TAFISA · The TAFISA Magazine is the official magazine of TAFISA. It is published up to two times a year and issued to members, partners and supporters of TAFISA. Articles published

TA F I S AM A G A Z I N E

Tradit ional Sport and Games:

New Perspect ives on Cultura l Her i tage

1 2008

4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games 2008

Under the Patronage of

Contact

TAFISA OfficeDienstleistungszentrumMainzer Landstraße 15360261 Frankfurt/MainGERMANYPhone 0049.69.136 44 747Fax 0049.69.136 44 748e-mail [email protected]://www.tafisa.net

Impressum

Editor: Trim & Fitness International Sport for All Association (TAFISA)

Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Dr. Diane Jones-Palm

Editorial Assistant: Margit Budde

Editorial Board: Dr. Oscar Azuero, Colombia, Wolfgang Baumann, Germany, Prof. Dr. Ju-Ho Chang, Korea, Comfort Nwankwo, Nigeria, Jorma Savola, Finland

Production and layout: Gebr. Klingenberg Buchkunst Leipzig GmbH

Distribution: 1500

ISSN: 1990-4290

This Magazine is published in connection with the 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport forAll Games, Busan, Korea, 26.09. - 02.10.2008 under the Patronage of IOC, ICSSPE and UNESCO

The TAFISA Magazine is the official magazine of TAFISA. It is published up to two timesa year and issued to members, partners and supporters of TAFISA. Articles publishedreflect the views of the authors and not necessarily those of TAFISA. Reproduction of arti-cles is possible as long as the source is accredited.

The TAFISA Magazine is published with the support of the German Federal Ministry ofthe Interior, City of Frankfurt, Commerzbank AG, Hessian State Ministry of the Interiorand for Sport, German Olympic Sport Confederation, Gundlach Holding GmbH & Co. KGand Sport StadiaNet AG

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EditorialDiane Jones-Palm (USA)

The Future of Traditional Games and SportsJürgen Palm (Germany)

UNESCO and Traditional Sports and GamesWataru Iwamoto (Japan)

Traditional Games as “Sport for All”from Traditional Rope Jumping to Modern Rope SkippingGertrud Pfister (Denmark)

Traditional Wrestling in the ECOWAS AreaDjibril Badji (Burkina Faso)

Traditional Movement Culture in the Caceres/SpainDirk Nasser (Spain)

Developing a Culturally-based Sport for All Program for Wellness andEmpowerment among the Indigenous Peoples of MindanaoHenry C. Daut (Philippines)

Traditional Sports and Games: A Resource for AllJoel Raynaud (France)

Traditional Games – the Australian ExperienceHon Brian Dixon (Australia)

Billiard, Traditional Game Transformed Today into a Cultural HeritageOscar Azuero-Ruiz (Colombia)

ETSGA, a Network for Traditional Games and Sports Guy Jaouen (France)

Traditional Sport and Sport for All: A Bond of Unity and Recreation The African (Nigeria) PerspectiveComfort Nwankwo (Nigeria)

The Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage as a Method to SafeguardTraditional Sports and Games as an Intangible Cultural Heritage ofHumankindJorge Gustavo Caicedo (Mexico)

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Cooperation and Opposition in Sport and in Traditional GamesPierre Parlebas (France)

4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All GamesJu-Ho Chang (Korea)

TAFISA/UNESCO Busan Appeal

Upcoming Events

Membership list

Board of Directors

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This volume has a key theme that extends tothe heart of Sport for All: traditional gamesand sports. The rise of the internationalsports movement in the 20th century hascaused traditional games and sports tobehind or even disappear. But there is goodnews; traditional sports are coming back tolife again. This renaissance is due to the sig-nificant role traditional games and sports canplay today as part of our cultural heritage andlocal identity. This global trend to rediscov-er, develop and promote traditional gamesand sports is present in many ways: inrenewed interest in research and publica-tions, ever-more organizations being devel-oped and in increasing numbers of practicalevents at the local, regional and internationallevel.

There is no question that traditional gamesand sports build national identity and con-tribute the popular Sport for All culture.Above all traditional games and sports arenecessary counterparts to the globalizedmass culture of today, and as important asmusic, literature and architecture. Tra-ditional sports give us a platform to cele-brate our diversity and regional cultural sig-nificance in spite of globalization.

TAFISA has always put special emphasison the development and promotion of tradi-tional sports and games and has proved to

play a decisive and worldwide recognizedrole in this field. This major task is alsomentioned in the TAFISA statutes andTAFISA already in 1992 has launched aspecial event under the title “TAFISAWorld Sport for All Games” for the world-wide promotion of this field. 2008 with thepatronage of IOC, UNESCO and ICSSPEhas faced the most successful fourth editionof this unique event in Busan, Republic ofKorea. These TAFISA Games can be notonly considered to be a turning point in thehistory of TAFISA but also for the globalmovement of traditional games and sports.

This can be also documented by the adop-tion of the TAFISA / UNESCO BusanAppeal in Busan which clearly states thatall efforts have to be taken to preserve thecultural heritage of traditional games andsports. As you will see this volume willreflect this new movement in many waysand from various angles.

We are grateful that prominent experts inthis field from all over world have acceptedour request to contribute to this Magazine.We hope you enjoy reading about the tradi-tion, culture, history and joy of TraditionalGames and Sports.

Editorial

Diane Jones-Palm is a Collegiate Professor and medical sociolo-gist at the University of Maryland in Heidelberg. She worked asa behavioral scientist at the US Centers for Disease Control andPrevention in the area of health risk behaviors, including physi-cal inactivity, and was an investigator in WHO’s MONICAProject, focusing on international patterns of physical activity asa risk factor for cardiovascular disease. She was teaching at Emory University inAtlanta before joining UMUC in Germany in January 1996. She has made over ahundred presentations on the topics of physical activity, health and society in coun-tries around the world, including many TAFISA training academies and annual mee-tings, and has published on the topic in magazines, professional journals and books.

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Under the term “Sport for All” human phys-ical activity is characterized by a worldwidegrowth of participation (beyond 1 billionhumans), innovation of form and equipment(aerobics, spinning, snow boarding), andthe creativity in bringing people to publicspace like squares, parks, streets, beaches(for instance 2,5 million persons participat-ing every Sunday in the Bogotá Cyclovia).Supplementing these innovative processesis a new love for the past: the rediscovery ofour physical cultures of yesterday in theform of the traditional games and sports.

Indigenous games and sports are comingback: in Thailand and China, Iran and India,in Korea, in China, in Nigeria and Egypt aswell as in Mexico, Brazil, the arctic circleof Greenland, but also in Europe.

There are a nearly unimaginable variety offorms of traditional sport: In Africa aloneover 400 games have been documented –and hundreds are yet to be registered. Thesegames are characterised by their diversityand regional cultural significance.

Indigenous games and sports should be rec-ognized as necessary counterparts to theglobalized mass culture of today right along-side regional language, music, literature andarchitecture. Their re-appearance is a sign forthe “survival of the specific” and a chance toenjoy diversity in spite of globalization.

Modern sport itself is an example of global-ization – and the Olympic Games may bethe first worldwide-distributed global cul-ture: nearly a quarter century before thefilm industry and a century before theInternet (GRUPE, 2000). No doubt: theprocess of globalization holds enormousadvantages in productivity, information,

lower prices, access to former privilegesetc. But we have to watch the influence of auniformed way of life on discarding cultur-al identity and human diversity.

I believe that the human being today - as theones that lived before us - has an existentialdemand to be in groups which exist overtime. Groups such as the family, the neigh-borhood, hobby groups, colleagues at work,sport teams, clubs or competitors in a matchare necessary mediators between the indi-vidual and bigger society. Traditionalgames preserve chances to take part in thevirtues of community interaction. In everygame, every dance, every wrestling match,hiking event, words and gestures bring realinteraction into life.

Traditional games and sports of that pastthat are alive in the manifold regional cul-tures of the world have a new chance of sur-vival and of contributing to the quality oflife. In the revival of indigenous gamesand sport the World Festivals of TraditionalSports and Games are playing a major role.Traditional and regional games are increas-ingly generating international and globalinterest. There are remarkable examples:Dragon boat racing has international cham-pionships now. Capoeira has a world or-ganization as its foundation. Tug of War,Lacrosse, and Sepak Takraw all have inter-national federations and championships.

Zurkaneh is a 2000 year old game ofstrength, rhythm and physical contemplation.Based on the Iranic Schiite Islam culture,Zurkaneh has become an international feder-ation and thus leaves the territories of Isma.What also is remarkable is the application ofZurkaneh for women, who were excludedfrom the sport for two thousand years.

The Future of Traditional Games and SportsJürgen Palm

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The globalization of traditional, regionalsport forms is nothing new. After allEuropean, North American sports featuredin the Olympic all began as traditionalsports. Now we can look at all the varia-tions of Asian Martial Arts that find theirfollowers in Europe and the Americas. Welook at the interchange of wrestling disci-plines, which takes place between Icelandand the Canary Islands. We see how hurlingfollowed Irish emigrants to north America.And we can see that the Tango has a renais-sance in Finland and Estonia far away fromthe floors of Andalusia.

The possibility to conduct traditional sportsin a framework of internationally acceptedrules allows a permeability in the forms ofsport. Capoeira can be mixed with aerobicsand tournaments established. Martial artsteachers from China work in Canada,Canadian Lacrosse teams are invited todemonstrate and teach in Korea. Log throw-ers from Scotland find out that they dosomething similar in Hungary and thatbecomes a reason for an exchange and maylead to an adapted system of rules betweenseveral sides.

Where as customary television focuses on ahandful of competitves, exclusive sports,new programs are discovering the visualattractivity of indigenous sports. When theculture TV channel Arte, shared by Franceand Germany, presents Basque strengthsports or Iranian Bastani, and the Americanprogram „Ushuaia“ or the “DiscoveryChannel” present the Tarahumara Run andthe Southwest Broadcasting SWRF showsIrish Hurling, they not only cater for vie-wers with interest in cultural discoveries,they might also stimulate trying out suchtraditional games, and stimulate competiti-ve forms on another continent.

Which are the consequences? Dragon Boatraces on the Maschsee in Germany lookquite different from ones in Hong Kong: the

boats are stripped off all decorative ele-ments, the rowers are in a sports clothes andno more in regional costumes. Of coursepart of the character of the game haschanged, but the sport itself is saved for itsongoing practice!

What qualifies a traditional and regionalsport as a Sport for All is the principle ofinclusion, applied to a wide range of poten-tial activities. Any indigenous sport whichis not physically harmful and doesn’trequest superior qualification or economicwealth can be a Sport for All.

Seeing a sport under the inclusion impera-tive solves a problem and creates two majorchanges. It solves the problem of access asa right for everybody that can be interestedin the activity. However this logically canlead to include persons which formerlywere excluded, like women in a traditional-ly male activity and vice versa. That is thefirst major change. And it transports anindigenous game, dance, sport into a for-eign location, into a contrasting culturalsetup. That is the second major change pro-duced by the application of inclusion to tra-ditional games.

The combination of protecting, rediscover-ing, developing traditional sports on onehand and the development of Sport for Allon the other hand have a fruitful if conflic-tive consequence: both are essentiallychanging. The result may not be as distinc-tive here as it is in high performance sportbut it is significant anyhow.

The migration of sportive activities fromone part of the world to another is not lim-ited to competitive sports, but includesrecreational activities, health oriented prac-tices, spiritual involvement and aestheticperformances.

Top sport television has played a role in tra-ditional games, generating possibilities for

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tourism and invovlement of the interestedgeneral public: European visitors to theUnited States have brought Square Danceand Horseshoes back home, visitors to IndiaYoga practices, and the transfer of long dis-tance sled dog racing from Alaska toBavaria was enhanced by a tourist experi-ence. A citizen of Uruguay or Argentineused to Tango at the Rio de la Plata maywonder about the difference found in thisdance when practiced in Helsinki orBratislava. Huskies in Bavaria pulling sledson wheels may astound an Alaskan, and, aswell, a Yoga class in the Swedish provincemay astonish a visitor from Mumbay. Thepractice of traditional sports and gamesgeographically and culturally distant fromthe geographic and cultural origin causeschanges in meanings and practice

Coming to the third question: Does theglobalization of a traditional sport excludeor support its character of a Sport for All?The quantity of practitioners internationallycontributes to the growth of a formerlyregional sport. Variability may lead to lossesas diversity and culturally creative varia-tions change. But the goal of Sport for Allforbids in itself to keep indigenous sports inisolation from the rest of the world andunder museum-like conditions. Sport forAll development should understand, recog-nize and support the regional and interna-tional diversity of games, dances, sportsand their context with customs and cos-tumes, religion, culture and music whereverand whenever they are presented and cele-brated as a synonym of specific identity.

Our fourth question is what happens when atraditional activity is stripped off its situa-tional, ritual, ceremonial, spiritual contextand becomes a physical activity? Do thegains outweigh the losses? The answer canonly be given from either the culture con-servation or Sport for All promoter’s view-point. In the view of the Sport for Allpromoter, the gains will be highlighted.

From the viewpoint of the conservationist,the losses are dominant.

This leaves us in a paradox: we want to sup-port regional identity and cultural heritageand find modern an appropriate medium forthat identity. The dominance of sport overthe historic socio-cultural context is en-hanced in the process of promoting thesetraditions in the environment of Sport forAll programs. Under the conditions ofchanging societies we cannot have both, thecomplete preservation of the past and theinclusivion promised in the world of mod-ern sport.

Even ethnologists hoping to conserve thepurity of traditional games will admit thatwith rediscovered indigenous activities andmodern sports - both in cooperative andnon-competitive in form – is a socio-cultur-al experiment under way, with interestingconsequences for both. The ethnocentrismof the original Olympic movement is over-come and a place for the inherited past in anactive presence is secured. The culturalwidth of sport is extended way beyond ofwhat was seen as sport just one generationago.

This is expressed in the growing number ofsports in a future sport culture. Conserva-tive definitions of sports can be left behindand new contexts explored with the benefitof an open process and cultural innovation. Take some examples:

1. Esthetic expression and combat are notcontradictions: they can be combined likethey are in Capoeira.

2. Aerobic endurance and muscular powermust not exclude each other as can beseen in the case of Canelas Log Runs among Brazilian tribes.

3. Strength training must not be limited toup and down linear weight exercises butcan take the form of round swingingmovements as in the Iranian Bastani.

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Could it be that the acceptance of globaliza-tion is the prize for survival? Probably yes. TAFISA made a decisive step when itbrought games and sports from all cornersof the world to the first World Festival inBonn, Germany. This Festival allowed theglobalization of the regional character oftraditional games. This is a different ap-proach than Margaret Mead learned visitingthe tribes on the Pacific Islands.

Observation is not actively interfering. InHanover at the EXPO 2000 however tribalMexican Indians of Mayan descent insteadof performing their 150 km log run over thehills of their home now were running on theasphalt of a Western city.

Without this transformation from regionalto global, UNESCO would not have per-ceived and agreed in recognizing the world’scultural heritage of traditional sports.

The interchange of the games of the pastwith the sport of today can extend wellbeyond a loss of cultural context to a chancefor a creative interaction.

We are coming to a complex fifth question:Can traditional sports keep their signifi-cance as a counterweight to globalizationwhen they are played beyond their homeregions? And are they then still authentic?

Traditional sports, when they are stripped oftheir socio-cultural context and integratedinto educative or recreational concepts, dolose essential parts of their authenticity.They keep the name and the main kineticqualities and – as in the case of some mar-tial arts – make efforts to conserve ethicalmeanings. But they are played in a differenttime, on different grounds, often with dif-ferent equipment and played by people of adiffering socialization and enculturation.

Jürgen Palm who passed away in 2006, was among the found-ing fathers of TAFISA in 1991 and served as TAFISA presidentuntil 2005, when he retired and was elected honorary president.He was an articulate and tireless champion of Traditional Sports,and organized the first TAFISA World Festival of TraditionalGames and Sports in Bonn, Germany. In his professional careerJürgen Palm was the Executive Director of the German Sports Federation for near-ly 40 years. As the father of the “Trim Movement” his achievements for the GermanSport for All development have been unsurpassed. He was highly respected in thefield of sports, authoring hundreds of scholarly and popular articles and earningnumerous awards, including the highest civilian order of the Federal Republic ofGermany, the American Dwight Eisenhower Fitness Award and awards of distinctionfrom ICSSPE and the IOC.

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UNESCO, as the UN agency responsiblefor education, science, culture and commu-nication, has promoted a program on sportand physical education as a vehicle for thedevelopment of both the individual and thesociety. Among various issues in the fieldof sport and physical education TraditionalSports and Games is most important andcalls for the attention of the Member Statesof UNESCO.

UNESCO’s Role in the Development ofTraditional Sports and Games

Many Traditional Sports and Games havebeen durable parts of cultural identity anddiversity. Often they have lasted in similarforms for thousands of years and been thebackbone of diverse communities. How-ever, it is recognized that the retention ofTraditional Sports and Games within differ-ent societies rapidly declined recently.UNESCO is driven to protect and promotethese sports to further community spirit,bring peoples together and install a sense ofpride in a society’s cultural roots.

Why is UNESCO interested in preserv-ing and promoting Traditional Sportsand Games?

UNESCO organized the 3rd InternationalConference of ministers and senior officialsresponsible for Physical Education andSport (MINEPS III) in Punta del Este,Uruguay, in 1999. At this conference it wasnoted that “the World Festival ofTraditional Sports” be celebrated in June2000 under the auspices of the Trim andFitness International Sport for All Associa-tion (TAFISA) and with the patronage ofUNESCO in connection with the Hanoverworld exhibition ‘Expo 2000’, will help to

create a worldwide awareness of traditionalsports and indigenous games and physicalactivities, thus making an important contri-bution to their preservation”. The endeavorsof promoting Traditional Sports and Gameswere further emphasized at MINEPS IVwhich was held in Athens, Greece, in 2004.Consequently, Resolution 21 at theUNESCO 33rd General Conference “in-vites Member States to find appropriatemechanisms for sharing information abouttraditional games and sports and about theirefforts to preserve and protect them”.

Why are Traditional Sports and Gamesrelevant to UNESCO?

One of UNESCO’s concerns is how to safe-guard cultural identity. The organization hasmade an effort to include diverse fieldsunder this umbrella. For the PhysicalEducation and Sport section of UNESCO,Traditional Sports and Games may providea window through which cultural identityand diversity can be observed. The preser-vation of these traditional activities pro-motes peace between different populationsby encouraging dialogue and understandingbetween diverse cultures.

What is UNESCO doing for TraditionalSports and Games?

As a follow-up to the recommendations ofMINEPS III, UNESCO published “TheWorld Sport Encyclopedia” in 2008.Furthermore, in line with UNESCO Resolu-tion 33C/R.21 and the recommendationsadopted by the Ministers of PhysicalEducation and Sport during MINEPS III andIV, an international platform for the promo-tion and development of Traditional Gamesand Sport was launched in November 2006.

UNESCO and Traditional Sports and GamesWataru Iwamoto

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UNESCO has also proposed the develop-ment of a Network on Traditional Sportsand Games (UNTSG) that will incorporatethe: - Creation of national networks- Provision for supporting research-policy

linkages for promotion and protection- Capacity to improve the sharing and dis-

semination of information through semi-nars, conferences and publications

UNESCO will endeavor to continue tostrengthen its relationships with all stake-holders in the field of sport and physicaleducation, in particular, Traditional Sportsand Games.

