ ואת־מגדו ואת־ג

and Gezer’ (1 Kings 9.15), in which the shewa is pronounced as

a shortened segol. When, however, you say את־בניו ’and his sons‘ ו

(Gen. 9.1, etc.), the shewa is pronounced with a segol of full

length on account of the gaʿya, and so also other cases where

shewa is pronounced with the pointing of the ʾalef.

II.L.2.12.1.2.

As for he, a shewa before it is pronounced with the vowel of the

he, for example in והיה the shewa is pronounced as a short qameṣ on account of the absence of gaʿya. When gaʿya is appropriate,

the shewa is pronounced with the qameṣ of the he with its full

length, for example היה the shewa is pronounced with a יהודה In .ו

shortened qibbuṣ, due to the absence of gaʿya, and other cases

where shewa is pronounced like the pointing of the he.

II.L.2.12.1.3.

Ḥet: Examples of shewa before ḥet are יא חוקה־ה it is far’ (Jdg‘ ר

ה ,(18.28 ’for (I heard) the voice of a woman in travail‘ כי קול כחול

(Jer. 4.31), רב ה ח שב ,and the sword will rage’ (Hosea 11.6)‘ וחל וח וחכ כיין ,and the skilfully woven band’ (Exod. 28.8, etc.)‘ אפדתו and your palate is the best of wine’ (Cant. 7.10), and other‘ הטוב

cases.

II.L.2.12.1.4.

ʿAyin: Examples of shewa before ʿayin are ם עול blessed‘ ברו יהוה ל

be the Lord for ever’ (Psa. 89.53), in which the lamed of ם עול is ל

pronounced with a ḥolem like the ʿayin but shortened. When it is

appropriate for it to have gaʿya, there is no di erence between

the shewa and the ḥolem, for example ם עול י שמו ל may his‘ יה

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141II.L.2.12.

נקט בתלת אלשוא כרג גזר ואת מגדו ואת תענך <ואת>

נקט בתלת שוא (L4:1r) אל כרג בניו את ו קלת ואדא מכפפא

לאגל אלגעיה אלי גיר דלך ממא יכרג אלשוא בנקט מסתופאה

אלאלף 860

II.L.2.12.1.2.

יתחרך אלדי באלמלך קבלה כאן אדא אלשוא יכרג אלהא אלגעיה לעדם כפיפה בקמצה אלשוא כרג והיה כקו אלהא מסתופאה אלהא בקאמצה אלשוא כרג אלגעיה חסנת ואדא אלגעיה לעדם באלזג מכפפא אלשוא כרג <ויהודה> היה ו כקו

אלי גיר דלך ממא [כ]רג אלשוא בנקט אלהא 865

II.L.2.12.1.3.

כ]חולה קו[ל כי היא חוקה ר כקו אלחית קבל אלשוא אלחית

(L4:1v) וחלה חרב וחשב אפדתו וחכך כיין הטוב אלי גיר דלך

II.L.2.12.1.4.

מן אללמאד כרג לעולם ייי ברוך אלעין קבל אלשוא אלעין

דכול מעה חסן ולמא מכפפא אלעין מתל [ב]חלם לעולם

עולם ל שמו יהי נחו פרק ואלחלם אלשוא בין יכון לם אלגעיה 870

L4 864 ויהודה] ויהודה L5 857 ואת1] את

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142 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

name be for ever’ (Psa. 72.17). Similar cases are ם עיניכ ע ב ואם ר‘and if it is bad in your eyes’ (Josh. 24.15), ים ה in the‘ בעיני א

eyes of God’ (Prov. 3.4), ם ועלה ,and a man’ (Gen. 2.5, etc.)‘ ואדב ,and the boundary goes up’ (Josh. 15.6, etc.)‘ הגבול ועפרון יש‘and Ephron was sitting’ (Gen. 23.10), ר י מבצ and the forti‘ וער ed

cities’ (Josh. 19.35), and other cases.

II.L.2.12.1.5.

Now this rule applies to shewa with the four letters when shewa

is under a letter that is not one of the four.

II.L.2.12.1.6.

When it is of one of the four, the rule does not apply, for

example ף ,let them clap their hands’ (Psa. 98.8, etc.)‘ ימחאו־כ

י ם ד their God which’ (Ezra 7.16). If it is said (the house of)‘ אלהה

‘Why is it that these four letters di er in this way from the other

letters when they come before (another of the four letters) and

have shewa, and why does the rule not apply to all (letters)?’,

the response to him would be as follows. Since the letter (i.e.

one of the אהחע letters) that is before the four letters requires a

vowel together with shewa (i.e. a vowel represented by a ḥaṭef sign), the vowel (of the ḥaṭef) is dominant, so the shewa does not

have any in uence and the ḥet of ימחאו is pronounced with pataḥ

and the he of ם ימחאו is also pronounced with it. Moreover אלההcannot be pronounced with pataḥ and shureq and it is also not

possible for it be pronounced with shureq and not pataḥ, for if it

were pronounced with shureq, I mean qibbuṣ, there would be no

reason for pataḥ to occur. Since these two situations are

impossible, it must be pronounced with pataḥ, due to its natural

association with it. What has been said concerning ף ימחאו־כapplies equally to ם If somebody says ‘Why are the other .אלהה

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143II.L.2.12.

עיניכם בעיני אלהים ואדם ועלה הגבול ועפרון ומתלה ואם רע ב

יושב וערי מבצר אלי גיר דלך

II.L.2.12.1.5.

מתי חרוף אלארבע מע אלשוא פי לאזם אלשרט הדא אלאן כאן אלשוא תחת חרף מן סוי אל (L4:2r) ארבעה

II.L.2.12.1.6.

ימחאו קו נחו אלשרט הדא בטל אלארבעה מן כאן אן פאמא 875

חרוף אלארבעה הדה כאלפת ולם קיל פאן די> <אלההום כף

הדא מא פי אלחרוף לסאיר שוא ותחתהא קבל כאנת אדא

סבילה ולם לא כאנת אלעלה סאירה פי אלכל קיל לה למא כאן

מע מלך אלי אחתאג מנהא אלארבעה קבל אלדי אלחרף

פכרג אתרא אלשוא יותר לם פלדלך ללמלך פאלחכם אלשוא 880

(L4:2v) איצא בהא אלההום הא וכרג באלפאתחה ימחאו חית

איצא ואמתנע ואלשרק באלפתחה ימחאו כרוג ואסתחאל

אעני באלשרק כרג לו אד אלפתחה דון מן באלשרק כרוגה

אמתנעא ולמא אלפתחה מגי פי פאידה לא לכאן באלזג

אלקסמאן וגב כרוגה באלפתחה לאכתצאצהא בה ואלכלאם פי 885

אלההום כאלכלאם פי ימחאו כף סוא פאן קיל ולם לא כאן חכם

L4 876 אלההום די] די אלההום

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144 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

letters not like these four letters when they are before the

aforementioned (four letters), especially when every shewa

under a letter must be pronounced as a vowel when …

GAP

II.L.2.12.2. (The Second Subsection)

II.L.2.12.2.1.

…. because shewa has not changed form but rather is adjacent to

it, just as qameṣ is adjacent to pataḥ and other vowels. This is

demonstrated by the fact that mem in לירמיה ‘to Jeremiah’ has

shewa under it and the yod after it has qameṣ under it, but the

shewa is not pronounced like qameṣ but rather is pronounced

like ḥireq, unlike the four letters. The shewa of the four letters is

restricted by what is before it, but the shewa of yod is not

restricted by what is after it. The di erence, therefore, is clear

between the two subsections.

II.L.2.12.2.2.

If somebody were to say ‘What is the value of us knowing this?’,

the response to him would be as follows. When shewa comes

before yod, in most cases this is an indication of the inde nite. If a vowel were to occur in place of it, this would be an

indication of the de nite, for example ביום זבחכם ‘on the day of

your sacri ce’ (Lev. 19.6), (which is) inde nite, and ביום ההוא

רם on that day, a vineyard’ (Isa. 27.2), (which is) de‘ כ nite, פ ה

ה יבש ם׀ ל He turned the sea into dry land’ (Psa. 66.6), (which is)‘ י

inde nite, ל ר ישרא .Israel passed on the dry land’ (Josh‘ ביבשה עב

4.22), (which is) de nite, and so forth.

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145II.L.2.12.

הדה קבל כאנת אדא אלארבעה הדה כחכם אלחרוף בקיה אלמדכורה ולא סימא אן כל שוא תחת חרף יגב אן יכרג במלך

מתיGAP

II.L.2.12.2.

II.L.2.12.2.1.

(L3:3r).... לאן אלשוא מא גייר חכם בל גאורה כמא יגאור אלקמץ 890

ללפאתחה וסואהא מן אלמלוך יביין דלך אן אלמאם מן לירמיה

אלשוא יכרג ולם קמץ תחתה בעדה ואליוד שוא תחתה

פשוא חרוף ללארבעה מכאלפא בחרק כרג בל באלקאמצה

אלד חרוף מקצור עלי מא קבלה ושוא אליוד גיר מקצור עלי מא

בעדה פאלפרק טאהר בין אלפנין 895

II.L.2.12.2.2.

אלשוא אן לה קיל דלך מערפתנא פי אלפאידה קאל ומא פאן

עלי דלאלה יכון אלמואצע אכתר פי אליוד קבל כאן אדא

אלמנכר ולו כאן עוצה מלך לכאן דלאלה עלי אלמידע כק ביום

מנכר ליבשה ים הפ מידע כרם ההוא ביום מנכר ם זבחכ

ל מיודע ואמתאל דלך ר ישרא ביבשה עב 900

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146 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.2.12.3. The Third Subsection

II.L.2.12.3.1.

The remainder of the inventory of letters amounts to seventeen

letters. If yod (which has been discussed above) is added to

them, they come to eighteen letters. Shewa under these eighteen

letters is pronounced as a short pataḥ. Examples of cases in

which it is not appropriate for gaʿya to occur include ם in‘ ברב־ע

a multitude of people’ (Prov. 14.28), תיכם ’your evictions‘ גרש

(Ezek. 45.9), יתי יו רא ,I have seen his ways’ (Isa. 57.18)‘ דרכ

ב ,remember‘ זכור־יהוה ,and the head of Oreb’ (Jud. 7.25)‘ וראש־ער

oh Lord’ (Psa. 132.1), ם ת הש ,unclean of name’ (Ezek. 22.5)‘ טמא

fear the Lord’ (Jos. 24.14), and other cases with‘ יראו את־יהוה

these eighteen letters. If one were to say ‘Tell me about the

shewa that is pronounced as pataḥ under these eighteen letters.

Is it substituting for another (pronunciation), or is it alone the

pronunciation that is the rule under the letters to the exclusion

of any other, or is this pronunciation together with another the

rule under them, or what is the situation concerning this?’, the

response to him would be as follows. These letters are

pronounced as pataḥ. It is a feature of this pataḥ that it is only

pronounced short. Shewa is the only way to represent this

shortness. Since according to their principles shewa is not

combined with a vowel under these eighteen letters, they

marked the shewa alone. It was not possible for them to mark

the pataḥ by itself, since it would have been pronounced as a

full vowel.

II.L.2.12.3.2.

If one were to say ‘According to this statement, when a shewa

occurs under these eighteen letters it is only pronounced as

short pataḥ, but we seen a contradiction of this in cases such as

ל ית־ישרא לנחלת ב ת As you rejoiced over the inheritance of‘ כשמח

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147II.L.2.12.

.II.L.2.12.3 פנא תאלתא

II.L.2.12.3.1.

חרוף אלקבאלה יז חרף ותעוד אליהא אליוד תציר אלבאקי מן

בפאתחה תחתהא אלשוא יכרג חרפא יח [פה]דא חרפא יח

עם ברב כק געיה דכול מעהא יחסן לא ומא [כפיפה]

[גרש]ותיכם דרכיו ראיתי וראש ערב וזאב זכור ייי טמאת השם 905

קאל פאן חרפא אליח (L3:3v) הדה מן דלך גיר אלי ייי את יראו

כברני ען אלשוא אלדי יכרג בפאתחה תחת הדה אלחרוף אליח

הו נאיב ען גירה אם הו וחדה באלואגב תחת הדה אלחרוף דון

דלך פי אלחאל כיף אם תחתהא באלואגב וגירה הו אם גירה

הדה חכם ומן אלפאתחה נטקהא אלחרוף הדה אן לה קיל 910

לכפתהא כפיפה ולא וגה אלא תכון לא אלמדכורה אלפאתחה

מלך מע יגתמע אצולהם פי אלשוא יכון לם ולמא אלשוא גיר

יגעלו אן ימכן ולם פקט אלשוא געלו חרפא אליח הדה תחת

אלפאתחה (L4:5r) וחדהא לאנהא תגי מסתופאה

II.L.2.12.3.2.

כאן מתי חרפא אליח הדה אן אלקול הדא עלי אן קאל פאן 915

כלאף נרי ונחן כפיפה בפאתחה אלא יכרג לא שוא תחתהא מן אללמאד אלדי ישראל בית לנחלת כשמחתך כקו דלך

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148 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

the house of Israel’ (Ezek. 35.15), in which the lamed of לנחלת is

‘heavy’, the response to him would be that what makes the

lamed heavy is the gaʿya, for this is the only thing that can

change the form of the vocalic pronunciation of the shewa.12 If

he says ‘(Why) have they not marked a pataḥ where the gaʿya

occurs to express heaviness and a shewa where there is

shortness?’, the response to him would be as follows. It is not

permissible to mark a pataḥ where (the shewa is pronounced

with) heaviness, because the rule regarding the marking of

shewa and pataḥ on these eighteen letters is that the pataḥ alone

does not indicate shewa but shewa alone indicates pataḥ.

Furthermore if they marked pataḥ where there is heaviness, that

would make it unclear as to whether the following letter had

dagesh or not, since one of the features of pataḥ is that in many

places it is followed by dagesh to express de niteness, for

example יש הזה בא ,whoever touches this man’ (Gen. 26.11)‘ הנג

on that day’, and so forth. A mobile shewa can never‘ ביום ההוא

be followed by dagesh in the reading of Scripture, except in שתים

and שתי. In the discussion concerning these below, however, I

shall explain that the shewa in these two words is quiescent and

not mobile.

II.L.2.12.3.3.

Furthermore, gaʿya is not obligatory under a letter as a vowel

and shewa are obligatory, because gaʿya is only an exhalation of

air in speech, and its elision is possible. The reader chooses in

his reading (whether to pronounce it or not). There are some

places, however, in which the speaker does not have a choice,

12 The extant model manuscripts L, A and C do not have gaʿya on the

shewa here: L ת Moreover in the available manuscripts of .לנחל A, C ;לנחל

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ a gaʿya sign is not marked.

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149II.L.2.12.

לנחלת תקיל קיל לה אן אלדי תקל ללמאד אלגעיה אד ליס תם

שי יגייר חכם תחריך אלשוא סואהא פאן קאל והלא געלו מוצע

אלתכפיף שוא קיל ללתתקיל פאתחה ומוצע אלגעיה אלתי תגי 920

אלואגב לאן פאתחה אלתתקיל מוצע יכון יגוז אן (L4:5v) לא לה

פאלפאתחה וחדהא הדה אליח אלשוא ואלפאתחה ללחרף מן

ואיצא אלפאתחה עלי ידל וחדה ואלשוא אלשוא עלי תדל לא

אן פי דלך לאשכל אלתתקיל מוצע אלפאתחה געלו לו פאן

אלחרף אלתאני מנה מדגוש או גיר מדגוש לאן מן בעץ אחכאם 925

אלדגש בעדהא יגי אן אלמואצע מן כתיר פי אלפאתחה

(L4:6r) ואמתאלהמא ההוא ביום הז בא הנוג כקו ללתעריף

ואלשוא אלמתחרך לא יכון בעדה דגש אבדא פי אלמקרא אלא

שתים ושתי ועלי מא יגי אלכלאם עליהמא פי מא בעד ואביין אן

אלשוא פיהמא הו סאכן וליס הו מתחרך 930

II.L.2.12.3.3.

יגב כמא אלחרוף תחת באלואגב הי ליסת אלגעיה פאן ואיצא

אלכלאם פי תנפס הי אנמא אלגעיה לאן ואלשוא ללמלך

פחדפהא ממכן ואלקאר מכייר פי קראתהא אלא פי מואצע ליס

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150 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

for example עו א יר א ישנו אם־ל י ל for they do not sleep unless‘ כ

they do wrong’ (Prov. 4.16), because the gaʿya makes it into the

lexical class of ‘slumber and sleep’. If it were lacking, it would

be from the lexical class of repeating, as in שנו וישנו ‘“Do it a

second time” and they did it a second time’ (1 Kings 18.34).

This applies also to the lexical classes of ‘fearing’ and ‘seeing’.

The lexical class of ‘fearing’ has gaʿya, for example יהוה יראו מ י‘Let them fear the Lord’ (Psa. 33.8). Although here it has two

yods, there is potential doubt in cases such as שו The‘ יראו גוים ויב

nations will see and be ashamed’ (Micah 7.16). If this is the

case, the occurrence of gaʿya in the lexical class of ‘fearing’

prevents it. To these can be added further examples in which

the reader does not have a choice. Cases in which the reader

does have a choice include היה—והיה היתה—והיתה ,ו .and the like ,ו

Such cases do not attain the status of the vowels and the shewa,

because the construction of a word is based on the vowels. Its

construction is not based on the gaʿya. For this reason the

scholars of language in this discipline say ‘The gaʿya has no

principle’. For these reasons, when there is a need for lengthen-

ing, you mark a gaʿya with shewa and you do not mark pataḥ by

itself. This is the appropriate response to the question.

II.L.2.12.4. The Fourth Subsection

II.L.2.12.4.1.

When shewa is under a letter, it is not possible for any of the

disjunctive or conjunctive accents to be under this letter, so long

as shewa is under it, since it is a principle of shewa that it does

not combine with an accent on a letter in any circumstances. If

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151II.L.2.12.

אלגעיה לאן ירעו לא אם שנו י לא כי נחו מכייר פיהא אלקאר

(L4:6v) געלתהא מן לגה אלסנה ואלנום ולולאהא לצארת מן לגה 935

אלתתניה כקו שנו וישנו ומתל דלך לגה אלכשיה ואלנטר אלדי

פלא ביודין כאנת ואן מייי יראו > כקו < י בגעיה אלכשיה לגה

יומן מן חצול אלאלתבאס פי מתל יראו גוים ויבשו פאן וקע כאן

תבות אלגעיה פי לגה אלכשיה תמנע מנה אלי גיר דלך ממא לא

ימכן אלקאר אלכיאר פיה וממא ימכן אלקאר אלכיאר פיה והיה 940

יבלג לא סבילה הדא כאן פמא ד ואמתאל היתה ו והיתה היה ו

אלחרכאת מבלג (L5:6r) אלמלוך ואלשוא לאן בניה אלכלאם עלי

להדא אלדי יקולון אהל אללגה ולדלך אלגעיה בניתה עלי וליס

אלי אחתיג אדא אלוגוה הדה אגל פמן ללגעיה אב אלעלם אין

פאתחה וחדהא אלתתקיל געלת אלגעיה מע אלשוא ולא תגעל 945

והדא אלדי לאח פי גואב הדה אלמסלה

.II.L.2.12.4 פנא ד

II.L.2.12.4.1.

אלשוא אדא כאנת תחת חרף אמתנע אן יכון תחת דלך אלחרף שיא מן אלאלחאן ואלכדאם מהמא אלשוא תחתה לאן מן חכם אלשוא אלא יגתמע הו וטעם (L5:6v) פי חרף בתה פאן קאל ולם 950

L4 ראו יראו] י 937 י

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152 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

somebody says: ‘Why is that, when you have not denied that the

combination of a shewa and an accent on the same letter is

possible, although we do not nd them combined?’, the

response to him would be as follows. Even if the shewa of both

categories, i.e. quiescent and mobile, were to combine (with an

accent), the combination of an accent with quiescent shewa

could not take place, since it is the principle of the quiescent

shewa that it makes the letter quiescent and does not move at

all, as is the case with the resh in כרמי, the mem in זמרי and the

bet in עבדי. A disjunctive accent and a conjunctive accent by

their nature cause the letter to move (with a vowel) and

introduce a melody or melodies in it. A quiescent letter cannot

have a melody at all. A melody is movement, so how can a

quiescent shewa be also mobile at the same time? Is this not a

contradiction? So this is impossible.

II.L.2.12.4.2.

If somebody were to say ‘Although the combination of an accent

with a quiescent shewa is impossible, it would be permissible for

one to be combined with mobile shewa, because there is no

contradiction’, the response to him would be as follows. The

statement that an accent moves a letter with a vowel does not

imply that its movement is like that of shewa. This is because

shewa makes a letter mobile, but causes its articulation to be

quick, so that one cannot tarry on the letter, like the bet in

in the beginning’, since it is not permissible to hold onto‘ בראשית

it when the speaker wishes to express his intention. Likewise

dalet in דרור ‘liberty’, and the ṣade in צרור ‘bundle’, in which the

shewa causes the letter to move quickly with a speed that does

not allow tarrying on it. This is not the case with an accent,

which, rather, causes the letter to have a vowel and introduces

melodies into it. The letter is given a vowel in its place without

moving back or forward so long as it is given a melody. Surely

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153II.L.2.12.

ואחד חרף פי ואלטעם אלשוא אגתמאע אן אנכרת ומא דלך

אגתמע אלשוא לו לה מגתמעין קיל נראהמא לא כאן יצח ואן

מן אלקסמין אלמדכורין והמא אלסאכן ואלמתחרך פאגתמאעה

מע אלסאכן לא יתם לאן אלסאכן מן חכמה אן יסכן אלחרף ולא

יצטרב בתה כאלריש מן כרמי ואלמאם מן זמרי ואלבא מן עבדי 955

ויגעלא אלחרף יחרכא אן (L5:7r) שאנהמא מן ואלכאדם ואללחן

בתה נגמה פיה יצח לא אלסאכן ואלחרף ונגמאת נגמה פיה

חאל פי מתחרכא אלסאכן יכון פכיף אלחרכה הי ואלנגמה

ואחד פאליס הדא מנאקצה פקד אסתחאל דלך

II.L.2.12.4.2.

אלשוא מע אללחן אגתמאע אסתחאל קד כאן אדא קאל פאן 960

תם מא לאן אלמתחרך אלשוא מע אגתמאעה פיגוז אלסאכן

מנאקצה קיל לה ליס אלקול באן אללחן יחרך אלחרף יקתצי אן

יחרך אלשוא אן ודאך אלשוא (L5:7v) כחרכה חרכתה תכון

אלחרף ויסרע בנטקה חתי לא ימכן אחד אן ילבת בדלך אלחרף

פי גרצא וללמתכלם מסכה יצח לא אדי בראשית מן כאלבא 965

פאלשוא צרור מן ואלצאד דרור מן אלדאל וכדלך אלכלאם

כדלך וליס מעהא אלתבאת ימכן לא סרעה באלחרף יסרע

אללחן בל הו יחרך אלחרף ויגעל פיה נגמאת ואלחרף פי מוצעה

ינגם אלחרף מהמא קדאם אלי ולא כלף אלי ירגע לא יתחרך

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154 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

you see how it (the accent) gives the resh a melody in ימהרו  ו‘they made haste’ (Josh. 8.14) and the letter does not move from

its place. The accent has given it a melody, or two or more. One

does not tarry on the dalet in דרור and the like (with shewa) in

the way one tarries on the resh or the kaf in ימו  ימהרו וישכ They‘ ו

made haste and rose early’ (Josh. 8.14). The shewa moves

quickly forwards whereas an accent causes vocalic movement

within its place. If these were to combine there would be a

logical contradiction. It is, therefore, clear from this that shewa

and an accent cannot combine together in a single letter.

II.L.2.12.5. The Fifth Subsection

A mobile shewa is not followed by a letter with dagesh, for

example ככלות ‘on nishing’ (Deut. 31.24, etc.), ם when they‘ בבא

enter’ (Exod. 28.43, etc.), ה regarding the o‘ פנות אל־המנח ering’

(Mal. 2.13), בכל ‘in all’, and the like. This is not contradicted by

For if there is an added ʾalef and you say .שתי and שתים

[ʔɛʃˈtʰaːjim] and [ʔɛʃˈtʰeː], the shewa becomes quiescent. I shall

discuss this at greater length in the section concerning yetiv with

the help of God and His good will. If one were to say ‘Why is

shewa not followed by a letter with dagesh?’, the response to him

would be as follows. The principle of dagesh is to make a letter

heavy and give it a kind of quiescence. A mobile shewa is not

dwelt upon and so the letter that is after it must be light. When

the letter that is after it is heavy, it is not possible to give it the

mobility to the extent that I have mentioned.

II.L.2.12.6. The Sixth Subsection

Mobile shewa does not combine with a vowel on a letter of the

alphabet with the exception of the four letters אהחע, for example

י י יהוה הוא שמ א ,I am the Lord, that is my name’ (Isa. 42.8)‘ אנ הל

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155II.L.2.12.

מוצעה מן ואלחרף וימהרו מן (L5:8r) אלריש ינגם כיף תרי אלי 970

מא ברח וקד חרכה נגמה ותנתין ומא זאד ואלדאל מן דרור ומא

ימו וישכ וימהרו פי ואלכאף אלריש לבת ילבתה לא מאתלה

פי יחרך ואללחן קדאם אלי בסרעה יתחרך אלשוא פצאר

אלמוצע בעינה פלו אגמתע לכאן דלך מתנאקצא פבאן מן דלך

אן שוא ולחן לא יגתמעא פי חרף ואחד מעא 975

.II.L.2.12.5 פנא ה

אלשוא אלמתחרך לא יכון בעדה חרף דגש כקו ככלות בבואם

דלך יעתרץ ולא דלך ואמתאל בכל (L5:8v) המנחה אל פנות

שתים ושתי פאן תם אלף מסתעאר פאדא קלת שתים שתי צאר

בעון אליתיב לחן פי פיה אלכלאם אסתופי ואנא סאכן אלשוא 980

אללה ומשיתה פאן קאל לם לא יכון בעד אלשוא חרף דגש קיל

מן צרבא פיה ויגעל אלחרף יתקל אן אלדגש חכם מן אן לה

אלתסכין ואלשוא אלמתחרך פלא ילבת פיחתאג אן יכון אלחרף

לם תקיל בעדה אלדי אלחרף כאן פמתי כפיפא בעדה אלדי

ימכן תחריכה עלי אלחד אלדי דכרתה 985

.II.L.2.12.6 (L5:9r) פנא ו

אלף חרוף מן חרף פי מלך מע יגתמע לא אלמתחרך אלשוא

בית אלא פי ארבע חרוף אהחע כקו אני ייי הוא שמי הלא הוא

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156 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

,and encamp’ (2 Sam. 12.28)‘ וחנה ,did he not?’ (Gen. 20.5)‘ הוא

ני י ועזר Come up to me and help me’ (Josh. 10.4), and‘ עלו־אל

similar cases. If one were to say ‘Is not shewa combined with

qameṣ under the dalet of מרדכי, under the qof with qameṣ in קדם

‘before’, קדמיהון ‘before them’, under the mem with qameṣ in

ה drag her!’ (Ezek. 32.20) and under the bet with segol‘ משכו אות

in י־אנה בניתה which I built’ (Dan. 4.27)?’, the response to him‘ ד

would be as follows. This does not contradict what I stated. This

is because the people responsible for this matter have agreed on

the rule of combining shewa and a vowel only under the four

letters. It is said, however, that some scribes wanted to remove

uncertainty from places that may lead to error and have

combined a vowel with shewa in this way, because they thought

that people would err in the reading of מרדכי. When some

people saw shewa without qameṣ in מרדכי, they read it as pataḥ.

If they saw qameṣ alone, they were at risk of giving the qameṣ its full length. So, the scribes decided to combine them so that this

degree of uncertainty be removed. This applied also to similar

cases (cited above). This is an exception to their customary

practice. What supports the claim that this is the view of only

some of them with regard to letters not belonging to the group

of the four ( אהחע) is that in most codices one does not nd what

has been presented as counterevidence, but all codices are

uniform in the combination of shewa with a vowel under the

four letters.

II.L.2.12.7. The Seventh Subsection

When shewa is combined with a vowel in a letter, the vowel is

deprived of its full length, as in ם ובית־ענת Horem and‘ חר

Betanath’ (Josh. 19.38), in which the ḥet is pronounced with a

short vowel on account of the shewa that is with the qameṣ. The

same applies to גם כל־חלי ‘also every sickness’ (Deut. 28.61), in

which shewa is combined with the vowel and the vowel has

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157II.L.2.12.

וחנה עלו אלי ועז ואמ דלך פאן קאל אליס קד אגתמע אלשוא

מן אלקמץ מע אלקוף ותחת מרדכי מן אלדאל תחת ואלקמץ 990

קדם קדמיהון ותחת אלמאם מע אלקמץ מן משכו אותה ותחת

בניתה מע אלסגולה קיל לה ליס דלך בנאקץ אלבא פי די אנה

לא יגמעו הדא אלשאן אצטלחו אן אהל למא דכרתה ודלך אן

ואנמא חרוף אלארבעה הדה תחת אלא ואלמלך אלשוא (L5:9v)

קיל אן בעץ אלסופרים אראד אן ירפע אלאשכאל מן אלמואצע 995

ראי לאנה אלוגה להדא אלשוא מע אלמלך פגמע אלמגלטה

אלנאס יגלטו פי קראה מרדכי פמנהם מן אדא ראי אלשוא בלא

יאמן לם וחדהא אלקאמצה ראי ואן מפתוחה קראהא קאמצה

הדא ירפע חתי יגמעהמא אן פראי אלקאמצה יסתופי אן

אלקדר מן אלאשכאל וכדלך מא מאתלה והדא כארג ען סננהם 1000

אלארבעה גיר פי מנהם אלבעץ ראי הדא (L5:10r) אן יקוי ואלדי

בה אעתרץ מא פיהא יוגד לא אלמצאחף אכתר אן הו חרוף

אלמעתרץ ואלמצאחף כלהא מטבקה עלי גמע אלשוא ואלמלך

תחת הדה אלד חרוף

.II.L.2.12.7 פנא ז 1005

אלשוא אדא אגתמע מע מלך פי חרף סלב אלמלך חטה מן אן

אלשוא לאגל כפיפא אלחית גא ענת ובית חרם כקו יסתופא

אלמלך מע אלשוא גא חלי כל גם וכדלך אלקאמצה מע אלדי

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158 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

become short. If it were said ‘Why is it that when shewa is

combined with a vowel under a letter, the vowel is deprived of

its full quantity?’ the response would be as follows. This is

because when there is mobile shewa, it is not permissible to slow

down on or dwell on the letter. This is a principle that cannot be

avoided. When they both occur under a letter, its principle

holds, namely moving forward quickly, and so it is not possible

for the vowel to be given its full quantity. This is determined by

the principle of the shewa. If somebody were to say ‘Just as the

shewa has an unavoidable principle, likewise a vowel has an

indissoluble feature, namely slowness and steadiness, so why is

the vowel not more worthy of ful lling its principle than

something else?’, the response to him would be as follows. If

they wanted to maintain the principle of the vowel, they would

not have combined it with shewa, since that would be nonsense.

Rather they combined them in order for the principle of the

vowel to be eliminated. The combination of the two principles is

impossible, just as is the elimination of the two principles. It is

necessary to maintain one of them, and this is the principle of

the shewa. If somebody were to say ‘With how many vowels

does shewa combine?’, the response would be: with three, qameṣ, pataḥ and segol. If he said ‘Why is it combined speci cally with

these three and not the others?’, the response would be: because

with these three vowels it is permissible to melodize, pause and

read quickly, whereas this is not possible with the other vowels.

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159II.L.2.12.

אגתמע (L5:10v) אדא כאן ולם קאל פאן כפיפא אלמלך כאן אלשוא מע מלך תחת חרף סלב דלך אלמלך חטה קיל לה לאן 1010

אלחרף פי ואללבת אלתבאטי פיה יצח לא אלמתחרך אלשוא והדה עלה לא יצח אנפכאכה מנהא פאדא חצלא גמיעא תחת אן אלמלך ימכן פלא בסרעה אלנהוץ והי עלתה תבתת חרף אן כמא קיל פאן אלשוא לעלה מקצא דלך פיכון חטה יסתופי והי תפארקה לא ללמלך עלה כדלך לא תפארקה עלה ללשוא 1015

באסתיפא (L5:11r) אלמלך כאן לא פלם ואלתבאת אלתבאטי עלה אלמלך אן יתבתו אראדו לו לה קיל עלתה אולי מן סואה לם יגמעו מעה אלשוא אד כאן דלך עבת ואנמא גמעוהא לתזול אלעלתין ואנתפא מסתחיל אלעלתין ואגתמאע אלמלך עלה קיל פאן אלשוא עלה והי אחדהמא תבות מן בד פלא כדלך 1020

תלאת מע לה קיל אלשוא תגתמע אלמלוך מן כם פמע בהדה אכתץ ולם קאל פאן ואלסגולה ואלפאתחה אלקאמצה יצח אלתלתה (L5:11v) הדה לאן לה קיל סואהא דון אלתלתה לא יתם פיה פי אלתנגים אלתוקף ואלסרעה ומא סואהם פיהא

דלך 1025

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160 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.2.12.8. The Eighth Subsection

II.L.2.12.8.1.

When shewa is at the beginning of a word, it is always mobile,

for example י יקום .the word of whom will stand’ (Jer‘ דבר־מ

כרשיון ,from day to day’ (1 Chron. 12.23)‘ לעת־יום ביום ,(44.28

ם היום ,according to the permission of Cyrus’ (Ezra 3.7)‘ כורש כח

‘in the heat of the day’ (Gen. 18.1), and similar cases. If

somebody were to say ‘Why have you claimed that quiescent

shewa never occurs at the beginning of a word?’, the response

would be that a quiescent shewa is the stopping point of what

precedes it, and the beginning of a word has nothing before it,

as the ʾalef in רץ־עוץ יש היה בא There was a man in the land of‘ א

Uz’ (Job 1.1) and the shin in מק רץ לע רום וא ים ל the heavens for‘ שמ

height, and the earth for depth’ (Prov. 25.3), and similar cases.

And if somebody said ‘Do you not say that every shewa

beginning a word is mobile, but we nd a mobile shewa that is

not word-initial, for example ף מאס .and the rear guard’ (Josh‘ וה

6.9, etc.), ם וישמעו ,He has shut the mouth’ (Dan. 6.23)‘ וסגר פ‘and they heard’, וישכבו ‘and they lay down’?’, the response to

him would be as follows. When I said that every shewa at the

beginning of a word is mobile, this does not oblige me to claim

that a mobile shewa is found only in word-initial position.

Indeed a mobile shewa may be in the middle of a word. This

claim would, however, be contradicted if a shewa that is not

mobile is found in word-initial position. Yet in the examples

that I have adduced, and others like them, they are in initial

position in the sense that they are preceded by quiescence and a

stopping point.

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161II.L.2.12.

.II.L.2.12.8 פנא ח

II.L.2.12.8.1.

אלשוא אדא כאן פי אול אלכלאם אבדא יכון מתחרך כקו דבר

מי יקום לעת יום ביום כרשיון כורש כחם היום אלי גיר דלך פאן

אלכלם אואיל פי יכון לא אלסאכן אלשוא אן זעמת ולם קאל

ואבתדא תקדמה למא מחט הו אלסאכן אן לה קיל אבדא 1030

עוץ בארץ היה איש מן כאלאלף שי קבלה יכון לא אלכלאם

פאן דלך גיר אלי לעומק וארץ לרום (L5:12r) שמים מן ואלשין

קאל אליס תקול אן כל מבתדא מתחרך ונחן נגד אלמתחרך פי

לה קיל וישכבו וישמעו פם וסגר והמאסף כקו אלמבתדא גיר

ליס אדא קלת אן כל שוא פי בדו אלכלאם מתחרך ילזמני אלא 1035

יכון מתחרך אלא פי אלאבתדי בל קד יכון פי אלתוסט מתחרך

מתחרך גיר אלאבתדא פי שוא וגד לו דלך יעתרץ כאן ואנמא

ומע דלך אן אלמואצע אלדי דכרתהא ומא מאתלהא פהי כדלך

מבתדאה עלי (L5:12v) וגה מן חית אן קבלהא סכון ומחט

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162 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.2.12.8.2.

If somebody were to say ‘So do you say that a letter by itself can

have the status of a word and have mobility and quiescence, but

this is a contradiction with regard to a single letter, so according

to this וסגר could not have a mobile shewa until the shewa

becomes mobile after quiescence, as you say?’, the response

would be as follows. The stopping point may be a quiescent

shewa after a mobile letter, as in וישמעו, and the like. It may also

be what is analagous to it and may be called a stopping point,

namely the introduction of heaviness to a letter. This may cause

(the following shewa) to be mobile, as in ה שבי and capture‘ ושב

your captives!’ (Jud. 5.12), in which the heaviness of the vav

has the status of a word with two letters, so the shewa is mobile

on account of this. The heaviness of the letter corresponds to

quiescence of a shewa and becomes a stopping point, as in ם ה

מדברים the ones who speak’ (Exod. 6.27), and similar cases, as‘ ה

will be explained in the discussion about he and mem below.

II.L.2.12.9. The Ninth Subsection

A mobile shewa is followed by quiescence only in a letter that is

not less than the third letter after it. Quiescence in a letter that

is greater (in number than the third) is possible, but the

minimum for quiescence is the third (letter after the mobile

shewa), as in שה ם ,to Joshbekashah’ (1 Chron 25.24)‘ לישבק ליקמע

‘to Jokmeam’ (1 Kings 4.12), and the like. Examples of

quiescence in a letter that is greater than the third (after the

mobile shewa) are הים cypresses’, and the like. If‘ ברושים ,’God‘ א

somebody were to say ‘Do not ני פשי והציל ה נ Guard my life‘ שמר

and deliver me’ (Psa. 25.20), ה .Draw her down’ (Ezek‘ משכו אות

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163II.L.2.12.

II.L.2.12.8.2.