After long career as the Governmental Official in the JapaneseMinistry of Education, Culture, Science and Sport, Mr IWAMO-TO joined UNESCO in September 2001 and was appointed a ofthe Division for Secondary, Technical and Voca-tionalEducation. He has attended numerous international meetings andsymposia including 47th Council of the UNESCO International Bureau ofEducation in 2001. He made an intervention on Secondary Education and conduct-ed sessions on various occasions such as the International Conference on SecondaryEducation Reform organized by the Omanese Govern-ment and UNESCO in 2002.He was also responsible for organization of MINEPS IV (Fourth InternationalConference of Ministers and Senior Officials Responsible for Physical Educationand Sport) held in Athens in 2004. Since January 2006, He assumes the responsi-bility of the Director of the Division of Social Sciences, Research and Policy in theSocial and Human Science Sector, in working continuously in the field of youth,sport and physical education. He made an intervention at the V World Forum onSport, Education and Culture in Beijing in 2006. He also assumed the DirectorGeneral’s representative during the First Conference of Parties to the InternationalConvention against Doping in Sport in 2007.

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On the history of rope jumpingRope jumping was one of those physicalactivities that I “naturally” learnt to master asa child. And I’ve still got a very ordinary andgreying little jumping rope that has survivedfrom those times. I have not pursued thetraces of rope jumping in the various coun-tries and continents in any great detail, butinitial research has already revealed that ropejumping was, and still is, a common pastimein many different epochs and cultures.

It is rumoured that rope jumping was prac-tised in Greek antiquity as a gymnastic exer-cise (Diem, 1971, vol. 1, p. 152). Girls inSparta are reported to have jumped up to asmany as a thousand times. In Polynesia, onthe island of Tonga, various exercises andcompetitions with long as well as a shortjumping ropes were common, and very pop-ular especially among girls. Even so, boystook part in these games as well. In Korearope jumping was a boy’s game (Diem, 1971,vol. 1, p. 414). Likewise, in a book called“Games Children Enjoy”, published byCatsen in Zurich in 1657, there is an illustra-tion of a boy jumping with a rope. The textaccompanying the illustration points out thatrope jumping teaches children rhythm. In17th century German the text explains: “Therope jumper shows how to heed the hour, tobeware of time lest the occasion eludes one”(quoted in Masüger, year unknown, p. 90).

Rope jumping was also greatly valued by thePhilanthropists, especially GutsMuths,whose “Gymnastics for Youth”, published in1793, was considered one of the most impor-tant publications on the subject of physicalexercises. Translated into numerous lan-guages, it became popular all over Europe.However, youth referred merely to “maleyouth”, girls being completely barred from

gymnastics. GutsMuths devoted a wholechapter to “Dancing with ropes and hoops”(pp. 455ff). For GutsMuths rope jumpingwas of great importance from the point ofview of the methods and “science of train-ing”. “Dancing with a rope” constituted an“encumbrance while running and jumping”,and in his opinion the greater difficulty thatresulted from this, along with the need tomake use of the whole body, contributedtowards improving both skill and perform-ance. A good eye, the right beat and the deco-rum of poise and movement were furtherbenefits of exercises with ropes. GutsMuthsdescribes numerous exercises, includingdouble and triple “unders”, jumping on com-mands and speed contests.

In Germany, on the grounds used by theTurners (the Turnplätze), as well as in thepractice of Turnen, jumping with a rope wasa well- established activity. Friedrich LudwigJahn, the father of Turnen, and his support-ers, had not only educational but also politi-cal objectives, advocating an educationwhich prepared young men to fight for theircountry. Their aims were liberation fromFrench occupation, a united Germany and aGerman constitution. But like the gymnasi-ums of the Philanthropist, the grounds of theTurners were no place for women.

In Jahn and Eiselen’s “Deutsche Turnkunst”(the “Practice of German Turnen”), pub-lished in 1816, there are descriptions of exer-cises with a short rope: jumping with armscrossed, while walking or trotting, with turns,etc., as well as with long ropes: various tech-niques of walking through and jumping overthe rope (pp. 147ff). In their instructions onsetting up a Turnplatz, the authors designatea separate area for rope jumping, and the listof apparatus required includes both short and

Traditional Games as “Sport for All” - from TraditionalRope Jumping to Modern Rope SkippingGertrud Pfister

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long “jumping ropes” (p. 206). Thus, ropejumping had an established place in thecanon of exercises performed by the Turners.In the period of Restoration after Napoleon’sdefeat, the political objectives of the Turnerswere no longer desirable; in 1820 Turnenwas banned, at least in Prussia.

Nevertheless, out of concern for the health ofyoung people, gymnastics courses continuedto be provided in Germany. And health wasone reason why the “weaker sex” also cameto enjoy the privilege of physical exercise.Since the motto of girls’ gymnastics was:“Head up, legs down and closed” rope jump-ing was declared especially suitable for girlsas it did not offend the rules of decorum andwas neither too strenuous nor dangerous.

In the 1840s gymnastics became a subject atGerman schools, first of all at boys second-ary schools. But it wasn’t until almost half acentury later that gymnastics was taught at allschools. From the very beginning rope jump-ing belonged to the canon of gymnastic exer-cises for both girls and boys. A brief surveyof exercises with ropes is also given inEuler’s famous “Encyclopaedia” (1895, vol.2, p. 732). Lion, the author of the article, hadalready published a monograph on the sub-ject, in which he recommended – besides theexercises described by GutsMuths – variouskinds of jumps and gymnastic elements likeperforming a forward roll. In his article Lionremarked: “The number of exercises puttogether in this way is virtually inex-haustible” (p. 624).

Rope jumping was also mentioned in thenumerous compendia of games that werepublished since the 1860s and increasingly inconnection with the “games movement” thatemerged in Germany from the 1880sonwards. The games movement was a “citi-zens’ initiative” with the aim of promotingchildren’s games. It grew out of a concern fora seeming decline in the health of the nation,documented in the numbers of recruits fit (or

unfit) for military service. In a time ofspreading nationalism, decreasing nationalstrength was perceived as a threat to thecountry’s future. In 1891 the Central Com-mittee for National and Youth Games wasfounded, which supported the building ofplaygrounds, the training of games leaders,the publishing of rules for games and theorganising of games afternoons and gamesfestivals. In accordance with its motto “Thestrong are born of the strong”, girls were ad-mitted to the games movement (Pfister 1982).Rope jumping is referred to in Kloss’s“Gymnastics as Play, or Enjoyable Gamesfor Active Boys” (Dresden 1861), as well asin his book of games for girls, and also inMittenzwey’s “Outdoor Games” (1884) andin Trapp and Pinzke’s compendium of gameswhich appeared in the same year. In his bookof girls’ games, Netsch deals extensivelywith rope jumping. In vivid colours and poet-ic language he describes how, “once thespring sun has begun to warm people’s heartsand dry the streets and the squares”, spiritedyoung girls get out their jumping ropes and“swing their favourite piece of gymnasticapparatus in beautifully changing arcs andcircles, jumping and hopping with lightness


versatility. Rope jumping has always been achildren’s game, but it belonged also to thecanon of exercises of both the Philanthropistsand German Turners, as well as being anintegral part of not only rhythmic gymnasticsbut also boxing training. Jumping was donein schools and on the streets, by boys as wellas girls, and in many epochs and cultures.

What also strikes one is the fact that ropejumping was not “sportified” at the turn ofthe century, at a time when sport began its tri-umphal march not only through Germany butthrough the whole of Europe and NorthAmerica. Jumpers may have tried, of course,to increase the number of jumps or turns ofthe rope, as well as making the jumps evermore complicated; nevertheless, rope jump-ing remained either a recreational activity ora form of gymnastic training. It neverbecame a competitive, performance-orientedsport.

Rope skipping todayIn the 1970s rope jumping enjoyed a renais-sance in the United States. The AmericanHeart Association began to encourage chil-dren and adolescents to take up rope jumpingin order to strengthen the heart and circula-tion. In addition, the police and social work-ers used tricks with long ropes to occupy andre-socialise problem youths in “black” neigh-bourhoods. In anti-drug campaigns, themotto “Rope is better than dope” was used tocoax youngsters away from drugs and tophysical exercise.

Thus, rope skipping was rediscovered andpractised again with growing enthusiasm bychildren and adolescents on the streets and inbackyards. More and more combinations andnew variants of swinging and jumping therope were invented or re-invented; skippingor jumping was done in rhythm, to the beat ofdance-floor hits; rope quality was improved– and a new image and movement were born. Rope skipping has many fans in differentparts of the world, like Japan, where a

and grace” (1895, pp. 49-50). For Netschgirls with their jumping ropes and youthfullight-heartedness go together like spring andblossoming nature. But he also points to thedangers of girls “jumping endlessly untilthey are exhausted” or “stamping, whilepitching the body from one foot to theother”. Rope jumping, though, is also recom-mended for boys, appearing, for example, inHermann Wagner’s “Illustrated Book ofBoys’ Games” (year unknown, p. 29). Boyswere considered to be capable of “strongerfare” than girls; even so, they too werewarned of the harmful effects of “excessive”play. Wagner mentions not only “normal”rope jumping but also jumping over a hori-zontal rope fixed at one end, as well as agame of tag in which the boys try to catchone another while jumping through the rope.Rope jumping belonged to the canons ofchil-dren’s games in many other countries,too. It is described in books of games fromEngland and the United States, for examplein Jessie Bancroft’s “Games for the Play-ground” (1922): “Jumping a rope isadmirable for boys and girls, combiningmuch skill with invigorating exercise ...” (p.117). Gomez (1990) describes rope jumpingas a street game in Colombia. And I havewatched girls jumping with ropes in France,Cyprus and Italy.”

In Germany rope jumping survived the waveof “sportification” which set in after the turn ofthe century and even took on new functions. Invarious gymnastic systems and schools, forexample that of Medau, the jum-ping rope wasused as a piece of hand apparatus. In modernrhythmic gymnastics, exercises with ropeshave developed into acrobatic performanceswhich no longer have anything to do with theoriginal use of the rope. In addition, ropejumping has been discovered as functionalgymnastics for training en-durance and agilityin several types of sport such as boxing.

When surveying the development of ropejumping, what strikes one is its variety and


The new ropes function quite differently.The crucial point is that the handles are hol-low, so that the rope can turn in them, whichincreases speed and accuracy. The rope isthus turned at the wrists, and the legsscarcely need to bend.

For individual skipping, ropes are made ofartificial fibres; for partner skipping, “beadedropes” are used, which are made of thin plas-tic pipes strung on a cord. This enables asmooth, slow swing. Long “cloth ropes” areused for skipping in a group. A further newdevelopment is the music – the wilder, thebetter. Depending on the skipper’s proficien-cy, the beat is faster or slower. The aim is toskip as fast and as dynamically as possible.

Fans readily claim that there are fundamen-tal differences between the moves performedin modern skipping and those of traditionaljumping. Compared to traditional jumping,they say, there is now a greater variety ofpossible movements of the legs, like doingthe splits or crossing the feet. The literatureon rope skipping from the 19th century, how-ever, reveals that numerous forms of jumpsand stunts were already known in those days.Even partner and group exercises belongedto the inventory of traditional rope jumping,just as they do today in skipping displays. Itmust be said, though, that many of the com-plicated tricks are only possible with the newropes.Today rope skipping is a succession of“tricks” ranging from the simple basic jumpto pair skipping and complex sequences ofmoves by several partners like the “wheel” orthe “visitor”. Besides, skipping can be com-bined with floor exercises or tricks with balls.The “tricks” are learnt at first in slow motion,and then performed at an ever increasingtempo with music and in combination withother tricks. The most difficult thing is for themembers of a group to jump synchronously.Thus, the “sportification” of rope skippingcan be seen in the development of a fixedcanon of exercises, the development of

Double-Dutch Association (a federation forjumping with long ropes) has been founded.The World Rope Skipping Federation(WRSF) was formed but later disbanded, butthere are various rope-skipping federations atnational and international levels. InGermany, the game is supervised by the DTB(the German Gymnastics Federation), theyouth association of the federation(Turnerjugend), as well as the RegionalGymnastics Associations, especially theassociations in the Rhineland Palatinate,Bavaria and Swabia (http://www.ropeskip-ping-dtb.de). Today rope skipping is prac-tised in roughly 4,500 clubs and schools inGermany. In addition, some fitness centresoffer rope skipping and there are also inde-pendent groups In 2004, the DTB establisheda specific committee for rope skipping andsince than the federation organises Germanchampionships. In the USA skipping is

organized by USA Jump Rope (USAJR), amerger of two former federations, formed in1995. In addition, regional and internationalfederation emerged: an European Federation,the Asian Rope Skipping Federations and theInternational Rope Skipping Federationbased in Canada.

What is new about rope skipping?One of the main difference between modernand traditional rope skipping is the rope.


methodical learning stages, the introductionof systematic measures of basic and furthertraining, the publication of manuals and theintroduction of competitions. The drivingforces as well as the consequences of thesedevelopments are to be seen in the organisa-tion of the sport into clubs and associations.

Rope skipping competitions are still a youngsport, with various forms of performancecomparison under discussion. As in all sportsin which performance cannot be measured incentimetres, grams or seconds, standards andevaluation criteria must first be developed.At present there are different types of compe-tition in rope skipping: there are, for exam-ple, individual contests, in which the num-bers of either specific jumps as “tripleunders” are counted. In speed contests theaim is to skip as fast as possible in a certaintime. The world record for 30 second is 188jumps. In the “freestyle” competition con-testants must combine as many complicatedtricks as they can. Similar contests exist forpairs. The list of competitions is rounded off,finally, by group contests, displays of four ormore participants, performing among otherthings speed relays or skipping with two longropes which are turned by two participants(“Double Dutch”). In 1991 the first Europeanchampionships took place in Ghent. The1999 European championships were held inBudapest, while in the same year the worldchampionships took place in St. Louis, in themother country of the rope skipping move-ment. In 2008 the world championship isorganised in Cape Town, South Africa.

What, then, makes rope skipping so attractive?The rational arguments in favour of promot-ing and encouraging rope skipping are itshealth benefits, its ability to improve basicmotor skills and coordination, its positiveeffects on overall physical condition, its ver-satility, the social aspects, the schooling ofcreativity, and its appeal for audiences. Whatmakes rope skipping so fascinating foryoungsters can only be conjectured, but the

fast beat of the music, the variety of thetricks, the quick sense of achievement andthe trendy image certainly all play an impor-tant role.

Rope skipping improves gymnastic andacrobatic skills and agility, as well as promot-ing creativity through its possibilities of com-bination and its dance elements. In addition –and this is something that is often neglectedin many “typical” girls’ sports – it is an

endurance sport which requires strength andstamina. Because it means doing sport withothers, with one’s best friend or in a group, itmotivates players to improve their perform-ance. Furthermore, all participants – eventhose with limited motor skills, and regard-less of age or size– can learn rope kippingand in time improve. The different tasks, forexample doing tricks in double Dutch withthe long ropes, also enable less agile girls tojoin in and be at the centre of things, swing-ing the ropes. Moreover, a slim figure andideals of beauty are of far less importance inrope skipping than, for example, in ballet,aerobics or even in rhythmic sport gymnas-tics. And, last but not least, RS is a sport atwhich girls can do as well as boys.

From a traditional game to “sport for all”The success story of rope skipping leads tothe question of whether other traditionalphysical activities might become “sport forall”. Why and how does a traditional gamedevelop into a sporting activity that isrequired to obey the principles of modernsport, i.e. abstract performance, competitionand the setting and breaking of records?


These principles are, at the same time, thecriteria for the “sportification” of a physicalactivity, meaning that traditional games canbecome sports if they allow the comparisonand improvement of performance. An impor-tant aspect with regard to a game’s attractionis – as youngsters constantly demand – that itisn’t boring; in other words, that it incorpo-rates ever new challenges. Moreover, it mustbe able to be integrated, ideally, into alreadyexisting structures and organisations. And acrucial aspect for its being accepted amongchildren and adolescents is trendy packagingand marketing. The sport must be in keepingwith young people’s outlooks, give them a“cool” image and help them to live out theiridentity. Ideals, activities and symbols willonly take hold if they can relate to theaddressees’ taste (in Bourdieu’s, 2004, senseof the term). Finally, it is of great importancethat a person or a small group “takes up thecause” of a new physical activity. InGermany Rope skipping found a number ofsupporters who formed informal “taskforces” to promote rope skipping, even ifthey did not always see eye to eye.

Rope skipping fulfils the above criteria, andsince it is done all over the world, the pro-spects are excellent for the popularisation ofits new sporting version. One now might askwhat other games exhibit similar features.

At the same time the question arises as towhether we really need any new “sports” atall and whether there is any point in furtherextending the list of recreational sportingactivities already provided.

There is general consensus that the numberof sports on offer in the rich industrial nationsis incredibly large. In big cities like Berlinthere seems to be a sporting activity for everytaste, every level of proficiency, every per-sonal motive and every pocket. In clubs,commercial studios, local colleges or evenalone people can choose their sport from alist ranging from jogging to Tai Chi and

Capoeira. Even so, there are numerous peo-ple and groups not catered for by the usualsport providers. And this is true to an evengreater extent of regions and countries inwhich, for a wide variety of reasons, there isno question of the population or certain sec-tions of the population taking up a sportingactivity. The reasons may range from the lackof facilities to prohibition or exclusion onreligious grounds.

New sports, therefore, should be promotedby the “sport for all” movement if they fulfilthe following criteria: they must be easy tolearn; there must be little risk of injury; thehealth benefits must be substantial; theremust be inclusion of different age groups,different levels of proficiency and bothsexes; and material expenses with regard tofacilities and equipment must be low. Ideallyit should be possible for the sport to beplayed by everyone everywhere. And, ifthese criteria are applied to rope kipping, thisnew sport scores very well. Perhaps we canall contribute towards promotion – and alsodiscover further children’s games that mightextend the range of the “sport of all” pro-gramme.

Why shouldn’t we observe the children play-ing on the streets? In today’s world, howev-er, it is often no longer possible to play on thestreets. Therefore, we ought to look back tothe past. In Germany we could revive the“games movement”, which developedtowards the end of the 19th century. At thattime the poor state of health of children andadolescents, as well as the great pressureplaced on them through school work, led toincreased calls for physical exercise andgames out of doors in the fresh air. Andtoday, for a variety of reasons – lack of exer-cise, an environment that is not particularly“children-friendly”, less time given over tophysical education at school – the develop-ment of motor skills and the state of health ofchildren and adolescents are at greater riskthan they have seldom been before.


The books of games published in the pastmay provide us with lots of new ideas abouthow to turn long-forgotten children’s gamesinto “sports for all”.

Bibliography

Bancrofts, Jessie: Games for the Playground.New York 1922

Böttcher, Heiner: Rope Skipping. Aachen 1997

Bourdieu, Pierre: Distinction: a social cri-tique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge2004

Diem, Carl: Weltgeschichte des Sports.2 Bde. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart 1971

Erbgut, Hildegard and Medau, HansJochen: Porträt einer Gymnastikschule:Entstehung und Entwicklung rhythmisch-er Gymnastik am Beispiel der Medau-Schule. Schorndorf 1991

Euler, Carl: Encyklopädisches Handbuchdes gesamten Turnwesens. 3 Bde.Wien/Leipzig 1894/1895

Gomez, Humberto: Juegos recreativos de lacalle. O.O. 1990

GutsMuths, Johann Christoph Friedrich:Gymnastik für die Jugend. Schnepfenthal1793 (2. Aufl. 1804)

Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig/Eiselen, Ernst:Die Deutsche Turnkunst. Berlin 1816(reprint 1861)

Jenny, W.: Schwungseilübungen. Beilagezur Deutschen Tunrzeitung. Leipzig 1873

Kalbfleisch, Susan, Gleza, Jenna and Disney, Caroline (1998). Power skipping:fitness & training manual. Ancaster 1998.

Kalbfleisch, Susan, Harris, Jo and Elbourn,Jill: Skip to health: an instructional pro-gramme for fitness leaders. Ancaster 1990.

Kloss, Moritz: Das Turnen im Spiel oderlustige Bewegungsspiele für muntereKnaben. Dresden 1861

Kloss, Moritz: Das Turnen im Spielen derMädchen. Dresden 1862

Krüger, Michael: Einführung in die Ge-schichte der Leibeserziehung und desSports. Schorndorf 1993

Masüger, J.B.: Schweizerbuch der alten Be-wegungsspiele. Zürich o.J. Mittenzwey.Louis: Das Spiel im Freien. Leipzig 1884

Netsch, A.: Spielbuch für Mädchen.Hannover 1895

Pfister, Gertrud: „Das Ziel der weiblichenErziehung hat unverrückbar die kom-mende Mutter zu sein“ - Entwicklungenund Veränderungen im Mädchenturnun-terricht. In: Liedtke, M. (Hrsg.): Sport undSchule. Geschichte und Gegenwart.Heilbrunn 1998, 99-123

Pfister. Gertrud: "Starke werden nur vonStarken geboren - Die Spielbewegungund die körperliche Ertüchtigung desweiblichen Geschlechts." In: Steins, G.(Hrsg.): Spielbewegung -Bewegungsspiel.100 Jahre Goßler'scher Spielerlaß. Berlin1982, 59-66

Schwartz, Rüdiger: Das Kinderspiel inWestern Samoa und Tonga. Münster 1992Trapp, Eduard/Pinzke, Hermann: Das Bewegungsspiel. Langensalza. 1905

Wagner, Herrmann: Illustriertes Spielbuchfür Knaben. Leipzig 1912

Gertrud Pfister is a professor in the Department of Exercise andSport Sciences, University of Copenhagen. She has conductedseveral national and international research projects, among oth-ers funded by the IOC, and is the author of numerous articles inpeer reviewed journals and several books earning four interna-tional awards for her scholarly work. From 1983 to 2001 Dr. Pfister was President of the International Society for theHistory of Physical Education and Sport and in 2004 she was elected as Presidentof the International Sport Sociology Association


Introduction

The Economic Community of West AfricanStates (ECOWAS) was created on 28thMay, 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria. It is compo-sed of 15 States with a population of 230million inhabitants. The ECOWAS memberStates are: Benin, Burkina Faso, CapeVerde, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana,Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali,Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone andTogo. The ECOWAS headquarters is loca-ted in Abuja, Nigeria.

Background

Wrestling has always been part of the phys-ical exercises of the people of West Africa.It is a symbol of power and manhood.

It is generally practised after farm work andis an occasion to engage youths, animatethe city or organise intervillages’ meetings.It is a powerful factor for social cohesion:wrestling sessions are organised duringfamily ceremonies (marriages, baptism) orduring initiation ceremonies (ritual of pas-sage from adolescent to adulthood). It isalso important to note that women’s

wrestling is very developed in some tradi-tional societies such as southern parts ofSenegal and Guinea Bissau, and it occupiesan important position in society.

Wrestling is common to almost all theECOWAS member countries. Its majorarea of practice remains the Sudano-Sahelian zone of the community although itis practised in the Gulf of Guinea area.

Policy for the Development of Wrestling

The importance of sports and traditionalgames had been stressed since 1982 by theConference of Heads of State andGovernment in the Decision A/DEC13/5/82, which stipulates in his article 5:“the promotion of sports and traditionalgames - a symbol of our cultural identity.”

In 1986, Decision C/DEC 3/11/86 of theCouncil of Ministers made traditionalwrestling the community’s sport. However,from 1982 to 2005, actions taken to imple-ment these decisions were restricted tofinancial aid granted for the purchase of tro-phies for the African Wrestling Tournamentof the Community (AWTC) organisedannually in Niamey, Niger.

The various decisions relating to traditionalgames and sports became operational from2005 when ECOWAS set-up a specialisedagency: the Youth and Sport DevelopmentCentre (YSDC/ECOWAS) based inOuagadougou, Burkina Faso. Since thensubstantial resources have been provided tothe YSDC for the promotion and develop-ment of traditional wrestling. These resources increase the number of partic-ipating countries in the AWTC from 5 coun-tries in 2005 to 9 in 2007 and to 11 in 2008.

Traditional Wrestling in the ECOWAS Area.Djibril Badji


In addition, they create a 2nd wrest-lingtournament in Dakar; contribute to the cre-ation of the Association of the West AfricanWrestling Federations (AWAWF) and trainwrestling officials (referees).

With regard to member countries, besidesthe organisation of the wrestling tourna-ment, only two of them are well organised;they are Niger and Senegal.

Niger

In 2008 the 29th edition of the NationalTraditional Wrestling Championship inNiger. This activity, whenever it is organ-ised, becomes the centre of interest of theentire country and a real factor for nationalcohesion. The government, having under-stood this enthusiasm for wrestling, provid-ed the eight regional headquarters with

functional infrastructures (arenas) for thepractice of wrestling. Therefore, the cham-pionship is rotated annually among the dif-ferent regional headquarters.

Senegal

In Senegal, wrestling is practised over ninemonths a year. With the emergence of televi-sion and the improvement in its organisation,wrestling has witnessed a real revolution. Itshould be noted that there are two types ofwrestling in Senegal:

- Wrestling involving the exchange ofblows;

- Wrestling without blows.

Concerning the rate of attendance of specta-tors, wrestling is the 2nd most patronisedsport after football (between 20 and 45thousand spectators during “big fights”).

Wrestling has become an important sourceof income. With the increase television cov-erage, wrestlers have acquired very strongsocial identity in society. The image ofwrestlers has improved very positively insociety; they are no longer seen as peoplewith “big hands”.

Djibril Badji has been a teacher of physical education (PE),served as a regional advisor in Physical Education and sport forthe region of Saint-Louis, Senegal and the official representativeand head of the Department of Cultural Activities and Secondary School andUniversity Sports in the Directorate of Physical Activities and Sports of the Ministryof Sport of Senegall. Most recently, he was the Sports program officer inYSDC/ECOWAS and Minister of Youth and Sport of ECOWAS.


The article summarize some of the conclu-sions of an extended investigation thatexamined the traditional movement gamesfound in 10 selected villages of Cáceres, aprovince in the southwest of Spain near thePortuguese border. In this research, we triedto recover a part of traditional culture ofplay and movement that still exist at least inthe memory of the older generation.

During our interviews we found a total of214 traditional games. All these traditionalgames are documented in eleven publica-tions edited by the Provincial Governmentof Cáceres. Results show a rich play andmovement culture in each village that was-n’t passed down to the younger generationwho have other leisure habits. The biblio-graphical sources obtained from thisresearch serve as an important didacticinstrument for educators, recreation andleisure time instructors, as well as a sourceof interest for those who work in historicalor anthropological aspects of the region ofExtremadura or the village at issue.

At the end we will complete the article withtwo original examples and some impres-sions of our practical dissemination work:the organisation of our Festival of Tradi-tional Games and Sports.

The purpose of this research was above allto document traditional games in a system-atic form for the following reasons: First, du-ring the classes of Sport and Recreation inthe Sport Science Faculty it was noticedthat students lacked knowledge of the cul-tural importance of traditional games.Secondly, there is a great popular interest inand acceptance of Festivals of TraditionalGames and Sport among all generations.Finally, in the bigger cities like Madrid, this

traditional movement culture has almostdisappeared at least as a free spontaneousgame, because there is no room to practicethese games due to the loss of space tobuildings and cars.

Definition/Description of TraditionalGames in Spain:

Traditional or popular games are uniqueand original like Wrestling from León(“Lucha leonesa”) or Ninepin Games fromLeón (“El Bolo leonés”).

Traditional games have the following thingsin common: • They are activities that come from the tra-

ditional movement culture . (Excluded arethe playing of cards, gambling in a casino,social games like Bingo, Mikado or “LasDamas” or any modern game from the“New Games” movement);

• They are games that have a specific rela-tionship to traditions, culture, history andold habits of a specific community;

• They can be related to an agricultural re-gion and the availability of certain naturalresources like sea or forests (for example,“Las Txingas” – a competition of weighttransport related originally to the ability todominate animals pulling weights);

• They can have a direct relation to certainsurvival, subsistence, work techniques orability improvements of certain profes-sions Examples are wood and grass cut-ting competitions, races of former whalehunting boats, today held within a har-bour, or Canaries Stock fight of theShepards -“La Lucha Canaria”

• They are passed down from one genera-tion to the next;

• They have to be physical movementgames, played actively;

Traditional Movement Culture in Cáceres/Spain Dirk Nasser


• They can be part of the entertainment ofannual popular activity of a village, for ex-ample to show old work techniques like arelay race of transporting wheat sacks.

• They show a great creativity in construct-ing their own play material and with creat-ing their own game rules;

• They are part of the local or regional so-cialization and education within leisuretime and schools;

• They can be distinguished between chil-dren and adult games. Often there are pre-ferences of special girls and boys games;

• They are games played mainly outdoorsand with other friends; thus, there aresocial and group identity effects involved

• They can be spontaneous (e.g. as part of children’s or the elder’s leisure time) orregulated games (official competitionslike “La Calva”, a precision launch game).

Description of the investigation:

We centred our interviews exclusively onthe older generation because traditionalmovement was much a part of public life inthe past than present. Ten villages of theprovince of Cáceres were selected (Torre-mocha, Arroyo de la Luz, Malpartida deCáceres, Alcántara, Mata de Alcántara,Valencia de Alcántara, Miajadas, Montán-chez, Caminomorisco and Moraleja). Theinterviews took place during 2005 and 2006at the places where elders gather like mar-ket places, pubs and social care centres.

Classification of the received information:

To improve the didactical utility of our in-ves-tigation we decided to organize each des-crip-tion of every game name, classification, rules,setting and other factors. This was ne-cessaryin order to organize such a huge amount ofdisperse knowledge received by our inter-views about the rules, game material etc. ofeach game. These uniform criteria of thewhole documentation will be a practical helpto put this knowledge easier into practice.

Finsinfa:

214 games were documented in this project.This huge variety of games reflects a richand very important movement cultural her-itage. About 85 percent of the foundedgames are original and uniquely differentfrom each other. Almost 15 percent of thegames represent a similar game idea withvariants that were named differently. Weincluded all of the names, not only for theirdidactic utility, but also for its culturalimportance and local identification ("but inmy village it is called in this way…”).

Our publications follow specific themes:First, we catalogued the alphabetical namesof the 214 games along with a description ofeach game in order to document and to con-serve this knowledge. It follows the objec-tive of a specific didactical utility in cardform: one page one game. Second, the con-text of the game within the village was de-scribed. This reflects a local cultural realityof the past, which is part of the present aswell. Examples might be games such as the"Frog" (“La Rana”). This section representsa variety of traditional games that werepresent during the childhood of the eldersthat were interviewed in each village.

From our research, we observed that the lossof importance of these traditional games canbe understood in the following ways:• Before there was a society of deficiencies

("Mangelgesellschaft") in which a personwith imagination, creativity and availableresources required the production of play-ful material and using surrounding space.Today there exists the opposite, an abun-dance society ("Überflussgesellschaft") inwhich at every turn one are encouraged toconsume and participate in modern gamesin specific ways.

• Before there were more possibilities toplay in the street. The car has invadedeach space, mainly in the cities, and as aresult playing in the street has become dan-


gerous. Modern city-planning policy musttake this into account. In some modernurban areas of Germany there are ‘playstreets’ ("Spielstrassen"), a concept of co-existence of cars and play.

• Over the past 100 years, there have beenchanges in the habits of leisure time.Children today are more passive due to te-levision, play is more prefabricated (forexample, with play stations) and play ismore consumer-oriented (the emphasis ison buying, using and then throwing awaygame items). The consequence, for exam-ple, is a more sedentary life style.

• The traditional games are no longer im-portant for group identity or for individualformation of personality. In cities with ur-ban life styles, generally knowledge abouttraditional games is longer pass down tothe following generations because thereare other priorities. In addition many par-ents simply lack time to physically playwith their children.

• Also, from an educative and democraticview, there has been a shift towards othervalues and "rules of the game" over time.Some traditional games represent an oldand exclusive culture, even including phy-sical punishments, which is not favour-able for educative purposes. This requiresthat some traditional games have to be mo-dified for the modern context.

• Knowledge of traditional games stay alive,but often in a "corner" of the society, assomething separated, within the home ofthe retired, which impedes their adequatediffusion and transmission.

The “played" game, with movement, out-doors and requiring other participants makepossible an authentic connection with thereal world, as compared to other forms ofentertainment that are also called "games"but are more abstract and virtual.

Therefore traditional games can contributeto healthy leisure time habits and sociallybalanced development of children and

adults. Another educational aspect can bethe consideration of traditional games fromdifferent cultures and countries within anIntercultural Movement Education that edu-cate consciousness and sensitivity towardsother cultures.

Two examples of traditional games inCáceres, Spain:

The Frog (“La Rana”) is a Precision launchgame in which two teams of two players andone reserve member compete. The membersof the first team have to do all the throwing,followed by the members of the secondteam. Each player must throw 10 disk dur-ing his turn, from a distance of 3,5 meters.If a player passes the throwing line, the throwis not valid. In order to play the game, thefollowing thinks are required: a “Rana” table,with nine holes, 10 iron disks of 38 mm(diameter) and 60 grams and a place of7 m x 2 m, to carry out the game

In “Castilla y León” (Spain) there are estab-lished the following scores:

Frog 50 pointsMiddles 25 pointsBridges 10 pointsHoles 5 points

Rules involve different ways to throw the10 iron disks, for example:

- Throwing from 3,5 meters;- Throwing from 3,5 meters, with eyes

closed;- Throwing with the left hand (with the

right hand if your are left- handed);- Put your body back to the table, and then

try to throw the disk towards the table;- Try to jump and throw the disk in the air at

the same time.

The throwing distance is set by age andability; it is really difficult to throw it intothe mouth of the frog, but there are otheraims/wholes as well that point.


“La Billarda” is a recreational version of aprecision launch game. This traditionalgame is played with a billarda, a cylindricalwooden piece of 2 centimetres in thicknessand 8-10 centimetres in length, pointed onthe two ends, and a mocho or wooden boardapproximately 80 centimetres long used tostrike the billarda. Each player must have amocho.

The billarda has to be struck with themocho by teams of 1-4 players, in order tosend it to the opposite field without touch-ing the ground. The opposite team tries toavoid it with his boards. The game is placedin a rectangular area of about 20 x 10 me-tres; within this rectangle we draw two cir-cumferences of 2 meters of diameter sepa-rated by 8 meters. Each circumference willbe the field of each team.

The rules of the game are complex: The bil-larda can only be struck with the mochoboth in assault and in defence; in addition,players cannot exceed the line of their ownfield (circumference) while the billarda is inplay. Three tries are allowed to get the bil-larda out of one’s own field.

Teams get 3 points if the billarda is returnedto the field of the team in service and 2 points are scored by the team in service ifthe billarda lands inside the receiving field.One point is scored by the serving team ifthe billarda touches the opposite field andthen goes out of it.

Normally the original game idea is to hit itaway as far as possible, however, his wouldcause safety problems in the public during afestival celebration. That’s why we modi-fied the original game into a precision thatis controlled and coordinated in a circum-ference. Because children can be injured ifthey put their heads over the billarda, thegame has been modified to hit with anextended arm to keep the distance betweenthe wood and their head.

I conclude with some practical dissemina-tion work and examples of our traditionalGames and Sports in a modern context:• The Wheel guided by young people -

Festival of Traditional Spanish Games andSports, Aliseda, 27.5.2006

• The Wheel guided by older generation -Festival of Traditional Spanish Games andSports, Arroyo de la Luz, 27.11.2004

• Launch of Horseshoe with young people -Festival of Traditional Spanish Games andSports, Piornal, 20.5.2006

• Launch of Horseshoe with the older gen-eration - Festival of Traditional SpanishGames and Sports, Arroyo de la Luz,27.11.2004

• Rope Skipping - Festival of TraditionalSpanish Games and Sports, Piornal,20.5.2006

• Lacrosse etc. - Festival of TraditionalGames and Sports of the World, Torrecillade la Tiesa, 23.4.2005

• “La Calva” in the popular party “Olim-piadas Rurales” in Carcaboso, 27.4.08


• “Sogatira” (Rope pulling) in the popularparty “Olimpiadas Rurales” in Carcaboso,27.4.08 – an exception even at the countryside, where children and adults play to-gether and this knowledge is passed downto the following generations.

Dirk Nasser studied Physical Education, Social Science andSpanish in Cologne and New York. He finished his Diploma inPhysical Education at the German Sport University of Colognewhere he was an invited lecturer during 9 years. He collaborated inthe organization of the first Specialisation Course in Leisure Studies and RecreationalSports at the National Sport Institute of Madrid. Since 1995 he is a lecturer of Sport andRecreation at the Sport Science Faculty of the University of Extremadura, Spain(http://ccdeporte.centros.unex.es). In 1998 he founded the Cultural and ScientificAssociation of Leisure, Tourism and Sport Studies (www.accettd.com) that focuses onknowledge transfer between Spain, Germany and Latin America. The main investiga-tion and publication lines are: experiential orientated education - sport systems andhabits – sport and environment – concepts of recreational sports – traditional movementculture.


Introduction:

Mindanao, the so called “Land of Promise”is the second biggest island of the 7.107islands in the Philippines. Located in thesouthern part of the country, Mindanao ishome to more than 18 indigenous groups ortribes locally known as “Lumads”. With itsrich natural resources and fertile lands,Mindanao became a destination of migrantFilipinos from the other islands particularlyfrom Luzon and the Visayas making ithome to migrant Christians, Muslims andLumads.

The colorful and diverse cultural make upof the inhabitants has become an attractionto local and foreign tourists as they enjoythe many natural island wonders. However,in the midst of natures’ bounty and beauty,Mindanao became a center of armed con-flict between the government forces andseparatist groups that continue to strugglefor independence and self-determinationthat dates back from the early 70’s.