פיכון לפטה מקאם יקום וחדה אלחרף אן אפתקול קאל פאן 1040

פיה אלתחריך ואלסכון והדה מנאקצה פי אלחרף אלואחד פלא

בעד יתחרך אלשוא יגוז על הדא אן יכון וסגר <מתחרך> חתי

אלסכון עלי קולך קיל לה אן אלמחט קד יכון סאכן בעד מתחרך

מתל קו וישמעו ונחוה וקד יכון מא יגרי מגראה יסמי מחט והו

אלתתקיל פי חרף ואחד פאנה קד יחרך כקו ושבה שבי פצאר 1045

חרפין פיהא לפטה מנאב ינוב אלואו (L5:13r) פי אלתתקיל

לסכן אלשוא אלחרף דלך לדלך אלתתקיל מן אלשוא פיתחרך

פי אלכלאם יגי מא עלי ונחוה המדברים הם מתל מחט וצאר

הא ומאם משרוחא מן בעד

.II.L.2.12.9 פנא ט 1050

אלחרף מן אקל אלי סכון בעדה יכון לא אלמתחרך אלשוא

אלסכון מן יכון מא אקל לכן ממכן דלך ען זאד ומא אלתאלת

עלי אלתאלת כקו לישבקשה ליקמעם ונחוה ואמא מא זאד על

פאן (L5:13v) ונחוהמא ברושים אלהים מתל אלסכון פי אלתאלת

גרי ומא אותה ומשכו והצילני נפשי שמרה אליס קאל 1055

L5 1042 מתחרך] מתחרך סאכן

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164 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

32.20) and analogous cases refute the principle that you have

formulated?’, the response to him would be as follows. I spoke

only about shewa that is present under a letter. Cases of

shortness and lightness that have been transmitted by teaching

from the people of the language are not relevant for this

argument.

II.L.2.12.10. The Tenth Subsection

Mobile shewa does not occur adjacent to another mobile shewa

at the beginning, middle or end of a word, for if they were

adjacent, the word would be defective. This is because a word

must consist of a letter with a vowel and what is attached to the

letter with a vowel by way of an initial mobile shewa is of a

lesser vowel movement than the following vowel. These two

may be followed by a quiescent consonant. This structure

cannot be broken. Therefore, two mobile shewas are not linked

together, as two quiescent shewas are.

II.L.2.12.11. The Eleventh Subsection

Two quiescent shewas cannot follow one another at the

beginning of a word or in the middle of it. If somebody were to

say ‘Why is this so?’, the response to him would be: because the

rst shewa is quiescent on account of it being the stopping point

of what precedes it. The second shewa, however, is not preceded

by a letter with a vowel, for which the second shewa would be a

stopping point. For this reason, two quiescent shewas are not

linked together in the places mentioned.

II.L.2.12.12. The Twelfth Subsection

When there are two shewas following one another, a sequence in

which the rst is mobile and the second quiescent is not

permissible, rather the rst must be made quiescent and the

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165II.L.2.12.

אנמא לה קיל אלאצל הדא מן בניתה מא ינקץ קד מגראהמא

תסלם מא ואמא אלחרף תחת אלחאצר אלשוא פי תכלמת

כטפה וכפתה מן אהל אללגה תלקינא לם יכון פי הדא אלכלאם

פי שי

.II.L.2.12.10 פנא י 1060

שוא מתחרך לא יגאור שוא מתחרך לא פי אול אלכלאם ולא פי

וסטה ולא פי אכרה לאן לו תגאורא לאנפסד אלכלאם ודאך אן

פהו אלמתחרך ילחק ומא (L5:14r) מתחרך יכון אנמא אלכלאם

אקל חרכה מן אלמתחרך אדא אבתדאה באלשוא ואלסאכן קד

יקתרנא לם פלדלך נקצהא יגוז לא בניה והדה יתבעהמא 1065

מתחרכין כמא יקתרנא אלסאכנין

.II.L.2.12.11 פנא יא

פי ולא אלכלאם פי אול לא יגוז תראדפהמא לא שואין סאכנין

וסטה פאן קאל ולם כאן דלך קיל לה לאן אלשוא אלאול אנמא

חרף יתקדמה פלם ואלתאני תקדמה למא מחט לכונה סכן 1070

יקתרנא (L5:14v) לם פלדלך לה מחט אלתאני פיכון מתחרך

אלסאכנין פי אלמוצעין אלמדכורין

.II.L.2.12.12 פנא יב

יגוז לא סאכן ואלתאני מתחרך אלאול מתראדפין שואין

ללמתחרך ואלתאני ללסאכן אלאול יכון אן אלא תראדפהמא 1075

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166 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

second mobile. If somebody were to say ‘Why is that?’, the

response to him would be as follows. When the rst shewa is

mobile, it is not permissible for it to be followed by a quiescent

letter, because if that were the case, the mobile shewa would not

have scope to spring forward quickly. It has been stated

previously that quiescence cannot occur on less than the third

letter after a mobile shewa. Furthermore it is not possible to

pronounce a mobile shewa followed by a quiescent shewa for the

reason just mentioned, whereas a pronunciation of a quiescent

shewa in the rst letter and a mobile shewa on the second letter

is acceptable, as in ויקבצו ‘and they gathered’, and the like. Take

note that shewa may be construed as a successive sequence (of

two) even though only one is written. This applies to cases such

as ק sacri‘ מזבחים ,from crying’ (1 Sam. 7.8)‘ מזע cing’, ים מחלל

‘playing the pipe’ (1 Kings 1.40, etc.), from being king’ (1‘ ממ

Sam. 8.7, etc.). The shewa here is pronounced mobile. The

reason for this is that the letter is pronounced as two letters.

This is the custom of Hebrew, namely that every letter with

strengthening, I mean with dagesh, in the middle of a word,

where it does not have the status of beginning (a word or

syllable), under which there is shewa, is pronounced as two

letters. This is shown by ל .Is it like a fool?’ (2 Sam‘ הכמות נב

3.33) in that the kaf in הכמות is pronounced as two kafs, and so

in other cases. The dagesh on the letter, therefore, is in place of

the quiescent shewa and the shewa that is present under the

letter is mobile, and so it is pronounced as two letters.

II.L.2.12.13. The Thirteenth Subsection

A shewa at the end of a word can only be quiescent, as in דר

‘way’, מל ‘king’, and the like.

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167II.L.2.12.

פאן קיל ולם דלך קיל לה אדא כאן אלשוא אלאול מתחרך לא

יציב לא דלך כאן אן לאנה סאכנא חרפא בעדה יכון יגוז

בעד לא יכון תקדם אלכלאם אן אלמתחרך פסחה ללנהוץ וקד

אלתאלת (L5:15r) אלחרף מן אקל פי סכון אלמתחרך אלשוא

בהמא אלנטק יצח לא אלסאכן ובעדה אלמתחרך פאן ואיצא 1080

עלי אלוגה אלמדכור בל אלנטק באלסאכן פי אלאול ואלמתחרך

שוא תם אן ואעלם ונחוה ויקבצו מתל מפהומא אלתאני פי

בניתה עלי אלתראדף ואן כאן ליס אלא ואחד מכתוב והו נחו קו

כאלמתחרך כרג אלשוא פאן ממלוך מחללים מזבחים מזעוק

פי סירה פהדה בחרפין כרג אלחרף לאן דלך פי ואלסבב 1085

וסט פי מדגוש אעני (L5:15v) משדד חרף כל אן והו אלעבראני

בחרפין יכרג שוא ותחתה אבתדא מגרי יגרי לא בחית כלמה

יביין דלך קו הכמות נבל והו אן אלכאף פי הכמות כרג בכאפין

אלסאכן אלשוא מקאם אלחרף פי אלדגש פיכון דלך גיר אלי

ויכון אלשוא אלחאצר תחת אלחרף מתחרך ולדלך כרג בחרפין 1090

.II.L.2.12.13 פנא יג

מלך דרך נחו סאכנא אלא יכון לא אלכלאם אכר פי אלשוא ואמתאלהמא

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II.L.2.12.14. The Fourteenth Subsection

Two successive silent shewas occur only at the end of a word, as

in ארזים נת ב inhabitant of Lebanon, nested among‘ ישבת בלבנון מקנ

the cedars’ (Jer. 22.23), לת ’you were swathed in bands‘ חת

(Ezek. 16.4), לת you painted (your eyes)’ (Ezek. 23.40), and‘ כח

similar examples. A shewa at the end of a word indicates

feminine gender in many cases, both when following (another

shewa) and also when not in such a sequence. In some cases

shewa does not indicate feminine gender but rather pause, as in

נו שב׀ ממ וי רד ,and he took captives from him’ (Num. 21.1)‘ ויב יעק .and out of Jacob shall one have dominion’ (Num. 24.19)‘ מ

If somebody were to say ‘What is the value of the two successive

shewas at the end of a word?’, the response would be as follows.

One is a stopping point, namely the rst one, as in ה וישבת על־מטה and you sat on a stately couch’ (Ezek. 23.41). The bet in‘ כבוד

is the end of a word expressing the masculine singular. The וישב

second shewa under the tav indicates the feminine gender. You

will nd this practice in many places.

II.L.2.13. Section (concerning Uncertainty regarding the

Reading of the Shewa)

II.L.2.13.1.

The shewa may be the cause of uncertainty for the reader in

some places as to whether it is mobile or quiescent. (This

applies to) המ. It has been stated previously that in words

containing not more than ve letters the shewa is mobile, as in

ה ן תרומ מסכ he who is impoverished in respect to o‘ ה ering’ (Isa.

ר ,(40.20 מדב the one speaking’ (Gen. 45.12, etc.), except for‘ ה

one case, namely המשגע הזה ‘this madman’ (2 Kings 9.11). The

reason why it is not mobile is that there is no heaviness in the

he. If you were to give heaviness to the he, the shewa would be

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169II.L.2.12. – II.L.2.13.

.II.L.2.12.14 פנא יד

כקו אלכלאם אכר פי אלא יכונא לא סאכנין מתראדפין שואין 1095

ד ואמתאל כחלת חתלת בארזים מקננת בלבנון (L5:16r) יושבת

אכתר פי אלמונת עלי ידל קד אלכלאם אכר פי ואלשוא

עלי ידל לא שוא ותם אלתראדף וגיר אלתראדף פי אלמואצע

ומא קאל פאן מיע וירד ממנו וישב כקו קטע עלי בל אלמונת

לה קיל אלכלאם אכר פי אלמתראדפין אלשואין פי אלפאידה 1100

פאלבא כבודה מטה על וישבת כקו אלאול והו מחט אלואחד

תחת אלדי אלב ואלשוא ללמדכר כלמה נהאיה הו וישב מן

אלתו דאל עלי אל (L5:16v) תאנית והדה אלסירה תגדהא פי כתיר

מן אלמואצע

.II.L.2.13 פצל 1105

II.L.2.13.1.

אלשוא קד ישכל פי מואצע עלי אלקאר הל הו מתחרך אם הו

עדד אלדי אלכלם מן כאן מא אן אלקול תקדם וקד המ סאכן

המסכן נחו מתחרך יכון אלשוא פאן אזיד לא כמסה חרופהא

תרומה המדבר מא סוי מוצע ואחד והו המשגע הזה ואלסבב פי

אלהא תקלת ולו תתקיל אלהא פי ליס אן תתחרך לם אנהא 1110

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170 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

made mobile. As for words beginning with he and mem that

have more than ve letters, the rule concerning these is that if

the accent is on the fth letter or later, the shewa is silent, for

example מדברים ים ,those who speak’ (Exod. 6.27)‘ ה מארר those‘ ה

who curse’ (Num. 5.19), apart from some exceptions that

deviate from this rule, for example ים מבקש ’those who seek‘ ה

(Exod. 4.19, etc.), and the like. When the accent is on the fourth

letter, the shewa is mobile, for example, ים מחכ ’those who wait‘ ה

(Job 3.21), ים מנד .those who remove’ (Amos 6.3), and the like‘ ה

II.L.2.13.2.

As for a series of two successive identical letters in the middle

of a word that one may be uncertain about, this has been

discussed above. The (reading of the shewa) is determined by

heaviness in it, for example פר ם ס and to teach them the‘ וללמד

writing’ (Dan. 1.4). If the heaviness was removed from the vav,

the shewa would not be pronounced like pataḥ. There are six

words that deviate from this rule, namely ז יקראנני Then they‘ א

will call upon me’ (Prov. 1.28), נני א ימצא נני ול שחר They will seek‘ י

me diligently but will not nd me’ (Prov. 1.28), נני ם ישחר ר לה בצ

‘and in their distress they seek me’ (Hos. 5.15), נני י ימצא ומשחר‘and those who seek me diligently nd me’ (Prov. 8.17), ה תוד זבנני בד כ He who brings thanksgiving as his sacri‘ י ce honours me’

(Psa. 50.23).

II.L.2.13.3.

As for what can cause uncertainty in forms such as ב and the‘ וזה

gold of’ (Gen. 2.12), וסגר ‘and he closed’ (Dan. 6.23), it may be

said concerning cases that are linked to what follows by the

accent, such as לצבי ,and resemble a gazelle’ (Cant. 8.14)‘ ודמה־ל

that since maqqef occurs on ודמה, the shewa is quiescent, but if

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171II.L.2.13.

(L2:6r) חרוף מן אלכלם לתחרך אלשוא ואמא מא יזיד ען כמסה

דלך הו אן אן כאן אללחן פי פאלשרט הא ומאם אלתי אולהא

המדברים מתל סאכן אלשוא כאן זאד ומא אלה אלחרף עלי

ונחוה המבקשים מתל דלך ען כארג שואד אלא המאררים

(L7:1v) מתחרך אלשוא כאן אלד אלחרף עלי אללחן כאן ואדא 1115

מתל המחכים המנדים ונחוהמא

II.L.2.13.2.

אלכלאם וסט פי אלמתראדפין אלחרפין מן ילתבס מא ואמא

כקו פיה שרט אלתתקיל אן והו איצא פיה אלקול תקדם פקד

אלשוא יפתח לם אלואו מן אלתתקיל זאל ולו ספר וללמדם

ולא ישחרונני יקראונני אז והי לפטאת סת דלך ען כרג ואלדי 1120

תודה זבח י]מצאונני ומשח[רי ישחרונני להם בצר ימצאונני

כבדנני י

II.L.2.13.3.

ואמא מא < ילתבס וישכל > מן גנס וזהב וסגר אן קד יקאל פי

למא אן לצבי ל ודמה מתל באללחן בעדה במא אתצל מא

תחרך טעם פיה כאן לו ואן אלשוא סכן ודמה פי אלמקף חצל 1125

L7:1v שאכל L2:6v [1123 ילתבס וישכל

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172 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

there were an accent on it, the shewa would be mobile, as in

עם בן־אבינ ה שבי .Capture your captives, son of Abinoam’ (Jud‘ ושב

5.12). As for what is separated (by the accent), like וסגר ‘and he

closed’ (Dan. 6.23), the heaviness has caused the shewa to be

mobile. There are also some cases that are only learnt by

listening.

GAP

II.L.2.14. (Section on the Names of the Vowels)

[…] the teeth make a squeaking sound with it.

The seventh is shureq [ ] three dots (written) obliquely. It may

be replaced by one dot in the middle of vav, whose name is

shureq, which is derived from ים שרקות עדר to hear the‘ לשמ

whistlings of the ocks’ (Jud. 5.16), which is a whistling,

because it gathers the lips together.

II.L.2.15. Section on their Place of Articulation

II.L.2.15.1.

The place of articulation of ḥolem is the root of the tongue and

the place of swallowing, which is the place of articulation of

and it moves over the surface of the entire mouth. Take ,אהחע

note that if somebody were to investigate carefully their places

of articulation, he would have something like the knowledge

necessary as to what is rst in position and what is last.

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173II.L.2.13. – II.L.2.15.

בן אבי נעם ואמא מא כאן ה שבי אלשוא (L2:6v) מתל קולה ושב

ותם אלתחריך פי סבב פאלתתקיל וסגר קולה מתל מנפרדא

מא לא יוכד אלא סמאעא

GAP

II.L.2.14.

(L8:101r) תצר בהא אלאסנאן צרא

ואלסאבע שרק [ ] תלתה נקט מוארבה וקד יכון עוצהא נקטה 1130

שריקות מן ואשתקוה שרק אסמוהא אלואו קלב פי [ואחדה]

עדרים והו אלצפיר לאנהא תגמע אלשפתין

.II.L.2.15 פצל פי מחלהא

II.L.2.15.1.

אהחע מחל] [והו הבליעה ובית הלשון עקר אלחלם [מחל]

מחאלהא תאמל [מן] ואעלם כלה אלפם סטח עלי ומסירה 1135

אלמתקדם הו מא אי דלך מן לה אלצרורי כאלעלם לה צארת

מנהא ואי מ[א הו] אלמתאכר

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174 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.2.15.2.

The second place of articulation is the place of articulation of

qameṣ. It is slightly above the root of the tongue, this being the

( rst) third of the tongue, and its movement is to above the

palate.

II.L.2.15.3.

The third place of articulation is the place of articulation of

pataḥ, which is the surface of the tongue at the bottom (of the

mouth).

II.L.2.15.4.

The fourth place of articulation is the place of articulation of

segol, which is the sides of the mouth, and its movement is upon

the lower surface of the mouth.

II.L.2.15.5.

The fth place of articulation is the place of articulation of ṣere, which is the teeth, without closure, because it breaks through

them.

II.L.2.15.6.

The sixth place of articulation is the place of articulation of

ḥireq, which is the closure of the teeth with force.

II.L.2.15.7.

The seventh place of articulation is the place of articulation of

shureq, which is the lips gathered together (as if for) whistling.

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175II.L.2.15.

II.L.2.15.2.

אלתאני מחל אלקאמצה והו פוק אצל אללסאן קלילא והו תלת

אללסאן וחרכתהא אלי פוק אלחנך

II.L.2.15.3.

מן אללסאן סטח והו אלפאתחה מחל אלתאלת ואלמחל (L6:1r) 1140

אספל

II.L.2.15.4.

אלפם אגנאב והו אלסגולה מחל הו אלראבע ואלמחל וחרכתהא עלי סטח אלפם אלספלאני

II.L.2.15.5.

אטבאק בלא אלאסנאן והו אלצירי מחל הו אלכאמס ואלמחל לאנה ישק בינהא שקא 1145

II.L.2.15.6.

ואלמחל אלסאדס מחל אלחרק והו אטבאק אלאסנאן בקוה

II.L.2.15.7.

מצמומתין אלשפתין והו אלשרק מחל אלסאבע אלמחל כאלצפיר

L8:101v 1145 בינהא] בין אלאסנאן

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176 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.2.16. Section concerning Combinations of them (i.e. the

Vowels) to Form Basic Nouns and Combinations

of them to Form Abstractions

For example, אונו ‘Ono (place name)’ (1 Chron. 8.12, etc.), a

basic noun (combining) ḥolem with ḥolem and the abstraction

his light’ (Job 36.30, etc.). Ḥolem with qameṣ: the‘ אורו

abstraction ה good deed’ (1 Sam. 24.19, etc.). Ḥolem with‘ טוב

pataḥ: the basic noun מח spear’ (Num. 25.7, etc.) and the‘ ר

abstraction ע he made known’ (Lev. 4.23, etc.). Ḥolem with‘ הוד

segol: the basic noun אהל ‘tent’ and the abstraction ויאמר. Ḥolem

with ṣere: the basic noun ץ .Bozez (name of a crag)’ (1 Sam‘ בוצ

14.4) and the abstraction יוצא ‘goes out’. Ḥolem with ḥireq: basic

noun פי doing‘ עושים fault’ (Psa. 50.20) and the abstraction‘ ד

(mpl.)’. Ḥolem with shureq: the basic noun תהו ‘confusion’ and

the abstraction טובו ‘they are good’ (cf. Num. 24.5, etc.). To

these can be added further examples of this type of (arrange-

ment of vowels), the seven with the seven.

II.L.2.17. Chapter concerning the Descending of the Vowels

from One to the Other according to the Order of

their Places of Articulation

Ḥolem descends to qameṣ with the attachment of a pronoun and

the plural, for example כפר ‘ransom’—כפרו ‘his ransom’, עשר

‘wealth’—עשרו ‘his wealth’, קדש ‘holiness’—קדשו ‘his holiness’,

his height’. If you form a plural, you say‘ גבהו—’height‘ גבה

חדשים —’new‘ חדש :holinesses’. From qameṣ to pataḥ‘ קדשים

ים עננים—’cloud‘ ענן ,new (pl.) in every morning’ (Lam. 3.23)‘ לבקר

‘clouds’. From pataḥ to segol: they say בחוץ מצא I meet you‘ א

outside’ (Cant. 8.1)—כה א ימצא י ל that he does not nd you’ (1‘ כ

Kings 18.10). From segol to ṣere in a conjoined form, for example

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177II.L.2.15. – II.L.2.17.

.II.L.2.16 פצל אלדי יתלף מנהא אסאס ואלדי יתלף מנהא ערץ

מת אונו אסאס חלם מע חלם וערץ אורו חלם מע קאמצה ערץ 1150

אלחלם הודע וערץ <רומח> אסאס פאתחה מע אלחלם טובה

מע אלסגולה אסאס אהל וערץ ויאמר אלחלם מע אלצרי אסאס

<וערץ > דופי אסאס אלחרק מע אלחלם יוצא וערץ בוצץ

עושים אלחלם מע אלשרק אסאס תהו וערץ טובו אלי גיר דלך

מן צרבהא סבעה פי סבעה 1155

עלי בעץ אלי בעצהא אלמלוך אנחדאר פי באב II.L.2.17.

תרתיב מחאלהא

נחו ואלגמע אלצמיר אתצאל ענד אלקמץ אלי ינחדר אלחלם

קלת גמעת ואן גבהו גבה קדשו קדש עשרו עשר כפרו כפר

קדשים מן קאמצה אלי פאתחה חדש חדשים לבקרים ענן עננים 1160

ומן ימצאך לא כי בחוץ אמצא קאלו סגולה אלי פאתחה ומן

שבר על תחת שבר ק מתל אלסמוך פי צרי אלי (L6:1v) סגולה

L6 1153 וערץ 2] וערץ וערץ L6:1r רומה L8:101v [1151 רומח

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178 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

חת בר ת ף—fracture for (fracture)’ (Lev. 24.20)‘ ש בר יוס over‘ על־ש

the ruin of Joseph’ (Amos 6.6). To these can be added other

cases of vowels descending from one to the other in this way.

II.L.2.18. (On the Origin of the Vowels)

If somebody were to ask ‘With regard to the form of these

vowels, what is the origin of their formation? Do you say that

the scribes established their form?’ The response would be as

follows. If the scribes were the source of this, it would be

permissible for somebody who was not satis ed with it to come

and create di erent forms. This would be permissible for every

single scribe. There would be no limit or end to their forms. If

one were to say ‘Is not the qameṣ of the people of Iraq a

superscribed half ʾalef, and so forth with regard to the shape of

their vowels?’, the response would be as follows. What should

be relied upon in this regard is (the shape of vowels) in the Holy

Land. It is not implausible that when the people of the exile

moved away from the Holy Land they made a record of their

reading and created shapes (of vowels) when they had moved

away from the Holy Land for fear that they would forget the

reading. The (original) shapes (of the vowels) of the Holy Land,

however, remained. If somebody were to say ‘So who formed

them?’, the response to him would be as follows. It is possible

that the people of the language formed the shapes of the vowels

just as they formed the shapes of the letters. It is also possible

that the people of the language used to use them in conversation

without their knowing any (written) form for them until the

time of Habakkuk, peace be upon him, when God said to him

ר על־הלחות Write the vision; make it plain upon‘ כתוב חזון ובא

tablets’ (Hab. 2.2). He indicated the reason for this, namely ען למ

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179II.L.2.17. – II.L.2.18.

הדא עלי בעץ אלי בעץ מן תנחדר ממא דלך גיר אלי יוסף

אלוגה

II.L.2.18.

תשאכילהא אצל כאן כיף אלמלוך הדה אשכאל קאל פאן 1165

כאן לו לה קיל אשכאלהא וצעו אלסופרים אן אתקולון

אלסופרים הם אלאצל פי דלך לכאן יגוז אן יגי מן לם ירץ בדלך

וישכל אשכאלא סואהא וכאן יצח הדא מן כל סופר וסופר פלא

אליס אהל פאן קאל אנקצא חד ולא לא לאשכאלהא יכון כאן

אשכאל מן ד גיר אלי פוק מן אלף נצף קאמצתהם אלעראק 1170

ומא הקדושה ארץ עלי דלך פי אלמעול אן לה קיל אנחאיהם

צבטו הקדושה ארץ ען אלגולה אהל בעדו למא אן ימתנע

קראתהם פגעלו להם אשכאל למא בעדו ען ארץ ישראל כוף מן

אן ינסו אלקראה ובקית אשכאל ארץ הק פאן קאל פמן שכלהא

אלחרוף אשכאל שכלו כמא אללגה <אהל> אן יגוז לה קיל 1175

כאנו אללגה אהל אן איצא ויגוז אשכאל איצא ללמלוך שכלו

יתכאטבו בהא מן גיר שכל יערפוה להא אלי זמאן חבקוק ע א

פקאל לה אללה כתוב חזון ובאר על הלוחות ואורא אלעלה פי

מצחאפא אכד מן אן שך ולא בו קורא ירוץ למען והו דלך

L6 omitted [1175 אהל

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180 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

,so that one who reads it can run’ (Hab. 2.2). Indeed‘ ירוץ קורא בו

there is no doubt that when somebody takes a simple codex

without accents or pointing, he stumbles in the reading and does

not ‘run’, apart from a few exceptional people that are found in

some generations, such as Ben Asher and Ben Naftali in their

time and those like them. If a reader has a codex in which the

cantillation and pointing are clearly indicated, he can run and

not stumble.

This is what needs to be said, but God knows best. The discourse

is nished.

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181II.L.2.18.

<נקט> אנה יכשל פי אלקראה ולא ירוץ סאדגא בגיר לחן ולא 1180

אשר כאבן אלאגיאל בעץ פי יוגדו קלאיל שואד אחאד אלא

כאן ואדא מגראהמא גרי ומן זמאנהמא פי (L6:2r) נפתלי ואבן

ללקאר מצחף טאהר אללחן <ואלנקט> הו ירוץ ולא יכשל

הדא מא לאח ואללה אעלם ותמת אלמקאלה

L6 אלנטק L8:57r [1183 ואלנקט L6 1180 נקט] נטק

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II.L.3.0.THE THIRD DISCOURSE: ON THE ACCENTS

(SELECTED PASSAGES)

II.L.3.1. (On the Gaʿya)

If somebody were to say ‘So, what do you say concerning the

gaʿya?’, the response to him would be as follows. The gaʿya does

not have a de nite status in the reading of Scripture. One reader

may omit it and another reader may sustain it. There are some

places, however, in which it may not be omitted, since it a ects the meaning. This applies to the lexical class of ‘fearing’, and so

they have said ‘Every (form from) the lexical class of ‘fearing’

has gaʿya’. Likewise one says שנו שנו ,’you sleep‘ ת ,’they sleep‘ י

with gaʿya, from the lexical class of ‘sleeping’, א א ישנו אם־ל י ל כ

עו .for they cannot sleep unless they have done wrong’ (Prov‘ יר

4.16). If it is without gaʿya, it is from (the lexical class) of

‘repeating’, as in אם־תשנו יד אשלח בכם ‘If you do so again, I will

lay hands on you’ (Neh. 13.21). If somebody were to say ‘So do

you consider it to be one of the conjunctive accents or

disjunctive accents?’, the response to him would be as follows. It

should not be considered to belong either with the disjunctive

accents or the conjunctive accents, since it is only an exhalation

in speech, which carries the words forward, and joins and binds

them with one another, as in ל ית הכ שח י ה not destroying‘ לבלת

them all’ (Isa. 65.8), י י עמ רכ ד ילמדו את־ד if they will‘ אם־למ

diligently learn the ways of my people’ (Jer. 12.16). Its

distinctive property is the extension of the melody so that joy is

di used in the heart, in order to conduct the reading along,

animating the reader and moving him to read more. An expert

of this discipline has said: If you wish to know whether gaʿya is

correct, look at the place of the gaʿya. If it is permissible to put

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II.L.3.0.

אלמקאלה אלתאלתה פי אלאלחאן 1185

II.L.3.1.

אן לה קיל אלגעיה פי תקולון פמא קאיל קאל פאן (L1:35r)

וקאר יחדפהא פקאר אלמקרא פי שיעור להא ליס אלגעיה

פי תאתיר להא לאן חדפהא ימכן לא מואצע ותם יתבתהא

ומתלה געי דחילה לשון כל קאלו וכדא יראה לשון פי אלמעני

ירעו לא אם ישנו לא כי אלנום מן באלגעיה פהי שנו י שנו ת 1190

ואדא כאן בלא געיה מן אלתתניה כק אם תשנו יד אשלח בכם

פאן קאל פהל תחסבוהא מן אלאלחאן או מן אלכדאם קיל לה

מא תחסב לא מע אלאלחאן ולא מע אלכדאם לאנהא אנמא הי

בעצהא ותגמעהא ותוצלהא אלכלם ותסוק אלכלאם פי תנפס

עמי רכי ד את ילמדו למד אם הכל השחית לבלתי כק בעץ מע 1195

ולזף אלקלב פי אלסרור לינתשר באלנגם אלאמדאד וכאציתה

וקד אלתזייד אלי ולתחרכה להא אלקאר ולתנשיט אלקראה

צחה תנטר אן ארדת אדא אלעלם הדא עלמא בעץ קאל

אלגעיה פאנטר מוצע אלגעיה פאן צלח טעם אלכלמה עלי מוצע

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184 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

the accent of the word on the place of the gaʿya, then the gaʿya

is in order. If it does not come in the place of the accent, then

return it to the place (of the accent).13 He has said that by this

principle one may distinguish a correct gaʿya from one that is

incorrect. He then retracted this and said that this principle

applies only to certain places. The rst statement is the correct

one.

II.L.3.2. Chapter concerning Cases whose Rule is not at all

Dependent on an Accent and Cases whose Rule is

Dependent on an Unspeci ed Accent.

II.L.3.2.1.

This includes מרכבה. If somebody were to ask, why is the form

sometimes pointed with segol and sometimes pointed with מרכבה

pataḥ, the response would be as follows. When the form is

singular, segol occurs under the mem. Examples of the singular

are ל מרכבתו יש מע ־א פ ר ה when the man turned from his‘ כאש

chariot’ (2 Kings 5.26), ים ה וסס a chariot and horses’ (2‘ מרכב

Sam. 15.1). In the plural you say יו י מרכבות חרו פעמ א Why‘ מדו

tarry the hoofbeats of his chariots?’ (Jud. 5.28), ה וחילו ת פרע מרכב

‘the chariots of Pharaoh and his army’ (Exod. 15.4), and the like.

There is one exception to this, in that it does not have segol (in

the singular) but ḥireq, namely בת המשנה in his second‘ במרכ

chariot’ (Gen. 41.43).

13 The corrected reading פארדהא is a form IV imperative of the root r-d-d,

which in medieval Judaeo-Arabic is often used with the sense of the form I

(Blau 2006, 245).

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185II.L.3.1. – II.L.3.2.

אלטעם מוצע תגי לא כאן ואן מסתויה פאלגעיה אלגעיה 1200

<פארדהא> עלי אלמוצע וקאל אן הדא אלאצל בה יועלם צחה

אלגעיה מן פסאדהא ורגע ען דלך פקאל אן הדא אלאצל יצח פי

בעץ אלמואצע ואלקול אלאול הו אלצחיח

בתה בלחן מעלק שרטה יכון לם מא פי באב (L1:35v) II.L.3.2.

ומא שרטה מעלק בלחן גיר מעיין 1205

II.L.3.2.1.

מן דלך לשון מרכבה אן סאל סאיל לם כאן לשון מרכבה תארה

כאן מא אן הוא אלגואב בפאתחה ותארה נקט בתלת תנקט

אליחיד פי כק נקט תלת אלמאם תחת כאן יחיד לשון מנהא

פי ותקול וסוסים מרכבה מרכבתו מעל איש הפך כאשר

אלרבים מדוע אחרו פעמי מרכבותיו מרכבות פרעה וח ומת מא 1210

והי ואחדה נקטה אלא נקט בתלת לא פאנהא ואחדה סוי

במרכבת המשנה

L1 1201 פארדהא] פאדרהא

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186 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

II.L.3.2.2.

Likewise people may ask concerning מה and מה why their

pointing varies and what is their rule. The response is as follows.

When it is followed by dagesh, it has pataḥ, for example ר מה־תאמ

ק ,whatever your soul says’ (1 Sam. 20.4)‘ נפש ר ומה־נצטד מה־נדב

‘What shall we speak? And how can we show ourselves to be

just?’ (Gen. 44.16). When it is followed by rafe, it has segol, for

example י ידיד ה ל ה לעשות ,What has my beloved?’ (Jer. 11.15)‘ מ מ

What is to be done for you? Would you have a‘ ל היש לדבר־ל

word spoken on your behalf?’ (2 Kings 4.13), and similar cases.

II.L.3.2.3.

People may ask concerning למה what the rule is relating to the

fact that it is sometimes with dagesh and sometimes rafe. The

response relates to two factors. One is that it is because of the

accent, namely when the accent is on the mem of למה, it is rafe

and when the accent is on the lamed, it has dagesh, for example

מה זה ה ל ם הז תה לע ה הרע Why have you done evil to this‘ למ

people? Why (did you ever send me)?’ (Exod. 5.22). All of the

reading of Scripture follows this rule except for one case in Job,

for the accent is on the lamed, but it is rafe, namely ני למה שמת

Why have you made me your mark?’ (Job 7.20). The‘ למפגע

second response is that it is on account of the letter. This rule is

superior to the rst, since למה may be without an accent but

rather have maqqef, for example יל יר ביד־כס Why‘ למה־זה מח

should a fool have a price in his hand’ (Prov. 17.16), and similar

cases. The rule concerning this is that whenever למה are linked

prosodically to three letters, namely ʾalef, he and ʿayin, it is rafe,

for example ש ה מתנק ה את Why are you laying a snare?’ (1‘ ולמ

Sam. 28.9), ה אפ ה יהוה יחר Why, oh Lord, does your anger‘ למ

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187II.L.3.2.

II.L.3.2.2.

ומא נקטהמא יכתלף לם ומה מה ען אלנאס יסל קד וכדלך

בפאתחה כאנת דגש <תבעה> אדא אן הו אלגואב שרטהמא

כק מה־תאמר נפשך מה־נדבר ומה־נצטדק ומא תבעה רפי כאן 1215

בסגולה כק מה לידידי מה לעשות לך היש לדבר לך ומת

II.L.3.2.3.

מדגוש תארה כונה פי אלשרט מא למה ען אלנאס יסל וקד

ותארה רפי אלגואב פיה עלי וגהין אלואחד מן אגל אלטעם והו

אן אדא כאן אלטעם עלי (L1:36r) אלמאם מן למה כאן רפי ואדא

הזה לעם הרעות למה כק דגש כאן אללמאד עלי אלטעם כאן 1220

למה זה וכל אלמקרא עלי הדא אלא ואחד פי איוב פאן אלטעם

מן אלב ואלגואב למפ ני שמת למה והו רפי והו אללמאד עלי

אגל אלחרף והדא אלשרט הו אבלג מן אלאול לאן קד יכון למה

ומת כסיל ביד מחיר זה למה כק במקף בל אלטעם בגיר

והן חרוף תלת למה אלי כלמא אסתנד אן הו דלך פי ואלשרט 1225

ה ייי יחרה אפך ה מתנקש למ ה את אלף הא עין כאן רפי כק ולמ

L2:1r L1 תבעת S11:1r (short version) [1214 תבעה

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188 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

burn?’ (Exod. 32.11), ת ה הרע .Why have you dealt ill?’ (Num‘ למ

ינו ,(11.11 ם על ה עלית .Why have you come up against us?’ (Jud‘ למ

15.10), and the like. There are ve cases that are exceptions to

this rule, since they are linked prosodically to אהע but have

dagesh. These are ני מה הרגזת .Why have you vexed me?’ (1 Sam‘ ל

יתו עבד ,(28.15 Why have your servants set on re?’ (2‘ למה הצ

Sam. 14.31), ע ימי ר ירא ב Why should I fear in times of‘ למה א

trouble?’ (Psa. 49.6), צח Why is my pain‘ למה היה כאבי נ

unceasing?’ (Jer. 15.18), רצה כה א Why should I smite you‘ למה אכ

to the ground?’ (2 Sam. 2.22). Their mnemonic combination is

‘The slave has vexed me; I have feared pain; I have killed him’.

If you like, you may say ‘The servant has vexed me; I have

feared illness; I have smitten him.’ Every למה that is prosodically

bound to the other letters of the inventory, namely

has dagesh, except for three cases, which are ,בגדוזטיכלמנספצקרשת

prosodically bound to shin and zayin, namely ני חת ה שכ Why‘ למ

have you forgotten me?’ (Psa. 42.10), ני חת ה זנ Why have you‘ למ

rejected me?’ (Psa. 43.2), ני Why have you made me‘ למה שמת

(your mark)?’ (Job 7.20). Their mnemonic combination is: ‘You

made me forgotten and rejected’.

II.L.3.2.4.

People may ask concerning הן and שש ,הן and עת ,שש and לב ,עת

and כן ,לב and שן ,כן and שן why these sometimes occur with ṣere and sometimes with segol. The response concerning this is as

follows. When the accent is on the rst letter of the word

following these words, they have segol so long as they have

maqqef, for example וי ,Here is my signature’ (Job 31.35)‘ הן־ת

Behold it (is the joy of his way)’ (Job 8.19). You say‘ הן־הוא

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189II.L.3.2.

כמסה דלך ען כרג ואלדי ומת עלינו עליתם למה הרעות למה

למה והי מדגושה והי אהע אלי מסתנדה פאנהא מואצע

הרגזתני למה הציתו עבדיך למה אירא בימי רע למה היה כאבי

למה אככה ארצה ורבאטהא אקלקני אלעבד כשית אלוגע נצח 1230

קתלתה ואן ארדת תקול <הרגיזני> העבד ייראתי החולי הכיתיו

בגדוזטיכ הם אלאכר אלקבאלה חרוף אלי אסתנד למה וכל

למנספצקרשת יכון דגש מא סוי תלתה פאנהא תסתנד אלי שין

ורבאטהא שמתני למה זנחתני למה שכחתני למה והן וזאי

שמתני משכח מזנח 1235

II.L.3.2.4.

וכן וכן ולב ולב ועת ועת הן והן ושש ושש אלנאס ען יסל וקד ותארה בצרי תארה תגי אלמדכוראת הדה כאן לם ושן ושן בסגולה (L1:36v) ואלגואב פי דלך הו אן אדא כאן אלטעם פי אול חרף מן אלכלמה אלתאניה להדה אלכלם צארת בסגולה מהמא השעורים שש הנה שש ותקול הוא הן הן־תוי כק במקף הי 1240

1231 הרגיזני] L2:2r הרגיני L1 1232 אסתנד…אלאכר] אסתנד אלי

L2:2r בקיה חרוף אלקבאלה

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190 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

נה ים They are six’ (Prov. 6.16) and‘ שש־ה six (measures)‘ שש־השער

of barley’ (Ruth 3.17). You say א א עת־ב it is not the time of‘ ל

coming’ (Haggai 1.2), י לעת־יום ביום for from day to day’ (1‘ כ

Chron. 12.23). An exception to the (expected form) עת is בלא

ה not at the time of her impurity’ (Lev. 15.25), for the‘ עת־נדת

accent is not on the rst letter but it has segol. You say ים פלגי־מ

ל ר ,The king’s heart is a stream of water’ (Prov. 21.1)‘ לב־מ אש

יש ל לב־א עלה ע .that comes into a man’s heart’ (2 Kings 12.5)‘ י

You say ם כן־הוא .Let it be as you say’ (Gen. 44.10, etc.)‘ כדבריכ

You say לע ל־שן־ס in the crag of rock’ (Job 39.28). The phrase‘ ע

לע a crag of rock’ (1 Sam. 14.4) has ṣere since the accent‘ שן־הס

occurs on the second letter.

II.L.3.2.5.

People may ask concerning את and את which of them has the

accent and which has maqqef. The response is as follows. They

say that every את with segol in the reading of Scripture is always

without an accent and has maqqef, except for three cases,

namely ם ת אר ’when he strove with Aram(naharaim)‘ בהצותו׀ א

(Psa. 60.2), ב ת גאון יעק ת ,the pride of Jacob’ (Psa. 47.5)‘ א י א כ

ב ר יאה with את for him whom he loves’ (Prov. 3.12). Every‘ אש

ṣere must have an accent and never has maqqef, except for one

case, namely ת־כל־גב .everything that is high’ (Job 41.26)‘ א

II.L.3.2.6.

People may ask also concerning כל and כל why it is with qameṣ and with ḥolem. The response is as follows. They have said that

whenever it has maqqef it occurs only with qameṣ, except for

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191II.L.3.2.

לעת <יום> ביום ואלדי יכרג ען <עת> ק בא כי לא עת ותקול

בלא עת נדתה פאן אלטעם ליס הו עלי אול חרף וקד גא בתלת

ותקול איש לב על יעלה אשר מלך לב מים פלגי ותקול נקט

כדבריכם כן הוא ותקול על שן סלע שן הסלע צאר בצירי למא

צאר אלטעם מע אלחרף אלתאני 1245

II.L.3.2.5.

וקד יסל אלנאס ען את ואת מא מנהא בטעם ומא מנהא במקף

פיהא יכון לא בסגולה אלמקרא פי את כל אן קאלו אלגואב

ת גאון יע ת ארם א טעם אלבתה בל במקף אלא ג והי בהצותו א

ת אשר יאהב וכל את בצרי לא בד לה מן טעם ולא ידכלה כי א

ת־כל גבוה מקף בתה אלא וא והו א 1250

II.L.3.2.6.

ובחלם בקאמצה כאן לם וכל כל ען איצא אלנאס יסל וקד

מקמוצא <אלא> יכון לא במקף כאן מא כל אן קאלו אלגואב

אלא] 1252 L1 omitted L2:2v עת] | L1 יום יום יום] 1241

L1 omitted

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192 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Long Version)

two cases in the reading of Scripture: י ל־עצמות ’all my bones‘ כ

(Psa. 22.15), ש ל אחי־ר .all the brothers of a poor man’ (Prov‘ כ

19.7), and also ש ל בשל ’and has measured in a third (measure)‘ וכ

(Isa. 40.12), although they interpreted it as being from the

lexical class of ‘measuring’. Whenever it occurs with ḥolem, it

does not have maqqef but rather has an accent, for example ל כ

י א בשמ ל ,everyone who is called by my name’ (Isa. 43.7)‘ הנקר כ

 ד א י ר תמצ .whatever your hand nds’ (Ecc. 9.10)‘ אש

II.L.3.2.7.

They may also ask concerning the lexical class of ‘blessing’ why

the shewa under the resh is sometimes quiescent and sometimes

mobile. The response is as follows. They have said that

whenever the accent is under the bet of the lexical class of

‘blessing’, the shewa is quiescent, for example רכו־נא את־יהוה ב

היכם Bless the Lord your God’ (1 Chron. 29.20). When the‘ א

accent is on the kaf, the shewa is mobile, for example ה ברכו יהו

יו כ בעבור ,Bless the Lord, (you) his angels’ (Psa. 103.20)‘ מלא

ני נפש ,in order that your soul blesses me’ (Gen. 27.19)‘ תברכ

except one case, in which the accent is on the kaf but the shewa

is quiescent, namely ת .I blessed the Most High’ (Dan‘ ולעלאה ברכ

4.31). It may be said that this last case has broken the rule since

it is in the Aramaic language. If, however, there is a case that

breaks the rule in Hebrew, then it must be ית־עבד יבר ב ת ומברכ‘with your blessing will the house of your servant be blessed’ (2

Sam. 7.29), because the accent in this is on the kaf and the

shewa is silent, unless it be said that in this word there are two

accents. The most plausible statement is that it is a case that

breaks the rule because י רכ רכה מב I will bless those that‘ ואב

bless you’ (Gen. 12.3) has two accents and the shewa is mobile.

Likewise in י ת אב the blessings of your father’ (Gen. 49.26)‘ ברכ

the accent is on the kaf and the shewa is quiescent, and this is

also a case that breaks the rule.

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193II.L.3.2.

ל בשליש ל אחי רש וכ ל־עצמותי כ מא סוי תנתין פי אלמקרא כ

לא (L1:37r) בחלם כאן מא וכל אלמכיאל מן יפסרוהא כאן ואן

ידכלה מקף בל יכון בטעם כק כל הנקרא בשמי כל אשר תמצא 1255

ידך

II.L.3.2.7.

אלריש תחת אלדי אלשוא כאן לם ברכה לשון ען איצא ויסל

אלטעם כלמא אן קאלו ואלגואב מתחרך ותארה סאכן תארה

רכו נא את תחת אלבא מן לשון ברכה כאן אלשוא סאכן כק ב

ייי אלהיכם ואדא כאן אלטעם עלי אלכאף כאן אלשוא מתחרך 1260

פאן ואחדה אלא נפשך ני תברכ בעבור מלאכיו ייי ברכו כק

אלטעם עלי אלכאף ואלשוא סאכן והי ולעלאה ברכת וקד ימכן

אן יקאל אנהא אנמא כסרת אלשרט לכונהא מן לגה אלכסדאני

יברך ת גיר אן כאן כאסרה מן אלעבראני פינבגי אן תכון ומברכ

בית עבדך לאן אלטעם פיהא עלי אלכאף ואלשוא סאכן אלא אן 1265

לאן כאסרה אנהא ואלקריב טעמין אלכלמה הדה פי אן יקאל

ברכות וכדלך מתחרך ואלשוא טעמין פיהא מברכיך ואברכה

כאסרה איצא פתכון סאכן ואלשוא אלכאף עלי אלטעם אביך

עלי אלשרט

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HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (SHORT VERSION)

II.S.0.0. (INTRODUCTION)

GAP

II.S.0.1.

This is the book of the abbreviated version of The Guide for the

Reader, known as The Book of Essential Requirements.1

II.S.0.2.

Its author begins and says: You, may God support you, asked me

to abbreviate for you The Book of Rules, which is generally

known as The Guide for the Reader, in which I mention its

essential requirements. So, I am here responding to this request

of yours, asking God to grant me success in this, possibly

including where necessary what was not mentioned in The Guide

for the Reader. From Him, may He be exalted, I seek help.

II.S.0.3.

If somebody were to ask what the need is for knowledge of the

rules of biblical recitation, the response should be: because the

accents change meanings, for example קומי אורי ‘Arise! Shine!’

(Isa. 60.1), which are two feminine singular imperatives, since

the accent is on the rst letter, but ד י לע for the day‘ ליום קומ

when I arise as a witness’ (Zeph. 3.8), ישעי י ו The Lord is‘ יהוה׀ אור

my light and my salvation’ (Psa. 27.1), which are two masculine

nouns, since the accent is at the end and not the beginning of

the word. Other examples are ם ת אבות בו על־עונ They have‘ ש

turned back to the iniquities of their forefathers’ (Jer. 11.10),

which denotes ‘returning’ since the accent is on the rst letter,

1 Literally: the book of the lifeblood.

© Geoffrey Khan, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194.03

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הדאיה אלקאר

II.S.0.0.

GAP

II.S.0.1.

בכתאב יוערף אלקאר הדאיה מכתצר כתאב הדא (S20:1r)

אלמהגה

II.S.0.2.

לכם אכתצר אן אללה איידכם סאלתם וקאל מצנפה אבתדי מוהגה אדכר בחית אלקאר בהדאיה אלמלקב אלשרוט כתאב מא מע פיה תופיקי ללה סאילא דלך אלי לכם מגיב אנא והא 5

עסאה אן ינצאף אליה ממא לם ידכר פי הדאיה אלקאר ובה תע אסתעין

II.S.0.3.

אן קאל קאיל מא אלחאגה אלי עלם אלשרוט פי אלמקרא קיל

למונת אמרין אורי קומי מתל ללמעאני מגיירה אלחאן לאן לה

אורי ייי לעד קומי ליום מתל חרף אול עלי אלטעם אן חית מן 10

(S9:1r) וישעי אסמין למדכר למא תאכר אללחן ען אול אלכלמה

אול עלי אלטעם לאן אלרגוע מן אבותם עונות על שבו ומתל

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196 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

but זו ,they captured and made their prey’ (Gen. 34.29)‘ שבו ויב

which denotes ‘capturing’ since the accent is placed not on the

beginning of the word but on its end.

II.S.0.4.

A further reason is that this reading, which is now current in the

Land of Israel, is the reading of Ezra, peace be upon him, and

his generation, because the nation was not cut o from the Land

of Israel from the time of Ezra, peace be upon him, in the

Second Temple, until now, except from Jerusalem during the

reign of Edom over the land. Israel taught this reading to their

children until now, generation after generation. Another reason

is that if somebody were to read the twenty-one books with the

accents of the three books or the three books with the accents of

the twenty-one books, this would be rejected. Likewise, if

somebody read merkha in place of darga or darga in place of

merkha, the congregation would declare him to be in error in

this regard.

II.S.0.5.

So, if there are rules for the accents, there is a need to know

them.

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197II.S.0.3. – II.S.0.5.

אלי כלמה אול ען אללחן לתאכר אלסבי מן ויבוזו שבו חרף

אכרהא

II.S.0.4.

ולאן הדה אלקראה אלדי פי ארץ ישראל אלאן הי קראה עזרא 15

זמאן מן ישראל ארץ מן אלאמה אנקטעת מא לאן וגילה עה

בית שני אלי אלאן אלא מן ירושלם פקט פי זמאן פי עזרא עה

מלך אדום ללארץ וישראל יעלמון אולאדהם אלי אלאן גיל בעד

גיל הדה אלקראה ולאן לו קרא אלאנסאן אלכא ספר בלחן אלג

אספאר או אלג אספאר בלחן אלכא ספר לרד דלך עליה וכדא 20

לו קרא מוצע סלסלה מארכה או מוצע מארכה סלסלה לגלטה

אלגמע פי דלך

II.S.0.5.

אלא אלחאגה דעת פקד שרוט ללאלחאן כאן ואדא (S9:1v)

עלמהא

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II.S.1.0.

SECTION CONCERNING THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF THE LETTERS

II.S.1.1.

The letters consist of twenty-two basic letters. They fall into ve groups in ve places of articulation, namely דטלנת ,גיכרק ,אהחע,

.בומף and זסצש

II.S.1.2.

Take note that the place of articulation of אהחע is the root of the

tongue and the place of swallowing, that is the throat and the

base of the tongue. For this reason they are the lightest of the

letters and never take dagesh. It may be thought that he and ʾalef take dagesh, but this is not the case. This is because the dot in

the he at the end of a word indicates the (consonantal) property

of the he. Surely you see that the property of the he at the

beginning and in the middle of a word appears without a dot. As

for (the dot in) ʾalef in the four places (where it is found),

namely יאו לו יאו ,and they brought him’ (Gen. 43.26)‘ ויב you‘ תב

shall bring’ (Lev. 23.17), נו יאו ל and they brought to us’ (Ezra‘ ויב

א ראו ,(8.18 were not seen’ (Job 33.21), this re‘ ל ects a strong

e ort to pronounce the letter by the reader and is not dagesh.

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II.S.1.0.

פצל פי מחל אלחרוף 25

II.S.1.1.

כמסה פי אקסאם כמס תגי (S20:2r) אצולא חרפא כב אלחרוף מ[חאל והי] אהחע גיכרק דטלנת זסצש בומף

II.S.1.2.

והו הבליעה ובית הלשון עיקר מחלהא אהחע אן אעלם

אלחלקום ואצל אללסאן ולדלך כאנת אכף אלחרוף לא ידכלהא

דגש בתה ואלהי ואלאלף קד יוצן אן ידכלהא דגש וליס אלחאל 30

כדלך לאן אלנקטה פי אלהי פי אכר אלכלאם תטהר טעם אלהי

אלי תרי אן טעם אלהי פי אול אלכלאם ופי וסטה יטהר מן דון

אלנקטה ואלאלף פי אלארבעה מואצע אלתי הי ויביאו לו תביאו

ויביאו לנו לא ראו פהו תכלף יתכלפה אלקאר פי כרוגה שדידא

פליס הדא דגש 35

27 מ[חאל והי]] מחאל והי S8:1r | אהחע …בומף] אהחע גיכק דטלנת

S9:1v 30 בתה] אלבתה S8:1r זסצש] זסשץ | S9:1v זסצרש בומףאלארבעה] 33 S8:1r יטן יוצן] | S8:1r אלהא et passim ואלהי]

S8:1r ארבע

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200 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

II.S.1.3.

The place of articulation of גיכרק is the middle of the tongue, in

its wide part. The place of articulation of גך pronounced rafe is

the third of the tongue adjacent ot the throat.

II.S.1.4.

The place of articulation of דטלנת is the extremity of the tongue

in combination with the esh of the teeth. When the letters דת

are pronounced rafe, the extremity of the tongue is pressed

gently onto the esh of the teeth.

II.S.1.5.

The place of articulation of זסצש is the teeth.

II.S.1.6.

The place of articulation of בומף is the lips. When בף are rafe, the

lips are closed gently while they are pronounced.

II.S.1.7.

It is said that the letters interchange with one another, as in בזר

‘he scattered’ (Psa. 68.31) and פזר ‘he has distributed’ (Psa.

ס ,(112.9 ץ ,he will (not) rejoice’ (Job 20.18)‘ יע it exults’ (1‘ יע

Chron. 16.32), and similar forms. There are cases of enhance-

ment and reduction. It is preferable, however, not to call it

‘interchanging’, for it is possible that this takes place for a

reason, either to express multiplicity or paucity, or for some

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201II.S.1.3. – II.S.1.7.

II.S.1.3.

תלת אלמורפיין גך ומחל בערצה אללסאן וסט מחלהא גיכרק

אללסאן ממא ילי אלחלקום

II.S.1.4.

דטלנת מחלהא טרף אל[לסאן ולח]ם אלאסנאן ודת אלמורפיין (S20:2v) [ילצק טרף] אללסאן בלחם אלאסנאן ברפק

II.S.1.5.

זסצש מחלהא אלאסנאן 40

II.S.1.6.

בהמא אלשפתין תטבק אלמרפיין בף אלשפתין מחלהא בומף ברפק

II.S.1.7.

יעלוס פזר בזר מתל בבעץ בעץ תנבדל אנהא יקאל אלחרוף

דלך יקאל לא אן ואלאולא ונואקץ זואיד ותגי דלך ונחו יעלוץ

לאן ימכן אלתבדיל אדא כאן עלי וגה אמא לכתרה או לקלה או 45

S8:1v ולחם אללסאן ולח]ם] אל[לסאן 38 S15:1r גיכק גיכרק] 36

S15:1r זסצרש זסצש] 40 S8:1v טרף ילצק טרף]] [ילצק 39

S21:1v 44 ואלאולא] אלאולי

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202 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

other reason. They give the form bet to express one sense and

for another sense they give it pe. Likewise with יעלוס, when the

joy has a particular sense, they give it samekh and for another

sense they give it zayin, and so forth concerning what I initially

said were cases of interchange and inversion.

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203II.S.1.7.

לוגה מן אלוגוה יגעלוהא בבי ועלי וגה גירה יגעלוהא בפי וכדלך יעלוס אדא כאן אלמרח עלי וגה יגעלוהא בסמאך ועלי וגה אכר כנת פי אלאול אקול אנה יגעלוהא בזאי אלי גיר דלך ממא קד

ינבדל וינקלב

אכר גירה] | S21:1v בבא בבי] | S21:1v יגעלוה יגעלוהא1] 46

S21:1v בפא בפי] | S21:1v יגעלוה יגעלוהא2] | S21:1v

S21:1v 47 יגעלוהא] יגעלוה

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II.S.2.0.

SECTION CONCERNING אויה AND בגדכפת

II.S.2.1.

When one of these four letters, I mean אויה, is at the end of a

word and the word is conjoined to what follows it by a

(conjunctive) accent, and when the second word begins with

one these six letters, I mean בגדכפת, this letter is pronounced

rafe, for example רגו י באפם ה ’for in their anger they have slain‘ כ

(Gen. 49.6), י דבר־יהוה and the word of the Lord was’ (1 Kings‘ ויה

17.2, etc.), in חם ה פת־ל ’and I shall fetch a morsel of bread‘ ואקח

(Gen. 18.5), and similar cases.

II.S.2.2.

There are nine types of cases that break the rule I have just

mentioned. These are ʾoghera, di-fsiq, di-dhḥiq, ʾathe me-raḥiq, mappiq he, mappiq vav, mappiq yod, two identical letters, bet and

pe.

II.S.2.3.

As for ʾoghera, this is the ‘collection’ of only seven words. Four

of these are in the song ושע Exod. 14.30, ‘the Song of the) וי

Sea’). These are ה ה גא .he has triumphed gloriously’ (Exod‘ גא

15.1) and the other case of this (Exod. 15.21), בן they are‘ ידמו כא

as still as a stone’ (Exod. 15.16), דש ר בק כה נאד י כמ Who is like‘ מ

you, majestic in holiness?’ (Exod. 15.11). In the book of Isaiah

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II.S.2.0.

פצל פי חרוף אויה ובגדכפת 50

II.S.2.1.

אכר פי אחדהא כאן אדא אויה אעני חרוף אלארבעה הדה

כלמה וכאנת אלכלמה מצאפה אלי מא בעדהא באללחן וכאנת

בגד אעני חרוף אלסתה הדה אחד אולהא אלתאניה אלכלמה

כפת כרג דלך אלחרף מרפי כפיף כקולה כי באפם (S20:3r) הרגו

ויהי דבר ייי ואקחה פת לחם ואמתאל דלך 55

II.S.2.2.

ודפסיק ירה או הם כואסר תסעה דכרת מא ען כרג ואלדי וחרפין יוד ומפיק ואו ומפיק הי ומפיק מרחיק ואתא ודדחיק

מתראדפין ובי ופי

II.S.2.3.

אוגירה גאמעה לסבעה כלם פקט ארבעה מנהא פי שירה ויושע

בן מי כמוכה נאדר בקדש ופי ספר אה גאה וחבירו ידמו כא והי 60

ודפסיק אוגרה יוד] ירה…57 או | S15:1v דלך ען …דכרת] ען 56

S27:1r-1v חיק ואתא מרחיק ומפק הא ומפק ואו ומפק יוד וד

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206 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

there is דכד י כ ’and I shall make (your pinnacles) of agate‘ ושמת

(Isa. 54.12). In the book of Jeremiah there is ל א אוכ ל ול לכ יתי כ ונלא‘and I am weary of holding it in and I cannot’ (Jer. 20.9). In the

book of Daniel there is ין ה כחכמת־אלה and wisdom like‘ וחכמ

wisdom of the gods’ (Dan. 5.11). I do not know any disagree-

ments concerning these seven. In other cases, concerning which

there are disagreements, the reader should choose which of the

variants he wants to read in his reading and nobody can reject

this.

II.S.2.4.

As for di-fsiq, whenever paseq comes between one of the letters

have no in אויה the letters ,בגדכפת and the letters אויה uence, for

example, ה על־עמו׀ כהם May the Lord add to his people (a‘ יוסף יהו

hundred times as many) as them’ (1 Chron. 21.3), עשו׀ כלה ‘they

have done completely’ (Gen. 18.21), and similar cases. There is

no exception to this type of case that breaks the rule.

II.S.2.5.

Di-dhḥiq: The meaning of di-dhḥiq (literally: what is compressed)

is that between the accent that is in the word containing one of

the אויה letters and a בגדכפת letter there is a vowel and this

vowel is not dwelt upon or prolonged in pronunciation. On

account of this compressed vowel the rule of the אויה is broken,

as in ם ידה ב .that I may call to witness against them’ (Deut‘ ואע

ית בו ,(31.28 you shall meditate on’ (Josh. 1.8) and similar‘ והג

cases. The compression may occur in a word that does not have

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207II.S.2.3. – II.S.2.5.

ישעיה ושמתי כדכד ופי ספר ירמיה ונלאתי כלכל ולא ופי ספר

הולי אלסבעה כלף דניאל וחכמה כחכמת אלהין ומא ערפת פי

ומא עדאהם מן אלכלף אלקאר מכיר פי אלקראה מא אראד מן

אלאכלאף יקרא וליס לאחד אן ירד עליה

II.S.2.4.

כפת פסיק בגד חרף אלאויה ובין חרף בין חצל מא כל דפסיק 65

כלה עשו כהם עמו על ייי יוסף מתל תאתירא ללאויה יכון לא

ואמתאל דלך וליס עלי הדה אלכאסרה אסתתנא

II.S.2.5.

(S20:3v) אל פי אלדי אללחן בין יכון אן הו דדחיק מעני דדחיק

ואחד מלך כפת בגד חרף ובין אלאויה חרף פיהא אלדי כלמה

הדא פלאגל אלמלך בדלך אלנטק פי יטול ולא יתאנא ולא 70

אלמלך אלצייק כסר שרט אלאויה כקולך ואעידה בם והגית בו

פיהא ליס כלמה פי חאצל <אלציק> יכון וקד דלך ואמתאל

61 ושמתי] וסמתי S15:1v 62 הולי] האולאי S15:1v 63 אלקראה]

אלציק אלדי] אלתי S15:2r 71 אלצייק] הדא 68 S15:1v קראתה S15:2r האולאי מאתל ומא דלך] ואמתאל 72 S15:2r S29:1r

S20 אלצייק S4:1v [אלציק

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208 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

an accent but is a small word, as in ר נפש whatever‘ מה־תאמ

your soul says’ (1 Sam. 20.4), י י הח This is my son that is‘ זה־בנ

alive’ (1 Kings 3.23), and other similar cases in which the vowel

is pronounced compressed. Surely you see in נו בו ר הורדת אש

‘through which you let us down’ (Josh. 2.18), in which the

vowel after the accent is pronounced long with exhalation of

breath, the same, or approximately the same, as other (long)

vowels, the bet of בו does not have dagesh. If you examine this

closely, you will discern the di erence.

II.S.2.6.

ʾAthe me-raḥiq is the opposite of the previous type of case that

breaks the rule, because this one (i.e. ʾathe me-raḥiq) is on

account of what is far and that one (i.e. di-dhḥiq) is on account

of what is near. This (i.e. ʾathe me-raḥiq) arises from the fact that

due to the distance of the accent (from the preceding conjunct-

ive accent), one comes upon it (the accent) like a ballista and so

the בגדכפת letters are pronounced with dagesh, as in ית הוא יבנה־ב

י ים ,He will build a house for my name’ (2 Sam. 7.13)‘ לשמ הלמת

לא ,Do you work wonders for the dead?’ (Psa. 88.11)‘ תעשה־פ

ה Turn aside, sit here’ (Ruth 4.1). Also (included in‘ סורה שבה־פ

this category) are cases in which there is no (conjunctive)

accent, so (such cases must be considered) to have a virtual

(conjunctive) accent before them in order to conform to (cases

such as) י ית לשמ ה as in ,הוא יבנה־ב יה ואדרשה־ב ה אל that I may‘ ואלכ

go to her and inquire of her’ (1 Sam. 28.7), and similar cases.

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209II.S.2.5. – II.S.2.6.

זה נפשך תאמר מה כקולך צגירה כלמה תכון אנהא גיר טעם

אלצייק באלמלך <אלנטק> יגי ממא מאתלהמא ומא החי בני

<אלמלך> פי גא למא בו הורדתינו אשר קולך אלי תרי אלי 75

או אכר מלך מגרי יגרי ב<תנפיס> תוסע אלטעם בעד אלדי

וגדת תאמלת ואדא דגש <בו> מן אלבי יגי לם מנה קריב

אלפרק

II.S.2.6.

אתא מרחיק באלעכס מן אלכאסרה אלמתקדמה לאן הדה למא

עליה ינצב אללחן יבעד כמא אן והו קרב למא ותיך בעד 80

כאלמנגניק פידגש <חרוף> בגד כפת כק הוא יבנה בית הלמתים

(S20:4r) פהו לחן פיה יכון לם ומא פה שבה סורה פלא תעשה

בתקדיר לחן קבלה ליגרי מגרי הוא יבנה בית כקו ואלכה אליה

ואדרשה בה ומא מאתלהא

S20 ציק + S15:2v [אלמלך 75 S20 אלנקט S15:2v [אלנטק 74

76 תנפיס] S15:2v תפוס S20 77 בו] S15:2v בי S20 81 חרוף]

S20 אלצייק S15:2v

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210 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

II.S.2.7.

So far four types of cases that break the rule have been

discussed. The fth type of case that breaks the rule is mappiq

he. The meaning of the term mappiq he is the (consonantal)

pronunciation of the he and its appearance. It is derived from

ת א נפק .נפקה and the decree went forth’ (Dan. 2.13), that is‘ ודתThis is because when the he is pronounced at the end of a word,

the rule of the אויה letters is broken, as in קר ה בב half of it‘ מחצית

in the morning’ (Lev. 6.13), ית ה בב ר את יא וכל־אש she and all‘ ה

those who are with her in the house’ (Josh. 6.17), ע ין ארב ה גפ ול‘and it has four wings’ (Dan. 7.6), and similar cases. There are

no exceptions to this breaking of the rule at all.

II.S.2.8.

The sixth type of case that breaks the rule is mappiq vav. This is

because every vav at the end of a word is pronounced according

to the view of the Palestinians as a bet rafe, which breaks the

rule of the אויה, as in יו בתהלה ’his courts with praise (enter)‘ חצרת

(Psa. 100.4), אתי י־קר יו פ I cried aloud to him’ (Psa. 66.17), and‘ אל

similar cases. There are only two words that are exceptions to

this breaking of the rule, namely הו ו־ת יה ק ה על He will stretch‘ ונט

the line of confusion over it’ (Isa. 34.11), ו בה The‘ וקול המון של

sound of a carefree multitude was with her’ (Ezek. 23.42).

II.S.2.9.

The seventh type of case that breaks the rule is mappiq yod. This

is that whenever yod occurs at the end of a word and the next

word begins with one of the בגדכפת letters, and ḥireq or ṣere, I mean a dot or two dots, occur under the letter before the yod,

then the rule of אויה is observed, as in י בנו Libni his son’ (1‘ לבנ

Chron. 6.14), י בקקום for they have stripped them’ (Nahum‘ כ

ים ,(2.3 י פלשת ,the princes of the Philistines’ (1 Sam. 18.30)‘ שר

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211II.S.2.7. – II.S.2.9.

II.S.2.7.

הי מפיק אלכאמסה אלכאסרה כואסר ארבעה מצא קד אלאן 85

דתה מן ואשתקאקהא וטהורהא אלהי כרוג הו הי מפיק מעני

נפקת נפקה והו אן אלהי אדא טהר פי אכר אלכלמה כסר שרט

בבקר היא וכל אשר אתה בבית ולה גפין אלאויה כק מחציתה

מן שי אלכאסרה הדה עלי ומא דלך מאתל ומא ארבע

אלמסתתנא בתה 90

II.S.2.8.

אלכאסרה אלסאדסה מפיק ואו ודאך אן כל ואו פי אכר כלמה

אלאויה שרט עלי יכסר מרפי בבי אלשאמיין ראי עלי יכרג

ואלדי ואמתאלהמא קראתי פי אליו בתהלה חצרותיו כקולך

יסתתנא עליה הדה אלכאסרה לפצתין פקט המא ונטה עליה קו

תהו שלו בה 95

II.S.2.9.

אלכאסרה אלסאבעה מפיק יוד והו אן כל יוד יכון פי אכר כלמה

קבל אלדי אלחרף כפת ותחת בגד חרוף מן חרף אלאכר ואול

שרט פאן נקטתין (S20:4v) או נקטה אעני צרי או חרק אליוד

פלשתים י שר בקקים כי בנו י לבנ כק פיה תאבת אלאויה

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212 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

and similar cases. If vowels that are di erent from the

aforementioned occur under the aforementioned letter, the yod

is strengthened and the rule of אויה is not observed, as in י אול

י בנו ,perhaps you may inspire terror’ (Isa. 47.12)‘ תערוצי יאתר‘Jeatherai his son’ (1 Chron. 6.6), י מי־גוי גדול for what great‘ כ

nation’ (Deut. 4.7), and similar cases. One word is an exception

to this breaking of the rule.

II.S.2.10.

The eighth type of case that breaks the rule is the succession of

two letters. If two bets or kafs, but not the remaining letters, I

mean בגדכפת, succeed one another and under the rst of them

there is a shewa, then the rule of אויה is broken, as in ה י בבוא ויה‘and when she came’ (Josh. 15.18), הו בבגדו and she‘ ותתפש

caught him by his garment’ (Gen. 39.12), יש א ככרכמ Is it not‘ הל

like Carchemish?’ (Isa. 10.9), and other cases. If a vowel occurs

under the rst of the two instead of shewa, the rule of אויה is

observed, as in ח יה יק ה בבתול And he (shall take) a wife‘ והוא אש

in her virginity’ (Lev. 21.13), לו בבהילו לירושלם They went in‘ אז

haste to the Jews’ (Ezra 4.23), and similar cases.

II.S.2.11.

The ninth type of case that breaks the rule is bet and pe. The

statement concerning them is similar to the statement regarding

the preceding type of case that breaks the rule, without there

being any disagreement. This is that when bet is followed by pe

and shewa is below the bet, the rule of אויה is broken, as in

ה בפרעה ,and I will get glory over Pharaoh’ (Exod. 14.4)‘ ואכבד

י מתי בפ י אשר־ש and my words which I have put in your‘ ודבר

mouth’ (Isa. 59.21), and similar cases. If a vowel occurs instead

of shewa, then the rule of אויה is observed, as in אל־י רא בפלגות

י .He will not look upon the rivers, the streams’ (Job 20.17)‘ נהר

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213II.S.2.9. – II.S.2.11.

אלמלכין סוא אלמדכור אלחרף תחת צאר פאן דלך ואמתאל 100

אולי כקו אלאויה שרט יתבת ולם אליוד אשתד אלמדכורין

דלך דלך ויסתתני עלי גוי גדול ואמתאל בנו ומי יאתרי תערוצי

בלפצה ואחדה

II.S.2.10.

כאפין או באין כל מתראדפין חרפין אלתאמנה אלכאסרה

תראדפא אלואחד בעד אלאכר מן דון בקיה אלחרוף אעני בגד 105

מתל אלאויה שרט כסר שוא מנהמא אלאול תחת וכאן כפת

ויהי בבואה ותתפשיהו בבגדו והלא ככרכמיש אלי גיר דלך פאן

אלאויה תבת שרט אלשוא מלך מנהמא עוץ אלאול תחת כאן

לירושלם בבהילו אזלו יקח בבתוליה אשה והוא כקו

ואמתאלהמא 110

II.S.2.11.

פי כאלכלאם פיהא אלכלאם ופי בי אלתאסעה אלכאסרה

פי ובעדה בי כל אן והו כלף גיר מן קבלהא אלתי אלכאסרה

ואכבדה כקו אלאויה שרט כסר שוא אלבי תחת כאן אדא

בפרעה אשר שמתי (S20:5r) בפיך ומא מאתלהמא פאן צאר עוץ

אלשוא מלך תבת שרט אלאויה כקו אל ירא בפלגות נהרי 115

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214 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

II.S.2.12.

Take note that seven cases of kaf after ויהי are the subject of

disagreement, some pronounce them with dagesh and others

pronounce them with rafe, namely יו אדנ when his‘ ויהי כשמ

master heard’ (Gen. 39.19), י כשמעו .and when he heard’ (Gen‘ ויה

and‘ ויהי כראות ,and when he saw’ (Jud. 11.35)‘ ויהי כראותו ,(39.15

when (the king) saw’ (Esther 5.2), ם and when they‘ ויהי כהוציא

brought (them) out’ (Gen. 18.17), י כמלכו when he became‘ ויה

king’ (1 Kings 15.29), מו י כאשר־ת ’and when they perished‘ ויה

(Deut. 2.16).2 The reader makes a choice: if he wants, he

strengthens them (with dagesh), and if he wants, he pronounces

them with rafe.

II.S.2.13.

Take note that the criterion of the (rule of) the אויה letters and

the בגדכפת letters should be based on pronunciation and not on

writing. For example in ק and Balak saw’ (Num. 22.2) the‘ וי רא בל

bet is pronounced with dagesh, because the last letter heard

when you read וי רא is resh. An opposite case is ים י שט י עצ ית בד ועש‘and you will make poles of acacia wood’ (Exod. 25.23). The last

letter heard when you read the word ית is ʾalef or he, and ועש

therefore the bet of י is pronounced rafe. This is the principle בד

throughout the reading of Scripture.

2 The fuller citation מו י כאשר־ת י כאשר as opposed to simply ויה in the text ויה

of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ is given in Kitāb al-Khilaf (ed. Lipschütz, 1965, 19).

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215II.S.2.12. – II.S.2.13.

II.S.2.12.

בעץ ידגשהא ובעץ כלף הי ויהי בעד כאפאת סבעה אן ואעלם

כמלכו כהוציאם כראות כראותו כשמעו כשמוע והי ירפיהא

כאשר אלקאר מכייר אן <שא> ישד ואן שא ירפי

II.S.2.13.

עלי לא אללפט עלי כפת ובגד אלאויה פי אלמעול אן ואעלם

אלכט מתל וירא בלק גא אלבי מדגוש לאן אכר חרף סמע מנך 120

פי וירא אלריש ובעכסה ועשית בדי עצי אכר חרף סמע מנך פי

ועלי בדי מן מרפי פלדלך גא אלבי הי ואמא אלף אמא ועשית

הדה אלסירה תסיר פי אלמקרא כלה

S20 omitted S5:9r [1118 שא

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II.S.3.0.

(TAV)

Take note that tav in three places is strengthened with dagesh to

a greater degree than (other) cases of tav with dagesh. These are

ה ה תל־עולם שממ .He made it an eternal heap of ruins’ (Josh‘ וישימ

יו ,(8.28 יו וגנזכ ת את־ב .and its houses and its treasuries’ (1 Chron‘ ו

תלתהון ,(28.11 and these three men’ (Dan. 3.23). Note‘ וגבריא אל

that there is disagreement concerning every tav in the form בתים,

except in יו יו וגנזכ ת את־ב Whoever wishes to .(Chron. 28.11 1) ו

pronounce it with the normal dagesh of tav, may do so and

whoever wishes to pronounce it with the heaviness of the tav of

יו יו וגנזכ ת את־ב may do so, on condition that this ,(Chron. 28.11 1) ו

is when there is a conjunctive accent and a disjunctive accent in

the word without an intervening letter.

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II.S.3.0.

סאיר ען זאידא ומואצע תלתה פי ידגש אלתיו אן ואעלם

וגנזכיו ובתיו שממה עולם תל וישימיה והי מדגושה אלתואת 125

סוא מא בתים לשון פי תיו כל אן ואעלם תלתהון אלך וגבריא

ובתיו וגנזכיו הו כלף ומן אראד אן יכרגה בדגש אלתיו אלמעהוד

אכרגה ובתיו תיו (S20:5v) <בתקל> יכרגה אראד ומן אכרגה

בשרט אנה אדא כאן פי אללפטה כאדם ולחן וליס בינהמא חרף

S20 במתל S25:2r [128 בתקל S25:2r omitted [127 אן

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II.S.4.0.

SECTION CONCERNING THE VOWELS

II.S.4.1.

What is to be said concerning the vowels is manifest and clear,

and not obscure, because it is through them that the purpose of

a speaker is understood, and without them speech would be

nonsense. A letter can be without a vowel, but a vowel cannot

be without a letter.

II.S.4.2.

The total number of vowels is seven: א ,א ,א ,א ,א ,א and א. From

within these seven vowels the letters ו ,ה ,א, and י are

pronounced. From qameṣ, pataḥ and segol3 ʾalef and he are

pronounced, as in עמי ,עבדי and קשה. If the he (in קשה) were

elided, the segol (by itself) would indicate its existence, just as

the qameṣ in שמ ,עמ and עבדי indicates the existence of ʾalef or he in full orthography. Likewise שמר and זכר—the pataḥ indicates the existence of ʾalef. Ḥolem4 indicates the existence of

vav, as in שומר ,זוכר and the like. Ṣere5 and ḥireq6 indicate the

existence of yod, as in עיני, since the yod is frequently written

defectively but these two vowels indicate its existence.

3 Literally: the three (points). | 4 Literally: the point above. | 5 Literally:

the two points. | 6 Literally: the point below.

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II.S.4.0.

(S8:2v)פצל פי אלכלאם פי אלמלוך 130

II.S.4.1.

ען יפהם בהא לאן כפי גיר גלי טאהר אלמלוך פי אלכלאם

פחרף (S15:3r) עבתא אלכלאם לכאן ולולאהא גרצה אלמתכלם

קד יכון בגיר מלך ומלך לא יכון בגיר חרף

II.S.4.2.