“Lumad” is a Visayan word that meansnative or indigenous. The term Visayanrefers to the people from the VisayasIslands. Lumad is the accepted general termreferring to the indigenous groups or peoplenot only in Mindanao but all over the coun-try. In Mindanao there are 18 identifiedindigenous groups namely:

1. Ata 5. Bukidnon2. Bagobo 6. Dibabawon3. Banwaon 7. Higaonon4. B’laan 8. Mamanwa

•9. Mandaya 14. Tagakaolo10. Manguwangan 15. Kalagan11. Manobo 16. Tiboli12. Mansaka 17. Teduray13. Subanon 18. Ubo

These groups are scattered all over theisland with each group having distinct char-acteristics and cultural practices. Generally,their way of living evolve around farming,fishing, hunting and belief in gods and spir-its (while some are still animistic). With thecoming of Christian settlers from the north,quite a number of the indigenous peopleswere able to adapt to the Christian way oflife. A great majority still live in their tradi-tional dwelling places and preserve theirrich cultural traditions and practices. Thecultural festivities that showcase theirrespective traditional songs, music, dances,sports and games continue to create excite-ment and ap-preciation to both local and for-eign visitors.

Major problems concerns among the Lu-mads of Mindanao, however: education,health, poverty and social acceptance, landownership, self-determination and armedconflict. While there are programs and serv-ices initiated and provided by the govern-ment to address these problems, much hasto be done to ensure that the indigenouspeoples of Mindanao and the Philippinesare given equal opportunity to gain accessto development while preserving the richcultural heritage of these peoples.

Developing a Culturally-based Sports for All Programfor Welleness and Empowerment among theIndigenous Peoples of Mindanao.Henry C. Daut


Sports for All Program as instrument inpromoting wellness and people empow-erment among indigenous people.

The strength and progress of a nationdepend upon the wellness and productivityof its people. The promotion and develop-ment of a healthy, fit, and strong citizenrycan be achieved by providing opportunityfor individuals to participate in wholesome,sports and physical activities not only forthe greater majority but including the cul-tural minorities.

A true Sports for All concept is an inclusiveprogram that does not discriminate othersfrom the benefits of participation in sportsand physical activity. It should providegreater opportunity and access for participa-tion to all, and respond to the needs andinterests of the people it serves, includingindigenous people. Sports for All should in-clude the long-held physical activities com-mon among the indigenous peoples toinclude their games and sports, dances andrituals.

A culturally based Sports for All program isthe key in the promotion of wellness andpeople empowerment among indigenouspeople of Mindanao, advancing culturalidentification. The preservation and propa-gation of indigenous games and sports ispart of the cultural heritage of our peoplebecause it recognizes the uniqueness of theindigenous people and their contributions tosociety. A culturally relevant and successfulsports for all program requires the activeparticipation in leadership as well.

Developing a culturally-based Sports forAll program for the indigenous peoplesof Mindanao

Stage 1. Knowing the People and Culture

Understanding the people and their cultureis a prerequisite in determining their needs

and interests and developing programs andactivities that are appropriate, acceptable,and adaptable to their culture and way oflife. Developing a culturally-based Sportfor All program requires an in-depth studyof the beliefs and practices of the indige-nous peoples. It can be facilitated throughresearch and immersion by actual livingand observation in the community.

Stage 2. Partnering with the Communityand its Leaders

Community involvement and partnershipwith its leaders are vital components indeveloping trust, respect and acceptance inthe introduction of new programs that arealien to their culture and practices. For aprogram to succeed, it has to be conceivedwith the community and the people as part-ner. It must allow for the development ofleaders and empowerment of the people.

Stage 3. Identification and Training ofProgram Leaders

Developing leaders from among the indige-nous people is one way of promoting peopleempowerment that provides opportunity forgreater role and responsibility in shapingthe kind of program that will truly fit theculture of the people. There is a need to giveownership to the program by identifyingand training members of the community withleadership potentials. Teaching the indige-nous people how to lead and implementprograms will have longer lasting impact inthe continuity of the program.

Stage 4. Program Planning and Organi-zation

Planning and organization of the Sport forAll program for indigenous peoples shouldtake into consideration community involve-ment, target participants, cultural valuesand practices, belief systems, acceptablephysical activities, traditional games and


sports, values and benefits, facilities, equip-ment and the environment.

Stage 5. Program Awareness and Pro-motion

Adequate educational and awareness cam-paign of the value and benefits of the pro-gram will enhance support and greater par-ticipation among the people. Developmentstrategies that are developed in cooperationwith indigenous people is vital to greaterparticipation. When individuals understandand appreciate the benefits of participationin relation to their health and life, accept-ance and adherence are enhanced.

Stage 6. Program Implementation andSupervision

Successful implementation and supervisionof the program for maximum participationand continuity requires commitment anddedication on the part of the leaders. A well-planned and organized program enhancesits success. Careful consideration of datesand time of launching and implementationof programs add excitement and participa-tion especially when they are related to spe-cial occasions in the calendar of the cultur-al festivities of the community.

Stage 7. Program Documentation andEvaluation

Documentation provides the basis for prop-er evaluation and review of programs createan opportunity for research on program ef-fectiveness, measuring such things as atti-tudes, participation and perceptions. Infor-mation can be gathered to profile participantsand their relevant experiences to improvefurture programs and activities.

Adopt a Community Program: A PilotProgram of the College of Sports, Phy-sical Education and Recreation Mind-anao State University, Marawi City

The University has a key role in promotingSports For All among the Indigenous Peopleof Mindanao. It initiated extension activitiesand manpower resources to develop cultur-ally-based programs for the indigenouspeople of Mindanao. It also assisted intraining and developing program leadersfrom among the indigenous people, estab-lishing strong partnerships with communi-ties and leaders in promoting the program.

The objectives of the program were as follows:• Establish linkages with indigenous com-

munities in Mindanao • Provide programs and activities related to

sports, physical education, recreation, fit-ness and dance.

• Promote peace, unity and understandingamong people through SPEARD.

• Provide a venue for cultural exchange andawareness.

• Conduct research on traditional sportsand games, dances and songs of the in-digenous group

• Conduct seminar clinics in selected sports• Provide leadership training among the

youth on program planning and develop-ment

The promotion activities included the fol-lowing elements:

• Cultural Awareness and Immersion• Seminar Clinic on Modern Sports and

Games• Physical Fitness and Exercise Activities• Leadership Training for the Youth• Recreational Activities for children and

the community• Learning of indigenous games, dances,

songs and musical instruments• Social events

Conclusion

There is a need to go beyond the conduct ofphysical activities and sports among theindigenous people as an attraction for pro-


motional purposes. It is time for indigenouspeople to exercise their rights to participatein activities that will enhance their healthand quality of life. Developing and promot-ing a culturally-based Sports for All pro-gram that is relevant, acceptable, and adapt-able to the culture and environment is a steptowards recognizing and valuing the indige-nous people’s existence and contribution tosociety. Sport for All contributes signifi-cantly in the development of an empoweredand healthy indigenous communites andstrong nation.

Henry Daut is an Athlete, Coach, Administrator and SportsLeader specializing in Leadership and Management in Sport,Sports Psychology and Coaching Education. He is currentlyDean of the College of Sports, Physical Education andRecreation at Mindanao State University in Marawi City,Philippines and a counsultant to the Philippine SportsCommission-Philippine Sports Institute Philsports, ULTRA, Pasig City and an inter-national and national resource speaker in Sports, Physical Education and Recreation,Coaching, Sports Management and Teacher Education.


Congresses and seminars organized duringthe TAFISA World Festivals have beenoccasions to regularly approach the topic ofthe traditional games and sports. We musttake time to analyze, in a scientific or eth-nological manner, what we understand astraditional games and sports.

In this paper, I attempt to clarify the diffi-culty in comparing modern games compa-red to the traditional sports, describe andtrace the origin some of the many forms oftraditional games, giving examples from theBasque region.

Traditional vs. Modern games and sports

It is difficult when we are asked by organi-zations such as UNESCO to carry out alogical classification of the cultural andhistorical activity compared to contempora-ry practice. Consider for example themodern term “games” may or may not referto competitions in the modern use of theterm. In the majority of games, there are nowinners or losers, but in traditional sportsone can very find organized competitionsunder elaborate rules.

An example is the Mexican game ofTlachtli. It is played on a ground conside-red sacred. It consists in projecting a ballwith the hip and the knee through stonerings located in height in the middle of alength of ground (E. Thompson). The con-cepts of winning and losing teams are notpresent in this game, which differentiatesthis game from contemporary sports.Instead, the ball represents the sun and itsmovement the image of the cosmos. Theplayers strike the ball in turn, the two campscontributing to maintaining movement,important in the Aztec belief (C. Duverger).

In traditional sports, events are playedaccording to a pre-existing order and theycombine asymmetrical and dissociatedgroups. Modern sports, by contrast, have awell-established symmetry of rules, numberof players on each team, and objectiverules. They also require difference ofresources and talent and chance, that in turndetermine winners and losers.

Thus, modern sport shares many forms withtraditional games. The French “Soule”, theclassical ancestor of soccer or rugby, wasfounded in tribal practices. These games oc-curred during religious festivals and tookplace in community spaces. In contrast, theritual of the modern sport falls under a logicof autonomization: rites and festivals are pro-fane, the calendars are specific, equipmentsare specialized and there are social distinc-tions between players and non-players.

So we can see that there is a differentiationbetween the tribal sporting game, practicedin the form of ritual, and the game detachedof its community origin in what is contem-porary sport.

Sporting rites and games in traditionalsocieties.

Analyses relating to traditional games andcompetitions underline their connection tothe demonstration of supernatural forcesand worship (R. Caillois; J. Cazeneuve).Roger Caillois mentions the cord games ofEskimos as being tied to mystical principlesof seasons, summer or winter, or of an ele-ment of nature such as the sea or a particu-lar geography. Another example can befound in the ball games of Maoris, wherethe ball-stake represents the sun, or in theAztec game of Tlachtli, where the move-ment of the ball between the two camps

Traditional Games and Sports: a Resource for Sport for AllJoël Raynaud


symbolizes the sun and victory of the dayover the night (B. Jeu).

In the same way, kite games of the Pacificare related to the conquest of the sky, but inthe Far East, they have a symbolic andmythical significance representing a kind ofhigher spirit with the potential to carryaway impurities from the village (J.Cazeneuve).These examples confirm that these gamesare rites perceived as such by the spectatorsand participants and they are held like reli-gious ceremonies.

There are more examples: Zuni games ofNew Mexico have the ceremonial aims ofencouraging the divinities to make the rainfall to promote the growth of corn.In games like Hokiaminne, involving athrow of darts into a small ball, the winnermakes prayers to the gods who will bringthe rain (J. Cazeneuve). Hopi Indian racesare associated with rites of rain with therhythm of the race mimicking nature: in thebeginning they are run fast to symbolizerapid crop growth, and run slower and at alonger distance to symbolize to the time ittakes for grain time to mature fully beforethe days of autumn (M. Segalen, C. Frère-Michelat). In the same way, Zuni and Hopiraces with balls constitute a complex cere-mony. Hopi teenagers push a wood ball infront of themselves, striking it with the bigtoe in two competing teams, to influencethe chance of rain (P. Jacquin; M. Segalen,Frère-Michelat).

Malinowski describes Melanisian tribeswhere the teams clash on ceremonial plat-forms in games symbolizing the fertility ofthe ground with men and women separatedbecause of the unequal distribution of force(H.Damm). These practices are a form ofworship to make nature generous by therequest of the divinities but can be also rela-ted to funeral rites.Based on the work of Fox and Algonquin

Indians games, Claude Levi-Strauss notedhow festivals of the dead are accompaniedby sporting competitions. The ceremoniesfocus on a dead relative in order to allowthe sure and fast departure of the heart.This nourishes feelings of connection to thedead. The games involve being divided intotwo camps of the dead and living. Thegame leads to a pre-determined outcome:the winner is the camp of death, to givethem the illusion that they are alive and inwhich adversaries are symbolically killed(C. Levi-Strauss).

Among Navajo girls, races are associatedwith rites of the puberty built around theircultural idea, “the Woman who changes”, asymbol of the endurance. The girls runthree at a time for five days in an East direc-tion, between the rising and setting of thesun. They are masked and capped eachmorning to mark the Woman who Changes.Each race must be longer than the precedingone and is related to the age of the girl. Ifthe race is too short, it carries bad luck forthe future (P. Jacquin).


Traditional rites in Modernity

Under the effect of modernity, many ritualslose their religious overtones and the con-nection to the original like to communitylife. This does not imply a total disappea-rance of the traditional games formerlyassociated with rites. Some rites re-appear.Zunis and Hopi runners commemorated in1980 the great insurrection of 1680 againstSpanish people. They carried a cord fromvillage to village tied in several places, usedby their ancestors. Each node representedone day, so that the tribes could start therevolt simultaneously (Jacquin P., 1981).

It is possible to find in modern times a“purity” in ritual that has persisted overtime to maintain its original significance.This is the case of “the thousand dayswalk” practiced in a Buddhist communityin Japan. The ritual consists of a series ofwalks, organised over seven years, byBuddhist monks in the area of Kyoto. Thedistances covered distances and the suffe-ring endured resemble modern marathons(M. Yorke). If these Buddhist monks seemsimilar to modern marathoners, it is becau-se they refer to an personal ethic (J.M.Faure) and a scrupulous respect for an ele-ven centuries old tradition and popular sup-port. The monk who carries out the thou-sand days walk receives the statue of theliving Buddha, and gains the recognition ofthe whole nation.

In our contemporary civilization, it is inter-esting to see how certain rites could takepart of the sport. The example of the run-ning races is edifying. The history showshow the 1970’s devoted new rituals into thefederal sport order, how the legitimate sportinstitution exerted an influence to reframeturbulences by creating order by the re-esta-blishment of a distinction between theraces, making it possible to find balance.Between these two moments, the partici-pants and the organizers introduced new

references and values, producing newdemands and supplies to satisfy “custo-mers” who want to be economically or sym-bolically recognized for their participation.

Rural traditions: the example of Basquesport

Basque games and sports are founded incenturies of work in fields and farm.Strength competitions allow men to earngreat personal pride and honour of their vil-lage or their name. In summer, certainBasque villages organize strength competi-tions, also as demonstrations for tourists,involving sawing of logs or the lifting ofcubic stones (weighing up to 250 kg!) orround forms like the bales of straw. But themost spectacular activity is cord shootingwhich involves two opposing villages, agame which was an Olympic competition atthe beginning of the modern era (1896,1900, 1904).

Some examples of the Basque games areas follows:

· Cord Shooting (soka tira): A mark is tra-ced on the ground, on which the medium ofthe cord (30m) is a tied scarf. With the sig-nal, the two teams of ten men try to makecross with the scarf the reference mark tra-ced on the ground. · Straw rising (lasto altsari): A cord is fixedat a pulley suspended to 8 m in height. In 2minutes, each competitor hoist as manybales of straw of 45 kg as possible.· Logger in the Air (aizkolari aidian): Axe inhand, the participant climbs a poplar trunk10,50 meters high, make a notch and inserta board provided with a metal end. Withouttouching the trunk, the next new board mustbe put in, and so forth. This curious stairca-se leads to the ridge of the trunk, whichshould finally be cut. · Stone Raising (harrijasotzaleak): Thisinvolves raise a very heavy stone on aman’s shoulder. It can be spherical weig-


hing 100 to 125kg or rectangular weighing125kg at least. The world champion cur-rently raises 300kg. The test proceeds intotwo or three halftimes. The winner is theone carrying out the greatest number oflifts, or is credited with the greatest totalmass raised and posed.· Loggers (aizkolariak): The challenges bet-ween loggers are very old games, with playconsisting of giving blows of axe to a tree-trunk between his feet The winner is theone who cuts trunks the fastest. It is a testof endurance and resistance lasting30 minutes and one hour· Long Saw (arpana): This saw was introdu-ced in the Basque Country in 19th centuryand measures approximately 1.9 - 2.1m.This exercise requires a great physical resi-stance, speed, and a good coordination bet-ween the two partners. In general, one has atrunk of beech installed on a rest in which itis necessary to quickly cut 10 discs.· Rising of the Anvil (unkudia edo ingude):This exercise consists, as its name indica-tes, of raising an anvil of 18kg the greatestnumber of possible times

· The Milk Cans (ontzi eramatea): The trans-port of the farm milk cans to the point of col-lection is probably the origin of this play.

Milk cans of 41kg are carried according toa rectangle path of 80 meters. The finalityof the game is of going the longest distance,unconstrained from time, without posingcans on the ground. · Cart Game (orga joko): This game’s goalis to raise a 4,50m long cart, weighing 200kg, and to make it swivel on the tiller (theonly part of the cart to be in contact with theground). The play stops when the playergives up or if one of the wheels of the carttouches the ground. The best players cancarry out four turns.· Bags Carriers (zakulariak): This game ori-ginates from work formerly carried out todischarge the carts and to mount the bags tothe granary. Each team, appoints the fastestplayer who have to carry a corn bag of 81kgon the shoulders for 120m. This individualgame can also be run as a relay, with 3 play-ers taking turns to cover 120m· Straw Bale Throw (lasto botatze): Thisgame is involves using a fork to throw a13kg straw bale over a bar in 3 tries. Thewinner is the one how throws the highest

Traditional Games: The importance ofpreservation.

In conclusion, the importance of the gamesand traditional sports that have been mentio-ned above have a number of common cha-racteristics: They constitute important cultu-ral and traditional elements to preserve andto respect, the need for equipment is mini-mal and adaptable, and rules are simple.

Traditional games and sports find their ori-gin in the regional culture of the people whopractice them. Traditional physical activi-ties rest, for the greatest part, either on rites,more or less religious, or on rural culturalpractice Ultimately, traditional games and sportsreturn us to cultural diveristy, creating foot-bridges between the cultures for a bettermutual comprehension. It is necessary tocontinue to preserve and to encourage the


traditional games and sports, cultural herita-ge of humanity, guarantees enrichment forthe human societies, memory of civiliza-tions

Bibliography

Cazeneuve J. (1967) Esprit ludique et insti-tutions, in Caillois R. (sous la direction de),Jeux et sports, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade,Paris, Gallimard, 733-825.

Damm H. (1970) The so-called sport activi-ties of primitive people. A contributiontowards the genesis of sport, in Lüschen G.The cross-cultural analysis of sport andgames, Champaign, Illinois, Stipes publis-hing Company.

Duverger C. (1979) Jeux aztèques, LeMonde, 4 novembre.

Faure J.-M. (1987) L’éthique puritaine dumarathonien, in Esprit, Le nouvel âge dusport, 4, 36-41.Jacquin P. (1981) Des indiens rapidescomme l’éclair, Le Monde, 3 mai, 1981.

Jeu B. (1977) Le Sport, la mort, l’espace,essai de classification des sports, Paris,Vigot.Le Pogam Y. (1999) Sport, modernité etsouveraineté, in Les Cahiers del’Imaginaire, 18, à paraître. Colloque «Rupture de la modernité », Montpellier,décembre 1994.

Le Pogam Y, «Rites du sport et générativitédu social», Corps et Culture [En ligne],Etudes critiques, Janvier 2005

Levi-Strauss C. (1962) La Pensée sauvage,Ed. Plon

Segalen M. (1994) avec la collaboration deFrère-Michelat C. Les Enfants d’Achille etde Nike, une ethnologie de la course à piedordinaire, Paris, Ed. Métailié.

Thomson E. (1934) La Civilisation aztèque,Paris, Payot.

Yorke M. (1991) Les moines marathoniensdu Mont Hiei, Adaptation française VideoAdapt, Planète Câble, Planète, 9 mars 1998.