הדה צמן וגמיע אלמלוך סבעה והם א א א א א א א ויכרג מן ואלתלאתה ואלפתח אלקמץ ען יכרג אלאויה חרוף אלסבעה 135

לכאן אלהא חדף לו קשה <עמיך> עבדיך מתל והי והא אלף יך פי אלג קד דלת עליה כמא דלת אלקמץ פי <עמך ושמך ועבאלפתחה דלת קד וזכר שמר וכדלך הא> או אלף עלי אלמלא עלי אלף <ואלנקטה מן פוק תדל עלי ואו מתל זוכר שומר> ומא מאתלהמא ואלנקטתין <ואלנקטה מן אספל> תדל עלי יוד מתל 140

והדין אל כתיר מן אלמואצע חסר יגי אליוד פי לאן קד <עיני>

עמכ S17:1v [הא עמך…138 137 S15 עמך S17:1v [עמיך 136

עלי אלמלא ושמ ועבדי פי עמ אלף S15 פי עלי אלמלא ופי ושמכ אלף S16:4r 139 ואלנקטה…שומר] S17:1v ואלנקטה מן פוק ואלשרוק ואלנקטה…אספל] 140 S15 כפר יקם שומר זוכר מתל ואו עלי תדל

S15 עני S17:1v [141 עיני S15 אלחרק S18:7r

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220 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

Qibbuṣ7and shureq8 indicate the existence of vav as in קומו. So

what is pronounced from within the seven vowels are the letters

.י and ,ו ,ה ,א

7 Literally: the arrowhead. | 8 Literally: the point in the heart of the vav.

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221II.S.4.2.

אלואו קלב פי ואלנקטה <ואלזג עליה ידלאן אלמלכין (S15:3v)

אלמלוך צמן מן אלכארג פצאר קומו> מתל אלואו עלי ידלאן אלסבעה אהוי

S15 omitted S18:7r [142 ואלזג…143 קומו

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II.S.5.0.

SECTION CONCERNING THE SHEWA

II.S.5.1.

The shewa is to be classi ed into two categories: quiescent and

mobile. The distinctive feature of the quiescent shewa is that it

makes quiescent the letter under which it is present and puts it

in the group (of letters) that precedes it, as in ישראל ‘Israel’,

י ,’Zimri‘ זמרי ,’Jehdeiah‘ יחדיהו ,for cleansing’ (Ezek. 16.4)‘ למשע

י י ונסכ .my graven image and my molten image’ (Isa. 48.5)‘ ופסל

So the letter under which it is present has become quiescent,

and has been separated from what follows it and conjoined to

what is before it. It is also distinctive of its nature that it divides

a word into (units that have) the status of words. This is because

every letter at the end of word that is without a vowel and

quiescent becomes the stopping point of the word and its place

of division, like the tav in בראשית ‘in the beginning’ and like the

resh in אור ‘light’. Likewise (a quiescent letter) in the middle (of

a word) has the status of a stopping point, as in ים מצפצפ those‘ ה

who chirp’ (Isa. 8.19), תרכבנה ‘they (fpl.) ride’, תשלחנה ‘they

(fpl.) send’. Each one of these words has the status of three

words on account of the quiescent shewa. If it were absent, such

a division would not be correct.

II.S.5.2.

The distinctive feature of the mobile (shewa) is that when it is

under a letter, the letter is not static or at rest, as, for example,

the zayin in זכור and the shin in שמור, and similar cases. Just as a

quiescent letter groups with what comes before it, a mobile

letter groups with what is after it, the opposite (of what is the

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II.S.5.0.

פצל פי אלכלאם עלי אלשוא 145

II.S.5.1.

אלשוא ינקסם קסמין סאכן ומתחרך עלאמה אלסאכן אנה יסכן

אלחרף אלדי הוא תחתה ויגעלה פי חזב מא תקדמה נחו ישראל

תחתה אלדי אלחרף פצאר ונסכי ופסלי למשעי זמרי יחדיהו

ומן קבלה מא אלי ואנטאף בעדה ממא ואנפצל סאכנא

כל חרף עלאמתה איצא אנה יקסם אלכלמה מתאבה כלם לאן 150

הו פי אכר כלמה אדא ערי מן מלך כאן סאכן לאנה יציר מחט

אלכלמה ומקטעהא נחו אלתאו מן בראשית ונחו אלריש פי אור

וכדלך חכמה פי אלוסט יציר מחט עלי וגה המצפצפים תרכבנה

כלם ג מתאבה האולאי מן כלמה כל (S15:4r) צאר תשלחנה

לאגל אלשוא אלסאכן ולו אנעדם לם תצח אלקסמה 155

II.S.5.2.

עלאמה אלמתחרך הו אנה אדא כאן תחת חרף לא יסתקר דלך שמור מן ואלשין זכור מן אלזאי נחו יסכן ולא אלחרף כדא קבלה מא אלי מתחייז אלסאכן צאר וכמא ואמתאלהמא אלסאכן מן באלעכס בעדה מא אלי מתחייז אלמתחרך צאר

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224 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

case) with a quiescent letter, as in מלככם ‘your (pl.) king’, in

which the lamed is quiescent with a quiescent shewa and groups

with the mem, whereas the kaf is mobile with a mobile shewa

and groups with the next kaf. The same applies to וישכבו ‘and

they lay down’, ויקברו ‘and they buried’, and similar cases.

II.S.5.3.

If there is doubt in some cases as to whether the shewa is

quiescent or mobile, the endowing of heaviness to the letter

before the letter with the shewa indicates that it is mobile. This

applies to המ at the beginning of words. When shewa is under

the mem and pataḥ is under the he and it (i.e. the pataḥ) is made

heavy, then the shewa is mobile.

II.S.5.4.

The mobility of the shewa can also be ascertained by the number

of letters of the word. If there are ve letters, then the shewa is

mobile, as in מקנא ה ,are (you) jealous?’ (Num. 11.29)‘ ה מחכ ה

‘the one who waits’ (Dan. 12.12), משמ .one that cheers’ (Jud‘ ה

ר ,(9.13 מדב the one that speaks’ (Gen. 45.12, etc.), and similar‘ ה

cases, except for one word, namely א־המשגע הזה ב why did‘ מדו

this madman come’ (2 Kings 9.11). The number of letters is ve but the shewa is not mobile. The reason for this is that the he has

not been made heavy. If words consist of more than ve letters

and he and mem are at their beginning, the shewa in them is

sometimes quiescent and sometimes mobile. The rule

concerning this is that if the accent is on the fth letter, or one

after this, then the shewa is quiescent, such as מדברים the ones‘ ה

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225II.S.5.2. – II.S.5.4.

מתל מלככם אלדי אללמד סאכן באלשוא אלסאכן ואנחאז אלי 160

אלכף אלי ואנחאז אלמתחרך באלשוא תחרך ואלכף אלמים

אלאכר ונחו וישכבו ויקברו ואמתאל דלך

II.S.5.3.

או סאכן הוא הל אלמואצע בעץ פי אלשוא אשתכל ואדא מתחרך פאלתתקיל פי אלחרף אלדי קבל חרף אלשוא ידל עלי אדא אלכלאם אואיל פי <המ> דלך מן מתחרך (S15:4v) אנה 165

פאן מתקל והו פתחה אלהא ותחת שוא אלמם תחת כאן אלשוא מתחרך

II.S.5.4.

כאנת אן אלכלמה חרוף בעדד אלשוא תחריך איצא יעתבר

המשמ המחכה המקנא מתל מתחרך פאלשוא חרוף כמסה

המשגע <בא> מדוע והי ואחדה כלמה אלא ונחוהם המדבר 170

הזה אלעדד כמסה חרוף ולם יתחרך אלשוא ואלסבב פי דלך אן

אלהא גיר מתקל פאן כאן מן אלכלאם אלתי הי אזיד מן כמסה

חרוף ואלהמ הא ואלמים פי אולהא פאלשוא פיהא תארה סאכן

עלי אללחן כאן אן הוא דלך פי פאלשרט מתחרך ותארה

מתל סאכן אלשוא כאן זאד ומא (S9:2r) אלכאמס אלחרף 175

S15 omitted [170 בא S15 תמ S18:8r S7:6v [165 המ

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226 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

speaking’ (Exod. 6.27, etc.), ים מארר those that‘ (Num. 5.19) ה

curse’ (Num. 5.22, etc.), ים מצפצפ ,those who chirp’ (Isa. 8.19)‘ ה

apart from the exceptions (to this rule) ים מבקש (Exod. 4.19) ה

‘those who seek’, ים מצרע the lepers’ (2 Kings 7.8), and similar‘ ה

cases.

II.S.5.5.

The shewa on successive identical letters in the middle of a word

can also give rise to uncertainty, when shewa is on the rst of

the two, as to whether this is mobile or quiescent. Consideration

should be made as to whether there is heaviness in (the vowel

of) the letter before them (i.e. the two successive letters). If this

occurs, either through a gaʿya, or an accent or the lengthening

of a vowel, then the shewa is mobile, as in ם זזיה זזו את־ב they‘ וב

will plunder those who plundered them’ (Ezek. 39.10), ושללו ם .they will despoil those who despoiled them’ (Ezek‘ את־שלליה

פר ,(39.10 ם ס ,and to teach them the writing’ (Dan. 1.4)‘ וללמד

and similar cases, except for six cases, in which heaviness occurs

(on the vowel of the preceding letter) but the shewa is not

mobile, namely נני א ימצא נני ול שחר ענה י א א ז יקראנני ול Then they‘ א

will call upon me, but I will not answer; they will seek me

diligently but will not nd me’ (Prov. 1.28), נני ם ישחר ר לה and‘ בצ

in their distress they seek me’ (Hos. 5.15), י ב ומשחר י אה ני אהב א

נני I love those who love me, and those who seek me‘ ימצא

diligently nd me’ (Prov. 8.17), . נני בד כ ה י תוד He who brings‘ זב

thanksgiving as his sacri ce honours me’ (Psa. 50.23).

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227II.S.5.4. – II.S.5.5.

המבקשים שואד אלא המצפצפים המאררים המדברים

המצורעים ונחוהמא

II.S.5.5.

אלכלמה וסט פי אלמתראדפין אלחרפין פי אלשוא ילבס וקד

סאכן אם מתחרך אהו שוא מנהמא אלאול תחת כאן אדא

כאן אן קבלהמא אלדי אלחרף פי באלתתקיל פליעתבר 180

פאלשוא מלך אסתיפא או בטעם או בגעיה או <חאצל>

ם וללמ שולליהם את ושללו בוזזיהם את ובזזו מתל מתחרך

חאצל אלתתקיל פאן מואצע סת סוי מא דלך ואמתאל ספר

ולא ישחרונני אענ ולא יקראונני אז והם אלשוא תחרך ומא

ומשחרי אהב אוהבי אני ישחרונני להם בצר ימצאונני (S9:2v) 185

ימצאונני זובח תודה יכבדנני׃

S9 181 חאצל] תאצל

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228 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

II.S.5.6.

Take note that a mobile shewa never occurs on a second letter

(of a word) that has a silent (following letter), because it (this

second letter) is mobile due to the mobility of the rst letter

with shewa. A (shewa on) the third letter after (an initial mobile)

shewa may be quiescent or mobile, as in לישראל ‘to Israel’, בירמיהו

‘against Jeremiah’ (Jer. 29.27, etc.), שה ’to Joshbekashah‘ לישבק

(1 Chron 25.24).

II.S.5.7.

Take note that when a letter has a vowel under it, the letter is

mobile and quiescence occurs in the following (letter), for

example in שמר and קבר quiescence occurs on the ʾalef that is

pronounced from within the qameṣ and the pataḥ.

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229II.S.5.6. – II.S.5.7.

II.S.5.6.

לה אלתאני אלחרף פי יקע לא אלמתחרך אלשוא אן ואעלם

סכון בתה לאנה יתחרך לאגל חרכת אלאול באלשוא ואלתאלת

בירמיה לישראל מתל מתחרך יכון וקד סאכן יכון קד ללשוא

לישבקשה 190

II.S.5.7.

דלך כאן מלך תחתה כאן אדא אלחרף אן ואעלם (S12:1r)

קבר שמר מתל אלתאני פי יקע קד ואלסכון מתחרך אלחרף אלסכון יקע פי אלאלף אלכארג מן אלקאמצה ואלפאתחה׃

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II.S.6.0.

The (discussion of the) mobile shewa should be divided into

various subsections.

II.S.6.1. The First Subsection

II.S.6.1.1.

This concerns the in uence that it undergoes in connection with

the letters ח ,ה ,א and ע. When these four letters are preceded by

a letter that is not one of them and under this letter there is

shewa, this shewa is pronounced as a short (vowel) with the

pronunciation of the vowel that is under the four letters, unless

it is appropriate for gaʿya to be combined with it. If this may

appropriately be combined with it, it is pronounced with the

pronunciation of the vowel equal (in length), as in ר אם־יות and‘ ו

if there remains’ (Exod. 29.34), כה .and if thus’ (Num‘ ואם־כ

יה ,(11.15 and its surrounding pasture lands’ (1 Chron‘ ואת־מגרש

6.40, etc.), ואת־בניו ‘and his sons’ (Gen. 9.1, etc.). This is a

sample of cases with ʾalef.

II.S.6.1.2.

He: When shewa is before he, the shewa is pronounced (with the

same pronunciation) as the pointing of the he, for example in

היה the vav is pronounced with a short qameṣ and in והיה the ו

shewa is pronounced with long qameṣ on account of the gaʿya.

II.S.6.1.3.

Ḥeth: שב אפדתו ,and the skilfully woven band’ (Exod. 28.8‘ וח

etc.), רב ה ח יא ,and the sword will rage’ (Hos. 11.6)‘ וחל חוקה־ה י ר כ

‘because it is far’ (Jdg 18.28).

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II.S.6.0.

אלשוא אלמתחרך הו אלמפתן באלפנון

.II.S.6.1 אלפן אלאול 195

II.S.6.1.1.

הדה פאן חרוף אהחע פי ארבע לה מן אלתאתיר מא יחצל הו

תחתה סואהא מן חרף אחדהא קבל כאן אדא חרוף אלארבע

אלארבעה תחת אלדי אלמלך בכרוג אלשוא דלך כרג שוא

חרוף (S12:1v) מכפפא אלא אן כאן יחסן מעה דכול אלגעיה פאן

ואם יותר ואם נחו סוא אלמלך בכרוג כרג דכולהא מעה חסן 200

ככה ואת מגרשיה ואת בניו הדא נמודג פי אלאלף

II.S.6.1.2.

אלהא בנקט אלשוא כרג אלהא קבל אלשוא כאן אדא אלהא אלשוא כרג והיה כפיפה בקאמצה אלואו כרג והיה נחו

בקאמצה תקילה לאגל אלגעיה

II.S.6.1.3.

אלחית וחשב אפדתו וחלה חרב כי רחוקה היא 205

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232 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

II.S.6.1.4.

ʿAyin: ם עול ,blessed be the Lord for ever’ (Psa. 89.53)‘ ברו יהוה ל

ם עול י שמו ל ים ,may his name be for ever’ (Psa. 72.17)‘ יה ה בעיני א

‘in the eyes of God’ (Prov. 3.4), ם עיניכ ע ב and if it is bad in‘ ואם ר

your eyes’ (Josh. 24.15).

II.S.6.1.5.

Now this rule is applied to shewa with the four letters when the

shewa is under a letter that is not one of these four. If it is one of

the four letters, the rule does not apply, as in ף let them‘ ימחאו־כ

clap their hands’ (Psa. 98.8, etc.), י .the God of’ (Dan‘ אלההון ד

3.28, etc.).

II.S.6.1.6.

Take note that when shewa occurs under vav before a letter of

(the verbal pre xes) נ ,י ,א or ת, it is more suitable (to express)

the future than the past. When instead of the shewa a vowel

appears under the vav, it is more suitable (to express) the past

than the future tense, as in די ואתנה and I decorated you‘ ואעד ע

with ornaments and I gave’ (Ezek. 16.11), קר ם בב and I rose‘ וא ק

in the morning’ (1 Kings 3.21). If a shewa had occurred in place

of these qameṣ vowels, the verb would have been future. This is

one of the functions of the shewa.

II.S.6.2. The Second Subsection

II.S.6.2.1.

When shewa comes before yod, the shewa is always pronounced

as ḥireq, irrespective as to what pointing the yod has, as in י כ

ה יד־אש יב ,for into the hand of woman’ (Jud. 4.9)‘ ב on‘ ביום הקר

the day he consecrated’ (Lev. 7.35), ה יבש .into dry land’ (Psa‘ ל

ם ,(66.6 .of Joram’ (2 Kings 8.16), and similar cases‘ ליור

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233II.S.6.1. – II.S.6.2.

II.S.6.1.4.

רע ואם אלהים בעיני לעולם שמו יהי לעולם יוי ברוך אלעין

בעיניכם

II.S.6.1.5.

מתי חרוף אלארבעה מע אלשוא פי לאזם אלשרט הדא אלאן

מן כאן אן פאנה אלארבעה סוי מן חרף תחת אלשוא כאן

אלארבעה בטל הדא אלשרט נחו ימחאו כף אלההום די 210

II.S.6.1.6.

אינת חרף (S12:2r) קבל ואו תחת אלשוא גאת אדא אן ואעלם

אלואו תחת גא ואדא אלמאצי מן אחק באלאסתקבאל כאנת

אלמסתקבל אלזמאן מן אחק באלמאצי כאן מלך אלשוא עוץ

נחו ואעדך עדי ואתנה ואקום בבקר ולו גאת אלשוא מוצע הדה

אלקואמץ כאן אלפעל מסתקבל והדה הו מן פואיד אלשוא 215

.II.S.6.2 אלפן אלתאני

II.S.6.2.1.

אלשוא אדא כאן קבל יוד כרג אלשוא אבדא בנקטה מן אספל

ולא יעתבר בנקט אליוד אישיהו מתל כי ביד אשה ביום הקריב

ליבשה ליורם ונחו דלך

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234 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

II.S.6.2.2.

Take note that when shewa occurs before yod, it generally

indicates the inde nite, whereas a vowel before it indicates the

de nite, as in ביום זבחכם ‘on the day of your sacri ce’ (Lev.

19.6), (which is) inde nite, and רם on that day, a‘ ביום ההוא כ

vineyard’ (Isa. 27.2), (which is) de nite, and so forth.

II.S.6.3. The Third Subsection

II.S.6.3.1.

The remainder of the primary letters of Hebrew are seventeen,

and to these should be added yod, so they come to eighteen.

When shewa is under one of these eighteen at the beginning of a

word, or in the middle of a word, where it has the same status

(as one at) the beginning (of a word), the shewa is pronounced

as a short pataḥ when it is not accompanied by a gaʿya and as a

long pataḥ when it is accompanied by a gaʿya, as in ם in a‘ ברב־ע

multitude of people’ (Prov. 14.28), תיכם ’your evictions‘ גרש

(Ezek. 45.9), דרכיו ‘his ways’, ב ’and the head of Oreb‘ וראש־ער

(Jud. 7.25), זכור־יהוה ‘remember, oh Lord’ (Psa. 132.1), ת טמא

ם ’fear the Lord‘ יראו את־יהוה ,unclean of name’ (Ezek. 22.5)‘ הש

(Jos. 24.14), and other cases with these eighteen letters.

II.S.6.3.2.

Take note that these eighteen are (pronounced as if) pointed

with pataḥ, but it is a feature of this pataḥ that it is only

pronounced short. There is no way of (representing) its

shortness other than by combining it with shewa. Since,

however, the shewa according to their principles does not

combine with a vowel under these eighteen letters, they have

marked the shewa by itself. They could not have written the

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235II.S.6.2. – II.S.6.3.

II.S.6.2.2.

ואעלם אן אלשוא אדא כאן קבל אליוד פי אכתר אלמואצע דלת 220

עלי אלמנכר ואלמלך קבלה ידל עלי אלמיודע מתל ביום זבחכם

מנכר ביום ההוא כרם מיודע ונחו דלך

.II.S.6.3 אלפן אלתאלת

II.S.6.3.1.

אלבאקי מן (S12:2v) חרוף אלעבראני אלאצול סבעה עשר ותרד

אליהא אליוד תציר תמאניה עשר אדא כאן אלשוא תחת אחד 225

אלכלאם וסט פי או אלכלאם אול פי עשר אלתמאניה הדה

כפיפה אדא כרג אלשוא בפאתחה אלאבתדא מגרי בחית יגרי

מתל געיה מעה כאן אדא תקילה ובפאתחה געיה מעה יכן לם

ברב עם גרושותיכם דרכיו וראש ערב זכר יוי טמאת השם יראו

את יוי אלי גיר דלך מן הדה אלתמאניה עשר חרפא 230

II.S.6.3.2.

ואעלם אן הדא אלתמאניה עשר נקטהא הי אלפאתחה ומן חכם הדה אלפאתחה אלמדכורה לא ינטק בהא אלא כפיפה ולא וגה פי אלשוא יכן לם ולמא מעהא אלשוא כון אלא לכפתהא אצולהם יגתמע מע מלך תחת הדה אלתמאניה עשר חרף געלו וחדהא אלפאתחה יגעלו אן ימכנהם ולם (S12:3r) פקט אלשוא 235

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236 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

pataḥ by itself, since it would have been pronounced with its

full length. I have discussed this subject at length in The Guide

for the Reader, where you will nd the matter explained clearly.

II.S.6.4. The Fourth Subsection

The shewa is never combined with a conjunctive or disjunctive

accent on the same letter. This is because an accent cannot

combine with a quiescent shewa on account of the incongruity

(of their functions), since a letter is made mobile by an accent,

whereas a quiescent shewa makes a letter quiescent, and a letter

made quiescent by the shewa would have to be made mobile by

the accent simultaneously, and this is impossible. Furthermore

the mobile shewa gives a letter a mobility that has no endurance,

like the bet in בראשית and the zayin in זכור, whereas a letter is

given a stable mobility by an accent and it is given many

di erent melodies, as in ימו  ימהרו וישכ and they made haste and‘ ו

went out early’ (Josh. 8.14). So the mobility of an accent cannot

be combined with the mobility of the shewa on account of the

speed of the mobility of the shewa.

II.S.6.5. The Fifth Subsection

A letter following a mobile shewa is always rafe, as in ם בבא

‘when they enter’ (Exod. 28.43, etc.), בכל־פנות ‘in every corner’

(cf. 2 Chron. 28.24), ככלות ‘on nishing’ (Deut. 31.24, etc.), and

similar cases. The reason for this is that the shewa, since it

wishes to have movement and speed, requires the lightness of

the letter after it, because dagesh introduces a kind of heaviness

in the letter.

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237II.S.6.3. – II.S.6.5.

לאנהא תגי מסתופאה וקד אסתקצית אלכלאם פי הדא אלמוצע

פי הדאיה אלקאר עלי מא אנת תגדה הנאך מבינא

.II.S.6.4 אלפן אלראבע

ואחד חרף פי כאדם מע ולא לחן מע לא יגתמע לא אלשוא

חית מן סאכן שוא מע יגתמע לא אלטעם לאן בתה מעא 240

אלסאכן ואלשוא אלחרף בה יתחרך אלטעם לאן אלמנאקצה

מתחרך באלשוא סאכן אלחרף יכון אן יגב פכאן אלחרף יסכן

באלטעם פי חאלה ואחדה והדא פאסד ולאן אלשוא אלמתחרך

בראשית מן כאלבא פיהא תבאת לא חרכה אלחרף יחרך

ואלזאי מן זכור ואללחן יתחרך בה אלחרף מוצעה וינגם נגמאת 245

(S12:3v) כתירה מתל וימהרו וישכימו פלא יגתמע חרכה אללחן

מע חרכה אלשוא לסרעה אלשוא פי אלחרכה

.II.S.6.5 אלפן אלכאמס

אלשוא אלמתחרך לא יכון אלחרף אלתאני מנה אבדא אלא רפי

אן דלך פי ואלוגה דלך ונחו ככלות פנות בכל בבואם מתל 250

כפה אלי אחתאג ואלסרעה אלתחרך אראד למא אלשוא

אלחרף אלדי בעדה לאן אלדגש הו תקל פי אלחרף עלי וגה

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II.S.6.6. The Sixth Subsection

II.S.6.6.1.

A mobile shewa does not combine with a vowel on any of the

Hebrew letters except the four letters ח ,ה ,א and ע, for example

יר ,’?not he‘ הלא הוא ,’I‘ אני and encamp against the‘ וחנה על־הע

city’ (2 Sam. 12.28), עלו ‘go up!’, and similar cases. If one sees

this on other letters in some codices, this is because the scribe

inteneded thereby to remove uncertainty, for example קדם

‘before’, קדמיהון ‘before them’, ה .drag her!’ (Ezek‘ משכו אות

and destroy!’ (Jer. 49.28). It is not, however, the‘ ושדדו ,(32.20

opinion of all (that this practice is permissible). So you see that

everybody combines shewa with a vowel under the four letters

but only a few combine a vowel with shewa under the other

eighteen letters, there being no consensus as to whether this

(practice) be erroneous or not.

II.S.6.6.2.

Take note that if one wishes to remove a vowel from one of the

four letters ח ,ה ,א or ע, and pronounce the shewa, that would be

permissible. It is not permissible, however, to mark the vowel

by itself, since a vowel by itself would be pronounced with its

full length. So, understand this!

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239II.S.6.5. – II.S.6.6.

.II.S.6.6 אלפן אלסאדס

II.S.6.6.1.

חרוף מן חרף פי מלך מע יגתמע לא אלמתחרך אלשוא הוא הלא <אני מתל אהחע חרוף ארבעה פי אלא אלעבראני 255

האולי אלארבעה וחנה על העיר עלו ונחו דלך ואן ראי מע סוי פי בעץ אלמצאחף פאלגרץ בה מן כאתבה> לירפע <אלאשכאל ראי הדא <וליס ושדדו> אותה משכו קדמיהון קדם מתל אלכל> (S12:4r) ולדלך תרי אלכל יגמעו אלשוא מע אלמלך תחת יגמע אלאקל אלחרוף בקיה מן סואהא ומא חרוף אלארבעה 260

אלמלך מע אלשוא פי אלמגלטאת ופי גיר מגלט מן אלתמאניה עשר לא יגמע

II.S.6.6.2.

אהחע חרוף אלארבעה מן יחדפו אן אראדו לו אן ואעלם

אלמלך ויסמע אלשוא לגאז דלך ולא יגוז אן יגעלו אלמלך וחדה

מן חית אן אלמלך וחדה יסתופא פאפהמה 265

255 אני…257 כאתבה] S20:8r פני יהוה הלא היא [ ] עליו ונחו דלך ואן

כאתבה מן בה פאלגרץ אלמואצע בעץ אלארבעה פי האולי סוי מא ראי S20:8r [אלאשכאל…258 ושדדו | S20:8r 257 לירפע] ליערף S12

וליס…259 258 S12 אותה משכו קדמיהון קדם מתל אלאשכאל S12 ולא הו ראי ללכל S13:3v [1אלכל

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240 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

II.S.6.7. The Seventh Subsection

When a shewa is combined with a vowel under a letter, the

vowel is prevented from being given its full length, as in ם חר

also every‘ גם כל־חלי ,Horem and Betanath’ (Josh. 19.38)‘ ובית־ענת

sickness’ (Deut. 28.61). Take note that the maintenance of the

mobility of the shewa is more important than the maintenance

of the full length because if they did not need to shorten the

vowel and (read it) quickly, they would not have marked shewa

with it.

II.S.6.8. The Eighth Subsection

Shewa is combined with only three vowels. These are qameṣ, pataḥ and segol. This is because these three may be read with

pause and also with speed.

II.S.6.9. The Ninth Subsection

When shewa is at the beginning of a word, it is always mobile,

as in לעת־יום ‘at the time of (each) day’ (1 Chron. 12.23), י דבר־מ

ם היום ,the word of whom will stand’ (Jer. 44.28)‘ יקום in the‘ כח

heat of the day’ (Gen. 18.1), and similar cases. This is because it

is not permissible to begin (a word) with a quiescent letter. You

will nd the issues concerning this aspect explained in The Guide

for the Reader. God knows best.

II.S.6.10. The Tenth Subsection

A mobile shewa is followed by quiescence in the third letter

after it, or one greater (in number than the third), as in, שה לישבק

‘to Joshbekashah’ (1 Chron 25.24), ם to Jokmeam’ (1‘ ליקמע

Kings 4.12), and the like, and as in cases in which

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241II.S.6.6. – II.S.6.10.

.II.S.6.7 אלפן אלסאבע

אן מן אלמלך מנע חרף תחת מלך מע אגתמע אדא אלשוא

יסתופי חטה מן אלתקל מתל חרם ובית ענת גם כל חלי ואעלם

לאן אלמלך אסתיפא תבות מן אולי אלשוא חרכה תבות אן

(S12:4v) לו לם יחתאגו אלי כטף אלמלך וסרעתה לם יגעלו מעה 270

אלשוא

.II.S.6.8 אלפן אלתאמן

אלקאמצה והי פקט מלוך תלתה מע אלא אלשוא יגמע לא אלתוקף פיהא יצח אלתלתה הדה לאן ואלסגלה ואלפאתחה

ואלסרעה׃ 275

.II.S.6.9 אלפן אלתאסע

אלשוא אדא כאן פי אול אלכלאם יכון אבדא מתחרך מתל לעת

יום דבר מי יקום <כחום היום> ונחו דלך לאן לא יצח אלאבתדי

הדאיה פי משרוחא אלפן הדא פי אלכלאם תגד ואנת בסאכן

אלקאר ואללה אעלם 280

.II.S.6.10 אלפן אלעאשר

ומא אלתאלת אלחרף פי סכון בעדה יכון אלמתחרך אלשוא

פי אלסכון ממא ואמתאלהמא ליקמעם לישבקשה נחו זאד

S12 בססדך S13:4v [278 כחום היום

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the quiescence is in the third letter and also in what is beyond

the third letter, such as הים .’cypresses‘ ברושים God’ and‘ א

II.S.6.11. The Eleventh Subsection

A mobile shewa does not come next to a (mobile) shewa either at

the beginning of a word, or in the middle of it, or at its end.

This is because a word is mobile (with a vowel) and what

attaches to this mobile component when it begins with (a

mobile) shewa is of a lesser degree of mobility. A quiescent

letter may follow these two. Therefore two mobile (shewas) are

not combined together, in the way that two quiescent ones can

combine.

II.S.6.12. The Twelfth Subsection

Two quiescent shewas are not combined except at the end of a

word, as in שב כת ,and he captured’ (Num. 21.1)‘ וי צת׀ וס and‘ ורח

you will wash and anoint yourself’ (Ruth 3.3). Take note that

when shewa under shin and ṣade is quiescent and bet and tav

remain after it, they must obligatorily be made quiescent,

because they do not have a letter next to them to which they

could move towards.

II.S.6.13. The Thirteenth Subsection

It is not possible to have a succession of two adjacent shewas the

rst of which is mobile and the second quiescent. Rather the

rst must be quiescent and the second mobile. Take note that

shewa may be construed as a successive sequence (of two) even

though only one is written, as in ק ,from crying’ (1 Sam. 7.8)‘ מזע

sacri‘ מזבחים cing’, ים ,playing the pipe’ (1 Kings 1.40, etc.)‘ מחלל

’?will it be like‘ הכמות ,from being king’ (1 Sam. 8.7, etc.)‘ ממ

(2 Sam. 3.33). The reason for this is that the letter is

pronounced as two letters. This is the custom of Hebrew,

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243II.S.6.10. – II.S.6.13.

אלתאלת ומא זאד עלי אלתאלת מתל אלהים (S12:5r) ברושים

.II.S.6.11 אלפן אלחאדי עשר 285

פי וסטה יגאור שוא לא פי אול אלכלאם ולא שוא מתחרך לא

ילחק ומא מתחרך יכון אנמא אלכלאם לאן אכרה פי ולא

אבתדי אדא אלמתחרך מן חרכה אקל פהו באלמתחרך

יקתרנא מתחרכין לם פלדלך יתבעהמא קד באלשוא ואלסאכן

כמא יקתרנא אלסאכנין 290

.II.S.6.12 אלפן אלתאני עשר

וישב מתל אלכלמה אכר פי אלא יקתרנא לא סאכנין שואאין

אלשין תחת אלדי אלשוא סכן למא אן ואעלם וסכת ורחצת

להמא ליס לאן תסכינהמא מן בד יכן לם בא ותו ובקי ואלצדי

חרף יגאורהמא פיתחרכא אליה 295

.II.S.6.13 אלפן אלתאלת עשר

יגוז לא סאכן ואלתאני מתחרך אלאול מתראדפין שואאין

(S12:5v) תראדפהמא אלא אן יכון אלאול סאכן ואלתאני מתחרך

אלא ליס כאן ואן אלתראדף עלי בניתה שוא תם אן ואעלם

ואחד מכתוב נחו מזעק מזבחים מחללים ממלך הכמות ואלסבב 300

פי דלך אן אלחרף יכרג בחרפין פהדה סירה פי אלעבראני והוא

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namely that every letter with strengthening, I mean with dagesh,

in the middle of a word, where it does not have the status of

beginning (a word or syllable), under which there is shewa, is

pronounced as two letters.

II.S.6.14. The Fourteenth Subsection

A shewa at the end of a word can only be silent, as in מל ,דר,

and similar cases.

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245II.S.6.13. – II.S.6.14.

יגרי לא בחית כלמה וסט פי מדגוש אעני משדד חרף כל אן

מגרי אבתדי ותחתה שוא יכרג בחרפין

.II.S.6.14 אלפן אלראבע עשר

דרך נחו סאכן אלא יכון אן ימכן לא אלכלאם אכר פי אלשוא 305

ומלך ואמתאלהמא

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II.S.7.0.

SECTION ON THE NAMES OF THE VOWELS AND THEIR PLACE OF ARTICULATION

II.S.7.1.

The vowels are seven, namely א ,א ,א ,א ,א ,א ,א.

II.S.7.2.

The rst is ‘the point above’ (i.e. ḥolem) because it moves along

the surface of the whole mouth. Its name is ḥolem. The meaning

of this is ‘fullness’, because it lls the whole mouth. They have

derived (the name) from one of the languages that they used.

II.S.7.3.

The second is qameṣ, which is derived from ן ץ הכה and the‘ וקמ

priest will grasp’ (Lev. 5.12, etc.), because it grips the mouth.

II.S.7.4.

The third is pataḥ, which opens the whole mouth, from י פתח־פ

דק .open your mouth, judge righteously’ (Prov. 31.9)‘ שפט־צ

II.S.7.5.

The fourth is segol, which consists of three dots below, as if they

were a bunch of grapes.

II.S.7.6.

The fth consists of two dots below in a line. Its name is ṣere,

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II.S.7.0.

פצל פי אסמא אלמלוך ומחלהא

II.S.7.1.

אלמלוך סבעה והי א א א א א א א

II.S.7.2.

אלאול אלנקטה מן פוק לאנה יסיר עלי סטח אלפם כלה ואסמה ואשתקוה כלה אלפם תמלא לאנהא מלו (S12:6r) ומענאה חלם 310

מן בעץ אללגאת אלתי מעהםII.S.7.3.

אלתאני קאמצה משתקה מן וקמץ הכהן לאנהא תקבץ אלפם

II.S.7.4.

שפט פיך פתח מן אלפם כל תפתח והי אלפאתחה ואלתאלת צדק

II.S.7.5.

ואלראבע סגולה והי אלתלתה נקט מן אספל כאנהא ענקוד 315

II.S.7.6.

צירי אסמוהא מצטפה אספל מן נקטתין הי ואלכאמסה

S22:1r חלם S3:10r 310 חלם] חלם

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248 Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ (Short Version)

the meaning of which is ‘splitting’, because it splits between the

teeth. They have derived it from the languages that they used.

II.S.7.7.

The sixth is one dot below. Its name is ḥireq, from יו יו שנ ק על וחר‘and gnashes his teeth against him’ (Psa. 37.12). The meaning of

this is that the teeth make a squeaking sound with it.

II.S.7.8.

The seventh consists of three dots (written) obliquely. It may be

replaced by one dot in the heart of vav. Its name is shureq,

meaning ‘whistling’, from ים שרקות עדר to hear the‘ לשמ

whistlings of the ocks’ (Jud. 5.16), because it gathers the lips

together.

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249II.S.7.6. – II.S.7.8.

מן אשתקוהא וקד אלאסנאן בין תשק לאנהא שאק ומענאהא אללגאת אלתי מעהם

II.S.7.7.

וחרק מן חרק ואסמוהא אספל מן ואחדה נקטה הי ואלסאדס עליו שניו ומעני דלך אן תצר בהא אלאסנאן צרא 320

II.S.7.8.

ואלסאבע תלתה נקט מוארבה וקד יכון עוצהא נקטה ואחדה פי

מן אלצפיר במעני שרק> אסמוהא (S12:6v) <אלואו קלב

<לשמוע> שריקות עדרים לאנהא תגמע אלשפתין

… חרק S1:8r 321 מוארבה] מורב S6:11r 322 אלואו 319 חרק]

נקט ואלתלתה אלשפתין תגמע לאנהא מפק אסמוהא +) אלואו שרק] S6:11r לשמוע] 323 S6:11r S12 שרק אסמוהא (S12 אלמוארבה

S12 S3:10v אלשמע

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II.S.8.0.

DISCUSSION CONCERNING THEIR PLACE OF ARTICULATION

II.S.8.1.

The place of articulation of ḥolem is the root of the tongue and

the place of swallowing, and it moves over the surface of the

entire mouth.

II.S.8.2.

The place of articulation of qameṣ is slightly above the root of

the tongue, this being the ( rst) third of the tongue, and its

movement is to above the palate.

II.S.8.3.

The place of articulation of pataḥ is the surface of the tongue

downwards.

II.S.8.4.

The place of articulation of segol is the contraction of the sides

of the mouth and its movement is upon the lower surface of the

mouth.

II.S.8.5.

The place of articulation of ṣere is the teeth, without closure.

II.S.8.6.

The place of articulation of ḥireq is the closure of the teeth with

force.

II.S.8.7.

The place of articulation of shureq is the lips gathered together

(as if for) whistling.

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II.S.8.0.

אלכלאם פי מחלהא

II.S.8.1.

מחל אלחלם עקר הלשון ובית הבליעה ומסירה עלי סטח אלפם 325

כלה

II.S.8.2.

אללסאן תלת והי קליל אללסאן אצל פוק אלקאמצה מחל וחרכתהא אלי פוק אלחנך

II.S.8.3.

מחל אלפאתחה סטח אללסאן מן אספל

II.S.8.4.

אלפם סטח עלי וחרכתהא אלפם אגאב צם אלסגלה מחל 330

אלספלאני

II.S.8.5.

מחל אלצירי אלאסנאן בגיר טבק

II.S.8.6.

מחל אלחרק טבק אלאסנאן בקוה

II.S.8.7.

מחל אלשרק הוא שלשפתין מצמומתין באלצפיר

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II.S.9.0.