Joël Raynaud is Professor for Physical Activity and Sport.He receives his doctorate from the University of Bordeaux -France. He is actually executive director in the Sport department ofthe South-West Health and Sport Ministry in Bordeaux. He hasauthhored and co-authored over 100 publications in Sport for Allaround the world. He is one of the founder of TAFISA, Secretary general from 1991 to2005, Vice-President since 2005; President of the European Sport For All Network(ESFAN) and Secretary general of “Aquitaine Sport Pour Tous”.


Australia’s geography, weather and diversecultures have ensured an important placefor sport. The particular traditional Abori-ginal and Torres Strait Islander societieshave a rich diversity of games and pastimes.

Very little is left of traditional indigenousgames – even in isolated areas where somedegree of traditional lifestyle may still exist.These games and sports are only recentlybeing documented and efforts are starting toencourage people to play and understandthem. Traditional games provide the oppor-tunity to learn about, appreciate and experi-ence aspects of Aboriginal culture. Theyalso provide essential training in socialinteraction and act as a bridge between theindigenous and other later arrivals to thecontinent.

Most often, traditional games are played inassociation with the dominant Europeangames including Aussie Rules, football soft-ball, basketball, cricket, swimming and ath-letics. Indigenous events may include spear-and boomerang-throwing. The cultural cen-trepiece is often a dance ceremony basedupon a corroboree, followed by bush band,rock 'n' roll, country, western, and gospelconcerts. The carnival atmosphere doesn'ttake the edge off the seriousness of the sport-ing competition and is increasingly acceptedas recognition of the 50,000 years of Aborigi-nal ownership of the nation’s heritage.

On the 24th May 2008, the site of the 1956Olympic Games - the Melbourne CricketGround (MCG), and former home of theMelbourne Football Club hosted a dream-time recognition of indigenous and tradi-tional contributions. More than 50,000Australians attended the Dreamtime eventto see traditional dancers hosted by anAboriginal leader Michael Long, didgeri-

doo players, indigenous musicians andAboriginal sporting heroes perform. Therecord tickets were sold a homage to 158indigenous players who had been membersof the major teams in the nation.Participation in Australian Rules Footballhas been a major source of public recogni-tion for indigenous peoples. Teams ofAboriginal youngsters also played a curtainraiser for this great event.

Participation in social and sporting activi-ties is growing among indigenous peoplesacross all age groups in marked contrastwith the mainstream Australian population.For example, indigenous people aged 55and over are only slightly less likely to havebeen involved in an activity in the previous3 months (81%) than those aged 45-54 years (86%). Indigenous youngadults aged 15-24 years report that theyhave taken part, on average, in four differ-ent types of activities in the last threemonths. There is also very little differencein the participation rates of women and men(89% and 91% respectively).

There is increasing acceptance of the desir-ability of all Australians gaining access totraditional games and sports at the sametime as the Australian and State govern-ments are providing indigenous sportsaccess to national sports.

For example, in most parts of Australiayoung boys (and sometimes girls) playmock combat games for enjoyment and as apractice for adult life. Toy spears or shaftsare made from grasses, reeds and rushes.Held at their lighter end they are throwneither with the hand or with a toy woomera(throwing stick).

Traditional Games - The Australian Experience Hon. Brian Dixon


Below is a list of other traditional games:

1 Kee'an: This throwing skill game isplayed in North Queensland. A largesized animal bone (with twine attachedto it) is thrown over a net (used to catchemus) and into a pit or hole. Consider-ing the distance to the hole, great skill isrequired to correctly aim the bone andensure that it does not touch the net.

2 Tarnambai: On Bathurst Island thechildren collect the seed heads of thespring rolling grass (Spinifex hirsutis)growing on the sandhills near the coast.They take the seed heads to the beachand toss them into the air where they areblown along by the wind. After a start,the children chase the seed heads and tryto pick them up while running at fullspeed.

In many Aboriginal settlements in remoteparts of Australia the children commonlyplay games with ‘rollers’. These could betoy trucks made from wheel rims or largetins filled with damp mud. The rollers arepushed or pulled with handles made ofwire. Sometimes groups of children withrollers have races.

Other Aboriginal games include:

1 Munhanganing: The game of Munhang-aning is being played by children of theArnhem Land in northern Australia.Children play this and other runninggames in the flickering lights from thefirebrands of the grown-ups sittingabout a camp site.

2 Kalq: This is a spear game played bysome Aboriginal groups on Cape YorkPeninsula in North Queensland. The menuse a throwing stick (woomera) to pro-ject a big killing spear (kalq) toward thenext player. The spear travels around thecircle of men armed only with their

woomera— which they use to deflectthe spear to the next player. When thesmall boys play they use spears with ablunted end.

3 Weme: The Walbiri people of CentralAustralia play a stone bowling game.One player throws a stone, which isused as a target by the second player.Players alternate turns with each aimingat the other’s stone.

4 Yuri: This is a spear game played inUlladulla in New South Wales. Smallspears are thrown at pieces of wood,which are placed into running water. OnDunk Island in Queensland boys usewood chips and pieces of bark floating onthe water or throw objects at small fish.

Introduction of Traditional Games inSchools

Some of the more widely supported tradition-al games are now being reintroduced intoAustralian school programs. These gamesinclude

1 Kai: In this game from the Torres Straita number of players stand in a circle andsing the kai wed (ball song) as they hit aball up in the air with the palm of theirhands. The game is played using thethick, oval, deep red fruit of the kai treewhich is quite light when dry.

2 Parnado: This ball game is played bySouth Australian Aborigines in thevicinity of Adelaide (using the Kaurnalanguage). The parndo (ball) is madewith a piece of opossum skin, flattish inshape and about the size of a tennis ball.This is a kicking and hand passing game.

3 Gorri: Bowl-ball or disc games are playedby Aboriginal boys and men in all partsof Australia. For example, in the disc-rolling game common throughout


Western Australia a piece of roundedbark (disc) is rolled by one of the play-ers for the other boys to aim at. The boywho sets the disc rolling is about15 meters away from the throwers andcalls out “gool-gool” (going-going) asthey start the disc rolling. The boy oryoung man who succeeds in piercing thedisc takes the place of the roller. Accuracyof eye and speed in casting the spear iseasily learned from this disc game.

4 Koolche: This ball throwing and hittinggame is played by Aboriginal people inthe Lake Eyre district of South Australia.The balls (called koolchees.) are asround as possible and usually about8–10cm in diameter. Gypsum,sandstone, mud, or almost any materialthat is easy to work is used to make theballs. To play the game, players are intwo teams and lined up on each side of adry claypan. Each team then rolls theballs along the ground to the other sidewith the aim being to break up an oppo-nent’s ball by hitting it while is is mov-ing. Balls cannoned out of play are leftuntil the stock of balls is nearly used up.These are often retrieved by the smallboys and put into play again. The gameis played for hours usually until theballs left are too few to cause any excite-ment.

5 Kolap: This throwing game wasobserved being played on Mer Island inthe Torres Strait in the late last century.The game is named after the beans ofthe Kolap tree which were used asthrowing objects.

6 Buroinjin: This is a ball game of theKabi Kabi people of southern Queens-land is played with a ball made of kan-garoo skin which was called a buroinjin.Spectators mark their applause by call-ing out “Ei, ei”.

7 Woggabaliri: Children from the Boganand Lachlan rivers area of New SouthWales play a kind of football with a ballmade of possum fur. The fur is spun bythe women and made into a ball about5cm in diameter. It requires great agili-ty and suppleness of limbs to play thisgame with any degree of skill.

8 Wana: The young noongar (or nyungar)girls in the southwest of WesternAustralia have many games they sinceafter a certain age they are not permittedto play with the boys of the camp. In oneof their games a short piece of stick isplaced on the ground to represent anhoba (baby). Each girl has to defendher child from the wanas (diggingsticks) of the other girls — all of whompretended to try and kill the nhoba(baby). Wanas are thrown from all sidesat the young ‘mother’ who tried to fendoff the ‚attack’ with her own stick. Themother holds her wana between herthumb and forefinger, putting it over herhead, behind her back, against her side,in whatever direction the missiles come,thus learning to defend her young ones.In real adult fights women sometimesstand beside their husbands and wardedoff the kidjas (spears) of their enemies.

9 Keentan: This is a keep-away game ofcatch ball from the north-west centraldistricts of Queensland played by bothgenders. Because the action of the play-ers jumping up to catch the ball resem-ble the movements of a kangaroo theKalkadoon people sometimes describethis game as the ‘kangaroo-play’. Theball itself is made of a piece of opossum,wallaby or kangaroo hide tied up withtwine.

10 Wulijini: This hand hitting or handballgame is played with a zamia (Cycasmedia) seed by the people of BathurstIsland in northern Australia. In the Meda


district of north-western Australia play-ers use flat pieces of wood.

11 Kokan: Various versions of hockey typegames are played in many areas of theTorres Strait and Papua and New Guinea.A hockey game called kokan is playedin Mabuiag using a kokan (ball) between6 and 8 cm in diameter. Thegame is played on a long stretch of thesandy beach. The kokan is struck with arough bat or club, baiwain or dabi,which is usually cut from a piece ofbamboo, between 60 and 85 cmin length, on which a grip is cut. OnMabuiag Island the game is played byboth genders.

The Indigenous Perspective

The support of the Australian Governmentand teachers who are prepared to buildbridges via traditional games and sport is avital step in redressing the years of nationalneglect and active assimilation policies thathave only recently been rejected by theincoming Federal Government. One of thefirst acts of the new Prime Minister KevinRudd was to issue an apology to theAborigines and Torres Strait Islanders forgenerations of decisions that failed torecongnise traditional land owners as asource of cultural heritage.

As Colin Tatz has pointed out, a major issuein Aboriginal sport is why so many commu-nities have given birth to separate, all-blackteams. Aborigines still play sport in a white

world: white games, venues, rules, direc-tors, officials, and selectors. Always playersor performers, they are rarely accepted aspartners in the sports enterprise. There arestill many all-black teams of young sportspeople and isolated talented players in arange of dominant national sports but thereis no equivalent market or recognition oftraditional games and sports.

The achievements in mainstream sport areextraordinary. The titles, championships,the medals are a matter of record - at thestate, national, and international level.There is no need to inflate stories orembroider the successes, but there is a needto insist that the recognition of traditionalgames and sports is very much demand forthe future and a regrettable historical pat-tern of neglect.

Brian Dixon is a former premier Austrailian Rules footballplayer and politician and is currently a health activist and pro-moter of AFL internationally. He works to promote healthylifestyles through his roles as the longtime treasurer of Trim andFitness International Sport for All Association (TAFISA) andsecretary general for Asiania Sport for All Association(ASFAA). Mr. Dixon now offers public speaking seminars and acts as a politicaladviser for business and the corporate sector.


Billiard, Traditional Game transformed today into aCultural Heritage Oscar Luiz Azuero

Billiard is an original traditional gamedeveloped more than 3000 years ago as afloor game similar to croquet, adopted inmedieval Europe, and, as a consequence ofthe Inquisition, became a secret table game.Today, billiard has all the harmony of a tra-ditional game spanning ethnic regions andcultures and requiring high mental andphysical skill. Billiard is an example of evo-lution through time of an ancestral tradition-al game that become a universal discipline.

The exact origin of billiard is unclear.Researchers have tried without success todecode the enigma, but without doubt,today billiard is a game widely spread withantique origins. The game in its variousforms has been practiced by kings, emper-ors, pontiffs, nobles and common people,presidents, aristocrats, musicians, mentalpatients, ladies, gentleman and all kind ofcharacters and members of every profes-sion, race and creed and age.

The origin of Billiard

An antique discovery forced people to thinkof games and sport’s role in antique cultures.In the excavation of a child sepulcher inEgypt dated from 3300 B.C. a complete setof skittles was discovered, similar to theEnglish game of 9 skittles, played with adisc or a ball. The system was as interestingin its beauty as in its meaning. Each piece-9 skittles, 4 balls and 3 bars form an arch,polished in marble or in a fine stone were theproduct of the work of an expert sculptor.

In a passage of The Odyssey, approximate-ly 3000 years ago, Homer gives us hintsabout other antecedent. He mentions5 happy players practicing the game of“Birilli” that can be considered the ancestorof billiard. It was similar: in a vessel carvedby artists from Athens young people hold intheir hands long and curved sticks andshowing a ball.


Logically Billiard had its origin in the gamesof lawn. The ruins discovered and the hiero-glyphics found offer some possible answers:The games of “palo y bola” a lawn game,were represented in graves that were built3000 years ago, showing billard-types ofinstruments in the drawings used in the game.

Were these images representing a practiceof a “sport”? Many authors argue that it isnot clear that it was a sport, and have arguedthat the activities named could be religiousor social. What is clear is how ancientGreeks and Egyptians used as tool—sticks,balls and other curious devices—in thepractice of some integrated activities.Those tools are similar to those used bynobles in field games from the XVI century.

There are some people that affirm that inthe IV century, Anarcasis, an ancientphilosopher from Escitia, in the AsianRegion, famous for his maxim and narra-tive, provides a description of the game as aresult of the story of the details of one of hisjournals to ancient Greece, where, accord-ing to his tale, people used to practice“carambola” over the floor.

In the American book “Modern Billiards”published in 1884, H.W. Collender tells thatCatkire Ore (Conn Cetchathach) King ofIreland, was renowned for leaving as a lega-cy a game of 55 balls made of bronze andwood, with arch and mallets made of thesame materials in the IIth century.Some historians affirm that Billiard was adiversion for Greeks and Romans. Anexample of this is Horacio (65 – 8 a.c) aLatin poet born in Venosa, who in hismoment dedicated an ode to the game.Nerón (38-68 B.C) was amused with agame so similar to billiard.

Edwin Kentfield, in his book “Kenfield atthe billard” (1839), assures that the gamemust, at least, be as old as the Accio’s warin Greece, famous for the failure of MarcoAntonio’s emperor in front of Octavio, 31 years B.C. Indeed, Cleopatra (69-30B.C) was a great fan to what was a primi-tive game which practiced on the floor.The sticks were used similar to those usedtoday to play golf.

The game as is known today is derived fromits predecessor practiced on the floor like


Oscar Azuero is a lawyer, journalist and ex-director ofColddeports and serves as vice president of the TAFISA. He is theformer secretary of the University of Bogota and is currentPresident of the Corporation for the Development of Sport for All in Columbia.

the Arpasto from Greeks, the “Calcio” orCalcium from Italy, the “Chueca” fromSpain, the “Mallo” from Spain and France,the “Bandy” from English and Scandina-vians, and is similar to categories of othergames, as croquet, bowling or tricks. TheEnglish cultivated a similar game to the cro-quet which originated the old French game“Cilie-Maille” or the “Biliamaglio” in Italy.The game was played with club or wooden“cayados”, wooden balls with 10cm diame-ter and arches over the floor, inside a sur-face delimited by hemp walls.

All this takes us to the conclusion that thereare undeniable links from early history inthe evolution of the game. Billiard’s mod-ern roots are in Europe The book“Compleat Gangster” of Charles Cotton,published in 1674. says that billard is a‘more gentile, clean and clever game,’ prac-ticed first in Italy. However, in other page ofthe same text he also mentions Spain as theplace of Billiard’s birth. Other authorsclaim billiard is derived from table gamesplayed with balls in China, Persia, Italy orSpain; however, the more accepted conjec-ture is that it was originated in France as aversion of a table game practiced insideimitating a lawn game similar to croquet.

France adopted and transformed the game,making it a part of French culture, makingit playable indoors over tables. Thus, itbecame renowned through western Europe.

Modernity

Today, Billiard in its modern conception isplayed not only recreationally but in local,zonal, international, and worldwide cham-

pionships. Finally, in the 105th meeting ofthe International Olympic Committee(IOC) in Atlanta, it was raised it to the newcategory of an ‘Olympic Game.’

Today the IOC recognizes the sport ofBilliard and its standard rules for tourna-ments. These rules are applied to winners ofgold and silver medals. However, the trans-formation of billiard into an Olympic gameseems unlikely in the near future since thereis not am organization that leads the disci-pline in the field with the enough strength.The twenty-first century is accompanied bya huge spread of technical knowledge andnew methods for learning the game (withaudiovisuals, multimedia and simulators),greater support, and media coverage. Allthese factors will promote the acceptance,respect and the worldwide recognition ofthe game that it deserves.

The passion for billiard has spread; the gamehas achieved its maturity. It reaches everyintellectual level and fascinates many peo-ple. It is a demanding table game that duringthe last 600 years has evolved like no other,contributing to today’s sport activities.


In 2001 about 100 delegates representingfederations of traditional games and aca-demic researchers decided to createETSGA, a tool in the service of traditionalgames. The birth was the outcome of aprocess that saw the appearance of a newcivil society movement in the 1970’s, bornwithin the sporting environment itself,claiming a non-central place for sportingperformance. Central to its ethos was adesire for a more educational sporting cul-ture, which puts forward the notion ofhuman encounters with more convivialityand harmony with local cultures. In this,traditional games found commonality withthe sport for all movement, in part throughphysical education teaching. In retrospect,one could say that traditional games pro-gressed in parallel with the improvement ofdemocracy in various countries.

At the international level, several meetingstook place, showing development of a newworld awareness and self-identity.It was principally UNESCO which expres-sed this change of approach at the worldlevel. In 1983 it presented its major pro-gram for education at 3 levels: Sport, Sportfor All, and Traditional Games and Dance.In October 1986 UNESCO recommended"the protection and development of games,dances and traditional sports in the settingof physical education and sport, as means topreserve the cultural heritage.“ The traditio-nal games collection project began in themid-199s, and at a 1999 meeting in PuntaDel Este, Uruguay. Delegates and ministries of several dozensof countries signed a proclamation askingthat every state organise the "promotion andthe preservation of traditional games." Ayear later, the 2000 World Festival of

Traditional Sports was celebrated under theauspices of TAFISA.

Meeting of the European Networks

In 1985, an original experiment, the crea-tion of the FILC (International Federationof Celtic Wrestling) influenced the way thefuture European traditional games networkswould develop. The FILC accepted thechallenge to make federations in charge ofdifferent wrestling styles work together forobjectives decided in common. It had thegoal to develop the practice of different tra-ditional wrestling styles while giving theman international audience. This goal waswithout standardisation of the practice ofthe styles. It rejected the use of only onelanguage and instead encouraged all lang-uages, giving equality of expression and amore democratic spirit. The experimentshowed that it was not necessary to copy thesport organization system as the elementarystructure to renovate and to redevelop so-called minority sports. The FILC now has12 regional or national affiliated federationsand each year organises internationalevents. In addition, in central Africa mini-sters of CEDEAO adopted identical resolu-tions to preserve their play culture in 1986.

Several European scientific meetings in the1980’s, organised in part by IIAC, and byCEMEA, led to the organisation in 1990 ofan important gathering in Brittany, sponso-red by the Council of Europe. It was aEuropean festival of 65 traditional gamesand sports with a thousand participantsincluding an international camp of traditio-nal wrestling and a week-long Europeanseminar. The seminar’s objective was tomake a global analysis of traditional games

ETSGA, a Network for Traditional Games and SportsAn Alternative Way, besides the SportsGuy Jaouen


and sports situation in Europe, and assesswhat these practices could offer in terms ofeducation, participation, tourism, and spor-ting activity in the context of the local cul-ture. This meeting enlisted about forty par-ticipating organisations to write a motion,translated into eight languages, to theEuropean Parliament. It was succeeded in1994 by a recommendation inviting theEuropean Commission to establish a speci-fic program for the promotion of regionaland traditional sports. This unique gathe-ring inspired the founding of many similartraditional games festivals in Belgium,France, Italy, and in numerous autonomousSpanish regions. This constructed a net-work to reinforce and support the the base,to nourish the debate of ideas and to put for-ward experiments.

Education, Culture and Traditional Games

One of the most conclusive results of thismeeting was the demonstration, by the rese-arch of experts in physical education, thattraditional games often offered more possi-bilities in terms of motor education than themodern sports. Indeed, traditional gamesoffer fields with more varied possibilities,in particular with the socio-motor games ofco-operation. This breached the picture ofinferiority usually assigned to them. But traditional games have other assets tooffer: cultural diversity at the level of tea-ching at school, with the enhancement ofinter generationality in a world where theage groups are more and more separated.Traditional games offer a better socialisa-tion because they make no reference to starsof sport. In traditional games the result isindeed more measured: the victory is lessimportant, therefore the defeat is lessimportant.

These conclusions, added to the differentintergovernmental recommendations, influ-enced the decision makers. Ministerial cir-culars appeared, catalyzing a change of atti-

tude in regional tradition games for educa-tional use. This had several results. For ex-ample, Spain created chairs for professorsin traditional games in the sport universi-ties. In the French region of Brittany, thecreation of an educational materials in theschools, enabling dozens of thousands ofyoungsters to be influenced by sportingprofessionals, as well as by the regularorganisation of big school gatherings arebased on traditional games. At this stage wesaw, in fact, the normalisation of projectsusing traditional games, demonstrating thatthey could be adapted and incorporated inthe school educational process. These inturn lead to the creation of formation orga-nisations and saw numerous associationscreating professional activity for the tea-ching of the games, which was complemen-tary to the federations and researchers net-works.

By the end of the 1990s, the traditionalgames network was a complex mixture ofculture and new education, at the forefrontof the challenge to create a structure at theEuropean level. ETSGA was created in2001, at the occasion of a traditional gamesgathering of 36 delegations from 14European regions. The founding membershad the wisdom to take into account all exi-sting active networks: the academic, tea-ching professionals, museums, federationsand confederations, while creating threecolleges to give a legitimacy to the threenetworks. It is this accumulation of compe-tencies, of expertise, of diverse points ofview, of experience and energy that compri-ses the strength and the originality ofETSGA.

A Natural Intercultural Dialogue

During the steps taken for the recognition oftraditional games, it was suggested to usthat the games were carriers of the past, ofregionalism, or even of localism. To berecognised, the administrations asked that


the traditional games disown their regionalroots and adopt the fashion of modern sportfunction, standardised with vertical deci-sion making. However, this could not func-tion because traditional games are not sole-ly a sporting activity, but are closely boundwith culture, traditional music, gastronomyand the language of each region. Their wayto function is therefore different accordingto context, but with a strong symbolicimplication at the base.

Traditional games, at the local or regionallevel, with or without competition, involvesa sort of philosophy, a way of co-existance,a way to put the "Us" forward instead of the"Me". They allow the individual to be anactor in one’s own environment, and notmearly a spectator at the margin of anotherculture. This difference doesn't mean awithdrawal. On the contrary, it renewsenthusiasm and thirst of exchange in parti-cipants at every gathering. Players are allages. We instituted a regulation that everyculture and language are equal, which cre-ates a societal structure where tolerance isthe rule. This forges in every instant thesearch for the discovery of the pleasure ofother cultures of games, of the encounter, thedialogue and compromise.

Traditional games, involve a concept of interregional or national exchanges, but not ofglobalisation or standardisation. When wemeet players of other regions, we play theirgames, they play ours, we discover their cul-ture and they discover ours. The goal is not toimpose a culture through a game or a sport,but to exchange, to construct social links,which doesn't avoid having sporting results

that keep a symbolic value. National anthemsare forgotten to show that we are first of all apart of humanity, while creating values at thesame time universal and local.The motto of ETSGA could be: "traditionalgame is entertainment, socialisation andeducation " It is a school to "live together"and not the domination of the other creatingbridges between cultures respect of diversi-ty. Traditional games are education toolswhich transmit to the youth the values ofour societies, tools of preservation of ourheritage and of local traditions, learningtools for inter-cultural thought. They aretools with a future.

A Future to Build

Traditional games have a social structurethat permits placing the human being, andnot the sporting performance and its stakes,in the center of the societal system of sport.If we wish that these societal structures bevalorised, for their recognition four mainorientations must be developed: - Scientific research, that is sociological,

historic, technique, physiological. - The formation of socio-cultural teachers,

specialised sporting teachers, general edu-cation teachers and of course techniciansto manufacture the materials required.

- Teaching in the schools and in all domainsof education, the development of s o c i o -cultural activities in the adult envi-ronment, or tourism.

- The construction of facilities, for the prac-tice of traditional games, as for all othersporting facilities.

Guy Jaouen , born in 1954 in Brittany, France, is an expert in tradi-tional wrestling. He has published several books on traditional sports.He is the founding secretary of the FILC in 1985, the founding presi-dent of the Breton Confederation of traditional games in 1994, and thefounding president of ETSGA in 2001.


The bond between Traditional Games andSport For All dates back to the primitive agein most parts of Africa. It is premised on atripod of fostering unity, promoting educa-tion and positive moral values, and provid-ing an avenue for recreation and sociabilityamong people living in unit settlements inthe society.

Traditional Games and Sport For All, there-fore, symbolizes a typical way people ofAfrican descent have socialized and recre-ated from ages past.

Welcome to Africa

Rising from the restless oceans of earth arethe six continents of the World. Africa, theland flowing with untapped human and nat-ural resources occupies a prominent posi-

tion, separating the Indian and Atlanticoceans and spreading its land masses intoboth the northern and southern hemisphere.

Africa’s surface area of more than 30 mil-lion square kilometers represent a diversityof culture, traditions, languages, geography,political and socio-economic systems, yet,they are inter-woven. Although Africaforms part of the “third world” of modernhistory, it stands on one foot in restful antiq-uity, the other is waxing stronger in thedynamics of the twenty-first century.

The concept of active living (recreation)and community action in Africa dates backto ancient days. Historically, there existedduring the ancient age in Africa some pecu-liar underlying principles of team participa-tion in activities and events either in profes-sional vocations or intra/inter communalharmonious relationships, hence the popu-lar phrase “Africa--United in Diversity”

Nigeria

In Nigeria, the fusion of traditional gameswith everyday recreation passion was pro-pelled by common factors such as familyties, shared communal affection by subjectwithin neighboring communities. Tradi-tional games were important to entrenchpositive moral values on subjects within acommunity or settlement before the adventof modern education. There were also a toolfor fostering friendship, unity, healthy liv-ing, and to preserving existing traditionalnorms and values among people of samehistorical backgrounds. Typically, Sport ForAll ideals were adopted as a vehicle foradvancing he knowledge of indigenous

Traditional Sport and Sport for All: A Bond of Unityand Recreation. The African (Nigeria) Perspective Comfort Nwankwo


recreation activities in all strata of peoplewithin and beyond rural communities, espe-cially in Nigeria.

Traditional Games as a Bond of Unity

Unity in any society is paramount, and oneof the main ways of sustained unity withinand amongst the different people in Nigeriahas been the unrestricted access of tradi-tional games for people of all ages to active-ly take part in communal festivals and tocelebrate social cultural. Various traditionalgames, sport and dance activities featuredduring such festivals are usually tied to thedifferent age and gender of participants.This process in essence, helps foster unityand friendship through the building of inter-personal social relationships and networks.

Traditional Games for healthy Living

Health, it is often said, is wealth, andindigenous recreation sports activities helpsprovide the needed remedy for health relat-ed aliments often occasioned by stress andboredom from the cumulative effect of ful-

filling difficult life challenges either atwork or home, and lack of access to ade-quate recreational facilities.

The regular mass participation by people inorganized communal recreation activitiesthus provides room for improved healthcondition in adherents.

Traditional Games as an EducationalTool

Traditional Games, Sports and Dance activ-ities are have a checkered history inNigeria. Before the advent of modern edu-cation, family and community membersadopted the use of indigenous culturalnorms to impart good moral values to peo-ple, both old and young. In a typical com-munal scene in most parts of Nigeria, chil-dren often gathered at sunset in villagesquares, where the elderly told them inter-esting tales by the setting of the moon bynight. It was often said to be God’s designto have people of all ages to gather in andinformal and carnival atmosphere tounwind and interact. Experiences like this


formed the bedrock of character molding inyouth for future life challenges as men andwomen. Others games included moonlightplays by women, local wrestling bouts byboys and men and various recreation playsfor women, all of which were colorful andattractive to all participants.

Traditional Games – a Potent Recrea-tional Vehicle

Sport For All Movement’s exposes, show-cases and promotes traditional sportingactivities as a form of recreation amongpeople of various backgrounds in Nigeria.Culture in Nigeria is very sacred, and anaverage person feels a complete sense ofbelonging to a cultural activity peculiar tohis ethnic group when projected to lime-light during festivities and events

Summary

Traditional games, sports and dance activi-ties are vehicles for mobilizing mass partic-ipation by people of all ages which guaran-tees access to healthy living. Traditionalgames in Nigeria are truly Sport For All,and are practiced in most parts of Africa.

Traditional games, sports and dance inSport For all are capable of enriching thehumankind as well as advancing globalgoals, for promoting peace, friendship,unity equity, active living -– for everyone.Traditional sport for all does not requirefacilities and equipment. Also Sport For Allis inclusive, i.e. it include all age groups,sexes, and all persons with physical chal-lenges. Thus, traditional sports activities area potent vehicle required for fostering unity,health education and recreation in All andFor All.

Email: HYPERLINK "mailto:[email protected]"[email protected]

Comfort Nwankwo is Executive Director CICOM Int. Ltd, Nigeria.She has national degrees in business administration and public rela-tions.She is Member of the African Communication Council, alsoMember Nigeria Olympic Committee Women Commission 2001-2005, Vice PresidentTAFISA since 2005, General Secretary Sport for All Nigeria since 2001 and Member inthe Organizing Committee Hope Worldwide Nigeria.


The Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage as aMethod to Safeguard Traditional Sports and Games asAn Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humankind. Jorge Gustavo Caicedo

Since its foundation in November 1945,UNESCO´s goal is to contribute to peaceby promoting international collaborationthrough education, science, and culture inorder to further universal respect for justi-ce, the rule of law, and the human rights.

1959 began an international donation cam-paign to save the monuments of Nubia inEgypt; these relics of ancient human civi-lization were under threat from risingwaters of the Nile due to the construction ofthe Aswan High Dam. Between 1964 and1968, the entire site was cut in large blocksand relocated 65 meters higher and 200 meters back from the river. It was anoutstanding archaeological engineering featof our time that led to other safeguardingcampaigns such as saving Venice and itslagoon in Italy, in addition to leading to aUNESCO-initiated draft Convention toprotect the common cultural heritage ofhumanity.

On 16 November 1972, a single text wasagreed on by all parties, and theConvention Concerning the Protection ofthe World Cultural and Natural Heritagewas adopted by the General Conference ofUNESCO. Nevertheless there whereknowledge and practices related to natureand universe, languages and oral expres-sions, ritual and community celebrations,practices as traditional sports and games ortraditional performing arts such as danceand music, handcrafts, symbolic spaces andunique abilities and techniques that for cen-turies have been evolving. These heritageshave been transmitted from one generationto another and defines the singularity ofeach culture ad weren’t protected by the

Convention text. Therefore and internation-al movement emerged in the 90s, as a coun-terpart to the World Heritage that focusesmainly on tangible aspects of culture. Thisgave birth to the notion of IntangibleCultural Heritage. In 2001, UNESCO madea survey among international experts fromStates and NGOs, in Turin, Italy, to try toagree on a definition. This set the bases tothe adoption by the General Conference ofUNESCO´s Convention for the safeguard-ing of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in2003.

“According to the Convention for theSafeguarding of the Intangible CulturalHeritage, the intangible cultural heritage(ICH) – or living heritage – is the main-spring of our cultural diversity and itsmaintenance a guarantee for continuingcreativity.The Convention states that the ICH is man-ifested, among others, in the followingdomains • Oral traditions and expressions including

language as a vehicle of the intangiblecultural heritage;

• Performing arts (such as traditionalmusic, dance and theatre);

• Social practices, rituals and festiveevents, this point considers the


Traditional Sports and Games (TSG)• Knowledge and practices concerning

nature and the universe;• Traditional craftsmanship. The definition

also indicates that the ICH to be safe-guarded by this Convention:

• Is transmitted from generation to genera-tion;

• Is constantly recreated by communitiesand groups, in response to their environ-ment, their interaction with nature, andtheir history;

• Provides communities and groups with asense of identity and continuity;

• Promotes respect for cultural diversityand human creativity;

• Is compatible with international humanrights instruments;

• complies with the requirements of mutualrespect among communities, and of sus-tainable development.

The depository of this heritage is the humanmind, the human body being the main instru-ment for its enactment, or – literally –embodiment. The knowledge and skills areoften shared within a community, and mani-festations of Intangible Cultural Heritageoften are performed collectively. This is thecase with Traditional Sports and Games, andas many elements of the ICH are endan-gered, due to effects of globalization, stan-dardize policies, and lack of means, appreci-ation and understanding which – takentogether – may lead to the erosion of func-tions and values of such elements and to lackof interest among the younger generations.”http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00002

“In order to reverse this, UNESCO´s point-ed a series of action plans that includes oneor more of the following measures:• Research and documentation,• Enhancing the transmission of knowl

edge and know-how to younger generations,• Awareness-raising at the local and

national level through information cam-

paigns, festivals, workshops and confer-ences,

• Identification and inventorying,• The creation of specialized curricula in

schools and universities,• The adoption of legal protective measures.

As a general rule, these safeguardingmeasures were established in consultationwith the communities concerned.”http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00106

TAFISA has made considerable effort inorder to safeguard Traditional Sports andGames (TSG), in the TAFISA - BusanTREX Games Festival. A document shallbe released a the Festival pointing a numberof actions concerning this matter. In addi-tion, we have developed an integral strategythat we wish to share with all TAFISAmembers as result of the presentation withthe TAFISA Board of Directors in their lat-est meeting in Bordeaux, France.The Intangible Cultural Heritage Encyclo-pedia, a free web 2.0 portal that will help tocreate an inventory of Traditional Sportsand Games throughout the world, not onlythe modalities but the players, researchersand organizations related to them. (seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage)

The portal considers the general informa-tion of each modality, the implements nec-essary for its practice and also consideringfield measures, ground type, time of theyear when it is played and other importantmatters related to its practice.

To make the human inventory we’ll create aweb community within EPCI for all ofthose whose knowledge and abilities areconsider fundamental part of TraditionalSports and Games.It is an efficient tool to contact them and hasthree goals:

1. For clearing inquiries.2. To promote their services or products.


3. Creating new webs of specialist as a wayto share and improve their knowledge.

Since education and promotion are coreissues to the safeguarding of TSG, wedeveloped a line of work in this matter con-sisting in creating a worldwide web ofyoung people trained as “Heritage Kee-pers,“ that will provide the necessary skillsand knowledge to identify, register and pro-mote within the community the TSG, withthe help of the Encyclopedia.

The improvement and advancement of TSGrelays in promotion through education, cre-ating publications, didactic material, work-shops and other activities for facilitating anon-formal education strategy. Once wehave enough experience and we can synthe-sized in a curricular content, we can promoteits incorporation into formal education.Our experience in Mexico’s education hasbeen proven success, in 2003 we incorpo-rated 3 traditional games into the officialcurricula of junior school through out thewhole country. And in 2008 we incorporat-ed 17 traditional games for K12 elementaryschools trough out the whole country

The proposal of collaboration with TAFISAconsiders the following strategies:

• Promote EPCI with all its members toconsult and upload new information ofTSG, in their native language and avail-able translation in English

• Develop a worldwide inventory of Tra-ditional Sports and Games (TSG)

• EPCI will represent the TSG before UNESCO´s Intergovernmental Commit-tee for the Safeguarding of the IntangibleCultural Heritage, with TAFISA support.

• Identify players, artisans, specialists, re-searchers and promoters related to theTSG an create a personal page for each ofthem in EPCI

• Identify the TSG in danger of disappear-ing and take action for its safeguarding

• Improve the TSG movement around theworld

• Training new “Heritage Keepers“ fromorganizations affiliated to TAFISA, to promote TSG in elementary schools withformal and non formal strategies

• Promote regional leagues of TSG andsimilar measures to assure its visibilityand therefore its awareness

• Since we are a non-profit organization we supported by the donations from our users, we encourage TAFISA and its members tocollaborate in the fundraising to sustainEPCI operation and increase its bound aries.

The Encyclopedia of Intangible CulturalHeritage will be launched in the TAFISA -Busan TREX Games Festival in Septemberof 2008. See you there!!!

If you wish to research for more informationconcerning the Intangible Cultural Heritage,refer to UNESCO´s web pagehttp://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=home

Jorge Gustavo Caicedo is head of the Encyclopedia of IntangibleCultural Heritage, an NGO accredited advisor to UNESCO,researcher and promoter of Traditional Sports and Games through-out Mexico´s indigenous communities. He is a consultant to theMinistry of Education in traditional sports and games. In additionhe is a writer and editor of traditional knowledge didactical books for children


ey, etc.), the game exists only through coop-eration based on well worked out collectivetactics: passes, protection, support, andpressure. In a football match or a game ofrugby, for example, it is entirely the acts ofmutual support and passes between partnersthat structure the game. This solidarity is atthe origin of a strong group spirit, and evenmore, of a very strong feeling of groupidentity and of belonging.

Particular attention is paid to equality ofopportunity for the competitors, their equiv-alent rights, their similar space and equip-ment, possibly the establishment of cate-gories based on age or weight… This initialeven-handedness, constantly sought after,makes for fairness and the good atmosphereof the encounter.

Are these examples convincing?

The opposition triumphant!

In many sports, only a loose idea of “team”exists: a team of gymnasts or athletes, forexample, only takes on substance throughthe juxtaposition or the sum of its results,and not through any corporal interactionwith strong relational implications. In themajority of psychomotor sports in whichthe participant acts individually, with nophysical contact, the notion of cooperationis largely devoid of meaning.

In the case of team-sports, socio-motorsports, that is to say, the ones that provokeconsiderable motor reactions (rugby, foot-ball, basket-ball, and so forth), cooperativeinteractions are of great importance, but,when all is said and done, these dependentirely on oppositional interactions.

Cooperation and Opposition in Sports and in Traditio-nal GamesPierre Parlebas

The claim is often made that sports and tra-ditional games develop greater understand-ing between individuals and betweennations, and even foster world peace. Thisobjective can only surprise, since combat isthe very nature of sport. Is it realistic to seesolidarity as the purpose of such confronta-tional activities?