SECTION CONCERNING THE GAʿYA

The gaʿya is an exhalation in speech, which conducts the

reading along and carries it forward in a beautiful manner,

animating the reader and moving him to read more. One reader

omits it in some places whereas another reader sustains it. In

sum, it has no principle, because it is not an accent, like a

disjunctive accent or a conjunctive accent. It is marked on a

slant to the right of the reader, similar to the marking of ṭifḥa and mayela. It is said that the gaʿya has no principle. It is never

accompanied by maqqef, which is a line that links two words on

account of the fact that one word does not have a disjunctive or

conjunctive accent. This is because any word that has an accent

does not have maqqef, unless a gaʿya can come before the

accent, in which case a word may contain an accent and maqqef

in some places. There are, however, some places from which

gaʿya cannot be omitted, such as שנו א י י ל ’for they do not sleep‘ כ

(Prov. 4.16), which is from ‘sleeping and slumber’. If you were

to omit it, it would come to mean ‘repeating’, as in א ברי ל י ד אחר

after my word they did not speak’ (Job 29.22), and similar‘ ישנו

cases where the meaning changes on account of it.

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II.S.9.0.

(S12:27r) פצל פי אלגעיה 335

אחסן ותסוקהא אלקראה ותזף אלכלאם פי תנפס הי אלגעיה פקאר פי אלקראה אלי אלתזיד אלקאר ותחרכה סיאק ותנשט יתבתהא ובאלגמלה לא אצל יחדפהא מן בעץ אלמואצע וקאר ואלכדאם כאלאלחאן (S12:27v) בנגמה ליסת לאנהא להא בנצב שביה אלקאר ימין אלי בתמייל> נצב הו <ונצבהא 340

אלטפחה ואלמאילה וקד קיל < אין אב ללגעיה > והי אבדא יכון כאנת אדא אלכלמתין בין תוצל כטה והי אלמקף מעהא אלכלמה ליס פיהא לחן ולא כאדם לאן כל כלמה פיהא טעם לא יכון פיהא מקף אלא אן תגי אלגעיה מן קדאם <אלטעם> פיציר מואצע תם אן <גיר אלמואצע בעץ פי ומקף טעם אלכלמה פי 345

מן הו אלדי ישנו לא כי מתל מנהא> אלגעיה חדף ימכן לא דברי אחרי מתל אלתתניה מן לצאר חדפת ולו ואלנום אלוסן

לא ישנו ונחוה ממא יתגיר אלמעני לאגלהא

[ בתמ[ נצב פהו וינצבהא S19:5v S2:17v ונצבהא…בתמייל] 340

…ללגעיה] S26:1v אין אב לל[ ] S24:1v אן אב ללגעיה S12 341 אין

אב אין אין S28:3v לגעיה אבל אין S23:16v ללגעיה אב אין S19:5v

S12 אלמארכה S19:5v אלטעם] 344 S2:17v S12:27v ללגעיה S12 תם מוצע לא ימכן חדף אלגעיה מנה S19:5v [345 גיר…346 מנהא

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COMMENTARY ON HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ

LONG VERSION

II.L.0.0.

The long version opens with an introduction, which presents var-

ious aspects of the background of the ensuing work. ʾAbū al-Faraj

Hārūn included such authorial paratexts in his other works. His

grammatical work al-Kitāb al-Kāfī contains a preface and an in-

troduction (ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, 10-

19). The abridgement of al-Kitāb al-Kāfī known as Kitāb al-ʿUqūd

fī Taṣārīf al-Lugha al-ʿIbrāniyya ‘The Book of Rules regarding the

Grammatical Inflections of the Hebrew Language’, which was compiled by an anonymous contemporary of ʾAbū al-Faraj

Hārūn, likewise contains an introduction (ed. Vidro 2013a, 22–25). ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn’s glossary of difficult words, which is referred to as Tafsīr ʾAlfāz al-Miqrā ‘Explanation of the words of

Scripture’ and several variant titles, contains a postface added at

the end of the work, which served the same purpose as a preface

and an introduction (Goldstein 2014).

Authorial paratexts, in the form of prefaces, introductions

and postfaces, are a characteristic feature of contemporary

medieval Arabic literary compositions.1 The addition of such a

paratext, therefore, in the works of ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn reflects

convergence with the Arabic literary models.

1 See Freimark (1967) and the discussion and references in Goldstein

(2014).

© Geoffrey Khan, CC BY 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194.04

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 255

An introductory paratext is found in some earlier works

written by Jewish scholars, such as the Masoretic treatise Seder

ha-Simanim (Allony 1965, ט־י) and some works of Saadya in the

tenth century, such as his lexicon ha-ʾEgron (ed. Allony 1969a,

148–63) and his Bible commentaries (Stroumsa 2007).

The beginning of the introduction to the long version of

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ is missing. If we compare it, however, with the

corresponding introduction in the short version, which has been

preserved in its entirety, it can be safely assumed that only a short

amount of text is missing.

The introduction can be divided into various components,

many of which contain standard themes in such authorial par-

atexts. §II.L.0.1. discusses the reasons why the principles of

biblical reading need to be studied. §II.L.0.2.—§II.L.0.6 concern

the historical background of the Tiberian reading and its antiq-

uity. §II.L.0.7.—§II.L.0.8. describe the history of the discipline of

fixing rules for the correct reading. §II.L.0.9. explains the author’s motivation to write the work and summarizes its contents.

ʾAbū al-Faraj states in §II.L.0.9. that the purpose of the

work was essentially compilatory, in that it brings together in a

comprehensive way specialist works and oral teachings of his

predecessors, who remain anonymous. This section contains a

‘request to compose’ without specifying the name of the re-

quester. This is a standard feature of Arabic introductions of the

period and it is often no more than a fictional trope (Freimark

1967, 36–40). As is typical, this ‘request to compose’ is combined with a modesty trope in which the author acknowledges his own

imperfections.

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256 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

In some cases, we know that medieval Karaite works were

commissioned by specific individuals. In the postface to his Kitāb ʾAlfāz al-Miqrā, ʾAbū al-Faraj indicates the name of the requester,

viz. ʾAbū al-Tayyib Samuel ibn Manṣūr (Goldstein 2014), who

commissioned the work for his children. Another case is the short

commentary of ʾAbū al-Faraj Furqān ibn ʾAsad (Yeshuʿa ben Ye-huda), in the introduction of which it is indicated that the work

was commissioned by the wealthy patron ʾAbū al-Hasan Dāʾūd

ibn ʿImrān ibn Levi (Khan 1993; Polliack 1997, 47–48). An alter-

native process is attested in the manuscripts containing the gram-

matical commentary of the Karaite Yūsuf ibn Nūḥ, known as the

Diqduq, in which there is a document indicating that the author

dedicated the work as a pious foundation to the Karaite commu-

nity (Khan 2000b, 153–54).

The introduction to Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ has a particular focus

on the accents rather than the consonants and vowels. This sug-

gests that the main interest of ʾAbū al-Faraj in the work were the

accents. Indeed one early source that is apparently referring to

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ calls it Kitāb al-ʾAlḥān ‘The Book of the Accents’ (see § II.Int.0.3.). One of the later European recensions of the

work, furthermore, had the title Ṭaʿame ha-Miqra ‘The Accents of the Bible’ (see vol. 1, §I.0.13.1.).

It should be noted, however, that the adducing of examples

of different positioning of accents as a means of demonstrating

the importance of the knowledge of correct reading in §II.L.0.1.

has a close counterpart in the introduction by ʾAbū al-Faraj

Hārūn to his grammatical work al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, which demon-

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 257

strates the importance of the knowledge of grammar. A large pro-

portion of the introduction of al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed. Khan, Gallego

and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, 12-19) concerns the positioning of

accents and, indeed, several of the examples are the same as

those presented in the introduction to Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ. The

shared examples, moreover, are used to demonstrate the same

points. These include the following. The accent position can dis-

tinguish between past tense, e.g. בה ’who returned‘ (Ruth 2.6) השand present tense, e.g. ה and she returns’. The‘ (Lev. 22.13) ושב

position of the accent can distinguish between lexical meaning,

e.g. בו -they cap‘ שבו they have turned back’ (Jer. 11.10) but‘ ש

tured’ (Gen. 34.29). Furthermore, the same issues of accent posi-

tion with overlapping examples also occur in §I.1.1. of al-Kitāb al-Kāfī and in a passage in ʾ Abū al-Faraj Hārūn’s reworking of Ibn Nūḥ’s commentary on the Pentateuch (Goldstein 2014, 367).

It is likely, therefore, that the use by ʾAbū al-Faraj of the

arguments relating to accent position in his introduction to

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ was to some extent motivated by the fact that

similar argumentation was already at hand in passages in his

other works. Distinction of meaning arising from accent position

was, moreover, a particularly salient demonstration of how pre-

cise knowledge of the language is important for correct interpre-

tation of Scripture.

II.L.0.1.

לגהאלרגוע...לגהאלסבי

lexical class of ‘returning’ … lexical class of ‘capturing’

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258 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

In the linguistic thought of Karaite grammarians of the tenth and

eleventh centuries, inflections and derivative forms of a verb

were said to belong to a particular lexical class. This was

expressed by the Arabic term lughah typically followed by an

abstract Arabic verbal noun in genitive annexation, as is the case

here (al-rujūʿ ‘returning’, al-saby ‘capturing’), or by the Hebrew term lashon followed by a Hebrew, or occasionally Aramaic,

abstract noun in annexation, e.g. ברכה lexical class of‘ לשון

blessing’ (§II.L.3.2.7.), דחילה ’lexical class of fearing‘ לשון(§II.L.3.1.). A lexical class was a class of attested linguistic forms

sharing a common kernel of meaning and common letters. Such

a lexical class does not include words that are related in meaning

but have no letters in common. The common letters that embrace

all words belonging to a lexical class are in most cases equivalent

to what we would call the root letters. The medieval Karaite

grammarians of the tenth and eleventh centuries, however, did

not have a fully developed concept of an abstract triliteral root

as the base of derivation in their linguistic theory (Khan 2000b,

78–82; 2013a; 2013b).

The use of the term lashon with this sense of lexical class is

found in earlier Hebrew Masoretic treatises, e.g. Diqduqe ha-

Ṭeʿamim (ed. Dotan 1967): ברכה ’lexical class of blessing‘ לשון lexical‘ לשוןירידה ,lexical class of eating’ (§22)‘ לשוןאכילה ,(21§)

class of descending’ (§25). The grammatical use of the term la-

shon ultimately has its origin in the Rabbinic tradition, where it

is used broadly in the sense of linguistic form. Such broader usage

is still found in the text of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ in cases such as לשון

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 259

ים the form‘ בתים יחידוןשל ,(.II.L.1.9.2§) ’בת ‘singular form’ (§II.L.3.2.1.).

II.L.0.2.

If one were to say ‘What do you say concerning the formation of these accents?’, the response would be that they originated by convention among the people of the

language, by the help of which they fully expressed their

purposes, as in the aforementioned examples and others.

They established them by convention, just as they

established the vowels by convention, as will be explained.

This reflects a rationalist and anthropocentric view of the origin

of language that ʾAbū al-Faraj expresses elsewhere in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ and in his grammatical works. According to this view, lan-

guage did not develop by revelation from God but rather devel-

oped among the primeval speech community of humans by con-

vention in order to fulfil their needs of communication. The pri-

meval speech community is referred to as ‘the people of the lan-

guage’ (ʾahl al-lugha). It appears that this was intended to be the

primeval community of Hebrew-speakers. Discussion of the con-

ventional origin of language elsewhere in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ is

found in sections concerning the origin of letters and vowels, e.g.

§II.L.1.1.1. §II.L.1.1.2., §II.L.1.4.1., §II.L.1.8.2., §II.L.2.2.1. In

§II.L.2.2.1. there is a discussion of the role of the language of God

in the development of language by conventional agreement. In

his grammar al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, ʾAbū al-Faraj describes how various

aspects of grammatical structure, such as verbal inflections and

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260 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

the expression of gender and number, would have arisen by con-

vention within the primeval speech community to fulfil their

needs of communication.2

The notion of the conventional origin of language was

adopted by ʾAbū al-Faraj from the rationalist views of language

that were espoused by the Muslim theological movement known

as the Muʿtazila. The Muʿtazila, in turn, had received this from the Aristotelian tradition of the conventional origin of meaning

of sounds in language (Allen 1948; Kretzmann 1974) through the

Arabic translations of Aristotelian texts at the period. Muslim phi-

losophers whose thought was based in the Aristotelian tradition

also adopted this concept of the origin of language, e.g. al-Fārābī (d. 950), who wrote a commentary on the Arabic version of Ar-

istotle’s De Interpretatione, where Aristotle expressed his argu-

ments on this question.3

The leading Karaite intellectuals of the period adopted

many aspects of Muʿtalizite thought (Wolfson 1979; Sklare

2017). They followed in particular the so-called Bahshamiyya

Muʿtazilite school of Baṣra, which was founded by students and

followers of ʾAbū Hāshim al-Jubbāʾī. In the second half of the

tenth century and the eleventh century, they were influenced es-

pecially by the central figures of this school such as ʾAbū ʿAlī ibn Khallād and ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī. Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm ha-

Kohen al-Baṣīr, a prominent scholar in the Karaite Jerusalem

2 The various passages in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī have been gathered together

by Gallego (2003).

3 See this commentary of al-Fārābī (ed. Beirut 1960, 27, 50–51) and

Zimmermann’s translation (1982, xli, 12).

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 261

school, who was a contemporary of ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn, was

particularly closely engaged with the Bahshamiyya school led by

ʿAbd al-Jabbār and wrote refutations of ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s opponents (Sklare 2017, 159, 163).

The rationalist notion of the origin of language through

conventional agreement among humans can be traced to ʾAbū Hāshim al-Jubbāʾī (d. 933) of the Baṣran Muʿtalizite school and gained ground among the Muʿtazilites through the works of ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. 1026) and ʾAbū al-Husayn al-Baṣrī (d. 1044) (Weiss

1974, 35). The Muʿtazalite view of the origin of language by con-vention was adopted by various Karaite scholars of the Jerusalem

school other than ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn, such as Yūsuf al-Baṣīr (Vajda 1974, 61–62) and ʾAbū al-Faraj Furqān ibn ʾAsad (also

known as Yeshuʿa ben Yehudah) (Zwiep 1997, 149–58).

The key Arabic terms that are used by the Muʿtazilites for convention are ʾiṣṭilāḥ and verbal forms from the root w-ḍ-ʿ, espe-

cially muwāḍaʿa and tawāḍuʿ. The latter was the term favoured

by ʿAbd al-Jabbār in his discussions of the origin of language

(Peters 1976, 304–5). ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn uses both of these

terms in his references to the conventional origin of language.

The terms muwāḍaʿa and tawāḍuʿ appear to be literal translations

of the Greek term συνθηκη ‘convention’ in the Aristotelian corpus,

all of which have the basic meaning of ‘putting together’. In the passage in §II.L.0.2. the focus is on the origin of the

accents, which are said to have arisen by convention among the

‘people of the language’, just as they established the vowels by convention, to achieve needs such as the distinctions of meaning

described in §II.L.0.1. This would relate to stress position rather

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262 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

than musical cantillation and so would be a feature of natural

speech. The passage then goes on to say that the arrangement

(tartīb) of the accents may have been based on the practice of the

Levites. This is most likely referring to the fixing of the sequence

of different pitch accents in the musical cantillation. In a discus-

sion of the origin of the vowels in §II.L.2.18., it is stated that ‘it is possible that the people of the language formed the shapes of

the vowels just has they formed the shapes of the letters. It is also

possible that the people of the language used to use them in

conversation without their knowing any (written) form for them.’ In ʾAbū al-Faraj’s discussion of the origin of the accents in §II.L.0.2., it is not clear whether he is referring to both the writ-

ten accent signs and the oral reading or only to the oral reading.

The view of the origin of the accents and vowels by con-

vention was abandoned by later Karaites, after the dispersal of

the Karaite Jerusalem school consequent upon the capture of Je-

rusalem by the Crusaders in 1099. The Karaite Judah Hadassi,

who was active in the middle of the twelfth century in Constan-

tinople, for example, adopted a revelationist view of their origin,

and argued that the original tablets that were given to Moses on

Mount Sinai must have had the vowels and accents:

… for without the five vowels, which are [represented by]

the vowel signs, a word could not be articulated nor could

it be understood without the pronunciation of the vowels

and accents.4

4 Sefer ʾEshkol ha-Kofer (ed. Eupatoria 1836, 70a): כיבלאחמשתהקולותשהםמלכיהנקודלאתולדהמלהולאתעמודבפהולאיודעמההיאכיאםבנועםנקודים .See further Khan (1992, 173) .וטעמים

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 263

II.L.0.3.

This section refers to the devastation of Jerusalem by the Ro-

mans, who are referred to figuratively as ‘wicked Edom’, i.e. Esau, the brother and enemy of Jacob. This was a trope that de-

veloped early in Rabbinic tradition (Feldman 1992, 47–48). The

term here includes also the Byzantine rulers. The reference to

pilgrimage to Tiberias and Gaza is evidently referring to the Byz-

antine period. Pilgrimage to Gaza, Tiberias and Zoar in the Byz-

antine period are mentioned also by other medieval Karaites.5

One such reference is by Sahl ben Maṣliaḥ ha-Kohen in the pref-

ace to his Book of Precepts:

After having left that place (i.e. Jerusalem), it remained for

over five [hundred] years as rubble and dens of jackals,

and the Jews could not enter. The Jews who resided in the

East would come to the city of Maʿazyah (i.e. Tiberias) in

order to pray, while those who lived in the West would

come to the city of Gaza for that purpose. Those who dwelt

in the South would go to the city of Zoar. In the days of

the little horn (i.e. the Islamic empire; cf. Dan. 7.8), God

opened His gates of mercy to His people, and brought them

to His holy city.

Another reference to such pilgrimage in the Byzantine

period is found in the commentary of Daniel al-Qūmisī (end of the ninth century) on Daniel 11.32:

Before his arrival (i.e. of the Arabs), they (i.e. the Jews)

could not enter Jerusalem and would, therefore, come

5 For the full references see Gil (1996, 165–66).

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264 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

from the four corners of the earth to Tiberias and to Gaza

in order to catch a glimpse of the Temple.

II.L.0.5.

The argument here is that the opinion of the community as a

whole sanctions the authority of the tradition of the accents. This

is similar to the argument of the Karaite al-Qirqisānī that the agreement of the majority of the community (ʾijmāʿ) on the bib-

lical reading tradition is the crucial basis of its authority (Khan

1990).

II.L.0.7.

Surely you see that Muslims, whether they be two or more,

cannot read with the same degree of coordination as the

Jews read, since each one has his own way (of reading).

One makes long a place that another makes it short. One

reads melodically a place that another reads flat.

The crucial difference between the reading of the Hebrew Bible

and the reading of the Qurʾān is that in the former the contour

and sequence of pitch accents are fixed by tradition whereas in

the latter pitch differences are improvised by individual readers

(Nelson 2001).

II.L.0.9.

הדאאלמכתצר

‘this short treatise’ The reference is clearly to the long version of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ and

not to the short version, in connection with which ʾAbū al-Faraj

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 265

also uses the verb ikhtaṣara ‘to shorten’ (see the introduction to the short version §II.S.0.1.). The term ‘short treatise’ in the intro-duction to the long version can be interpreted as a case of formu-

laic modesty.

II.L.1.1.

The ideas presented in this section correspond closely to the

Muʿtazilite views of language, especially those expressed by ʿAbd al-Jabbār in his various works. ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s definitions of speech include ‘the arrangement together of two or more letters’ (mā intazama min ḥarfayn fa-ṣāʿidan), ‘what consists of the spe-

cific arrangement of these intuitively known letters, occurring in

two letters or (more) letters’ (mā ḥaṣala fīh nizām makhṣūṣ min

hādhih al-ḥurūf al-maʿqūla, ḥaṣala fī ḥarfayn ʾ aw ḥurūf) and a num-

ber of other variant formulations (Peters 1976, 293–94). Likewise

ʾAbū al-Faraj states that a communicable utterance must consist

of a minimum of two letters. Like ʿAbd al-Jabbār, ʾAbū al-Faraj

uses forms of the verb nazama to refer to the arrangement of let-

ters (e.g. §II.L.1.1.4., §II.L.1.1.5, §II.L.1.1.7.). Similar statements

are made by the anonymous Karaite grammarian in the work

Kitāb al-ʿUqūd, viz. ‘speech is constituted by articulated sounds arranged in a particular type of arrangement’ (al-kalām huwa al-

ḥurūf al-muqaṭṭaʿa al-manzūma ḍarb min al-nizām) (ed. Vidro

2013a, 33), and the works of the Karaite Yūsuf al-Baṣīr, e.g. al-

Kitāb al-Muḥtawī ‘The Comprehensive Book’: ‘articulated sounds and arranged letters that can by convention convey meaning’ (ʾaṣwāt muqaṭṭaʿa wa-ḥurūf manzūma yaṣiḥḥ ʾan tufīd bi-l-muwāḍaʿa) (Vajda 1974, 61).

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266 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

According to ʿAbd al-Jabbār, sounds are accidents (i.e.

properties) and not substances. He uses the term ʿaraḍ to refer to

this concept of accident (Peters 1976, 299). This corresponds to

the term khāṣṣiyya, which is used by ʾAbū al-Faraj in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ to denote the property of a letter, i.e. its realization in

sound. The term khāṣṣiyya is found in some tajwīd manuals to

refer to the distinctive phonetic realization of letters or categories

of letters, e.g. ḵhāṣṣiyyat al-ḥarf al-rakhw … ḵhāṣṣiyyat al-ḥarf al-

shadīd ‘the distinctive property of a “soft” letter … the distinctive property of a “strong” letter’ in the commentary on al-Dānī’s Kitāb al-Taysīr by al-Mālaqī (d. 705/1305), al-Durr al-Nathīr w-al-

ʿAdhb al-Namīr ‘Scattered Pearls and Pure Sweet’ (ed. Beirut

2002, 183). Al-Dānī uses the corresponding term ṣifa ‘attribute’ in his works, e.g. al-Taḥdīd fī al-ʾItqān w-al-Tajwīd ‘The Definition of Precision and Excellent Reading’ (ed. Amman 2001, 105).

In Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ʾAbū al-Faraj occasionally uses the He-

brew term טעם (literally: ‘taste’) in the sense of the quality of a

letter. In §II.L.1.3.3. this occurs in its Arabicized form טעאם ṭaʿām.

The terms are sometimes used together, e.g. טעםאלחרףוכאציתה

‘the “taste” of the letter and its property’ (§II.L.1.1.2.). The Arabic

verb dh-w-q ‘to taste’ is used in connection with the pronuncia-tion of consonants in §II.L.1.3.8.: פאדאדקתאלחרףפימחלהאנמא If you taste a letter (by pronouncing it) in its‘ דקתמנהכאציתה

place of articulation, you will taste its property.’ This suggests that טעם ‘taste’ is used by ʾAbū al-Faraj to refer to the perceived

quality of the letter, whereas khāṣṣiyya is its intrinsic property.

It is stated in §II.L.1.1.1. and §II.L.1.1.2. that ‘the conven-

tional agreement was initially on the property of the letter’, i.e.

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 267

the conventional agreement in the primeval speech community

was on sounds of letters rather than the names of letters. As re-

marked, according to ʿAbd al-Jabbār sounds were accidental

properties and so speech must be an accident too. The conven-

tional agreement was, therefore, initially on speech.

II.L.1.1.2.

People differ with regard to the number of the letters that

are added to the realization of the letter and its property.

This is referring to the variant forms of the names of the letters

that were current during the time of ʾAbū al-Faraj.

II.L.1.1.4.

והםאלמלוךאלדיתסמאאנחא

namely the vowels, which are called vocalization

Two terms are used for vowels. The term ‘kings’ (mulūk) ex-

presses its hierarchical relationship viz-a-viz shewa, which is re-

ferred to as a ‘servant’ (khādim) in some medieval sources, e.g.

the anonymous Masoretic treatise CUL T-S NS 301.84. This would

be analogous to the relationship of a conjunctive accent, also re-

ferred to in the treatises as a khādim, with a following disjunctive

accent. The Arabic term ʾanḥāʾ is the plural of naḥw, the primary

meaning of which is the grammatical inflection of a word. In Ar-

abic such inflection is expressed by case vowels and the term has

been extended to all vowels.

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268 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.L.1.1.7.

אלדקדוקייןסמאאלוגההדאועלימענימנהיפאדלאוחדהאלחרףפאדן אלחרףכאדמא

Now, meaning is not expressed by a letter alone and so the

Hebrew grammarians have called a ‘letter particle’ a ‘functional particle’.

The word ḥarf is the normal term used for ‘grammatical particle’ in the standard Arabic grammatical tradition of the period. ʾAbū al-Faraj states here that the Hebrew grammarians use the term

khādim, which literally means ‘serving (particle)’, or ‘subordinate (particle)’, to refer to such grammatical elements. This is the term

he himself uses in his grammatical works, e.g. al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed.

Khan, Gallego and Olszowy 2003, §I.27.1). The designation

diqdūqiyyūn is generally used by ʾAbū al-Faraj to refer to the

Karaite grammarians of Hebrew who preceded him. They

practiced a discipline that was known as diqduq ‘attention to fine details, careful investigation (of Hebrew Scripture)’. This was associated with the Masoretic activity that produced the early

Masoretic treatises. Such activity is sometimes referred to as

diqduq ha-miqra ‘careful investigation of Hebrew Scripture’ in the sources, e.g. Allony (1964). Note also the anonymous Judaeo-

Arabic Masoretic treatise that is preserved in the Genizah

fragment CUL T-S D1.2, which states that its source is ממאבינוה what was explained by‘ אלמעלמיןאלאוליןאלצנאדידפידקדוקאלמקרא

the early master teachers of the careful investigation of Hebrew

Scripture’. ʾAbū al-Faraj was sometimes at pains to distinguish his own

works from the discipline of diqduq (Khan 1997; 2000b, 1–25).

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 269

One of the reasons for this appears to be that ʾAbū al-Faraj

believed that his grammatical works al-Kitāb al-Mushtamil and al-

Kitāb al-Kāfī had a universalist approach that dealt not only with

Hebrew but with general issues realting to human language,

whereas the diqdūqiyyūn were specifically concerned with the

Hebrew language of Scripture.

After completing al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, ʾAbū al-Faraj wrote a

work entitled Kitāb al-Madkhal ʾ ilā ʿ Ilm al-Diqdūq fī Ṭuruq al-Lugha

al-ʿIbrāniyya ‘Book of Introduction into the Discipline of Careful Investigation of the Ways of the Hebrew Language’, which he states was intended as a guidebook to the terminology of the

diqdūqiyyūn. This work is still unpublished.6 In the work ʾAbū al-Faraj states:

‘Speech that is used (for communication) consists of three

components: noun (ism), verb (fiʿl) and particle (ḥarf,

literally: letter), which the people of the discipline of

diqduq call ‘serving particle’ (khādiman).7

The manuscript of our passage in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ has the

reading אלכאדםחרפאסמאאלדקדוקיין ‘the diqduq scholars called a

“serving particle” (khādim) a “letter” (ḥarf).’ Given the statement

in Kitāb al-Madkhal and the following context of the passage in

the Hidāya, it is clear that this reading is a scribal error for סמא .אלדקדוקייןאלחרףכאדמא

6 See Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger (2003, xiii) for a list of the

extant manuscripts.

7 II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I 4601, fol. 112 (an autograph of ʾ Abū al-Faraj

written in Arabic script): الكالم المستعمل ثلثة اقسام اسم وفعل وحرف يسميه اهل علم .الدقدوق خادم

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270 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

In the published texts of the early Karaite grammarians no

specific technical term is attested for ‘grammatical particle’ (Khan 2000b, 74; 2000a).

מןחרוףאלליןוהופקדאנכתםפיכללפטהחרףאלף

In each of these words a letter ʾalef is hidden, which is one

of the soft letters.

This reflects the theory that long vowels were the result of ‘soft letters’ (ḥurūf al-līn), i.e. vowel letters. Such a theory was

borrowed from the Arabic grammatical tradition and developed

more systematically by the Hebrew grammarian Hayyūj, who

was active in Spain in the early eleventh century (Basal 2013).

Unlike in Arabic, these vowel letters were sometimes elided in

the orthography; cf. the discussion in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ in §II.L.1.8.

II.L.1.2.

וינצאףאליאלאצולכמסהחרוףוהיאלתייסמונהאפשוטותוהםךםןףץ

To the basic letters are added five letters, which are called

“straight”, namely ךםןףץ.

The Hebrew term פשוט ‘straight’ for the long final letters has its

origin in Rabbinic literature; cf. Jastrow (1903, 1138).

דכפתאלטבראנייןיזידועליינצאףאליאלאצולאיצאסתהחרוףוהיבג הדהאלסתהאחרףחרףרישויגעלונהאבגדכפרת

To the basic letters are added six letters, namely בגדכפת.

The Tiberians add to these six letters the letter resh, making

it (i.e. the group of non-basic letters) בגדכפרת.

The reference here is to the fricative variants of the בגדכפת con-

sonants and the alveolar trill variant of the resh (vol. 1, §I.1.20),

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 271

all of which were regarded by ʾAbū al-Faraj as secondary variants

of the consonants in question. Sefer Yeṣira refers to שבעכפולות .(Hayman 2004, 24) ’בגדכפרת the seven double letters‘ בגדכפרת

According to Morag (1960), this is referring to the Babylonian

pronunciation tradition, in which there was a variation in the

realization of resh that was different in nature from that of the

Tiberian tradition. The fricative variants of the בגדכפת conso-

nants were regarded as secondary also in a Masoretic treatise

published by Allony and Yeivin (1985, 97).

זאימכרוך

For the zāy makrūkh see vol. 1, §I.1.7.

II.L.1.3.2.

The Hebrew term ביתהבליעה ‘place of swallowing’ is found in He-

brew Masoretic treatises, e.g. §5 and §6 in Baer and Strack’s (1879) corpus. It is attested already in Rabbinic literature

(Jastrow 1903, 173).

For the four cases of dagesh in ʾalef in the standard Tiberian tra-

dition see vol. 1, §I.1.1.

II.L.1.3.3.

For the meanings of the terms טעם and khāṣṣiyya see the com-

ments to §II.L.1.1. above.

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272 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.L.1.3.4.

הורט

appearance

Cf. the use of the Arabic term zāhir ‘appearing’ to designate he

with mappiq in the Masoretic treatise published by Allony and

Yeivin (1985, 97).

II.L.1.4.1.

היעבאראתתואצעעליהאארבאבהאליפהמואגראצהםלבעצהםבעץיעלםקבלהדאאנהםתואצעועליחרוףמכצוצהפימחאל ויחתאגאן

מכתלפה

It [i.e. language] consists of expressions that its original

speakers established by convention among themselves to

make their intentions understood to one another. It needs

to be known that before this they established by

convention specific letters in various places of articulation.

The expression ʾarbābuhā ‘its [i.e. language’s] masters’ is synon-ymous with ʾahl al-lugha ‘the people of the language’.

The establishment by convention of specific letters (ḥurūf) is referring to the phonetic realization of the letters in the form

of the production of sound, as was discussed in §II.L.1.1.

II.L.1.4.2.

פעלפיאלנפס

intransitive verb

This term, which literally means, ‘action on oneself’, is taken from the early Karaite grammatical tradition; cf. the Diqduq of

Ibn Nūḥ (Khan 2000b, 108–11). In the standard Baṣran Arabic

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 273

grammatical tradition an intransitive verb was called fiʿl ghayr mutaʿaddin, which was the term used by ʾAbū al-Faraj in his

grammar books (Khan, Gallego, and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003,

xliii).

II.L.1.4.5.

אלתצחיף יעם והו מתגאירה מחאל מן ינבדל מא אלראבע ואלקסםואלגמטריאלאןאלדאלואלרישמןמחליןגיריןואלגמטריאאלבאואלשין

מןמחליןמתגאורין

The fourth category is what interchanges from different

places of articulation, which includes scribal error and

ciphers, for dalet and resh (which are sometimes confused

by scribal error) are from two different places of

articulation and the cipher of letters (consisting of the

interchange of) bet and shin is from two different places of

articulation.

Examples of scribal errors resulting in the interchange of dalet

and resh are given in §II.L.1.5.4. They are discussed by ʾAbū al-Faraj in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, in which he states ‘It is a type of letter

interchange arising from a mistake in writing on account of the

similarity of two letters’ (ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-

Schlanger 2003, §I.28.3.).

The ciphers referred to are in the encryption code known

as א׳׳תב׳׳ש, whereby a letter is exchanged for its counterpart in

the opposite place in the alphabet, e.g. ʾalef, the first letter in the

alphabet, for tav, the last letter, bet, the second letter, for shin,

the penultimate, and so forth (Campanini 2013, 638).

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274 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.L.1.4.7.

לאבשלום י ש השל

‘the third is Absalom’ (1 Chron. 3.2).

This is cited by ʾAbū al-Faraj as an example of a lamed without

meaning also in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-

Schlanger 2003, §I.25.45.).

II.L.1.4.8.

יקאלאנהמכתצריודפיידותקדירהבידי

It is said that a yod has been contracted in יד, and its virtual

form is י .ביד

ʾAbū al-Faraj uses here the notion of taqdīr (‘virtual form’, ‘imagined form’), which he adopted from contemporary Arabic grammatical thought (Levin 1997). This concept is used to

explain the existence of various irregularities in grammatical

structure. Underlying the actually attested structure of the

biblical text, there was a virtual or imagined (muqaddar)

structure, which existed in the mind of the author. This imagined

structure always conformed to grammatical rules and principles.

When the imagined structure deviated from the actually attested

structure, it was the imagined structure that constituted the basis

of interpretation and translation (Khan 2001, 142–44).

II.L.1.5.

Some cases of letter interchange that are presented in this section

are mentioned by ʾAbū al-Faraj in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, e.g. ed. Khan,

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 275

Gallego and Olszowy Schlanger (2013, §I.26.28, §I.27.34,

§I.28.3).

II.L.1.5.18.

The intention is that חמוץ would be in place of חמוס ‘treated vio-

lently (and therefore bloody)’.

II.L.1.5.21.

ואלמכרתיכוןשתום

The disjoined form would be שתם.

ʾAbū al-Faraj uses the Hebrew terms מכרת ‘disjoined’ and סמוך

‘conjoined’ alongside the corresponding Arabic terms qaṭʿ ‘dis-joined state’ (§II.L.1.4.8.) and muḍāf ‘conjoined’. For סמוך see

§II.L.2.17. These terms are found in Masoretic treatises, e.g. §37

in the corpus of Baer and Strack (1879). In Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ the

terms are generally used in the sense of ‘absolute’ and ‘construct’ forms of a noun respectively. In Karaite grammatical literature

the terms are used also to denote pausal and context forms (Khan

2007). The term qaṭʿ is used in the sense of pause in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ in §II.L.2.12.14.

ויגבאןיכוןאמרהשתוםאושתם

Its imperative would have to be שתום or שתם.

For the notion of the imperative as the base of morphological

derivation see the comments on §II.L.1.10. below.

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276 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.L.1.6.

The letters אויה are intended here to represent long vowels. This

reflects the theory that long vowels were the result of ‘soft letters’ (ḥurūf al-līn), i.e. vowel letters; cf. the comments on §II.L.1.1.7.

above and the discussion in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ in §II.L.1.8.

Some of the material in this section can be found in other

Masoretic treatises, such as §29 in the corpus of Baer and Strack

(1879), two of the Judaeo-Arabic treatises published by Allony

and Yeivin (1985, 99–101, 112), and various fragments of un-

published texts, e.g. CUL T-S D1.2, Mosseri I, 71.1; Oxford Bod.

Heb. d 33, fol. 16.

II.L.1.7.5.

תפהובתקדירלחןקבלהליגרימגרי י ואיבנה־ב ה

so (such cases must be considered) to have a virtual

(conjunctive) accent before them in order to conform to

(cases such as) י שמ תל י בנה־ב ואי .ה

Here ʾAbū al-Faraj uses the notion of taqdīr ‘virtual form’, ‘imagined form’ (see the comment on §II.L.1.4.8. above) to ex-

plain an apparent irregularity. The idea is that the conjunctive

accent existed in the virtual underlying structure, and so this ex-

plained the operation of the ʾathe me-raḥiq.

II.L.1.7.7.

כלואופיאכרכלמהיכרגעליראיאלשאמייןבבאמרפי

Every vav at the end of a word is pronounced according to

the Palestinians as a bet rafe.

See vol. 1, §I.1.6. for the pronunciation of the Tiberian vav.

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 277

II.L.1.7.9.

For a possible explanation of the phenomenon described in this

section, see vol. 1, §I.3.1.10.

II.L.1.7.11.

For this feature of the reading of Ben Naftali see Kitāb al-Khilaf

(ed. Lipschütz, 1965, 19).

II.L.1.8.2.

Yaḥyā ibn Dāʾūd the Maghribī

This is a reference to the Spanish grammarian Yaḥyā ibn Dāʾūd Hayyūj (d. c. 1000).

ולאנכליהאליאןיגואהלאללגהפנעלםפאידהמאאצטלחועליה

and we should not abandon it until the people of the

language come and we know the function of what they

adopted as their convention.

Since the ‘people of the language’ are the primeval speech com-munity, this would seem to be tantamount to saying that we

should never deviate from the customary reading.

II.L.1.9.2.

For the various degrees of ‘heaviness’ of tav see vol. 1, §I.3.1.11.3.

II.L.1.9.3.

For the different realizations of resh, see vol. 1, §I.1.20.

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278 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.L.1.10.

ואעלםאןאהלאללגהגעלותצאריףאללגהעליארבעהאקסאםמןחרףומןגמתלשמרואחדאצלימתלהכהונחוהומןחרפיןמתלבנהונחוה

ונחוהומןדמתלכרבלונחוה

Take note that the people of the language made the

conjugations of the language in four categories: from one

root letter, such as הכה ‘hit’ and the like, from two letters,

such as בנה ‘build’ and the like, from three letters, such as

,’wrap‘ כרבל and the like and from four letters, such as שמרand the like.