Sport and Cooperation

To avoid any risk of confusion, we willdefine the terms to be used. We will apply“sport” to all those motor-situations govern-ed by a system of rules, competitive in na-ture and which have been institutionalised.Sport is based on the existence of four nec-essary and sufficient criteria: a motor-situa-tion; a system of rules; competition; an insti-tutional nature. We can thus identify newsport as other games or “traditional games”.

Sport comprises strongly institutionalisedphysical games: that is to say, those whichhave been selected by social authorities, theemblematical case being the OlympicGames. They are defined as a competitiongoverned by rules, culminating in the desig-nation of victors and vanquished. What thenare the properties that foster the purpose ofgeneral solidarity so often attributed tothem?

An omnipresent cooperation?

Participants in individual sports (gymnastics,athletics, swimming, etc.) are seen as mem-bers of a team (of a club, or of a nation); thepoints they score or the medals they winindividually are often added together togive the overall result of their team.In team-games (football, basket-ball, hock-


In football, a pass is said to be “decisive”,precisely because it allows an attacking andvictorious kick into the enemy goal. Herecooperation is a side effect of opposition.The result of a match, football or basketball,is the final score, which does not take intoaccount any acts of solidarity: only victori-ous attacking movements count. In fact,what counts, is what can be counted: andwhat counts is not cooperation, but theopposing team.

Equality of opportunity is, in reality, theproperty that will give its full value to thesuperiority of the winner. Nothing isassured beforehand; equality at the startgives full weight to the final victory.Equality of opportunity is thus in the serv-ice of unequal results.

The insistence with which the role of coop-eration in sport is stressed seems unwarrant-ed. Sometimes intense and prolonged (team-sports, relays…), sometimes entirely absent(athletics, gymnastics…). Cooperation isalways subject to the primacy of the oppo-sition, as can be seen from league-tablesand goal-averages, which record only suc-cessful attacks (goals, tries, scores). In otherwords, the final aim of a sporting event isthe division into two groups: the winnersand the losers, those who mount the podiumwith their medals around their necks, andthe others who stay down below. The out-come of a sporting event is a split. We mustadmit that this way of seeing brotherhoodamong players is debateable.

Is taking part in physical activities fated tobring confrontational behaviour and thewill to dominate to the forefront? We mightwish that feelings of solidarity couldemerge and develop objectively and unde-niably. From this point of view, do tradi-tional games present situations where mutu-al help and cooperation are fostered?

Cooperation and Traditional Games

Let us take a quick look at the major groupsof physical activity that make up traditionalgames (that is to say, non-sports).

Games involving active solidarity.

Many activities not governed by a system ofrules in common, do present situations ofmotor-adventure where cooperation oftenplays a key role: hiking, climbing, speleol-ogy, canoeing, treetop sports, sailing, andcanyoning. These self-organised activities,with no formal system of rules, which wecall “near-sports”, impose facing up to con-siderable difficulties but have no competi-tive nature. They put active mutual assis-tance and safety and the partners’ survivalat the heart of the commitment of every par-ticipant. These sports are purely coopera-tive; their normal expression is a hymn tocomradeship and active solidarity (theseactivities, informal at the start, have beentaken over by the sports-establishmentwhich has transformed them by imposingits own restrictions: rules, standardisation,competition, hierarchy).

Certain traditional games highly popularamong children and teen-agers have nocompetitive element whatsoever: these arerounds and rhyme-games based on ritu-alised interactions between participants,often very sophisticated. Without any ele-ment of conflict, these activities are found-ed on collective complicity and solidarity,expressed through a scenario whose outlineis predetermined by the internal plotexpressed in the song. Blending words andacts; these games enhance the pleasure ofshared participation and foster the appear-ance of group cohesiveness.


Competition to exclude and competitionto include.

Among traditional games, some show thesame pattern of total opposition as that seenin sport: for example, cops and robbers, leDrapeau,(1), bowls, quoits or skittle. Buteven here, in certain cases, acts of coopera-tion contribute to the final score: la Passe àdix, le Ballon-capitaine, les Barres, la Balleau prisonnier. However, and in far morespectacular fashion, it is through the verymodes of opposition that traditional gamesdisplay unexpected configurations.

All sports competitions end with the osten-tatious identification of the winner and inconsequence, of the loser. This exaltation ofvictory is a poor approach to respect andfriendship towards others. The losers arecast into outer darkness. Only the winnersremain in the competition and reach thepodium: sports competitions are exclusive.

In a very different way, in many traditionalgames, competition displays features farmore favourable to the creation of welcom-ing and flexible social relations. Defeat isonly temporary, and can be immediatelyredeemed by success. The drama is takenout of failure, as it does not count towardsthe final score and is swiftly replaced bysuccess, causing its immediate disappear-ance. This is the case in the game of Quatrecoins in which a player, after losing his cor-ner, can win another following the nextmove. In the same way, in la Balle assise, aplayer who is hit has to lie motionless onthe ground; but can quickly gain possessionof the ball and become a free player oncemore, before being hit again, and yet again,freed. A game is a succession of surprisesduring which the player experiences intenseconfrontations, but where the competitionswings from failure to success and backagain. This is a sharing competition. In theend, no one loses. Each player takes his fairshare. This is a win-win game.

Other ways of acting avoid stigmatising thelosers: in the games of Epervier, Balle auchasseur or Esquive-ballon au loup forexample, the player who has been ticked isnot excluded: he changes sides andbecomes a partner with his predators; in thisway, although apparently beaten, he joinsthe winners. At the end of the game, every-one wins: the hunter who has captured allthe hunted, those who were hunted and thenbecame hunters, and the last of the hunted,able to spring all the traps! This type ofsharing-competition, which gives a taste ofvictory to all the participants, is able tofavour the development of mutual aid andsolidarity.

Paradoxical games

A case where the limit is attained is sup-plied by paradoxical games, which leave toeach player the unusual liberty of choosingfor himself, and in the midst of the action,who he wants as partners and who he iden-tifies as enemies. Thus, in la Balle assise,the player in possession of the ball may passthe ball to one and the same player either bybouncing it (a friendly pass) or by throwingit directly at him (an unfriendly pass). Thechoice is open to each one to decide thenature of his motor-communication; he isfree to transform it and is himself vulnera-ble to the choices made by others, as in laGaline, for example. In this ambivalentframework, a real paradox emerges when aplayer stops an opponent who, in reality, isthe one protecting him (as seen in the Jeudes Trois Camps).

Infused by a disconcerting relational ambi-valence, these paradoxical games illustrateonce again a competition based on sharing,where the player decides for himself wherethe most attractive alliances lie, all thewhile running the risk of unforeseen inter-actions through the preferences of others.


A founding social Contract

We cannot avoid the observation: globally,traditional games present practices that arefar more favourable towards cooperationand agreement than do sports. Nevertheless,traditional games and sports alike have acrucial property: all are based on the play-ers’ acceptance of the rules that will governtheir behaviour. This unanimous agreementwith a system of rules corresponds to a real«social contract» to which all participantsgive voluntary allegiance, implicitly orexplicitly. This acceptance of general law isat the very roots of society, and has a key-role to play in the process of socialisation.All sports (traditional games and sports),however rough, are based on this initialpact, confirming their prior alliance.

This point of agreement is of great impor-tance; however, it is still true that, whilesports stress the often violent assertion ofdomination, by generating anew coopera-tive behaviour throughout the action, tradi-tional games- more than sports- bring situa-tions that favour the development of soli-darity and of widespread agreement.

This point of agreement is of great impor-tance; however, it is still true that, whilesports stresses the often violent assertion ofdomination, it also generates a new cooper-ative behaviour throughout the action, tradi-tional games.

Pierre Parlebas After finishing the L’Ecole Normale Supériered’Education Physique (ENSEP) in Paris he worked as a teacher atthe same institute (1965 – 1987). He obtained his doctorate in thearts (1984) and then became a professor for sociology at theSorbonne, Paris (1987). His following academic career includedvarious high standing functions in national science. He was awarded honorary doc-tor at the University of Lerida, Spain (2002). He is president of the L’AssociationNationale des Centres d’Entrainement ux Methodes d’Education Active (CEMA)since 2003 and has published various books and articles in sports sciences.


4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games 2008Ju-Ho Chang

The 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for AllGames 2008 has been celebrated with fullsupport of IOC, UNESCO and ICSSPE inBusan, Korea.

In the year 1992, in Bonn, TAFISA laun-ched the 1st World Festival of TraditionalSports and offered a unique opportunity forthe global citizens to be aware of the tradi-tional games and sports from various cul-tures of the world. Participation from delegations of all conti-nents presented their indigenous and uniquesport skills, games and culture, made thissport festival a huge success right from verybeginning.

Keeping in view of the capability andresources at Busan, our city won the bid toorganize this festival under the new title the“4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for AllGames” between September 26 andOctober 2, 2008.

This festival was attended by more than7,500 players, officials and other sport dig-nitaries from 103 countries. According tothe TAFISA President Dr. Shang–Hi, Rhee“Busan during this event was the world cap-ital of Sport for All and provided a uniqueand colourful platform for the art of move-ment.” These Games are also known as theTreX-Games (‘Tr’ for traditional games, ‘e’for e-sports and ‘X’ stands for extremesports). The games were an ideal platformto bridge the gap between traditional, pres-ent and future of Sport for All. It madeeveryone aware of the important role thatsports and games have played at all times inthe lives of people on earth. And the techno-logical progress in our traditions of sports. Ican, therefore conclude that these gamesgave a chance of taking a glance into a re-discovered future sport culture world wide.

As these games include traditional, extremeand ultra modern e-sports, by blending tra-ditional and modern sports, these gamesblured the boundaries between generationsestablishing the world’s biggest SportCultural Festival.

The Olympic Charter states that the Inter-national Olympism encourages “the coordi-nation, organization and development ofsport, fitness and well-being through sportactivities which can be adopted by peopleof all ages and social and economic condi-tions, in spite of the diverse local andregional cultures. Sport for All encompass-es all types of sport with the exception ofelite sport. Also mentioned by the OlympicCharter, Fundamental Principles that “Thepractice of sport is a human right. Everyindividual must have the possibility of prac-ticing sport in accordance with his or herneeds.”

Sports competitions collaborated with thecompetent public and private organizationsand authorities in the endeavour to placesport at the service of humanity and encour-age the development of Sport for All.In the 5th World Sport for All Congresswith the theme : “Sport for All – Health forAll” Punta del Este (URU), 10th -13thMarch 1994 where IOC and WHO havejointly stated that “the InternationalOlympic Committee and World HealthOrganization have a common goal, the pro-motion of health through sports and physi-cal exercise. Both organizations andTAFISA are convinced of the positiveeffects of sports and physical exercise onthe physical, mental and social well being.

The importance of preserving, developing,and promoting traditional games, as a culturalheritage has been widely publicized through a


variety of means including an exhibition atthe Olympic Museum entitled “Finding theRoots of Sport”.(source: IOC, Culture andOlympic Education Commission).

Traditional games and sports provide a plat-form to promote mutual understanding withvarious human civilizations which focus ontheir rich cultural diversity. The TAFISABusan Games aim to create the environ-ment of humanism beyond all possible dis-crimination through dynamic communica-tion. The wide platform of the world ofexercise, also includes shouldering theresponsibility of staging traditional walkingas a resource of charity to promote “OneWorld One Dream,” resolving the ideologi-cal differences globally.

The General Assembly of United Nations,at its 48th session on 25th October 1993,proclaimed 1994 the “International Year ofSport and the Olympic Ideal”, thereafter,for creating better human life style theUnited Nations General Assembly in its res-olution 58/5, entitled “Sport as a means topromote Education, Health, Developmentand Peace”, recognized the positive valuesof sport and physical education andacknowledge the challenges presentedbefore the world of sport today. ThisResolution proclaimed the year 2005 as the

International Year of Sport and Physicaleducation (IYSPE 2005).

TAFISA is committed to encourage sportand physical activity to fight obesity andinactivity worldwide, as adopted by theGeneral Assembly in Warsaw 2005.

I trust that the traditional games and sportsare the real ingredients to keep ‘Sport forAll’ alive as a movement, aimed at realizingthe Olympic ideal which states that sport isa guarantee of enrichment for the communi-ty and country, transcending racial and classdifferences.

Ju-Ho Chang From 1979 to 2002 Chang was a professor at theKyunghee University, Seoul where he is now honorary professor.During and after his academic career he has been appointedvarious functions in national and international sports. This inclu-des the positions of deputy secretary of the 1988 Olympic Gamesin Seoul and secretary general of the Korean OlympicCommittee (1985 – 1989). He is now president of the Korean Olympic Academy,the Korean Sports and Cultural Foundation and the Korean Masters SportsAssociation. Also as a long standing member of the IOC Sport for All Commissionhe has been contributing to the Olympic Movement in many ways. Recently he ser-ved as the chairman of the Executive Committee of the 4th Busan TAFISA WorldSport for All Games. He has also hold various positions in the TAFISA board. Heis married with three children.

tional,

This appeal, in accordance with the Inter-national Charters of UNESCO and TAFISA,confirms and reinforces the importance oftraditional sports and games as a vehicle fortolerance, integration, cultural awareness,solidarity, diversity and world peace.

Many traditional sports and games havedisappeared or are under threat. In order toassure cultural diversity and peace, as wellas the participation of all, regardless of gen-der, religion, ability or social background insports and traditional games, we resolve topromote the balance of the existing diversi-ty of elite sport, Sport for All and physicalactivity with traditional sports and games.

This appeal acknowledges the need foraction at the international, national, region-al and local level required to develop plans,strategies and investments to align tradi-tional sports and games to the future.

It is agreed that this plan should include:

1. support networks that cooperate withlocal, regional, national and internationalgroups

2. work with academic partners and institu-tions to document and evaluate the roleof traditional sports and games

3. work toward capacity building and dis-semination of programs and events at the local, regional and national level.

The supporters of the appeal proclaim theircommitment to:

1. preserve the cultural heritage of tradi-tional sports and games, in partnership

with cultural, educational, health, envi-ronmental and social institutions;

2. transmit traditions in sport to new gener-ations, disseminating material and cul-tural artefacts and experiences;

3. commit to the coordination of globalpartnership to restore, enhance and cele-brate traditional sports and games at local,regional, national and international levels;

4. support the restoration of balance betweenmodern sports and traditional sports andgames:

5. seek government and internationalorganization endorsement and invest-ment in the extension of traditionalsports and games;

6. sponsor, whenever possible, events thatshowcase the exciting world of tradition-al sports and games:

7. promote traditional sports and games asan important mechanism for tolerance,fair play and peace

8. develop strategies aiming at preservingtraditional sport and games for the pro-motion of health.

It is understood that the 4th Busan TAFISAWorld Sport for All Games 2008 exem-plifies the underlying strategy and conceptof this appeal. Moreover, the Games indi-cate the necessity for regular events thatpromote and develop traditional sport andgames.


UNESCO / TAFISA Busan Appeal on the Promotion and

Preservation of Traditional Sports and Games4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games 2008


Wataru IwamotoDirector of the Division ofSocial Sciences, Research And Policy

Dr. Shang-Hi RheePresident TAFISA

Nam-sik HurChairman, Mayor of Busan

For the City of BusanKorea

For the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)

Wataru IwamotoDirector of the Division ofSocial Sciences, Research And Policy

For the Trim and Fitness InternationalSport for All Association (TAFISA)

Dr. Shang-Hi RheePresident

Nam-sik HurChairman, Mayor


Impressions of the 4th Busan TAFISA World Sport for All Games




TAFISA Calendar of Events 2008/2012Certfied Leadeship CourseDarussalam, Tanzania16 - 20.02.2009

Certified Leadership CourseKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaJune 2009

3 rd TAFISA WorkshopHelsinki, Finland06 - 07.03.2009

Latin American ConferenceBogota, ColombiaApril

Certified Leadership CourseMelbourn, Australia6 – 9.4.2009

International Challenge DayGlobal27. 05. 2009

International German TurnfestFrankfurt/Main, Germany30.5. – 5.6.2009

TAFISA/UNESCO ConferenceWuppertal, GermanyJune 2009(to be confirmed)

TAFISA World Congress Taipei3.9. – 7.9.2009

TAFISA General AssemblyTaipei4.9.2009

TAFISA World Walking DayGlobal3./4.10. 2009

ASFAA CongressIsrael2010

ESFAN ConferenceWiesbaden, GermanyApril/May 2010

TAFISA World CongressAdelaide, Australia2011

5th TAFISA World Sport for All GamesSiauliai, LithuaniaJune 2012

TAFISA Board of Directors


EUROPE

ALBANIANATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE OF ALBANIAMr. Stavri BELLO, Secretary GeneralRcuga:"Dervish Hima" No 31, TIRANAphone 00355.42.35249 00355.42.40602 – fax [email protected] [email protected]://www.nocalbania.org.al

FEDERATION ALBANAISE DU SPORT POUR TOUSMinistère de la Culture, de la Jeunesse et des Sports B. Dëshmorët e Kombit, TIRANAphone 00355.42.23682/23206 – fax 00355.42.3248.8

MINISTRY OF TOURISM, CULTURE YOUTH AND SPORTSMrs. Shpresa SULO, Directorate of SportRruga e Durresit No 27 or Rr. "Abdi Toptani", TIRANAphone 00355.4.222.892; 00355.4.236.207; [email protected]

AUSTRIAÖSTERREICHISCHE BUNDES-SPORTORGANISATIONDr Walter PILLWEINPrinz-Eugen-Strasse 12 - 1040 WIENphone 0043.1.5044.4551.2 - fax [email protected]; [email protected]://www.bso.or.at

ÖSTERREICHISCHER BETRIEBSSPORTVERBANDMr. Gernot UHLIRFalkestrasse 1 - 1010 WIENphone 0043.1.513.7714 - fax [email protected]://www.betriebssport.at

BELGIUMA.D.E.P.S.Mrs Muriel COPPEJANS; Mr. Jean-Paul NANBRUBoulevard Léopold II, 44 - 1080 BRUXELLESphone 0032.2.4132.902; 0032.2.4132.903 - fax 0032.2.413.29040032.475.3000.23; [email protected]://www.adeps.be

BULGARIABULGARIAN SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATIONProf. Dr. Nikola HADJIEVVasil Levski Str 75 - 1040 SOFIAphone 00359.2.9872.982 - fax 00359.2.9872982 - [email protected]

CROATIACROATIAN ASSOCIATION "SPORT FOR ALL"Mr. Prof Dr Vladimir FINDAK, Mr. Darko DUJMOVICTrg K. Cosica 11, HR - 10000 ZAGREBphone 00385.1.3020.555 ; 00385.98.392.106 – fax [email protected]; [email protected] ; [email protected]://www.hssr.hr

CYPRUSCYPRUS SPORTS ORGANISATIONMrs Efi MOUZOUROU-PENINTAEXP.O.BOX : 24804, 1304 NICOSIAphone 00357.2.289.7000 - fax [email protected]://www.koa.org.cy

DENMARKDANISH SPORT CONFEDERATIONMr. Torben Freij JENSENIdroettens HusBrondby Stadiom 20, 2605 BRONDBY 20 phone0045.43.2620.35 - fax [email protected]://www.dif.dk

ESTONIAESTONIAN SPORT FOR ALL FEDERATIONMr. Peeter LUSMÄGIPivita tee 12, 10127 TALLIN 00372.5119.152phone [email protected]