According to the medieval Karaite grammarians, the base of the

process of the derivation of a word was not an abstract root but

rather a concrete structural form consisting of both consonants

and vowels. Such a theory of derivational morphology was

developed in the early Karaite tradition of grammatical thought

in the tenth century, the main extant source for which is the

Diqduq of Ibn Nūḥ. According to Ibn Nūḥ the imperative form is

the derivational base of most verbal forms. The imperative, there-

fore, was used as the citation form of verbs. This practice of im-

perative citation forms was continued by ʾAbū al-Faraj in his

grammatical works and Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ, in which he uses them

as lemmata to identify and classify verbal conjugations. This was

despite the fact that according to his theory of grammar, adopted

from the mainstream Baṣran school of Arabic grammar, the in-

finitive was the base of morphological derivation of verbs; cf.

al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed. Khan, Gallego, and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003,

§II.16.12-15) and Khan (1997).

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 279

Although the Karaite grammarians did not work with a no-

tion of an abstract root that functioned as the source of deriva-

tion, they did have a concept of an abstract underlying morpho-

logical level, which they referred to as the ‘substance’ (Arabic jawhar) of a word (Khan 2000b, 74–78). Unlike the morphologi-

cal base, the substance is not an actual linguistic form that can

be pronounced. It consists of a series of letters that are regarded

as the core of the word. This is what is referred to in this passage

in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ as ‘root letter’ (ḥarf ʾaṣlī). Various letters that

are present in the morphological base of a word do not belong to

the substance and so are not root letters. A final he in a verb is

not considered to belong to the substance. The substance of im-

perative bases such as נהב , therefore, are said to consist of two

root letters. A prefix such as the he prefix of the hifʿil that does

not occur in all inflected forms is not considered to be a root

letter. The substance of the verb הכה ‘hit’ was considered to consist

of only one root letter. For further details see Khan (2013a; 2013b).

ואלחרףאיצאקדתתקלבפיאללפטהותתגאירמעאניהא

A letter may also change position in a word with the result

that its meaning changes.

ʾAbū al-Faraj offers here only one set of examples of such changes

of position. In his grammar book al-Kitāb al-Mushtamil (see vol.

1, §I.0.13.4), however, he devotes a long section to this question

and presents an inventory of sets of lexical forms that share let-

ters in different sequences (Bacher 1895, 247–49). This is known

as an anagrammatical lexical arrangement and is attested in

other medieval Jewish sources, in particular Kitāb al-Ḥāwī ‘The

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280 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Book of Collection’ of Hai Gaon, which is a complete

anagrammatical dictionary of Hebrew (Allony 1969b, 1972).

II.L.1.11.

The term ‘enhancement’ (tafkhīm) is used by ʾ Abū al-Faraj to refer

to the extension of the basic form of a word or affix by the addi-

tion of letters without, in principle, bringing about a change in

meaning. The list of examples of added letters includes some ad-

ditions that we would normally interpret as functional affixes,

such as directive he, e.g. בבל ‘Babylon’—לה to Babylon’ (2‘ בבKings 20.17, etc.), or cohortative he, e.g. שוב ‘return’— ה שוב ‘re-

turn’ (Num. 10.36, etc.). ʾAbū al-Faraj uses the term אלתפכיםהא

‘he of enhancement’ to refer to cohortative he in his grammar

book al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger

2003, §I.27.126), but does not examine there the phenomenon of

enhancement systematically. Saadya Gaon, on the other hand,

treats the subject extensively in his grammar Kitāb Faṣīḥ Lughat

al-ʿIbrāniyyīn ‘The Book of the Eloquence of the Language of the Hebrews’ (Dotan 1997, 142–45). When, however, ʾAbū al-Faraj

mentions in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘somebody who has discussed

enhancement’ (§II.L.1.11.5., §II.L.1.12.1.), he does not seem to be referring to Saadya, since the cited examples do not corre-

spond to what is extant in Saadya’s work.

II.L.1.11.5.

אלאמרהודההושע

the imperative forms are הודה and הושע

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 281

The imperative form was regarded by the early Karaite grammar-

ians as the morphological stem on the basis of which verbal in-

flections were formed. In his grammar al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, ʾAbū al-Faraj adopts from the mainstream Baṣran tradition of Arabic

grammatical thought the notion that the infinitive was the base

of derivation (Khan 1997). This Baṣran Arabic tradition was

merged with the early Karaite tradition in the grammatical works

of ʾAbū al-Faraj, which sometimes results in apparent incon-

sistency. He, for example, continued to use the imperative as the

citation form of verbs (Khan 2013a). In this passage of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ he appears to be working with the early Karaite notion

that the imperative was indeed the stem of derivation.

II.L.1.12.3.

For the term diqdūqiyyūn ‘diqduq scholars’ see the comments above on §II.L.1.1.7.

The notion of ‘auxiliary letter’ (ḥarf mustaʿmal) is explained

by the anonymous Karaite author of Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro

2013a, 51):

An auxiliary letter is established in the entire conjugation.

If it is removed, what remains are the letters of the lexical

class standing without a clear meaning Examples are the

lamed in the lexical class of ‘taking’, or the nun in the

lexical class of ‘going away’ and in the lexical class of

‘approaching’, as in יםחקלו ים , ים ,נוסע etc. Here there is נוגע

a clear difference between the removal of the auxiliary la-

med and that of ḥet or qof. This holds for each auxiliary

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282 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

letter. The difference between its removal and the removal

of a root letter is obvious and evident.8

I.e. the auxiliary letter is an integral component of the

conjugation but elided in some inflections, as is the case with nun

and lamed in the cited verbs. This would differ from letters of

enhancement, which are added to the basic letters of a

conjugation, and so are not integral to it.

II.L.1.13.

The ‘contraction’ (ʾikhtiṣār) is the converse of ‘expansion’, in that it involves the elision of a letter from the basic form of a word or

affix without changing meaning. The basic form is often referred

to in this section as the ‘virtual form’ (taqdīr), i.e. the expected

regular form (see the comments on §II.L.1.4.8. above). ʾAbū al-Faraj uses the concept of contraction of letters in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī and, likewise, refers to the uncontracted form as the taqdīr of the

word, e.g. ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger (2003,

§I.23.7.). This subject is treated systematically by Saadya in his

grammar Kitāb Faṣīḥ Lughat al-ʿIbrāniyyīn (Dotan 1997, 140–42).

II.L.2.2.1.

In this passage relating to the origin of vowels, ʾAbū al-Faraj of-

fers a view of the origin of language that differs from the view

ואלמסתעמלהואלדייתבתפיאלתצריףכלהואאזאלבקיתחרוףאללגהתאבתהמן 8

פיהאמתלאללמאדאלדיפילגהאלאכדואל]נ[וןפילגהאלרחילולגהגירמענימסתקראללמאד זואל בין אלפרק ממא דלך ואמתאל נוגעים נוסעים לוקחים כק אלדנואלמסתעמלוביןזואלאלקוףאואלחיתפרקאואצחאוכדלךכלחרףמסתעמלאדאאזיל

גליאואזילאלחרףאלאצליכאןאלפרקבינהמאביינא .

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 283

that it has a purely human origin through convention among the

primeval speech community known as ‘the people of the lan-guage’ (ʾahl al-lugha), which he presents elsewhere in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ and his grammatical works. In the passage he acknowledges

that vowels were an integral part of the original conventional

establishment of language (‘in the original establishment [of lan-guage] by convention they [i.e. the vowels] were indispensable’). He then, however, goes on to associate the origin of language

with Adam, according to the biblical account of the origin of lan-

guage:

ווכל קרא־ל ראותמה־י םל אד רויבאאל־ה פשחיה אש םנ אד קרא־לוה יו׃ שמ וא םה י השמ ולעוף לכל־הבהמה שמות ם אד ה א קר חיתווי ל לכ

ה השד

‘and He (the Lord) brought them (the animals and birds)

to the man to see what he would call them; and whatever

the man called every living creature, that was its name.

The man gave names to all cattle, and to the birds of the

air, and to every beast of the field’ (Gen. 2.19-20)

ʾAbū al-Faraj suggests various ways of interpreting Adam’s activity. He and the angels may have established language by

convention. This would, in effect, be extending the notion of the

primeval speech community (ʾahl al-lugha) to a community of

Adam and the angels rather than original human speakers alone.

Another possibility, says ʾAbū al-Faraj, is that the angels taught

Adam language. The angels, moreover, would have been taught

language by God. The development of language by convention

between God and the angels was not possible since such a process

requires limbs with which to point to objects and ʾAbū al-Faraj,

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284 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

like his Muʿtazilite contemporaries, rejects anthropomorphisms attributed to God such as human-like limbs.

The teaching of language to Adam by angels, who in turn

learnt it from God, is a revelationist view of the origin of lan-

guage. This was adopted by some Muslim theologians and gram-

marians of the period (Weiss 1974; Loucel 1963). The process of

revelatory teaching of language was known in the Islamic tradi-

tion as tawqīf ‘making known’ or waḥy ‘inspiring’ and was based on the Qurʾanic verse: اء ادم وعل سا ها الا كل ‘and He (God) taught Adam

all the names (of things)’ (2.31). The fact that ʾ Abū al-Faraj presents different versions of the

origin of language, conventionalist and revelationist, may have

arisen as an attempt to find a synthesis between rationalist

Muʿtazilite thought and Jewish biblical tradition.9 Saadya Gaon,

likewise, strove to achieve such a synthesis. Unlike ʾAbū al-Faraj,

however, Saadya did not attempt this by offering alternative

views, but rather presented a hybrid view. According to Saadya

a single primeval human, referred to as ‘the establisher of the

language’ (wāḍiʿ al-lugha), fixed arbitrary names for entities and

this fixing was subsequently accepted by consensus (ʾiṣṭilāḥ)

9 Maimonides followed an Aristotelian view and regarded Adam’s act of naming as indicating by itself that languages are conventional, see

Guide of the Perplexed (transl. Pines 1969, 357). By contrast, Jewish

exegetes in medieval Europe adopted a revelationist interpretation.

Naḥmanides, at the height of the ‘Maimonidean controversy’, explicitly

rejected Maimonides’ notion of convention; cf. Saenz-Badillos (2004,

297).

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 285

among people and transmitted to later generations. The ‘estab-lisher of the language’ that Saadya had in mind was presumably Adam, but he left the name unspecified, possibly to make his the-

ory more universalist and applicable to all human language. Ac-

cording to Saadya, God did not create language but gave Adam

the faculty of language (Dotan 1995; 1997, 96–104).

It is also possible that ʾ Abū al-Faraj was influenced by some

streams of Muslim thought in the eleventh century that at-

tempted a synthesis of the revelationist and conventionalist views

(associated with the scholar ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq al-ʾAsfarāʾīnī, d. 1027)

or were non-committal and held that neither view could be ar-

gued conclusively (associated with the scholar ʾAbū al-Bakr

al-Bāqillānī, d. 1013) (Weiss 1974).

II.L.2.3.2.

פוק ללערבפילגתהםמןאלאעראבתלתהוהיאלרפעוהואלצמהמן ואלנצבוהואלפתחהמןפוקואלכפץוהיאלכסרהמןאספל

The Arabs have three inflectional vowels in their language.

These are ‘raising’ (rafʿ), i.e. the vowel ḍamma, which is

written above; ‘holding level’ (naṣb), i.e. the fatḥa vowel,

which is written above; and ‘lowering’ (khafḍ), i.e. the

vowel kasra, which is written below.

The terms rafʿ ‘raising’, naṣb ‘holding level’ and khafḍ ‘lowering’ derive from a theory of the production of vowels originating in

Arabic grammatical thought that involves both the position of

buccal organs and the direction of the dynamic flow of air. It was

adopted also by Saadya (Dotan 1997, 113–26) and is found in a

Hebrew Masoretic treatise published by Baer and Strack (1879,

§36), see Eldar (1983) and Posegay (2020). In this section of

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286 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ʾAbū al-Faraj is referring to the vowels of Arabic

case inflections, which mark syntactic relations. In §II.L.2.4.–§II.L.2.8. he transfers this terminology to categorize Hebrew vow-

els in morphological patterns. The seven Hebrew vowels are as-

signed to the three Arabic categories as follows: rafʿ (ḥolem,

shureq), naṣb (pataḥ, segol, qameṣ), khafḍ (ṣere, ḥireq). A similar

practice of applying this three-way classification of vowels to He-

brew morphology is found in the Masoretic treatise §36 of the

corpus of Baer and Strack (1879).

II.L.2.4.

ואלנצבידכלתחתהגנגמאתאלפתחהאלכבריוהיאואלפתחהאלוסטי ואלפתחהאלצגריוהיאוהיא

Three vowels correspond to (the Arabic inflectional vowel)

‘holding level’ (naṣb), namely ‘big fatḥa’, i.e. א, ‘medium

fatḥa’, i.e. א, and ‘small fatḥa’, i.e. א.

In early Masoretic terminology a basic distinction was made be-

tween pataḥ (open vowel) and qameṣ (vowel with lip-tightening).

The vowel segol was associated with pataḥ and referred to as

pataḥ qaṭan ‘small pataḥ’. The vowel ṣere was associated with

qameṣ and referred to as qameṣ qaṭan ‘small qameṣ’, see vol. 1,

§I.2.1.5. Here in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ a different grouping of the vow-

els is made based on the perceived proximity of the Hebrew vow-

els to each of the three Arabic vowels. In the early Masoretic

terms pataḥ qaṭan and qameṣ qaṭan, the attribute ‘small’ relates to the notion that these vowels were in some way more attenuated

and less open than prototypical pataḥ and qameṣ. This notion can

be traced back to Syriac grammatical sources where the Syriac

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 287

term qaṭṭīn ‘narrow’ is used to describe the higher front vowels (Posegay 2020). The terms ‘big fatḥa’, ‘medium fatḥa’ and ‘small fatḥa’ seem to relate to varying degrees of lip-spreading. The

vowel pataḥ was pronounced with the maximal degree of lip-

spreading and qameṣ with the lowest degree, with segol exhibiting

an intermediate lip position. The same attributes are used in

§II.L.2.7. and applied to the term naṣb, viz. ‘big naṣb’ for pataḥ

and ‘small naṣb’ for qameṣ.

II.L.2.5.

שורף ואלעברמתלשורף אלאמר פי גירדלךממאקדאסתעמל אליואסתעמלפי סבחן נחו תצריףכונן אלאמרמן ווזנהמאואסתעמלפי

אלעברמןתצריףשירונחונודענושע

To these should be added forms that are used for the

imperative and the past such as שורף ‘be burnt’, שורף ‘was

burnt’, and other examples of this pattern; those that are used for the imperative in the conjugaton כונן such as סב

‘turn’, חן ‘be gracious’; those that are used for the past in

the conjugation ירו be‘ נושע ,’be known‘ נודע such as ,ש

saved’.

The Karaite grammarians regarded the imperative form to be the

morphological base of most verbal forms (see comments on

§II.L.1.10. above). This morphological base enshrined the core

structural features of the inflected forms derived from it.

Although the imperative base is a concrete linguistic form, it is

not necessarily a form that is attested in the corpus of Biblical

Hebrew. The Karaite grammarians held that it is crucial that

there is a close structural relationship between the base and the

inflected form. If there is no attested imperative that is deemed

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288 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

sufficiently close in structure to the inflected form, a common

way of resolving this problem is to propose a hypothetical imper-

ative base.

The imperative base always belongs to the same pattern

(binyan) as the verbal form derived from it. The notion of pattern

(binyan) as a unitary abstract category, however, is not found in

the morphological theory of the Karaite grammarians. Imperative

bases were classified together in groups not on account of sharing

of abstract stems but on account of their sharing of actual struc-

tural patterns. The imperative form כתב ‘write’, for instance, was

said to have the same pattern as imperatives such as שמר ‘guard’ and קצר ‘harvest’. The imperative שוב ‘return’ was said to have

the same pattern as קום ‘arise’. The forms כתב and שוב, however,

were not classified together on a more abstract structural level,

as became the custom in Hebrew grammar following the

teachings of Hayyūj. As remarked, the imperative base had to have a maximally

close structural resemblance to the form derived from it. In order

to achieve this in some cases the imperative form that is posited

as the base of an inflected verb does not actually occur in the

language, e.g. נתן for נו הלך ,we have given’ (1 Chron. 29.14)‘ נת

for ך הל ה for בקשה it walks’ (Psa. 73.9) and‘ ת קש ’it has sought‘ ב(Ecc. 7.28). The motivation for positing an imperative base such

as בקשה is to construe the derivation of the form קשה without ,ב

the dagesh in the qof, as fully regular and not an anomalous

inflection of the imperative base בקש, which contains dagesh.

Such hypothetical imperatives were not used for the writing of

creative literature. Indeed, no Karaite author has been found who

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 289

used these postulated forms in a creative Hebrew text. This

reflects the fact that the proposed imperative base of a verb was

intended as a purely structural source of derivation. Further

evidence for this is that even passive forms expressed by

morphological patterns that we now call the puʿal and

hufʿal/hofʿal are regarded by the Karaite grammarians as derived

from imperative bases, which cannot be naturally functional in

the language, e.g. the past form י ית I was made’ (Psa. 139.15)‘ עש

is said to be derived from the imperative form עשה. Here in

§II.L.2.5. of Hidayat al-Qāriʾ the past form שורף ‘was burnt’ (inferred from ף נהשר and behond it was burnt’ Lev. 10.16) is‘ וה

cited alongside the imperative שורף ‘be burnt’, which would have

been considered to exist hypothetically as its morphological base.

Passive imperative bases of puʿal and hufʿal/hofʿal patterns have

ṣere in their second syllable by analogy with active piʿel and hifʿil imperatives. For more details see Khan (2000b, 41–45; 2013a;

2013b).

ʾAbū al-Faraj uses mnemonic symbols to arrange the

imperative bases of verbal conjugations into classes. Such a

classification is presented systematically in §I.22 of al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003). These

symbols, known in Arabic as ʿalāma or ribāṭ and in Hebrew as

consisted of bisyllabic Hebrew words in which the first ,סימן

vowel corresponds to the vowel common to all imperatives and

the last vowel to the vowel common to all past forms in the class.

The vowels in question may be those of the first syllable of the

imperative and past forms or those of the last syllable of these

forms (Vidro 2013b, 652). The conjugations of the imperatives

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290 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

for example, were assigned to a class designated by ,דבר and הכה

the mnemonic symbol י which was based on the first vowel of ,גנ

the imperatives (דבר ,הכה) and the past forms (כה בר ,ה In a .(ד

similar way the symbol ירה included conjugations with ש

imperative bases with the patterns ים כון and ש with ḥireq in their ,ה

initial syllable and qameṣ in the initial syllable of their past forms,

viz. שם and נכון. The symbol מסב included conjugations in which

the imperative had a ṣere in the final syllable and the past had a

pataḥ in the final syllable, e.g. מלט מלט—(imperative) ה .(past) נ

This system of classification originated in the early Karaite

tradition and was developed by ʾAbū al-Faraj. It was sub-

sequently elaborated still further in some other Karaite works,

such as the anonymous treatises Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (Vidro 2011;

2013a) and Meʾor ʿAyin (Zislin 1990). The classification of verbal

conjugations and the systematization of rules for their derivation

that are found in these works are likely to have had a pedagogical

motivation (Vidro 2011, 165–79).

Just as hypothetical imperative bases were posited for cer-

tain past forms, e.g. נתן for נתנו ‘we have given’, so hypothetical

past forms were in some cases posited for attested imperative

forms. This applies, for example, to the first in the class of conju-

gations represented by the symbol כונן, which is mentioned in

§II.L.2.5. of Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ—in the manuscript used in the edi-

tion for this passage the original pataḥ has been replaced by segol

due to interference from Arabic phonology on the scribe, viz. כונן

(cf. vol. 1, §I.4.3.3.). In conjugations represented by the symbol

the first vowel of the imperative is ḥolem and the first vowel כונן

of the past form is pataḥ. The imperatives of the class כונן that are

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 291

given in §II.L.2.5. are סב ‘turn’ and חן ‘be gracious’. The attested

3ms past forms of סב and חן are סבב and חנן. It is assumed, how-

ever, that these imperatives have hypothetical 3ms past forms סב

and חן, in which the first vowel is pataḥ, in conformity with the

symbol כונן. This is explicitly stated in al-Kitāb al-Kafī (ed. Khan,

Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, §I.22.19) and Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro 2013a, 167). The forms סב and חן were inferred

from attested inflected forms such as י ת .I have turned’ (1 Sam‘ סב

י ,(22.22 נ יו he has treated me graciously’ (Gen. 33.11) and‘ חנ חנת

‘and I shall be gracious’ (Exod. 22.19). The other symbol mentioned in §II.L.2.5. is ירו which is ,ש

exemplified by the past forms נודע and נושע, with ḥolem in their

first syllable. The imperative forms of these are ודעה and ושע ,ה

with ḥireq in their first syllable. Full details and vocalization are

given in al-Kitāb al-Kafī (ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-

Schlanger 2003, §I.22.25) and Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro 2013a,

193).

אלפאעליןכמאאסתעמלופקדצארהדאאלקסםאלואחדיסתעמלפיאלערברפע]הםפ[יאלפאעליןואסתעמלואלעבראנייןפיגיראלפאעליןתוסעאכמאאסתעמלואלערברפעהםפיג]יר[אלפאעליןתוסעאמןנחו

אלאבתדאואלאסתפהאםוגירדלך

This category (of rafʿ) is used for agents, just as the Arabs

use rafʿ for agents. The Hebrews use it for forms other than

those designating agents by extension, just as the Arabs use

their rafʿ for forms other than those designating agents by

extension, such as initial positioning (of nominal subjects),

interrogative constructions, and so forth.

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292 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

In this passage ʾAbū al-Faraj identifies a correspondence between

the use of the Arabic and Hebrew rafʿ in their marking of agents.

In the case of Arabic, the rafʿ vowel -u is a case-vowel marking

the agent of the clause and so plays a syntactic role. In Hebrew,

by contrast, the use of the rafʿ vowel ḥolem plays a morphological

role as an element in the morphological pattern of Hebrew

agents, e.g. רגה ‘slayer’. According to ʾAbū al-Faraj the use of ḥo-

lem in Hebrew in other morphological patterns is by a process of

extension that is analogous to the extension of the rafʿ case-vowel

-u in Arabic to items that are not agents, including the subject of

nominal (i.e. verbless) clauses and interrogative constructions.

The latter is most likely referring to nominal clauses with initial

interrogative particles such as hal al-ʾamīru fī al-bayti? ‘Is the com-mander in the house?’, in which the item with the -u case vowel

is not the initial item (mubtadaʾ).

II.L.2.6.

The symbol שועל includes conjugations in which the first vowel

of the imperative is shureq and the first vowel of the past form is

qameṣ, e.g. קם—קום ,שב—שוב; cf. al-Kitāb al-Kafī (ed. Khan,

Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, §I.22.18) and Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro 2013a, 161–65).

II.L.2.7.1.

אלמפעולאלמטלקוהואלמצדרנחושמרזכרבנהעשהואמתאלדלך

It is used in the ‘absolute patient’, i.e the infinitive, as in

עשה ,’building‘ בנה ,’remembering‘ זכור ,’guarding‘ שמור

‘doing’, and the like.

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 293

The Arabic ‘absolute patient’ (mafʿūl muṭlaq) is a verbal noun in

the accusative case in constructions such as ḍaraba ḍarban ‘he struck a striking’, sāra sayran ‘he journeyed a journey’. This has the role of an ‘inner object’, i.e. a syntactic object that does not express the role of the undergoer of the action expressed by the

verb but rather the action itself. In al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed. Khan,

Gallego, and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, §I.21.2.) the Arabic mafʿūl muṭlaq is equated by ʾAbū al-Faraj with the Hebrew infinitive. He

cites examples there of both the infinitive absolute and also the

infinitive construct, which he did not distinguish as separate

forms as we do today. In this passage in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ the He-

brew examples are infinitive absolutes.

II.L.2.7.2.

The symbol י represents conjugations that have imperatives גנ

with pataḥ in their first syllable and past forms with ḥireq in their

first syllable. This clearly applies to the first two examples cited,

viz. כה—הכה טה—הטה ,ה It does not apply, however, to the other .ה

two imperatives that are cited, viz. האכל and העמד, which have

segol in the first syllable of their past forms, viz. יל יד and האכ .העמ

For this reason the author of Kitāb al-ʿUqūd classified the last two

verbal conjugations under the symbol מכה (ed. Vidro 2013a,

199). In al-Kitāb al-Kāfī ʾAbū al-Faraj does not have מכה in his

inventory of symbols. In §I.22.10. of al-Kitāb al-Kāfī he includes

י in the symbol (past) הראה—(imperative) הראה but states that ,גנ

the past form ‘does not have a ḥireq on account of the resh.’ He

does not mention the imperatives האכל and העמד, but presumably

he would have included them in י ,as here in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ,גנ

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294 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

in the same way as הראה and explain the segol as a change condi-

tioned by the initial guttural.

אלמצאדראלמסתעארהנחודברקוהלשלום

‘transposed infinitives’, such as דבר ‘speak’, הלשלום (we)‘ קו

look for peace’ (Jer. 8.15, etc.)

‘Transposed infinitives’ (maṣādir mustaʿāra) are infinitives whose

form originally belongs to a different category, in this case that

of an imperative, but has been extended to the function of an

infinitive. This type of infinitive is discussed in Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed.

Vidro 2011, 303).

II.L.2.8.2.

The inventory that is given here of past forms in the class of con-

jugations represented by the symbol י i.e. conjugations with) גנ

imperatives with pataḥ in their first syllable and with past forms

with ḥireq in their first syllable; cf. the comments on §II.L.2.7.2.,

§II.L.2.5. above) is longer than the one given by ʾAbū al-Faraj in

the section on י -in al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed. Khan, Gallego and Ol גנ

szowy-Schlanger 2003, §I.22.6.–§I.22.13.). It does, however, cor-

respond closely to the fuller inventory of conjugations of י that גנ

is found in Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro 2103, 96-151). Some of these

are hypothetical past forms that require comment.

The list here in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ includes the two forms

יך של שליך he threw’ and‘ ה he threw’. Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro‘ ה

2013a, 128-130) distinguishes between the two conjugations

שלך—(imperative) השלך שליךה and (past) ה (imperative)—יך של ה

(past). The first lacks a yod in both imperative and past whereas

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 295

the second has a yod in both forms. The purpose of distinguishing

the two conjugations was to account for the lack of yod in the

attested imperative and short imperfect forms such as וישלך ‘and

he cast’ (Jud. 9.17) versus the presence of yod in other inflections

such as יך של יך ,(past) ה יך and (active participle) משל השל

(infinitive). In the first conjugation the past form is hypothetical

שלך) whereas in the second conjugation the imperative is (ה

hypothetical ( ליךהש with yod). Our passage in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ has

the two past forms יך של שליך and ה It appears that this is a scribal .ה

error in the extant manuscripts and this should read יך של and ה

שלך .(without yod) ה

The past form פצרה and its imperative form הפצר are in-

ferred from ר יםהפצ וןותרפ ’stubbornness is iniquity and idolatry‘ וא(1 Sam. 15.23); cf. Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro 2013a, 131), Ibn

Nūḥ, Diqduq (ed. Khan 2000b, 370–71).

The past form קשה he sought’ and its imperative form‘ ב

יפניך are inferred from attested forms such as בקשה those‘ מבקש

who seek your face’’ (Psa. 24.6), which does not have dagesh in

the qof; cf. Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro 2013a, 138-141), Ibn Nūḥ,

Diqduq (ed. Khan 2000b, 61) and an early anonymous Karaite

treatise (ed. Khan 2000a, 106–15).

The past form דרכה he bent (a bow)’ and its imperative‘ ה

ם are inferred from the attested form הדרכה ידרכואת־לשונםקשת ו קרש ‘and they bent their tongue like their bow in falsehood’ (Jer.

9.2); cf. Kitāb al-ʿUqūd (ed. Vidro 2013a, 138-139).

Conjugations represented by the symbol ירה contain a ש

ḥireq in the first syllable of their imperative form and a qameṣ in

the first syllable of their past form (al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, ed. Khan,

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296 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003, §I.22.20.–§I.22.24.; Kitāb al-ʿUqūd, ed. Vidro 2013a, 172-189, Meʾor ʿAyin ed. Zislin 1990,

129), viz. ים יח ,(past) שם—(imperative) ש -hy) שח—(imperative) ש

pothetical past), כון מק ,(past) נכון—(imperative) ה hypothetical) ה

imperative)—נמק (past) inferred from ק מ and his tongue‘ ולשונות

will rot’ (Zech. 14.12) and י מקוחבורת נ ישו בא my wounds have‘ ה

grown foul and have festered’ (Psa. 38.6), בו ךה (hypothetical im-

perative)—נבוך (hypothetical past)—נבוך (active participle) in-

ferred from רץ םבא יםה .they are entangled in the land’ (Exod‘ נבכ

14.3). The imperative form סוע which is given in this section in ,ה

Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ as an imperative of the symbol ירה does not ,ש

appear in the lists of conjugations in the Karaite grammatical

texts and it is not clear from what attested forms it could be in-

ferred. The lists offer other imperatives that are close in form,

viz. סוג גואחור inferred from ה .they shall be turned back’ (Isa‘ נס

42.17) and נוע הכ inferred from ה בכבר נוע רי אש ‘as it is sieved in a

sieve’ (Amos 9.9) (Kitāb al-ʿUqūd ed. Vidro 2013a, 180-183). It is

possible that סוע .is a scribal conflation of these two forms ה

The symbol מסב included conjugations that had ṣere in the

final syllable of the imperative and pataḥ in the final syllable of

the past form (al-Kitāb al-Kāfī, ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-

Schlanger 2003, §I.22.36; Kitāb al-ʿUqūd, ed. Vidro 2013a, 220-

42; Meʾor ʿAyin, ed. Zislin 1990, 135-36). The pataḥ in the hypo-

thetical past form תהלך would have been inferred from forms ה

such as י כת תהל .I walked’ (Gen. 24.40)‘ ה

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 297

II.L.2.10.2.

פצאראלחרףאלדיתחתהאלשואסאכנאלאיתחרךבתהמהמאהוא תחתהופצלהממאבעדהואצאפהאלימאקבלה

Whatever letter it occurs under is not mobile at all and it

(the quiescent shewa) cuts it off from what is after it and

conjoins it to what is before it.

For this function of silent shewa see vol. 1, §I.2.5.2.

II.L.2.12.

Some of the material in this section on the mobile shewa has par-

allels in earlier Masoretic treatises such as §11-§15 of Baer and

Strack’s (1879) corpus, Diqduqe ha-Ṭeʿmim (ed. Dotan 1967, §5,

§14) and the Treatise on the Shewa (ed. Levy 1936).

II.L.2.12.1.1.

םככהאלאןאןיחסןמעהדכולאלגעיהכרג בכרוגאלמלךסואנחוואאלשואתחתאלואוכרגאלואובחרקמתלמאתחתאלאלףמכפפאלמא

לםתכוןמעהאלגעיה

Now, if it is appropriate for gaʿya to occur on it, it is

pronounced equal to the vowel (following it), for example,

כה ם־כ and if thus’ (Num. 11.15), in which shewa is under‘ וא

vav and the vav is pronounced with ḥireq like that which is

under the ʾalef, but shortened since it it does not have

gaʿya.

The argument here is that a shewa with a gaʿya behaves like a full

vowel and so would be long in an open syllable.

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298 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.L.2.12.2.1.

פשואאלדחרוףמקצורעלימאקבלהושואאליודגירמקצורעלימא בעדה

The shewa of the four letters is restricted by what is before

it, but the shewa of yod is not restricted by what is after it.

The intention here seems to be as follows. When a shewa is fol-

lowed by a guttural consonant, its realization is determined by

whether or not it is preceded by a guttural consonant. The reali-

zation of shewa before yod, however, is not affected by the vowel

that follows the yod.

II.L.2.12.3.3.

איןאבללגעיה

The gaʿya has no principle.

In modern terminology this is tantamount to saying that the gaʿya has no phonological function but is only an optional phonetic

phenomenon. This applies to cases where, according to the dis-

cussion in this passage, the reader has a choice as to whether to

pronounce gaʿya or not. It would not apply to cases such as שנו י‘they [do not] sleep’ (Prov. 4.16)—ו שנ and they did it a second‘ וי

time’ (1 Kings 18.34), where the gaʿya is obligatory.

II.L.2.12.5.

פאןתםאלףמסתעארפאדאקלתשתיםשתיצאראלשואסאכן

For if there is an added ʾalef and you say [ʔɛʃˈtʰaːjim] and

[ʔɛʃˈtʰeː], the shewa becomes quiescent.

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 299

In the available manuscripts, the prosthetic ʾalef is not written. It

is explicitly written in discussions of this topic in some other Mas-

oretic treatises, e.g. Treatise on the Shewa and the other sources

discussed by Levy (1936, 31–33).

II.L.2.12.6.

Parallels to this section are found in §14 of Baer and Strack’s (1879) corpus of Masoretic treatises and in Kitāb al-Muṣawwitāt (ed. Allony 1963, 146; 1983, 116).

For the ḥaṭef qameṣ in the closed syllable of המ ואות שכ ‘drag her!’ (Ezek. 32.20) see vol. 1, §I.2.5.1.

II.L.2.12.9.

The point of adducing י נ יל יוהצ פש הנ Guard my life and deliver‘ שמר

me’ (Psa. 25.20) and ה ואות draw her down’ (Ezek. 32.20) as‘ משכ

an objection seems to be that in some manuscripts the short

qameṣ in words such asה ו and שמר was represented by ḥaṭef משכqameṣ, and this could be construed as a mobile shewa, which

would be followed by quiescence in the following letter. The re-

sponse is referring to standard Tiberian vocalization, in which

the shortness is not represented by using a ḥaṭef qameṣ in a closed

syllable, but there is reliance only on the oral tradition.

II.L.2.12.10.

The argument of this subsection complements that of the ninth

subsection. The claim is that a mobile shewa has to be followed

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300 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

by a vowel and then, on the third letter, a quiescent shewa may

occur.

II.L.2.13.1.

See vol. 1, §I.2.5.8.1.

II.L.2.13.2.

For an explanation for the reading of the shewa as silent in the

six words that deviate from this rule, see vol. 1, §I.2.5.7.3.

II.L.2.13.3.

For the distribution of vocalic shewa after conjunctive vav, see

vol. 1, §I.2.5.8.4.

II.L.2.15.

For the theory of vowel production described in this section, see

vol. 1, §I.2.1.3.

II.L.2.16.

In the Karaite grammatical works the term ʿaraḍ is normally used

to designate a noun referring to an abstract quality that is an at-

tribute of an entity, e.g. Ibn Nūḥ, Diqduq (ed. Khan 2000b, 238):

י כ י ,weeping’ (Psa. 30.6)‘ ב ר rebellion’ (Num. 17.25), also‘ מ

al-Kitāb al-Kāfī (ed. Khan, Gallego and Olszowy-Schlanger 2003,

xliv). Here the concept of ʿaraḍ has been extended to include also

finite verbs.

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 301

II.L.2.17.

This section is an analysis of the differences between vowels

within the framework of the theory of the production of vowels

that is adopted elsewhere in Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ, see comments on

§II.L.2.3. above.

II.L.3.2.1.

Cf. §44 in the Masoretic corpus published by Baer and Strack

(1879).

II.L.3.2.3.

Cf. §56 in the Masoretic corpus published by Baer and Strack

(1879).

ורבאטהאאקלקניאלעבדכשיתאלוגעקתלתה

Their mnemonic combination is ‘The slave has vexed me; I have feared pain; I have killed him’.

For such mnemonic devices see Vidro (2013b).

II.L.3.2.4.

Cf. §40 and §72 in the Masoretic corpus published by Baer and

Strack (1879); Seder ha-Simanim (Allony 1965, כז־כח) and Kitāb al-Muṣawwitāt (Allony 1963, 148–50; 1983, 106–9). See also vol.

1, §I.2.11.

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302 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

II.L.3.2.5.

Cf. Diqduqe ha-Ṭeʿamim (ed. Dotan 1967, §7). For the exceptional

cases see the discussion in vol. 1, §I.2.3.2., §I.2.11.

II.L.3.2.6.

Cf. Diqduqe ha-Ṭeʿamim (ed. Dotan 1967, §8). For the exceptional

cases see the discussion in vol. 1, §I.2.3.2., §I.2.11.

II.L.3.2.7.

Cf. Diqduqe ha-Ṭeʿamim (ed. Dotan 1967, §21). Cf. vol. 1,

§I.2.5.7.5.

SHORT VERSION

II.S.0.0.

The short version begins with an authorial introduction, in which

ʾAbū al-Faraj states that he has been requested to compose a short

version of the longer work. As remarked in the comments above

on the introduction to the long version, such an indication of a

‘request to compose’ was a standard component of introductions to Arabic works of the period and may have been fictitious, espe-

cially when, as is the case here, the requester remains anony-

mous.

II.S.1.7.

In this section ʾAbū al-Faraj adds a comment on the phenomenon

that he discussed a length in §II.L.1.5. of the long version. He

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Commentary on Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ 303

indicates that he now prefers not to refer to the phenomenon as

‘interchange’ (tabdīl), since it is possible that the change of letters

in the forms in question expresses semantic modification.

II.S.2.9.

The one exception that breaks this rule is ם ב י the Lord in‘ אדנ

them’ (Psa. 68.18); cf. long version, §II.L.1.7.8.

II.S.4.2.

For this notion of the vowels being realizations of ‘soft’ letters א,

.see vol. 1, §I.2.1.8 י and ,ו ,ה

II.S.5.6.

ואעלםאןאלשואאלמתחרךלאיקעפיאלחרףאלתאנילהסכוןבתה לאנהיתחרךלאגלחרכתאלאולבאלשוא

Take note that a mobile shewa never occurs on a second

letter (of a word) that has a silent (following letter),

because it (this second letter) is mobile due to the mobility

of the first letter with shewa.

I.e. if the first letter of a word has shewa, which must be mobile,

the second letter cannot have a mobile shewa. This second letter

has a vowel and this is followed by a silent letter, which is either

a normal consonant, e.g. ילכ רמ , or a ‘soft’ letter inside a long

vowel (see short version §II.S.4.2.), e.g. לכו.

II.S.5.7.

Both the qameṣ and the stressed pataḥ of the cited words were

pronounced long, so, according to the theory of ‘soft’ letters (cf.

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304 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

short version §II.S.4.2.), they contained an ʾalef, although this

does not appear in the orthography.

II.S.6.11.

The argument here seems to be that a mobile shewa is dependent

on a mobile letter with a vowel, which, therefore, obligatorily

follows a mobile shewa. A mobile shewa cannot be dependent on

another mobile shewa. A quiescent shewa can come after a se-

quence of mobile shewa and a letter with a vowel, but not imme-

diately after the initial mobile shewa.

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REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

Bod. = Bodleian Library, University of Oxford

CUL = Cambridge University Library

JRL = John Rylands Library, University of Manchester

NLR = National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg

REFERENCES

ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn Muḥammad ibn ʾAbī al-Saddād al-Mālaqī. -Edited by ʿĀdil ʾAḥmad ʿAbd al .الدر النثير والعذب النمير .2002Mawjūd, ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ and ʾAḥmad ʿĪsā al-Maʿṣarāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.

ʾAbū ʿAmr ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd al-Dānī. 2001. التحديد فى االتقان والتجويد. Edited by Ghānim Qaddūrī al-Hamad. Amman: Dār ʿAmmār.

Allen, W. Sidney. 1948. ‘Ancient Ideas on the Origin and

Development of Language’. Transactions of the Philological

Society, 35–60.

Allony, Nehemiah. 1963. ‘ הקולות בן—ספר למשה אלמצותאת כתאב .Lĕšonénu 29: 9–23, 136–59 .’אשר

———. 1964. ‘ השמיניתרשימתמונחיםקראיתמהמאה ’. In ספרקורנגרין,

edited by Asher Weiser and Ben-Zion Luria, 324–63. Tel-

Aviv: Niv.

Hebrew Union College Annual 35: 1-40 .’סדרהסימנים‘ .1965 .———

(Hebrew section).

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INDEXES

GENERAL INDEX

(Numbers refer to pages)

ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī: 260, 261, 265, 266, 267

ʾAbū al-Bakr al-Bāqillānī: 285

ʾAbū al-Faraj Furqān ibn ʾAsad

(Yeshuʿa ben Yehuda): 256,

261

ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 254,

255, 256, 257, 259, 260,

261, 262, 264, 265, 266,

267, 268, 269, 271, 273,

274, 275, 276, 278, 279,

280, 281, 282, 283, 284,

285, 289, 290, 292, 293,

294, 302, 310

ʾAbū al-Hasan Dāʾūd ibn

ʿImrān ibn Levi: 256

ʾAbū al-Husayn al-Baṣrī: 261

ʾAbū ʿAlī ibn Khallād: 260

ʾAbū al-Tayyib Samuel ibn

Manṣūr: 256

ʾAbū Hāshim al-Jubbāʾī: 260, 261

ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq al-ʾAsfarāʾīnī: 285

accusative: 293

ʾahl al-lugha: 259, 272, 283

ʿalāma: 289

al-Dānī, ʾAbū ʿAmr ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd: 4, 266, 305

al-Durr al-Nathīr w-al-ʿAdhb al-Namīr: 266

al-Fārābī: 260

ʾAlfāz al-Saʿba allatī li-l-Torah:

7

al-Kitāb al-Kāfī fī al-Lugha

al-ʿIbrāniyya: 5, 6, 10, 11,

254, 256, 259, 260, 268,

269, 273, 274, 278, 280,

281, 282, 289, 293, 294,

295, 296, 300

al-Kitāb al-Muḥtawī: 265

al-Kitāb al-Mushtamil ʿalā al-ʾUṣūl wa-l-Fuṣūl fī al-Lugha

al-ʿIbrāniyya: 6, 269, 279

al-Mālaqī, ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn

Muḥammad ibn ʾAbī al-Saddād: 266, 304

anagrammatical: 279

Arabic linguistic thought: 3

Aristotle: 260, 261, 284, 310,

313

Babylonian pronunciation

tradition: 271

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316 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Bahshamiyya: 260

Baṣra: 260

conjugation: 4, 19, 20, 21, 22,

278, 281, 282, 287, 289,

290, 292, 293, 294, 296

convention: 259, 260, 261,

262, 265, 266, 272, 277,

283, 284, 285

De Interpretatione: 260, 313

Diqduq: 256, 272, 278, 295,

300, 309

Diqduqe ha-Teʿamim: 258, 302

genitive: 258

Genizah: 1, 7, 10, 268, 309

ha-ʾEgron: 255

Hai Gaon: 280

Hayyūj, Yaḥyā ibn Dāʾūd: 270, 277

ḥireq: 18, 20, 22, 286, 290,

291, 293, 294, 295, 297

ḥolem: 20, 22, 286, 290, 291,

292

ḥurūf al-līn: 270, 276

Ibn Sīnā: 5

ʾikhtiṣār: 282

imperative: 16, 275, 278, 279,

280, 281, 287, 288, 289,

290, 291, 292, 293, 294,

295, 296

infinitive: 17, 278, 281, 292,

293, 294, 295

jawhar: 279

Jerusalem: 1, 260, 261, 262,

263, 305, 306, 307, 308,

310, 311, 312

kalām: 5, 265

Karaites: 1, 10, 16, 256, 258,

260, 261, 262, 263, 264,

265, 268, 270, 272, 275,

278, 279, 281, 287, 288,

290, 295, 296, 300, 308,

309, 310, 311, 313

khafḍ: 17, 285

Kitāb al-ʾAlḥān: 7, 256

Kitāb al-Ḥāwī: 280

Kitāb al-Hidāya fī ʿIlm Shurūṭ al-

Miqrā: 7

Kitāb al-Muhja: 7

Kitāb al-Muṣawwitāt: 5, 299,

301

Kitāb al-Shurūṭ: 6

Kitāb al-ʿUqūd fī Taṣārīf al-Lugha al-ʿIbrāniyya: 254,

265, 281, 290, 291, 292,

293, 294, 295, 296, 313

Kitāb Faṣīḥ Lughat al-

ʿIbrāniyyīn: 280, 282

mafʿūl muṭlaq: 17, 293

maṣādir mustaʿāra: 294

Meʾor ʿAyin: 290, 296, 313

mnemonic: 289, 301

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Indexes 317

morphology: 4, 5, 6, 275, 278,

279, 281, 286, 287, 288,

289, 292

mubtadaʾ: 292

muḍāf: 17, 275

Muʿtazila: 260

naṣb: 18, 285, 286, 287

paratext: 254, 255

pataḥ: 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 286,

290, 293, 294, 296, 303

philosophy: 2, 4, 5, 6, 260

postface: 254, 256

preface: 3, 254, 263

qaṭʿ: 19, 275

qibbuṣ: 16

Qurʾān: 3, 5, 264, 309

rafʿ: 19, 285, 291, 292

resh: 22, 270, 273, 277, 293

revelationist: 262, 284, 285

ribāṭ: 289

root: 21, 258, 261, 278, 279,

282

Saadya: 255, 280, 282, 284,

285

Seder ha-Simanim: 5, 255, 301

Sefer ʾEshkol ha-Kofer: 262

Sefer Yeṣira: 271, 309

segol: 13, 19, 21, 286, 290,

293

ṣere: 18, 21, 22, 286, 289,

290, 296

Sharḥ ʾAlfāz allatī fīhā Suʿūba fī al-Miqrā wa-Dhikr

Ishtiqāqihā: 7

shewa: 4, 6, 14, 19, 267, 297,

298, 299, 300, 303, 304

shureq: 22, 286, 292

soft letters (ḥurūf al-līn): 16,

270, 276

speculative theology: 5

tafkhīm: 280

Tafsīr ʾAlfāz al-Miqrā: 7, 254

tajwīd: 3, 4, 5, 266

taqdīr: 19, 274, 276, 282

tav: 13, 22, 273, 277

transposed infinitive: 18, 294

verbal noun: 258, 293

vernacular: 13

vocalization: 2, 11, 12, 13, 15,

267, 291, 299

Yeshuʿa ben Yehuda → ʾAbū al-Faraj Furqān ibn ʾAsad

Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm ha-Kohen al-

Baṣīr: 260, 261, 265, 312

Yūsuf ibn Nūḥ: 256, 257, 272,

278, 295, 300, 309

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318 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

MANUSCRIPTS

(Numbers refer to pages)

Cambridge, University

Library

Mosseri I, 57.2: 10

Mosseri I, 71.1: 276

T-S D1.2: 268, 276

T-S NS 301.23: 8

T-S NS 301.84: 267

T-S NS 311.113: 7

Manchester, John Rylands

Library

JRL A 694: 1, 7

New York, Jewish

Theological Seminary

JTS 8110, EMC 829, 832: 8

Oxford, Bodleian Library

Bod. Heb. d 33, fol. 16: 276

St. Petersburg, National

Library of Russia

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2347: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2390: 8

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2477: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2478: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2480: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2481: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2505: 8

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2528: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2542: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2544: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2551: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2557: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2772: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2794: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2795: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2813: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2814: 9

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II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2897: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2928: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2941: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2945: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

2966: 9

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

3384: 10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

3944: 10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

4477: 8

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. I

4601: 269

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 297:

10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 307:

8

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 323:

10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 325:

10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 326:

10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 418:

8

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 420:

10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 488:

10

II Firkovitch, Evr.-Arab. II 604:

8

BIBLICAL VERSES IN

HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (LONG VERSION)

(Numbers refer to

paragraphs)

Genesis

Gen. 1.1: II.L.0.5.

Gen. 1.3: II.L.2.2.1.

Gen. 1.22: II.L.1.13.

Gen. 1.24: II.L.1.11.3.

Gen. 2.5: II.L.2.12.1.4.

Gen. 2.12: II.L.2.13.3.

Gen. 2.16: II.L.2.2.2.

Gen. 4.4: II.L.1.13.

Gen. 4.9: II.L.1.13.

Gen. 7.23: II.L.1.13.

Gen. 9.1: II.L.2.12.1.1.

Gen. 10.4: II.L.1.12.2.

Gen. 12.3: II.L.3.2.7.

Gen. 14.2: II.L.1.10.

Gen. 18.1: II.L.2.12.8.1.

Gen. 18.5: II.L.1.6.

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320 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Gen. 18.17: II.L.1.7.11.

Gen. 18.21: II.L.1.7.3.

Gen. 19.20: II.L.1.5.7.

Gen. 20.5: II.L.2.12.6.

Gen. 20.13: II.L.1.4.4.

Gen. 23.10: II.L.2.12.1.4.

Gen. 24.21: II.L.1.9.7.

Gen. 24.32: II.L.1.9.7.

Gen. 25.34: II.L.1.13.

Gen. 26.11: II.L.2.12.3.2.

Gen. 27.19: II.L.3.2.7.

Gen. 27.24: II.L.1.4.8.

Gen. 29.21: II.L.1.13.

Gen. 32.8: II.L.1.12.2.

Gen. 34.29: II.L.0.1.

Gen. 39.12: II.L.1.7.9.

Gen. 39.15: II.L.1.7.11.

Gen. 39.19: II.L.1.7.11.

Gen. 42.10: II.L.1.8.1.

Gen. 43.26: II.L.1.3.2.

Gen. 45.12: II.L.2.13.1.

Gen. 46.3: II.L.1.11.2.

Gen. 46.26: II.L.0.1.; II.L.0.1.

Gen. 46.27: II.L.0.1.; II.L.0.1.

Gen. 49.6: II.L.1.6.

Gen. 49.11: II.L.1.4.7.

Gen. 49.13: II.L.1.5.12.

Gen. 49.26: II.L.3.2.7.

Exodus

Exod. 4.19: II.L.2.13.1.

Exod. 5.1: II.L.1.12.2.

Exod. 6.27: II.L.2.12.8.2.;

II.L.2.13.1.

Exod. 8.20: II.L.1.10.

Exod. 14.4: II.L.1.7.10.

Exod. 14.30: II.L.1.7.2.

Exod. 15.1: II.L.1.7.2.

Exod. 15.4: II.L.3.2.1.

Exod. 15.16: II.L.1.7.2.

Exod. 17.6: II.L.1.5.2.

Exod. 22.4: II.L.1.10.

Exod. 23.31: II.L.1.11.6.

Exod. 28.8: II.L.2.12.1.3.

Exod. 28.43: II.L.2.12.5.

Exod. 32.1: II.L.1.12.2.

Exod. 32.11: II.L.3.2.3.

Exod. 32.20: II.L.1.13.

Leviticus

Lev. 4.23: II.L.2.16.

Lev. 5.5: II.L.1.5.12.

Lev. 6.13: II.L.1.7.6.

Lev. 11.15: II.L.1.10.

Lev. 14.11: II.L.1.4.2.;

II.L.1.4.2.

Lev. 15.25: II.L.3.2.4.

Lev. 19.5: II.L.1.9.7.

Lev. 19.6: II.L.2.12.2.2.

Lev. 20.2: II.L.1.9.7.

Lev. 21.13: II.L.1.7.9.

Lev. 22.13: II.L.0.1.

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Indexes 321

Lev. 23.17: II.L.1.3.2.

Lev. 24.20: II.L.2.17.

Lev. 26.34: II.L.0.3

Lev. 26.43: II.L.1.13.

Numbers

Num. 5.19: II.L.2.13.1.

Num. 9.10: II.L.1.6.

Num. 10.35: II.L.1.11.2.

Num. 10.36: II.L.1.11.2.

Num. 11.11: II.L.3.2.3.

Num. 11.15: II.L.2.12.1.1.

Num. 14.12: II.L.1.7.8.

Num. 14.19: II.L.1.11.2.

Num. 16.24: II.L.2.8.1.

Num. 17.10: II.L.2.8.1.

Num. 17.23: II.L.1.4.10.

Num. 21.1: II.L.2.12.14.

Num. 24.3: II.L.1.4.7.;

II.L.1.5.21.; II.L.1.11.3.

Num. 24.5: II.L.2.16.

Num. 25.7: II.L.2.16.

Num. 26.35: II.L.1.6.

Deuteronomy

Deut. 3.27: II.L.1.13.

Deut. 4.7: II.L.1.7.8.

Deut. 4.36: II.L.1.3.4.

Deut. 9.14: II.L.2.7.3.

Deut. 13.6: II.L.1.10.

Deut. 13.11: II.L.1.6.

Deut. 28.49: II.L.1.13.

Deut. 28.61: II.L.2.12.7.

Deut. 31.24: II.L.2.12.5.

Deut. 31.28: II.L.1.7.4.

Joshua

Josh. 1.5: II.L.1.4.10.

Josh. 1.8: II.L.1.7.4.

Josh. 2.18: II.L.1.7.4.

Josh. 4.22: II.L.2.12.2.2.

Josh. 5.1: II.L.1.7.4.

Josh. 6.2: II.L.1.7.4.

Josh. 6.9: II.L.2.12.8.1.

Josh. 6.17: II.L.1.7.6.

Josh. 7.7: II.L.1.3.4.

Josh. 7.9: II.L.1.7.4.

Josh. 8.14: II.L.2.12.4.2.

Josh. 8.28: II.L.1.9.2.

Josh. 10.4: II.L.2.12.6.

Josh. 10.6: II.L.1.13.

Josh. 10.38: II.L.1.11.2.

Josh. 13.3: II.L.1.9.7.

Josh. 15.4: II.L.1.11.2.

Josh. 15.6: II.L.2.12.1.4.

Josh. 15.18: II.L.1.7.9.

Josh. 18.27: II.L.1.9.7.

Josh. 19.35: II.L.2.12.1.4.

Josh. 19.38: II.L.2.12.7.

Josh. 24.15: II.L.2.12.1.4.

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322 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Judges

Jud. 1.27: II.L.2.12.1.1.

Jud. 3.25: II.L.1.12.2.

Jud. 5.12: II.L.0.1.;

II.L.2.12.8.2.

Jud. 5.16: II.L.2.14.

Jud. 5.23: II.L.1.12.2.

Jud. 5.28: II.L.3.2.1.

Jud. 7.19: II.L.1.12.3.

Jud. 7.25: II.L.1.10.;

II.L.2.12.3.1.

Jud. 11.35: II.L.1.7.11.

Jud. 14.17: II.L.1.13.

Jud. 15.5: II.L.1.10.

Jud. 15.10: II.L.3.2.3.

1 Samuel

1 Sam. 1.6: II.L.1.9.6.

1 Sam. 7.8: II.L.2.12.12.

1 Sam. 8.7: II.L.2.12.12.

1 Sam. 14.4: II.L.2.16.;

II.L.3.2.4.

1 Sam. 17.5: II.L.1.5.19.

1 Sam. 17.15: II.L.1.9.7.

1 Sam. 17.47: II.L.1.11.5.

1 Sam. 18.11: II.L.1.4.9.

1 Sam. 18.30: II.L.1.7.8.

1 Sam. 20.4: II.L.1.7.4.;

II.L.3.2.2.

1 Sam. 24.19: II.L.2.16.

1 Sam. 26.23: II.L.1.4.8.

1 Sam. 28.7: II.L.1.7.5.

1 Sam. 28.9: II.L.3.2.3.

1 Sam. 28.15: II.L.3.2.3.

2 Samuel

2 Sam. 3.33: II.L.2.12.12.

2 Sam. 7.13: II.L.1.7.5.

2 Sam. 7.29: II.L.3.2.7.

2 Sam. 10.16: II.L.1.4.4.

2 Sam. 12.28: II.L.2.12.6.

2 Sam. 14.31: II.L.3.2.3.

2 Sam. 19.28: II.L.1.5.11.

2 Sam. 19.44: II.L.1.13.

2 Sam. 22.12: II.L.1.5.20.

2 Sam. 24.2: II.L.1.12.2.

1 Kings

1 Kings 1.40: II.L.2.12.12.

1 Kings 3.23: II.L.1.7.4.

1 Kings 4.12: II.L.2.12.9.

1 Kings 6.9: II.L.1.13.

1 Kings 9.15: II.L.2.12.1.1.

1 Kings 10.2: II.L.1.11.2.

1 Kings 15.29: II.L.1.7.11.

1 Kings 17.2: II.L.1.6.

2 Kings

2 Kings 3.20: II.L.1.5.11.

2 Kings 4.13: II.L.3.2.2.

2 Kings 4.40: II.L.1.5.11.

2 Kings 5.11: II.L.1.12.2.

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Indexes 323

2 Kings 5.26: II.L.3.2.1.

2 Kings 6.32: II.L.1.9.6.

2 Kings 20.17: II.L.1.11.2.

2 Kings 25.10: II.L.1.5.15.

Isaiah

Isa. 10.9: II.L.1.7.9.

Isa. 10.25: II.L.1.5.7.

Isa. 10.28: II.L.1.5.12.

Isa. 14.23: II.L.1.5.7.

Isa. 22.7: II.L.1.5.21.

Isa. 22.19: II.L.1.5.10.

Isa. 24.19: II.L.1.12.2.

Isa. 27.2: II.L.2.12.2.2.

Isa. 29.9: II.L.1.5.6.

Isa. 34.11: II.L.1.7.7.

Isa. 40.12: II.L.3.2.6.

Isa. 40.20: II.L.2.13.1.

Isa. 41.25: II.L.1.13.

Isa. 42.8: II.L.2.12.6.

Isa. 42.17: II.L.1.5.3.

Isa. 43.2: II.L.1.11.4.

Isa. 43.7: II.L.3.2.6.

Isa. 44.14: II.L.1.5.22.

Isa. 47.5: II.L.1.12.2.

Isa. 47.12: II.L.1.7.8.

Isa. 54.12: II.L.1.7.2.

Isa. 57.18: II.L.2.12.3.1.

Isa. 59.10: II.L.1.5.3.

Isa. 59.21: II.L.1.7.10.

Isa. 60.1: II.L.1.1.5.

Isa. 60.17: II.L.1.9.2.

Isa. 61.10: II.L.1.13.

Isa. 65.8: II.L.3.1.

Jeremiah

Jer. 3.20: II.L.1.5.13.

Jer. 4.1: II.L.1.12.2.

Jer. 4.31: II.L.2.12.1.3.

Jer. 8.15: II.L.2.7.2.

Jer. 11.10: II.L.0.1.

Jer. 11.15: II.L.3.2.2.

Jer. 13.17: II.L.1.5.6.

Jer. 15.18: II.L.3.2.3.

Jer. 20.9: II.L.1.7.2.

Jer. 22.23: II.L.2.12.14.

Jer. 23.16: II.L.1.3.4.

Jer. 38.9: II.L.2.11.2.

Jer. 40.16: II.L.1.5.1.

Jer. 44.28: II.L.2.12.8.1.

Jer. 46.8: II.L.1.13.

Jer. 46.15: II.L.1.5.17.

Jer. 51.16: II.L.1.13.

Jer. 51.58: II.L.1.12.3.

Jer. 52.15: II.L.1.5.1.

Ezekiel

Ezek. 5.15: II.L.1.3.3.

Ezek. 16.4: II.L.2.10.2.;

II.L.2.12.14.

Ezek. 16.47: II.L.1.11.1.

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324 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Ezek. 17.9: II.L.1.5.15.;

II.L.1.9.7.

Ezek. 20.44: II.L.1.11.1.

Ezek. 22.5: II.L.2.12.3.1.

Ezek. 23.40: II.L.2.10.4.;

II.L.2.12.14.

Ezek. 32.20: II.L.2.12.6.;

II.L.2.12.9.

Ezek. 35.15: II.L.2.12.3.2.

Ezek. 40.10: II.L.1.9.2.

Ezek. 40.34: II.L.1.4.3.

Ezek. 45.9: II.L.2.12.3.1.

Ezek. 46.14: II.L.1.12.2.

Hosea

Hos. 5.15: II.L.2.13.2.

Amos

Amos 6.3: II.L.2.13.1.

Obadiah

Obd. 1.20: II.L.1.9.7.

Zephaniah

Zeph. 2.14: II.L.1.12.3.

Zeph. 3.8: II.L.0.1.; II.L.1.1.5.

Zechariah

Zech. 11.17: II.L.1.13.

Zech. 13.9: II.L.1.9.7.

Malachi

Mal. 2.13: II.L.2.12.5.

Psalms

Psa. 2.9: II.L.1.12.2.

Psa. 3.3: II.L.1.11.2.

Psa. 8.7: II.L.1.5.21.

Psa. 17.12: II.L.1.9.7.

Psa. 18.11: II.L.1.13.

Psa. 22.3: II.L.2.6.

Psa. 22.15: II.L.3.2.6.

Psa. 25.20: II.L.2.12.9.

Psa. 27.1: II.L.0.1.

Psa. 28.7: II.L.1.11.5.

Psa. 42.10: II.L.3.2.3.

Psa. 43.2: II.L.3.2.3.

Psa. 45.12: II.L.1.13.

Psa. 47.5: II.L.3.2.5.

Psa. 49.6: II.L.3.2.3.

Psa. 50.20: II.L.2.16.

Psa. 59.12: II.L.1.11.6.

Psa. 60.2: II.L.3.2.5.

Psa. 66.6: II.L.2.12.2.2.

Psa. 66.17: II.L.1.7.7.

Psa. 68.31: II.L.1.4.4.

Psa. 68.35: II.L.1.11.1.

Psa. 72.6: II.L.1.9.7.

Psa. 73.9: II.L.1.5.21.

Psa. 74.6: II.L.1.4.9.

Psa. 82.5: II.L.1.12.2.

Psa. 88.11: II.L.1.7.5.

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Indexes 325

Psa. 89.18: II.L.1.11.6.

Psa. 89.53: II.L.2.12.1.4.

Psa. 92.4: II.L.1.11.4.

Psa. 92.7: II.L.1.10.

Psa. 92.15: II.L.1.12.2.

Psa. 94.17: II.L.1.12.2.;

II.L.2.6.

Psa. 98.8: II.L.2.12.1.6.

Psa. 100.4: II.L.1.7.7.

Psa. 103.3: II.L.1.11.3.

Psa. 103.5: II.L.1.11.3.

Psa. 103.20: II.L.3.2.7.

Psa. 107.3: II.L.1.13.

Psa. 113.5: II.L.1.11.3.

Psa. 114.8: II.L.1.11.3.

Psa. 123.1: II.L.1.11.3.

Psa. 132.1: II.L.2.12.3.1.

Psa. 141.8: II.L.1.13.

Proverbs

Prov. 1.17: II.L.2.5.

Prov. 1.28: II.L.2.13.2.;

II.L.2.13.2.

Prov. 3.4: II.L.2.12.1.4.

Prov. 4.16: II.L.2.12.3.3.

Prov. 6.16: II.L.3.2.4.

Prov. 8.17: II.L.2.13.2.

Prov. 14.28: II.L.2.12.3.1.

Prov. 16.30: II.L.1.5.5.

Prov. 17.3: II.L.1.9.7.

Prov. 17.16: II.L.3.2.3.

Prov. 19.7: II.L.3.2.6.

Prov. 20.17: II.L.1.10.

Prov. 21.1: II.L.3.2.4.

Prov. 25.3: II.L.2.12.8.1.

Prov. 28.3: II.L.1.5.17.

Prov. 31.2: II.L.1.7.4.

Prov. 31.3: II.L.1.5.14.

Job

Job 1.1: II.L.2.12.8.1.

Job 3.21: II.L.2.13.1.

Job 7.11: II.L.1.12.2.

Job 10.22: II.L.1.11.2.

Job 16.4: II.L.1.11.4.

Job 16.5: II.L.1.11.4.

Job 16.12: II.L.1.12.3.

Job 17.1: II.L.1.12.2.

Job 18.16: II.L.1.12.2.

Job 19.3: II.L.1.3.4.

Job 26.11: II.L.1.5.17.

Job 28.1: II.L.1.12.2.

Job 31.35: II.L.3.2.4.

Job 36.30: II.L.2.16.

Job 37.18: II.L.1.4.8.;

II.L.1.9.7.

Job 40.26: II.L.1.4.8.

Job 41.26: II.L.1.5.8.

Song of Songs

Cant. 1.11: II.L.1.9.2.

Cant. 5.2: II.L.1.9.5.

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326 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Cant. 7.3: II.L.1.5.3.

Cant. 7.10: II.L.2.12.1.3.

Cant. 8.14: II.L.2.13.3.

Ruth

Ruth 2.6: II.L.0.1.

Lamentations

Lam. 1.4: II.L.1.9.7.

Lam. 3.23: II.L.2.17.

Ecclesiastes

Ecc. 11.9: II.L.1.4.2.

Esther

Esther 2.1: II.L.1.12.2.

Esther 5.2: II.L.1.7.11.

Esther 9.3: II.L.2.10.3.

Daniel

Dan. 3.2: II.L.1.7.2.

Dan. 3.5: II.L.1.5.9.; II.L.1.7.2.

Dan. 3.13: II.L.1.4.10.

Dan. 4.27: II.L.2.12.6.

Dan. 6.23: II.L.2.12.8.1.;

II.L.2.13.3.; II.L.2.13.3.

Dan. 7.6: II.L.1.7.6.

Dan. 9.19: II.L.1.11.2.;

II.L.1.11.2.

Dan. 10.14: II.L.1.5.5.

Dan. 12.13: II.L.1.5.14.

Ezra

Ezra 1.1: II.L.0.3

Ezra 3.7: II.L.2.12.8.1.

Ezra 4.23: II.L.1.7.9.

Ezra 8.18: II.L.1.3.2.

1 Chronicles

1 Chron. 1.6: II.L.1.5.4.

1 Chron. 1.7: II.L.1.5.4.

1 Chron. 6.6: II.L.1.7.8.

1 Chron. 6.14: II.L.1.7.8.

1 Chron. 6.29: II.L.1.3.4.

1 Chron. 8.12: II.L.2.16.

1 Chron. 12.23: II.L.2.12.8.1.

1 Chron. 12.41: II.L.1.4.9.

1 Chron. 17.11: II.L.1.12.2.

1 Chron. 19.16: II.L.1.4.4.

1 Chron. 28.11: II.L.1.9.2.

1 Chron. 28.18: II.L.1.12.2.

2 Chronicles

2 Chron. 1.12: II.L.1.5.14.

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Indexes 327

BIBLICAL VERSES IN

HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (SHORT VERSION)

(Numbers refer to

paragraphs)

Genesis

Gen. 9.1: II.S.6.1.1.

Gen. 18.1: II.S.6.9.

Gen. 18.5: II.S.2.1.

Gen. 18.17: II.S.2.12.

Gen. 18.21: II.S.2.4.

Gen. 34.29: II.S.0.3

Gen. 39.12: II.S.2.10.

Gen. 39.15: II.S.2.12.

Gen. 39.19: II.S.2.12.

Gen. 43.26: II.S.1.2.

Gen. 45.12: II.S.5.4.

Gen. 49.6: II.S.2.1.

Exodus

Exod. 4.19: II.S.5.4.

Exod. 6.27: II.S.5.4.

Exod. 14.4: II.S.2.11.

Exod. 14.30: II.S.2.3.

Exod. 15.1: II.S.2.3.

Exod. 15.16: II.S.2.3.

Exod. 15.21: II.S.2.3.

Exod. 28.8: II.S.6.1.3.

Exod. 28.43: II.S.6.5.

Exod. 29.34: II.S.6.1.1.

Leviticus

Lev. 5.12: II.S.7.3.

Lev. 6.13: II.S.2.7.

Lev. 7.35: II.S.6.2.1.

Lev. 19.6: II.S.6.2.2.

Lev. 21.13: II.S.2.10.

Lev. 23.17: II.S.1.2.

Numbers

Num. 5.19: II.S.5.4.

Num. 5.22: II.S.5.4.

Num. 11.15: II.S.6.1.1.

Num. 11.29: II.S.5.4.

Num. 21.1: II.S.6.12.

Num. 22.2: II.S.2.13.

Deuteronomy

Deut. 4.7: II.S.2.9.

Deut. 31.24: II.S.6.5.

Deut. 31.28: II.S.2.5.

Joshua

Josh. 1.8: II.S.2.5.

Josh. 2.18: II.S.2.5.

Josh. 6.17: II.S.2.7.

Josh. 8.28: II.S.3.0.

Josh. 15.18: II.S.2.10.

Josh. 19.38: II.S.6.7.

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328 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

Judges

Jud. 4.9: II.S.6.2.1.

Jud. 5.16: II.S.7.8.

Jud. 7.25: II.S.6.3.1.

Jud. 9.13: II.S.5.4.

Jud. 11.35: II.S.2.12.

1 Samuel

1 Sam. 7.8: II.S.6.13.

1 Sam. 8.7: II.S.6.13.

1 Sam. 18.30: II.S.2.9.

1 Sam. 20.4: II.S.2.5.

1 Sam. 28.7: II.S.2.6.

2 Samuel

2 Sam. 7.13: II.S.2.6.

2 Sam. 12.28: II.S.6.6.1.

1 Kings

1 Kings 1.40: II.S.6.13.

1 Kings 3.23: II.S.2.5.

1 Kings 4.12: II.S.6.10.

1 Kings 15.29: II.S.2.12.

1 Kings 17.2: II.S.2.1.

2 Kings

2 Kings 7.8: II.S.5.4.

2 Kings 8.16: II.S.6.2.1.

Isaiah

Isa. 8.19: II.S.5.1.; II.S.5.4.

Isa. 10.9: II.S.2.10.

Isa. 27.2: II.S.6.2.2.

Isa. 34.11: II.S.2.8.

Isa. 47.12: II.S.2.9.

Isa. 59.21: II.S.2.11.

Isa. 60.1: II.S.0.3.

Jeremiah

Jer. 11.10: II.S.0.3.

Jer. 29.27: II.S.5.6.

Jer. 44.28: II.S.6.9.

Ezekiel

Ezek. 16.4: II.S.5.1.

Ezek. 16.11: II.S.6.1.6.

Ezek. 22.5: II.S.6.3.1.

Ezek. 32.20: II.S.6.6.1.

Ezek. 39.10: II.S.5.5. (2x)

Ezek. 45.9: II.S.6.3.1.

Hosea

Hos. 5.15: II.S.5.5.

Hos. 11.6: II.S.6.1.3.

Zephaniah

Zeph. 3.8: II.S.0.3

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Indexes 329

Psalms

Psa. 27.1: II.S.0.3

Psa. 66.6: II.S.6.2.1.

Psa. 66.17: II.S.2.8.

Psa. 68.31: II.S.1.7.

Psa. 72.17: II.S.6.1.4.

Psa. 88.11: II.S.2.6.

Psa. 89.53: II.S.6.1.4.

Psa. 98.8: II.S.6.1.5.

Psa. 100.4: II.S.2.8.

Psa. 112.9: II.S.1.7.

Psa. 132.1: II.S.6.3.1.

Proverbs

Prov. 1.28: II.S.5.5.

Prov. 3.4: II.S.6.1.4.

Prov. 4.16: II.S.9.0.

Prov. 8.17: II.S.5.5.

Prov. 14.28: II.S.6.3.1.

Job

Job 20.18: II.S.1.7.

Job 29.22: II.S.9.0.

Job 33.21: II.S.1.2.

Esther

Esther 5.2: II.S.2.12.

Daniel

Dan. 1.4: II.S.5.5.

Dan. 2.13: II.S.2.7.

Dan. 3.28: II.S.6.1.5.

Dan. 7.6: II.S.2.7.

Dan. 12.12: II.S.5.4.

Ezra

Ezra 4.23: II.S.2.10.

Ezra 8.18: II.S.1.2.

1 Chronicles

1 Chron. 6.6: II.S.2.9.

1 Chron. 6.14: II.S.2.9.

1 Chron. 12.23: II.S.6.9.

1 Chron. 16.32: II.S.1.7.

1 Chron. 21.3: II.S.2.4.

1 Chron. 28.11: II.S.3.0. (2x)

2 Chronicles

2 Chron. 28.24: II.S.6.5.

TERMS AND WORDS IN

HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (LONG VERSION)

(Numbers refer to lines)

742 :א

741 :א

742 :א

1177 ,59 ,45 :א

767 :א

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330 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

ע ח ה ,789 ,302 ,295 ,205 ,203 :א

850, 988, 1134

ה י ו ,529 ,521 ,510 ,504 ,451 :א

544

ה אל י ו א : 435, 437, 440, 445,

467, 471, 478, 480, 488,

491, 494

ה לל י ו א : 519

341 :אבדאל

אבתדאאל : 146, 759, 1037

1064 ,666 :אבתדאה

400 :אבתדאל

אבתדיאל : 1036

לגהאל ,526 ,301 ,35 ,22 :אהל

528 (2x), 566, 581, 608,

943, 1058, 1176

לגהאל 1175 :>אהל<

אואמראל : 605, 779

431 :אוגירה

אוגירהאל : 421

ה 427 :אוגיר

ה 419 :אוגיר

ה 433 :אוגיר

אוזאנהמאו : 778

198 :אחרף

אלהיוב : 121

אלחאןאל : 21, 26, 34, 37, 57, 60,

74, 81, 85, 91, 94, 101, 112,

125, 172, 179, 182, 949,

1185, 1192, 1193

אלחאןו : 291

אלחאןלל : 20

,154 ,152 ,151 ,139 ,129 :אלף

154, 161, 162, 189, 320,

344, 511, 979, 987, 1170,

1226

אלףאל : 7, 138, 141, 142, 164,

209, 224, 238, 241, 244,

244, 319, 342, 344, 77,5,

512, 514, 640, 699, 703,

854, 860

אלףב : 356, 360, 367, 399

אלףו : 139

אלףכאל : 1031

ף ל 130 :א

580 :אלפאט

אלפאט אל : 579

,167 ,137 ,131 ,110 ,16 :אמר

172

אמראל : 396, 426, 429, 604,

604, 641, 750, 751, 767,

782, 788, 793, 795

801 ,168 :אנחא

אנחאאל : 663

1171 :אנחאיהם

,1152 ,1151 ,1150 ,1149 :אסאס

1152, 1153, 1154

,693 ,573 ,572 ,325 ,306 :אסם

787

אסםאל : 589, 592

אסמאאל : 753, 769

אסמאו : 770

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Indexes 331

אסמאואל : 594, 595, 596

אסםול : 778

1131 :אסמוהא

1 :אסמין

אסמיןאל : 332

1141 ,722 :אספל

327 :אסתפהאם

אסתפהאםואל : 760

אסתקבאלאל : 344, 605

671 :אעראב

אעראבאל : 717, 720, 730,

125,11, 734, 738

737 :אעראבהא

אעראץ ואל : 753, 754, 770

אפעאלאל : 610, 776

אפתקאראל : 182

אפתקאראתאל : 710

284 ,255 ,28 :אצול

אצולאל : 195, 196, 417

אצולבאל : 848

אצולפ : 253

845 ,281 ,195 :אצולא

912 :אצולהם

526 :אצטלאח

993 ,529 ,526 :אצטלחו

,684 ,684 ,474 ,136 ,34 :אצל

1138, 1165

אצלאל : 22, 66, 251, 503, 518,

519, 1056, 1167, 1201,

1202

אצלו : 205

אצלואל : 188

718 ,714 ,417 :אצלא

634 ,633 ,567 ,396 ,320 :אצלי

אפהו אצ : 810

עתהו אצ : 685

אשתקוהו : 1131

459 ,419 :אתא

272 :ב

273 :ב

511 ,493 ,492 ,333 :בא

באאל : 14, 18, 130, 149, 305,

310, 347, 348, 430, 454,

494, 512, 513, 516, 520,

641, 725, 992, 1259

בא[אל] : 139

באב : 378

באואל : 142, 955

באכאל : 965

באפאל : 1101

באאל : 617

486 :באאין

בדלאל : 416

ביאל : 243

תבי : 4, 150, 917, 988, 1265

ביתו : 206, 219, 1007, 1134

ביתיןאל : 39

בליעהה : 206, 219, 1134

1259 :ברכה

ה כ 1257 :בר

1261 :ברכו

רכו 1259 :ב

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332 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

1267 :ברכות

רכת 1262 :ב

ג אל : 76, 125, 443, 534, 727,

739

735 :גזם

גזםאל : 722, 743

גזםואל : 734, 743, 744

זםאל ג : 799

642 ,130 :גמאל

גמאלאל : 134, 139, 252, 350,

618

גמאלב : 352

גמאלואל : 142

גמעואל : 1158

י נ 790 ,779 :ג

1189 :געי

1191 ,904 :געיה

געיהאל : 853, 855, 855, 859,

862, 863, 864, 870, 918,

920, 931, 932, 934, 939,

943, 945, 1186, 1187, 1199,

1199, 1200, 1202

געיהב : 937

געיהבאל : 1190

געיהלל : 944

געיהפאל : 1200

1103 ,155 ,154 :דאל

דאלאל : 131, 135, 151, 309,

354, 618, 643, 966, 990

ד[אלאל] : 553

דאלבאל : 354

דאלואל : 261, 971

,232 ,228 ,213 ,212 ,208 :דגש

239, 483, 498, 537, 537,

928, 977, 981, 1214, 1220,

1233

דגשאל : 208, 213, 215, 225,

232, 237, 240, 246, 261,

262, 263, 295, 452, 454,

534, 535, 559, 926, 982,

1089

דגשב : 241

דגשבאל : 297

דגשואל : 215, 294

537 :דגשכביר

כביראלדגשאל : 535

502 :דגשהא

520 ,444 ,444 ,443 :דדחיק

יק דח 419 :ד

437 :דפסיק

יק פס 419 :ד

דקדוקייןאל : 184, 631

,465 ,420 ,356 ,328 ,10 :הא

465, 607, 1226

האאל : 11, 234, 326, 356, 466,

466, 591, 606, 619, 638,

639, 641, 642, 643, 697,

861, 862, 863, 865, 1110,

1110

האואל : 212, 216, 227, 402

האלל : 223

1112 ,1049 ,881 :הא

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Indexes 333

האאל : 9

האאתאל : 608

988 :הוא

464 :הוא

,278 ,234 ,65 ,62 ,61 ,45 :הי

418, 426, 523, 607, 709,

709, 931, 932, 958, 1193,

1240

ואוו : 599

ואוואל : 402

740 :ואו

ואויןאל : 475

עאל ואצ : 112

עהאו ואצ : 685

וזנהמאו : 749, 749, 749, 751

200 ,152 :זאי

זאיאל : 152, 362, 563, 619, 645

זאיב : 354

זאיו : 1233

זאיואל : 554

זאילל : 199

200 :זאימכרוך

מכרוךאלזאיאל : 563

153 :זאין

גבאל ז : 864, 884

זיד : 723

זיד : 724

1188 :חדפהא

608 :חדפו

1039 ,881 ,241 ,184 :חית

חיתאל : 364, 620, 645, 866,

866, 1007

חיתב : 384, 1087

חיתואל : 212

1150 ,1150 ,704 :חלם

חלםאל : 699, 702, 1134, 1151,

1153, 1154, 1158

חלםב : 1254

חלם[ב] : 869

חלםואל : 870

חלםוב : 1251

חלםאל : 1151, 1152

חלקוםאל : 205, 250

חנךאל : 250, 1139

,145 ,142 ,131 ,131 ,130 :חרוף

187, 190, 195, 197, 235,

237, 247, 255, 257, 264,

267, 271, 280, 293, 293,

77,5, 438, 477, 487, 521,

523, 523, 525, 544, 544,

545, 546, 560, 571, 700,

727, 788, 849, 850, 852,

873, 876, 893, 894, 902,

987, 988, 994, 1002, 1004,

1111, 1225, 1232

חרוףאל : 4, 123, 127, 136, 147,

156, 157, 163, 166, 167,

172, 178, 180, 188, 190,

202, 207, 224, 237, 246,

249, 277, 286, 286, 295,

313, 341, 342, 400, 531,

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334 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

532, 533, 536, 576, 614,

659, 668, 675, 676, 705,

728, 877, 887, 907, 908,

910, 931, 1175

חרוףב : 290

חרוףבאל : 565

חרוףואל : 186, 334, 846, 846

חרוףל : 504

חרוףלל : 564, 675

ליןאלףוחר : 190, 523, 525

548 ,547 ,239 ,173 :חרופה

110 :חרופהא

736 ,719 :חרכאת

חרכאתאל : 942

חרכאתו : 32

1064 ,971 ,696 :חרכה

חרכהאל : 958

חרכהב : 699

חרכהו : 699

963 :חרכתה

חרכתהאו : 1139, 1143

,143 ,143 ,129 ,100 ,99 ,6 :חרף

177, 177, 189, 191, 192,

195, 198, 337, 437, 445,

445, 462, 567, 605, 615,

627, 631, 633, 667, 669,

677, 712, 788, 812, 826,

850, 874, 888, 902, 948,

950, 951, 975, 977, 981,

987, 1006, 1010, 1013,

1045, 1070, 1086, 1239,

1242

חרףאל : 4, 35, 128, 132, 146,

147, 148, 160, 161, 163,

166, 183, 184, 214, 215,

216, 218, 226, 232, 265,

269, 477, 479, 484, 512,

636, 671, 712, 714, 722,

723, 763, 800, 807, 809,

813, 827, 830, 831, 833,

856, 879, 925, 948, 954,

956, 962, 964, 964, 968,

969, 982, 983, 984, 1011,

1040, 1041, 1047, 1051,

1057, 1079, 1085, 1089,

1090, 1113, 1115, 1223,

1245

חרףב : 333, 670, 716

חרףבאל : 967

חרףואל : 569, 676, 957, 968,

970

חרףל : 615, 627

חרףלל : 922

חרףפ : 715

חרףפאל : 711

,903 ,845 ,713 ,582 ,283 :חרפא

903, 906, 913, 915, 1077

,545 ,334 ,186 ,144 ,130 :חרפאן

616

833 ,832 :חרפה

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Indexes 335

,577 ,567 ,486 ,420 ,275 :חרפין

583, 587, 616, 627, 628,

672, 1046

חרפיןאל : 192, 253, 340, 351,

1117

חרפיןב : 517, 1085, 1087, 1090

חרפיןו : 275

חרפיןל : 616, 628

חרקאל : 1146, 1153

חרקב : 854, 893

חרקואל : 697

ק ר 478 :ח

555 :טית

טיתאל : 366, 620, 646

טיתל : 162

223 :טעאם

,1125 ,449 ,215 ,152 ,147 :טעם

1199, 1248, 1249

טעםאל : 3, 6, 12, 15, 16, 445,

455, 1200, 1218, 1219,

1220, 1221, 1224, 1238,

1242, 1245, 1258, 1260,

1262, 1265, 1268

טעםב : 1246, 1255

טעםו : 148, 950

טעםואל : 951

טעמהב : 160

טעמהו : 132

1267 ,1266 :טעמין

טפחהאל : 74

הור 232 ,228 :ט

זם 800 :יג

722 :יגזמו

ידגשפ : 461

יהאאל : 902

עהא 687 :יואצ

,476 ,420 ,324 ,150 ,150 :יוד

476

יודאל : 192, 322, 367, 477, 480,

484, 621, 646, 697, 894,

897, 902

יודבאל : 594, 595, 598

יודו : 152

יודואל : 268, 892

יודיןב : 937

1187 :יחדפהא

524–523 :יחייבןדאוודאלמגרבי

99 :ינגמו

461 :ינצב

954 ,831 ,830 ,827 ,807 :יסכן

1007 :יסתופא

1014 ,999 :יסתופי

,603 ,592 ,589 ,588 ,587 :יפכם

603

502 :ירפיהא

,832 ,809 ,801 ,678 :יתחרך

861, 969, 973, 1042

יתיבאל : 980

כאדםאל : 184

כאדםואל : 956

184 :כאדמא

31 ,29 :כאדמין

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336 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

כאדמיןואל : 108

כאסרהאל : 423, 435, 437, 441,

443, 443, 459, 459, 465,

469, 470, 473, 474, 476,

482, 483, 486, 492, 493,

497

כאףאל : 193, 369, 621, 647,

699, 704, 1088, 1260, 1262,

1265, 1268

כאףב : 350

כאףואל : 243, 252, 725, 972

כאףכאל : 225

אתכאפ : 499

501 :כאפאת

כאפיןב : 1088

כאפיןו : 486

האל כאפצ : 728

226 ,166 ,146 ,144 ,143 :כאציה

כאציהאל : 136, 159, 160, 176,

234

כאציה[אל] : 156

כא[ציהאל] : 157

כאציהבאל : 140

151 ,149 ,143 ,135 :כאציה

כאציה פ : 134

270 ,222 ,215 ,141 :כאציתה

כאציתהב : 233

כאציתהו : 147, 148, 1196

142 :כאציתהמא

327 :כבר

כדאםאל : 1192, 1193

כדאםואל : 949

כדאמהאו : 126

כואדםאל : 598, 599

כטאל : 510, 515

745 ,707 :כלאם

כלאםאל : 127, 211, 216, 222,

230, 236, 301, 318, 492,

565, 601, 610, 662, 682,

683, 710, 732, 929, 932,

942, 966, 980, 1027, 1031,

1035, 1048, 1058, 1061,

1062, 1063, 1068, 1078,

1092, 1095, 1097, 1100,

1117, 1194

כלאםבאל : 667

כלאםואל : 847, 885

כלאםכאל : 886

כלאםכאל : 492

כלאםלל : 609, 691, 718

584 :כלאמא

550 :כלאמהם

762 :כלאמי

כלמהאל : 2, 10, 10, 33, 229,

334, 445, 467, 813, 814,

815, 815, 1199, 1239, 1266

כלףאל : 414, 415, 422

כסדאניאל : 1263

כסרהאל : 721

886 ,876 :כף

כףב : 389

ףב כ : 391

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Indexes 337

916 ,911 ,862 ,298 :כפיפה

681 :כפץ

כפץ אל : 727, 739, 785, 788,

790, 797

כפץ ו : 734

כפץ ואל : 721, 724, 742

כפץ לל : 786

כפתהאל : 911

לאםואל : 725

155 :לאמד

לגאתאל : 292

,397 ,395 ,319 ,13 ,13 :לגה

571, 572, 574, 575, 575,

719, 740, 773, 797, 799,

935, 935, 936, 937, 939,

1263

לגהאל : 22, 35, 114, 278, 292,

301, 330, 526, 528, 528,

566, 566, 581, 608, 639,

684, 685, 686, 692, 729,

734, 735, 747, 943, 1058,

1175, 1176

לגהבאל : 635, 635

לגהואל : 314

גהלל : 730

האל לג : 801

לגוייןאל : 609

,463 ,108 ,107 ,105 ,60 :לחן

980, 1180

לחןאל : 2, 7, 11, 14, 17, 32, 174,

461, 463, 960, 962, 968,

1112, 1115, 1183

לחןב : 73, 76, 77, 185,5, 1205

לחןבאל : 336, 513, 1124

לחןו : 975

לחןואל : 956, 973

ליןואל : 524

151 ,138 :למאד

למאדאל : 153, 317, 374, 556,

622, 648, 868, 917, 1220,

1222

למאדו : 139, 151

מאדלל : 918

לסאןאל : 205, 250, 252, 253,

255, 258, 261, 268, 268,

1138, 1139, 1140

לפט אל : 177, 226, 227, 315,

316, 320, 510, 514, 518

לפט באל : 157

לפט ואל : 4

לפט פאל : 587

את 1120 ,423 :לפט

ה ,570 ,515 ,431 ,425 ,189 :לפט

582, 763, 817, 1040, 1046

האל לפט : 569, 777, 811

הב לפט : 482, 672

ת 267 ,266 :לפט

תין 473 :לפט

תיןאל לפט : 818

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338 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

,1189 ,1189 ,542 ,540 :לשון

1206, 1206, 1208, 1257,

1259

לשוןה : 206, 218, 1134

מאםב : 599

מאםו : 1049

מאםואל : 352, 763, 955

מאםו : 1112

מארכהואל : 30

עאל ד מי : 898

מאםאל : 622, 649, 891, 991,

1208, 1219

מאמיןאל : 339

יא 702 ,17 ,3 :מאצ

יהאל מאצ : 776

107 ,79 ,78 :מארכה

מארכהאל : 31

יםה רר מא : 1114

יםה קש מב : 1114

1033 :מבתדא

מבתדאאל : 1034

1039 :מבתדאה

מבתדיאל : 667

מגזוםאל : 723

ברה מד : 1109

יםה בר מד : 1113

מדבריםה : 1048

,925 ,925 ,520 ,513 :מדגוש

1086, 1217

475 :מדגושא

1228 ,501 ,298 ,252 :מדגושה

275 :מדגושין

מדגושיןאל : 260, 272

מדכרל : 2

עה 28 ,22 :מואצ

עהאל מואצ : 136, 146, 158, 684,

687

1130 :מוארבה

589 :מונת

מונתאל : 1097, 1099

מונתל : 16

מונתהאל : 595

,816 ,815 ,814 ,813 ,514 :מחט

1030, 1044, 1048, 1070,

1071, 1101

מחטאל : 1043

יםה כ מח : 1116

,219 ,217 ,206 ,205 ,202 :מחל

236, 248, 248, 253, 255,

271, 274, 285, 302, 302,

302, 304, 311, 342, 347,

352, 357, 360, 362, 366,

372, 376, 378, 382, 385,

388, 389, 392, 1138, 1140,

1142, 1144, 1146, 1147

1133 ,205 :מחלהא

הרה מט : 299

הרה ט מ : 300

ע ד 899 :מי

ע 900 :מיוד

1243 ,597 ,396 ,391 :מים

מיםאל : 298

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Indexes 339

מיםואל : 165, 378

398 :מים

מיםב : 380

מכבראל : 345

,864 ,858 ,854 ,852 :מכפפא

869

200 ,200 :מכרוך

מכרתואל : 394

מלוךאל : 24, 124, 168, 170, 171,

178, 181, 188, 662, 669,

675, 676, 682, 701, 709,

718, 891, 942, 1021,

177,10, 1165

מלוךואל : 172, 179

מלוךלל : 676, 1176

,446 ,364 ,191 ,41 ,33 :מלך

457, 490, 496, 666, 711,

714, 715, 812, 813, 879,

898, 912, 987, 1006, 1010,

1092, 1243

מלךאל : 447, 455, 456, 755,

786, 851, 853, 996, 1006,

1008, 1009, 1010, 1013,

1016, 1017, 1019

מלךב : 888

מלךבאל : 715, 861

מלךו : 715

מלךואל : 994, 1003

מלךלל : 880, 932, 1015

מלךפאל : 453

מלכיןאל : 480

יםה ד מנ : 1116

558 ,543 :מנזלה

מנזלהואל : 553

558 ,543 :מנזלהביןמנזלתין

מנזלהביןמנזלתיןאל : 846

מנזלהביןמנזלתיןאלו : 553

846 ,558 ,553 ,543 :מנזלתין

ר כ 899 :מנ

מנכראל : 898

ר כ 899 :מנ

1127 :מנפרדא

725 :מנצובא

ב 795 :מס

ןה כ מס : 1108

914 ,863 ,859 :מסתופאה

979 :מסתעאר

697 ,19 :מסתקבלא

מעאניאל : 164, 705

מעטוףאל : 333

,185 ,183 ,171 ,168 ,161 :מעני

185, 317, 321, 351, 368,

465, 638, 639

מעניאל : 11, 174, 314, 317, 323,

1189

מעניו : 11, 207, 444

745 :מפיד

603 :מפכם

765 ,761 ,755 ,394 :מפעול

מפעולאל : 724, 774, 775

מטלקאלמפעולאל : 775

762 ,762 :מפעולה

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340 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

476 ,470 ,465 ,465 :מפק

420 ,420 ,419 :מפק

312 :מפרד

998 :מפתוחה

מצאדראל : 780

מסתעארהאלמצאדראל : 780

מצאחףאל : 1002

מצאחףואל : 1003

502 :מצאחפה

700 :מצדר

מצדראל : 775

1179 :מצחאפא

1183 :מצחף

אף 394 ,325 :מצ

אפהאל מצ : 147

מר 325 :מצ

118 :מקטעה

מקטעהאו : 813

1252 ,516 :מקמוצא

1255 ,1250 :מקף

מקףאל : 1125

מקףב : 1224, 1240, 1246, 1248,

1252

מקראאל : 209, 500, 577, 928,

1187, 1221, 1247, 1253

459 :מרחיק

724 :מרפוע

516 ,471 :מרפי

405 :מרפיא

409 :מרפיה

מרפיהאל : 846

275 :מרפיין

מרפייןאל : 249, 254, 259, 273

מרכבהה : 549

מרכבתב : 550

רכבתב מ : 1212

עה ג מש : 1109

1086 :משדד

עאל מתואצ : 688

עיןאל מתואצ : 171, 282

,1035 ,1033 ,1027 ,930 :מתחרך

1036, 1036, 1037, 1042,

1043, 1061, 1061, 1063,

1071, 1074, 1076, 1090,

1106, 1108, 1115, 1258,

1260, 1267

מתחרךאל : 744, 805, 826, 839,

841, 843, 844, 928, 961,

977, 983, 987, 1011, 1033,

1051, 1063, 1064, 1078,

1079, 1080

מתחרךו : 678, 800, 804

מתחרךואל : 801, 838, 953, 1081

מתחרךולל : 805

מתחרךכאל : 1084

מתחרךלל : 840, 1075

מתחרךפאל : 678

958 :מתחרכא

1066 :מתחרכין

מתכלםלל : 344

מתצרפהאל : 594

מתראדפהאל : 340, 614

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Indexes 341

1095 ,1074 ,486 ,420 :מתראדפין

מתראדפיןאל : 1100, 1117

מתרךואל : 801

נגםבאל : 1196

968 ,741 ,674 :נגמאת

נגמאתאל : 662, 119,7, 706

נגמאתו : 957

971 ,957 ,957 ,677 ,666 :נגמה

נגמהואל : 677, 958

נגמהאל : 673

נגמהב : 678

742 ,740 :נגמתאן

153 :נון

נוןאל : 380, 557, 622, 649

נוןואל : 193, 268

נוניןאל : 338

672 :נטק

נטקאל : 225, 233, 446, 666,

673, 677, 1080, 1081

668 :נטקה

910 :נטקהא

נפיאל : 575

681 :נצב

נצבאל : 739, 772, 773, 773, 779,

781, 782

נצבו : 734

נצבואל : 721, 723, 740, 797

כביראלנצבאל : 779

צגיראלנצבאל : 773

,1180 ,1130 ,858 ,857 :נקט

1207, 1208, 1211, 1243

נקטב : 859, 865

נקטואל : 1183

,1130 ,484 ,227 ,222 :נקטה

1211

נקטהאל : 229, 230, 231, 234

1213 :נקטהמא

484 :נקטתין

,841 ,812 ,804 ,800 ,678 :סאכן

930, 980, 1043, 1074, 1107,

1113, 1258, 1259, 1262,

1265, 1268

סאכןאל : 743, 799, 806, 807,

815, 818, 829, 837, 838,

840, 953, 954, 954, 957,

958, 961, 1029, 1030, 1080,

1089

סאכןבאל : 1081

סאכןואל : 679, 1064

סאכןלל : 842, 1075

סאכןפאל : 800

סאכןפלל : 805

1092 ,1077 ,809 :סאכנא

1095 ,1068 :סאכנין

סאכניןאל : 1066, 1072

סגולאל : 782

1162 ,1161 :סגולה

סגולהאל : 992, 1142, 1152

סגולהב : 1216, 1238, 1239,

1247

סגולהואל : 1022

סופריםאל : 995, 1166, 1167

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342 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

1079 ,1051 ,1039 :סכון

סכוןאל : 833, 834, 1043, 1052,

1054

סכוןואל : 1041

1125 ,1070 :סכן

108 ,79 ,78 :סלסלה

סלסלהואל : 31

סלסלהלל : 109

סמאךאל : 382, 556, 623, 650

סמאךב : 388, 392

סמוךאל : 1162

ספלאניאל : 1143

עבראל : 752, 783, 786, 790

עברואל : 750, 795

עברלל : 778

עבראניאל : 293, 735, 740, 799,

1086, 1264

עבראניהאל : 729, 734, 747, 797

עבראנייןאל : 758, 767

י 14 :עור

י 14 :עור

עטףאל : 332

1226 ,651 :עין

עיןאל : 17, 384, 623, 651, 868,

868, 869

עיןואל : 212

עלםכאל : 1136

1134 ,206 :עקר

רעקו : 218

רהלשוןעק : 206 , 1134

רהלשוןעקו : 218

עראקאל : 61, 1170

עראקייןלל : 62

ערבלל : 720

ערבילל : 743

ערביהאל : 730, 735, 801

1150 ,1149 :ערץ

ערץ ו : 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153,

1153, 1154

הב ערצ : 252, 268

האו ערצ : 125

493 :פא

פאאל : 385, 624

פאו : 138, 420, 492

פאואל : 225, 305

פאידהאל : 277, 295, 837, 896,

1100

704 ,300 ,299 :פאעל

פאעלאל : 724, 748, 778, 787

פאעלואל : 795

768 ,606 ,8 ,5 :פאעלה

פאעליןאל : 756, 757, 758, 759

,1151 ,945 ,921 ,920 :פאתחה

1160, 1161

פאתחהאל : 910, 911, 914, 923,

924, 926, 1140

פאתחהב : 903, 907, 916, 1207,

1214

פאתחהבאל : 881

פאתחהואל : 169, 922, 1022

פאתחהלל : 891

פאתחהפאל : 922

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Indexes 343

305 ,79 :פזר

פסקאל : 442

פסקואל : 439

סקאל פ : 437

297 :פעל

פעלאל : 298, 725, 768

פעלואל : 592

702 ,3 :פעלא

פעלהב : 724

254 :פר]ע[

284 ,255 :פרע

1210 :פרעה

196 :פשוטות

פשטהאל : 29

פתחהאל : 701, 721, 741, 883,

884

פתחהבאל : 700, 882, 885

פתחהואל : 741, 742

וסטיאלפתחהאל : 741

כבריאלפתחהאל : 741

צגריאלפתחהלוא : 742

צאדואל : 966

צדיאל : 388, 554, 624

]צ[דיאל : 653

צדיב : 362, 382

צדיואל : 164

ציריאל : 1144

ציריב : 1244

צריאל : 1152

צריב : 1237, 1249

704 :צרי

י 1162 ,478 :צר

מהאל צ : 720

מיר 322 :צ

1160 ,1150 ,998 :קאמצה

קאמצהאל : 169, 773, 998, 999,

1008, 1022, 1138

קאמצהב : 863, 1251

קאמצהבאל : 893

1170 :קאמצתהם

קוףאל : 389, 625, 654, 990

1099 ,439 :קטע

892 :קמץ

קמץאל : 699, 703, 890, 990,

991, 1158

קמץואל : 990

מץאל ק : 326

קמצהב : 862

79 :רביע

רביםאל : 1210

655 ,561 ,560 ,541 ,198 :ריש

רישאל : 16, 201, 391, 514, 546,

546, 547, 551, 625, 814,

970, 972, 1257

רישב : 199, 364

רישו : 560

רישואל : 164, 165, 309, 354,

552

רישכאל : 955

רישפאל : 544, 549

כביראלרישאלו : 552

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344 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

רפאהו : 533

503 :רפאהא

רפהואל : 261

,1219 ,1218 ,536 ,512 :רפי

1222, 1226

רפיאל : 263, 504

רפיואל : 214, 215, 263, 294,

296, 297, 559

1215 :רפי

757 ,734 ,7 ,119 :רפע

רפעאל : 720, 739, 747, 761,

763, 766

[[רפ]עאל] : 764

רפעואל : 797

רפעובאל : 762

רפעפאל : 723

רפעהאו : 126

759 :רפעהם

שאםאל : 52

שאמייןאל : 471

,703 ,561 ,548 ,494 ,488 :שוא

851, 858, 877, 888, 892,

916, 920, 975, 1035, 1037,

1061, 1061, 1082, 1087,

1098

שואאל : 490, 496, 696, 799,

799, 803, 804, 809, 818,

844, 851, 853, 857, 859,

861, 862, 863, 864, 865,

866, 868, 870, 873, 874,

880, 880, 890, 892, 896,

903, 907, 912, 912, 913,

919, 922, 923, 930, 945,

948, 949, 950, 951, 952,

960, 961, 963, 963, 973,

977, 980, 981, 987, 989,

994, 996, 997, 1003, 1006,

1007, 1008, 1010, 1011,

1014, 1018, 1020, 1021,

1027, 1029, 1042, 1047,

1047, 1051, 1057, 1069,

1076, 1079, 1084, 1089,

1090, 1092, 1106, 1108,

1111, 1113, 1115, 1119,

1125, 1126, 1257, 1259,

1260

שואבאל : 1064

שואו : 894

שוא[ו] : 291

שואואל : 923, 928, 932, 942,

983, 1097, 1102, 1262,

1265, 1267, 1268

שואולל : 745

שואלל : 1015

שואפ : 893

שואפאל : 815, 966

אאל שו : 743, 744

שואיןאל : 1100

שופראל : 29

1233 :שין

שיןאל : 12, 165, 392, 626, 656

שיןב : 266

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Indexes 345

שיןואל : 310, 1032

שיןפאל : 267

793 :שירה

752 :שירו

שפתיןאל : 271, 272, 1132, 1147

1131 ,1130 :שרק

שרקאל : 1147, 1154

539 ,538 :תאואת

תאניתלל : 823

107 ,73 :תביר

515 :תו

וב ת : 366

תוו : 151

תוואל : 261

ואל ת : 399, 657

וו ת : 150

ע 278 :תואצ

ע[אל ת]ואצ : 25

עו 280 ,24 :תואצ

עופ תואצ : 23

תביראל : 30

תואל : 516, 535, 536, 542, 555,

626, 814, 1103

עאל תואצ : 141

919 :תחריך

1125 :תחרך

תחרךל : 1111

,538 ,267 ,261 ,250 ,122 :תלת

734, 818, 1138, 1208, 1225

תמהאל : 328

34 :תנאגימהא

תנאגימהאו : 58

90 ,31 :תנגים

יםאל תנג : 1024

תנגיםאל : 90

1194 ,932 ,456 :תנפס

תסכיןאל : 983

תעריףאל : 10

תעריףלל : 927

631 ,630 ,607 :תפכים

תפכיםאל : 602, 614, 630, 631

תפכיםו : 599

תפכיםואל : 587

תפכיםלל : 576, 636, 638

614 ,610 ,596 ,595 ,594 :תפכם

תפכםו : 598

748 ,566 :תצאריף

796 ,794 ,791 :תצאריפהא

752 ,751 ,632 :תצריף

תצריףאל : 633

תקדירב : 463

,601 ,600 ,600 ,381 :תקדירה

611, 640

תקדירהו : 324, 327, 329, 642

984 ,918 :תקיל

תקילהאו : 124

918 :תקל

תקלאל : 217, 217, 533

תקלו : 265

תקלהו : 561

1110 :תקלת

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346 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

תראדףאל : 1083, 1098, 1098

487 ,133 :תראדפא

1075 ,1068 :תראדפהמא

232 :תשדיד

תשדידאל : 243

תתניהאל : 936, 1191

1110 ,244 :תתקיל

תתקילאל : 242, 242, 247, 921,

924, 945, 1045, 1046, 1047,

1118, 1119

תתקיללל : 234, 920

תתקילפאל : 1127

235 :תתקל

569 :תתקלב

TERMS AND WORDS IN

HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (SHORT VERSION)

(Numbers refer to lines)

308 ,134 :א

308 ,134 :א

308 ,134 :א

308 ,134 :א

308 ,134 :א

308 ,134 :א

308 ,134 :א

ע ח ה 263 ,255 ,196 ,28 ,27 :א

ה א י ו : 50, 51

ה לא י ו א : 65, 69, 71, 88, 92, 99,

101, 106, 108, 113, 115,

119, 135

ה לל י ו א : 66

אבתדאלא : 227

אבתדילא : 278

59 :אוגירה

ה 56 :אוגיר

211 :אינת

אןאלחאלכ : 339

אןאלחלל : 23

לףא : 122, 136, 138, 139

אלףלא : 193, 201

אלףואל : 30, 33

נקטעתא : 16

307 :אסמא

אסמהו : 309

סמוהאא : 316, 322

אסמוהאו : 319

11 :אסמין

,319 ,316 ,315 ,217 ,140 :אספל

329

269 ,181 :אסתיפא

באלאסתקבאל : 212

26 :אצולא

234 :אצולהם

צלא : 327, 338

אצלו : 29

אשתקאקהאו : 86

אשתקוהו : 310

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Indexes 347

אב : 170, 294

באאלכ : 244

ין 104 :בא

יב : 111, 112

בילא : 77, 113, 120, 122

ביב : 46, 92

ביו : 58

83 ,81 ,17 :בית

ביתב : 88

ביתו : 28, 268, 325

בליעהה : 28, 325

ג לא : 19, 20, 137

עיהג : 228, 228

געיהלא : 199, 204, 335, 336,

344, 346

געיהב : 181

געיהלל : 341

77 ,35 ,30 ,30 :דגש

דגשאל : 252

דגשב : 127

68 ,68 :דדחיק

דדחיקו : 57

65 :דפסיק

דפסיקו : 56

173 ,138 :הא

האלא : 136, 166, 172, 202, 202,

202

האו : 5, 136

יה : 15, 33, 57, 85, 86, 116,

122, 172, 231, 316, 319,

336

היאל : 31, 31, 32, 86, 87

היואל : 30

אוו : 57, 91, 91, 139, 211

ואואל : 142, 143, 203, 212, 322

זאילא : 157

זאיב : 48

זאיאלו : 245

גואל ז : 142

דףח : 136, 346

347 :חדפת

יתח : 10, 240, 265

חיתב : 4, 227, 302

חיתלא : 205

310 :חלם

חלםלא : 325

חלקוםלא : 29, 37

חנךאל : 328

סרח : 141

רוףח : 50, 51, 53, 81, 97, 135,

168, 169, 171, 173, 196,

197, 199, 208, 224, 254,

255, 260, 263

חרוףלא : 25, 26, 29, 43, 105,

260

288 :חרכה

חרכהאל : 247

רכה ח : 244, 246, 247, 269

188 :חרכת

חרכתהאו : 328, 330

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348 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

רףח : 10, 13, 65, 65, 69, 69, 97,

120, 121, 129, 133, 150,

156, 164, 197, 209, 211,

234, 239, 254, 267, 295,

302

חרףלא : 54, 97, 100, 147, 148,

157, 164, 175, 180, 187,

191, 192, 241, 242, 242,

244, 245, 249, 252, 252,

282, 301

חרףפ : 132

230 ,26 :חרפא

רפיןח : 104

חרפיןאל : 178

חרפיןב : 301, 303

חרפיןו : 57

רקח : 98, 319

חרקלא : 333

חרקו : 319

עםט : 31, 32, 73, 343, 345

טעםלא : 10, 12, 76, 240, 241,

344

טעםב : 181

טעםאלב : 243

טפחהלא : 341

הורהאו ט : 86

124 :ידגש

ידגשפ : 81

דגשהאי : 116

יהאלא : 225

ודי : 57, 96, 96, 217

ודי : 140

יודלא : 98, 101, 141, 218, 220,

225

חדפהאי : 338

חדפוי : 263

נצבי : 80

242 ,157 ,146 :יסכן

סתופאי : 265

סתופיי : 268

רפיי : 118

רפיהאי : 117

ירפעל : 257

שדי : 118

תחרךי : 171, 188, 241, 245

יתחרכאפ : 295

343 ,239 ,129 :כאדם

כאסרהלא : 67, 79, 85, 89, 91,

94, 96, 104, 111, 112

אפאתכ : 116

אפיןכ : 104

כדאםאלו : 339

כטלא : 120

כלאםלא : 31, 32, 111, 130, 131,

132, 145, 165, 172, 226,

226, 236, 277, 279, 286,

287, 305, 324, 336

כלאםאלכ : 111

כלמהלא : 11, 52, 53, 87, 150,

152, 168, 178, 292, 343,

345

כלמתיןלא : 342

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Indexes 349

כלףלא : 63

ףכ : 210

כףאל : 161

כףאלו : 161

פיףכ : 54

232 ,227 ,203 :כפיפה

כפתהאל : 233

לגאתלא : 311, 318

חןל : 82, 83, 239, 343

לחןאל : 11, 13, 68, 80, 174, 246

לחןב : 19, 20

לחןאלב : 52

לחןו : 129

לחןאלו : 245 למדאל : 160

לסאןלא : 29, 36, 37, 39, 327,

327, 329

לפט לא : 119

הלא לפט : 129

הב לפצ : 103

שוןל : 126

לשוןה : 28, 325

מאילהאלו : 341

ילא מאצ : 212

יבאל מאצ : 213

ארכהמ : 21, 21

302 ,120 :מדגוש

125 :מדגושה

מדכרל : 11

וארבהמ : 321

מונתל : 9

מורפייןלא : 36, 38

חטמ : 151, 153

,330 ,329 ,327 ,325 ,25 :מחל

332, 333, 334

חלהאמ : 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 324

יודעמ : 222

מיודעאל : 221

מיםלא : 161

מיםאלו : 173

כפפאמ : 199

מלאלא : 138

לוךמ : 273

מלוךלא : 131, 134, 143, 307,

308

לךמ : 18, 69, 76, 108, 115, 133,

151, 181, 191, 213, 234,

254, 267

מלךלא : 70, 71, 75, 198, 200,

259, 261, 264, 264, 265,

267, 269, 270

מלךאלב : 74

מלךו : 133, 306

מלךאלו : 221

מלכיןאל : 100, 142

מםאל : 166

222 :מנכר

מנכרלא : 221

סתופאהמ : 236

סתקבלמ : 215

מסתקבללא : 213

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350 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

מעאנילל : 9

מענאהו : 310

מענאהאו : 317

ענימ : 68, 86

מענילא : 348

מעניב : 322

מעניו : 320

96 ,91 ,86 ,85 :מפיק

מפיקו : 57, 57, 57

מצאחףלא : 257

מקטעהאו : 152

344 :מקף

מקףלא : 342

מקףו : 345

מקראלא : 8, 123

רחיקמ : 57, 79

122 ,92 ,54 :מרפי

מרפייןלא : 41

שדדמ : 302

שתקהמ : 312

תחרךמ : 164, 165, 167, 169,

174, 179, 182, 189, 192,

242, 277, 286, 287, 297,

298

מתחרךאל : 156, 159, 161, 187,

194, 243, 249, 254, 282,

288

מתחרךבאל : 288

מתחרךו : 146

תחרכיןמ : 289

תקלמ : 166, 172

297 ,104 ,58 :מתראדפין

מתראדפיןאל : 178

245 :נגמאת

נגמהב : 339

צבנ : 340

נצבב : 340

נצבהאו : 340

נטקלא : 70, 74

קטנ : 315, 321

נקטב : 202, 218

319 ,98 :נקטה

נקטהאל : 31, 33, 309

נקטהב : 217

נקטהאלו : 139, 140, 142

קטה נ : 321

קטהאנ : 231

קטתיןנ : 98, 316

נקטתיןאלו : 140

אכןס : 146, 151, 160, 163, 173,

175, 179, 189, 240, 242,

297, 298, 305

סאכןלא : 146, 155, 158, 159,

160, 241

סאכןב : 279

סאכןאלו : 289

אכנאס : 149

אכניןס : 292

סאכניןאל : 290

גולהס : 315

הלא סגל : 330

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Indexes 351

סגלהאלו : 274

כוןס : 188, 282

סכוןלא : 193, 283

סכוןאלו : 192

293 :סכן

לסלהס : 21, 21

סמאךב : 47

ספלאניאל : 331

עבראנילא : 224, 255, 301

עיןלא : 206

28 :עיקר

הלשוןקריע : 28

325 :עקר

הלשוןעקר : 325

הב ערצ : 36

פאתחהאל : 231, 235, 313, 329

פאתחהב : 227

פאתחהאלו : 193, 274

פאתחהוב : 228

פאתחה אל : 232

פעללא : 215

תחפ : 313

פתחואל : 135

תחהפ : 166

פתחהלא : 138

צדיאלו : 294

יצ יר : 316

צירילא : 332

ריצ : 98

םצ : 330

312 :קאמצה

קאמצהלא : 193, 273, 327

קאמצהב : 203, 204

קואמץלא : 215

קמץלא : 135, 137

קמץו : 312

רישאל : 121, 152

פיר : 249

שאמייןאל : 92

ואש : 106, 113, 166, 179, 198,

240, 286, 286, 299, 303

שואאל : 108, 115, 145, 146,

155, 163, 164, 167, 168,

171, 175, 178, 184, 187,

194, 198, 202, 202, 203,

208, 209, 211, 213, 214,

215, 217, 217, 220, 225,

227, 233, 233, 235, 239,

243, 247, 247, 249, 251,

254, 259, 261, 264, 267,

269, 271, 273, 277, 282,

293, 305

שואאלב : 160, 161, 188, 242,

289

שואאלו : 241

שואלל : 189

שואאלפ : 169, 173, 181

297 ,292 :שואאין

שיןלא : 293

שיןאלו : 157

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352 The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

59 :שירה

שפתיןלא : 41, 41, 323

322 :שרק

שרקלא : 334

תאולא : 152

תבדיללא : 45

תוו : 294

אתלא ו ת : 125

חריךת : 168

חרךת : 161, 184

תחרךאל : 251

128 ,126 :תיו

תיולא : 124, 127

327 ,36 :תלת

נפיסת : 76

336 :תנפס

סכינהמאת : 294

פתחת : 313

תקדירב : 83

קילהת : 204, 228

252 :תקל

תקלאל : 268

תקלב : 128

תראדףלא : 299

ראדפאת : 105

ראדפהמאת : 298

תתניהלא : 347

תתקיללא : 183

תתקילאלב : 180

תתקילאלפ : 164

Page 366: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by

OPENACCESS

Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures

General Editor Geoffrey Khan

Page 367: The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical …of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by

About the series

This series is published by Open Book Publishers in collaboration with the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies of the University of Cambridge. The aim of the series is to publish in open-access form monographs in the field of Semitic languages and the cultures associated with speakers of Semitic languages. It is hoped that this will help disseminate research in this field to academic researchers around the world and also open up this research to the communities whose languages and cultures the volumes concern. This series includes philological and linguistic studies of Semitic languages and editions of Semitic texts. Titles in the series will cover all periods, traditions and methodological approaches to the field. The editorial board comprises Geoffrey Khan, Aaron Hornkohl, and Esther-Miriam Wagner.

This is the first Open Access book series in the field; it combines the high peer-review and editorial standards with the fair Open Access model offered by OBP. Open Access (that is, making texts free to read and reuse) helps spread research results and other educational materials to everyone everywhere, not just to those who can afford it or have access to well-endowed university libraries.

Copyrights stay where they belong, with the authors. Authors are encouraged to secure funding to offset the publication costs and thereby sustain the publishing model, but if no institutional funding is available, authors are not charged for publication. Any grant secured covers the actual costs of publishing and is not taken as profit. In short: we support publishing that respects the authors and serves the public interest.

Other titles of the series

Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew

Shai Heijmans (ed.)

doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0164

You can find more information about this serie at: http://www.openbookpublishers.com/section/107/1

Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures

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Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures

The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew.

In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ

‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias.

Links and QR codes in the book allow readers to listen to an oral performance of samples of the reconstructed Tiberian pronuncia� on by Alex Foreman. This is the fi rst � me Biblical Hebrew has been recited with the Tiberian pronuncia� on for a millennium.

As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found at www.openbookpublishers.com

Cover image: Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 31.61 (Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ). Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Cover design: Luca Baff a

Geoffrey Khan

The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. II)

OBP

Kh

an

1

The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

GEOFFREY KHAN

Volume II

ebook and OA edi� ons also available

OPENACCESS

ebook

Th

e Tib

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ron

un

ciation

Trad

ition

of B

iblical H

ebrew

Vol. II