FINLANDFINNISH SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATIONMr. Jorma SAVOLAArabianranta 6, 00560 HELSINKIphone 00358.40.5051.866 –fax [email protected]://www.kunto.fi

FRANCENATIONAL OLYMPIC AND SPORT COMMITTEEMr. Joël RAYNAUDc/o Aquitaine Sport Pour Tous - Complexe de la Piscine - Route deLéognan, F - 33140 VILLENAVE D'ORNONphone 0033.5.5669.3801 – fax [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.aquitainesportpourtous.com

ASSOCIATION AQUITAINE SPORT POUR TOUSMrs Odette DUVERNEUILComplexe de la Piscine - Route de Léognan, F - 33140 VILLENAVE D'ORNONphone 0033.5.5675.9030 - fax [email protected]

GERMANYDEUTSCHER TURNERBUNDMrs Pia PAULYOtto-Fleck-Schneise 8, 60528 FRANKFURT AM MAINphone 0049.69.67801-136 – fax [email protected]://www.dtb-online.de

DEUTSCHER OLYMPISCHER SPORTBUNDMrs Dr Karin FEHRESOtto-Fleck-Schneise 12, 60528 FRANKFURT AM MAINphone 0049.69.6700.225 – fax [email protected]://www.dosb.de

GREECEMINISTRY OF CULTUREMr. Dionisios KARAKASSISGeneral Directorate of Sports Kifisias Ave 7 - TK 11523 ATHENSphone 0030.210.6496.085 –fax [email protected]

HELLENIC OLYMPIC COMMITTEEMrs Tenia MAVROPOULOU52, Dimiyrios Vikelas Avenue, 15233 ATHENSphone 0030.210.6878.901 – fax [email protected];[email protected]://www.hoc.gr

HUNGARYHUNGARIAN LEISURE SPORTS ASSOCIATIONMr. Peter SALGAIstvánmezei út 1 - 3 - House of Hungarian Sport - 1146 BUDAPESTphone 0036.1.4606.815 & 16 [email protected]; [email protected]://www.directinfo.hu/masport

ICELANDNATIONAL OLYMPIC AND SPORTS ASSOCIATION Mr. Jona Hildur BJARNADOTTIRHead of a department Sport for AllNational Sport Center - Engjavegur 6 - 104 REYKJAVIKphone 00354.5144.000 – fax [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.isisport.is

List of TAFISA Members


ITALYFEDERAZIONE ITALIANA AEROBICA & FITNESS (FIAF)Mr. Paolo A. ADAMIP.O.Box 6284 - I - 00195 ROMAphone 0039.06.3735.2328 – fax [email protected]://www.fiaf.it

UNIONE ITALIANA SPORT PER TUTTIMr Carlo Balestri; Mr Filippo FOSSATILargo Nino Franchellucci, 73 - 00155 ROMAphone 0039.05.1236.634; 0039.06.4398.4307 – fax [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.uisp.it

REPUBLIC KOSOVO"WE ARE WITH YOU" Mr. Luan GOLA, Programme ManagerStreet "Ishail Qemazli" N.W.phone 00381.3903.22.465 –fax [email protected]

LATVIALATVIAN TRADE SPORT ASSOCIATION (LTSA)Mrs Galina GORBATENKOVA, Secretary GeneralValnu St 32 - 513, RIGA, LV 1050phone 00371.7226.215 – fax 00371.7212.407 - [email protected]://www.sportsvisiem.lv

LATVIAN SPORTS ADMINISTRATIONMrs Iveta DUNDURE; Mr. Martins KAMPEInternational Relations DepartmentMarijas Str 13/1, LV- 1050 RIGAphone 00371.7114.779; 00371.7114.774 – fax [email protected]; [email protected]://www.sp.gov.lv

LIECHTENSTEINLIECHTENSTEINISCHER OLYMPISCHER – SPORT-VERBANDMr. Alex HERMANNIm Rietacker 4, FL - 9494 SCHAANphone 00423.2323.757– fax [email protected]://www.losv.li

LITHUANIALITHUANIAN SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATIONMr. Algimantas JUCEVICIUS, General SecretaryZemaites 6 - 03117 Vilniusphone 370.852135255 – fax 370.852135255 - 370 [email protected] ; [email protected]://www.sportasvisiems.lt, ANM

FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIACITIZEN’S ASSOCIATION FOR RECREATION MOVEMENT –GARDMr. Goce ILIEVSKINaroden Front 23 / 1-2, 1000 SKOPJEphone 00389 (02) 3213.199 - fax 00389 (02) 313.0000 [email protected]

NETHERLANDSTHE NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICALACTIVITIES (NISB)Mr Remco BOERP.O. Box 64, 6720 AB Bennekomphone 0031.318.4909.00 – fax [email protected]://www.nisb.nl

NORWAYNORGES IDRETTSFORBUNDHauger Skolevei 1, 1351 RUDphone 004.7671.5460.0 – fax [email protected]://www.nif.idrett.no

POLANDPOLISH NATIONAL SPORT FOR ALL FEDERATIONMr. Mieczyslaw BOROWY; Mr Jerzy POTENTASul. Wspolna 61, 00-687 WARSAWphone [email protected]://www.federaja.com.pl

MINISTRY OF SPORT AND TOURISMMrs Dr Ewa SUSKA, DEPARTMENT OF INT. COOPERATIONSenatorska str. 14, 00-0921 WARSAWphone 0048.22.2443.102 – fax 0048.22.2443.217 - 0048 606 [email protected]; [email protected]://www.msport.gov.pl

PORTUGALINSTITUTO DO DESPORTO DE PORTUGALMr. Luis Bettencourt SARDINHA, Mr. Rui Xavier MOURINHAAvenida Infante Santo, No 76, 1399 - 032 LISBOAphone 00351.213.9532.71 ; 00351.21.003.4700 -fax [email protected] ; [email protected]://www.idesporto.pt

ASSOCIACAO DE JOGOS POPULARES DO DISTRITO DEBRACANÇAMr. Antonio Manuel FERNANDESRua José Saramago Lote 132 Vale Churido, 5300 - 396 BRAGANÇAphone 00351.2733.3187.8; 00351.2733.1296.6 – fax [email protected]

ASSOCIACAO DE JOGOS TRADICIONAIS GUARDAMr. José PIRES VEIGALargo do Torreao N° 4, P 6300 GUARDA

ROMANIAROMANIAN FEDERATION SPORT FOR ALLMrs Aurelia SUCIU16, Vasile Conta Str. - Sector 2, 7000 BUCARESTphone 0040.317.1328 – fax [email protected]; [email protected]

RUSSIAMULTISPORT ASSOCIATION FO RUSSIAMr. Alexey KYLASOV, Secretary GeneralProspect Mira, 119 str. 521,, MOSCOW 129223phone 007.495.987.4082 Mobile [email protected]://www.amsr.ru

SERBIAASSOCIATION SPORT FOR ALL SERBIAMr. Jezdimir MARSENICTerazije 35/III, 11000 BELGRADEphone 00381.11.3232.986 –fax [email protected];[email protected]://www.sportforallserbia.org.yu

SLOVAK REPUBLICSLOVAK SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATIONMr. Jan HOLKOJunácka 6, 832 80 BRATISLAVAphone 00421.2.4924.9229 –fax [email protected]

MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMrs Lydia BABIAKOVASection of State Care on Sport, Stromová 1, 813 30 BRATISLAVAphone 00421.2.5923.8205 – fax [email protected] http://www.minedu.sk

SLOVENIASPORTNA UNIJA SLOVENIJETabor 14, 1000 LJUBLIJANAphone 00386.1.2311.728 – fax [email protected]://www.sportna-unija.si


SLOVENIAN NORDIC WALKING ASSOCIATIONMr. Andrej SVENT, PresidentKAVCICEVA 4, 1000 LJUBLANA, SLOVENIAphone 00386.1544.6640 – fax [email protected] www.nordicwalking.si

SPAINCONSEJO SUPERIOR DE DEPORTESCalle Martin Fierro, SP - 28040 MADRIDphone 34.1.243.5614/499.7200

ACCETTD - Asociacion cultural y cientifica de Estudios de TurismoMr. Dirk NASSERTiempo libre y Deporte, C/ Bioy Casares, 37 - 10005 Cáceres SPAINphone 0034.927.233.539 – fax [email protected]://www.accettd.com

SWEDENSWEDISH SPORTS CONFEDERATIONMr. Lars ALLERTIDROTTENS HUS,, 11473 STOCKHOLMphone 0046.8.6996.077 – fax [email protected]://www.rf.se

UKRAINEMINISTRY OF UKRAINE FOR FAMILY, YOUTH AND SPORTSMrs Viktoriya VESSELOVADepartment of international Cooperation and European IntegrationEsplanadna Str. 42, Kiev 01023phone 0038.044.2890.287 – fax [email protected]

AFRICA

ANGOLAMINISTERIO DA JUVENTUDE E DOS DESPORTOSMs Fernanda MENEZESAv. Comandante Gika, C.P. 5467, LUANDAphone 00244.222.3230.90; 00244.222.32.35.61 fax [email protected]; [email protected]://www.minjud.gv.ao/

BENINONG SPORT POUR TOUS BENINMr. Mohamed S.Y.L PARAISOCentre Olympique PARAISOau Stade Renè Pleven - 03 BP 2160phone 00299.2133.0156 00299.2133.1282 00299.2133.0804fax 00299.2133.1282 [email protected]

BURUNDIMINISTERE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENTMr. Jean GASUKUPRIMAIRE ET SECONDAIREBUREAU D'EDUCATION RURALE, BP 2660, BUJUMBURAphone 00226.22.2631 – fax 00226.22.2631

CAMEROONMINISTERE DE LA JEUNESSE ET DES SPORTSMr. Jean MAMA MBOA ESPERATService des APSPT, BP 001, YOUNDE / MESSAphone 00237.22.0247 – fax 00237.23.2610

CONGOCONSEIL NATIONAL DU SPORT POUR TOUSMr. Andre Mabita ANDIMBOZA210, Av de L'enseignement, KIN-KASA-KUBUphone 00243.99.8113.833; 00243.99.8135.185 – fax [email protected]

DJIBOUTIASSOCIATION DJIBOUTIENNE DE SPORT POUR TOUSMr. Mohamed Issa AWALEHP.O. Box 1760 , DJIBOUTIphone [email protected]

EGYPTMINISTRY OF YOUTH – SPORT FOR ALL DEPARTMENT26 July St. MEET OKBA, GIZA, CAIROphone 0020.2.3465.025 – fax 0020.2.3469.025,

GABONASSOCIATION NATIONALE DU SPORT POUR TOUS GABONMlle Yolande BIKEBP 1601, LIBREVILLEphone 00241.7393.37 ; 0033.145.68.34.95 ; 0033.145.68.34.93fax [email protected],

GHANAINTERSPORTS AND CULTURE ASSOCIATIONMr. Mike Nana AGYEI-DANCHIEPost Box DS 1982, DANSOMAN-ESTATE ACCRAphone [email protected],

CAPE VERDESECRETARIA DE ESTADOMr. Américo NASCIMENTODA JUVENTUDE E DESPORTOS, C.P. 684, PRAIAphone 00238.261.5778 – fax [email protected]://www.juventude.cv,

IVORY COASTUNION IVOIRIENNE SPORT POUR TOUSMr. Henri DOUE TAI22 BP 818 abidjan 18phone 00225.22.4302.15 ; 00225.05.6997.87; [email protected],

MOZAMBIQUEMINISTRY OF CULTURE YOUTH AND SPORT, SPORTS FORALL DEPARMENTMr. Jonas J. XERINDAP.O. Box 2080ATERRO DO MAXAQUENE, MAPUTOphone 00258.4311.75 – fax 00258.4234.73,

NIGERIASPORTS FOR ALL NIGERIAMrs Comfort NWANKWONational Stadium, P.O Box 7583, Surulere, LAGOSphone 00234.1.7904.074; 00234.1.5850.529 [email protected],

SOUTH AFRICARECREATION SOUTH AFRICADr. Anneliese GOSLINP.O. BOX 35397, Menlopark, PRETORIA 0102phone 0027.12.4206.043 – fax [email protected]://www.up.ac.za,

DEPARTMENT SPORT AND RECREATIONMr. T BIYELAChief Director No. 66 Queen Street, PRETORIAphone 0027.12.304.5193 0027.12.304.5000 – fax [email protected]://www.srsa.gov.za,

PROVINCIAL RECREATION COUNCIL NORTH WEST PRO-VINCEMr. P OBERHOLSTER, ManagerP.O. Box 11148, River Walk 2538, Potchefstroom, SOUTH AFRICAphone 0027.18.299.4306 - fax [email protected]://www.prorecnw.co.za,

RECREATION SOUTH AFRICAc/o Prof Paul SinghP.O. BOX 2832, Halfway House, MIDRAND 1685phone [email protected], SM


TANZANIASINZA SOCIAL AND SPORTS CENTREMr. Kadatta K.M. KADATTAP.O. Box 71720, DAR ES SALAAM

NATIONAL SPORTS COUNCIL OF TANZANIAMr. Leonard THADEO, Secretary GeneralKilwa / Mandela Rd., P.O.Box 20116, DAR ES SALAAMphone 00255.22.2850.341 – fax [email protected]; [email protected]://www.tanzaniasports.com,

TOGOASSOCIATION TOGOLAISE POUR LA PROMOTION DUSPORT TOUSMr. Komla Nyandzo FIAGAN B P 94, Kpalimè, TOGOphone 00228.999.6345 00228.916.2271 – fax [email protected],

TUNISIAFEDERATION TUNISIENNE SPORT POUR TOUSMrs Noura OUERFELLIDirecteur Technique NationalMaison des Fédérations SportivesTarak FTSpT 33 rue Ibn Zied 1082, Mutuelleville Tunis, TUNISIAphone 00216.71 870 142 – fax 00216.71.870 142 - [email protected], ANM

UGANDAASSOCIATION FOR HEALTH AND FITNESS THROUGHSPORTS, GAMES AND DANCE FOR ALLMr. Era N.B. MUGISAC/O Sportsera Center Limited, PO BOX 25485, KAMPALAphone 00256-772-420399; 00256-752-500638,

ZAMBIANATIONAL SPORTS COUNCIL OF ZAMBIAMr. Maxwell D. SICHULAPlot 5488 - Msanzara Road, Kalunda - PO Box 32597, LUSAKAphone 00260.1.4454.0 – fax [email protected],

ZIMBABWESPORT AND RECREATION COMMISSIONMr. G. CHISVOPRIVATE BAG BE 108, BELVEDERE, HARAREphone 00263.4.2396.6 - fax 00263.4.2396.0http://www.zimsport.org.zw,

AMERICAS

ANGUILLAGOVERNMENT OF ANGUILLA, DIVISION OF SPORTSMr. Alkins A. ROGERSP.O. Box 60, THE VALLEYphone 00264.497.5214 - fax [email protected],

ARGENTINAASOCIACION MUTUAL DEL DEPORTE DE LA REPUBLICAARGENTINA (AMUDERA)Prof. Rodolfo Natalio VALGONIAv. Comodoro Rivadavia 1350, 1429 Capital Federalphone 0054.11.4704.7557 - fax [email protected]://www.amudera.com.ar

BERMUDAMINISTRY OF YOUTH, SPORT, AND RECREATIONMrs Brenda DALEP.O. Box DD 300, ST DAVID'S, HAMILTON DD BXphone 0014.4.1295.0855 – fax [email protected]://www.youthandsport.bm

BOLIVIASECRETARIAT OF SPORTS AND HEALTHProfesor Lucio CLAROS QUIROGASria. Gral. El Deporte y la Juventud, La Paz ,

BRAZILSESC - SERVICO SOCIAL DO COMÈRCIOMrs Maria Luiza de SOUZA DIASAv Alvaro Ramos 991, 03331-000 Sao Paulophone 0055.11.6607.8000; 0055.11.6607.8118 – fax [email protected]; [email protected]://www.sescsp.org.br,

Prof. Dr Lamartine P. DA COSTARua Corcovado 57/302, CEP : 22460 - 050 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJphone 0055.21.294.8352 - fax [email protected], SM

CANADAPARTICIPactionMr. Kelly Murumets, President 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 1804 Toronto, ONTARIO M4W 1A8phone 001.416.913.1511 – fax [email protected],

CHILECOMITE OLIMPICO DE CHILEMr. Juan Carlos Cardenos GUEUDINOTAv.Vicuna Mackenna No 44, SANTIAGOphone 0056.2.2226.428 – fax [email protected]://www.coch.cl,

COLOMBIACORPORACION PARA EL DESARROLLO INTEGRAL CONTODOSDr. Oscar AZUERO-RUIZ, PresidentCARRERA 11C BIS No. 124-47, Multicentro, BOGOTAphone 0057.1. 2139.374 – fax [email protected],

COSTA RICAINSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DEL DEPORTE Y LA RECREA-TION (ICODER)Apdo 5009-1000, Gimnasio Nacional , La Sabana, San José de Costa Ricaphone 2335526; 2238507http://www.icoder.go.cr,

ECUADORPROYECTO CULTURA FISICADr. Werner SILBERSTEINCND, Gaspar de Villarroel, 1456 y Japon, QUITO,

EL SALVADORINSTITUTO NACIONAL DE LOS DEPORTESMr. Enrique MOLINS RUBIO, DE EL SALVADORP.O. BOX N°1859, PALACIO DE LOS DEPORTES, SAN SALVADORphone 00503.71.3486 – fax 00503.71.5681,

GUATEMALAMINISTERIO DE CULTURA Y DEPORTESMr. Edgar DELADAPalacio National de la Cultura, 6a. Calle y 6a. Avenida, zona 1Ciudad de GUATEMALAphone 00502.2.2510.818 – fax 00502.2.3134.58,

MEXICOL ENCICLOPEDIA DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL IMMATE-RIALMr. Jorge Gustavo CAICEDO TREVILLAEPCI A.C., Caballocalco 28, Del Carmen Coyoacán, C.P. 04000phone 0052.555.025.6192 0052.555.339.1178 – fax [email protected]://www.enlazandote.org, SM

SAO TOMÉ E PRINCIPEMINISTRO DOS ASSUNTOS SOCIAISMr. Joao do SACRAMENTO BONFIMMINISTRO DOS ASSUNTOS SOCIAIS, CP 23phone 00239.2.2290,


ST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINESAMATEUR ATHLETIC ASSOCIATIONMr. Keith JOSEPHP.O. BOX 1644, Olympic House, No 1 Kingston Park, ST VINCENTphone 00784.4571.954 – fax [email protected]; [email protected],

TRINIDAD W.I.GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD & TOBA-GOMs. Pamela NICHOLSON, Minister of Sport & Youth Affairs86, Duke Street, Port of Spain,

URUGUAYCOMITE OLIMPICO URUGUAYODr. Julio César MAGLIONECanelones 1044, PO BOX 161, MONTEVIDEOphone 00598.2.9207.81 – fax [email protected],

USAAMERICAN VOLKSSPORT ASSOCIATION, INCMr. Curt Myron/Jacklyn Wilson1001 Pat Booker Rd, Ste 101,, Universal City, TX 78148, UNITED STATESphone 00210-659-1212 – fax [email protected] www.ava.org

THE PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON PHYSICAL, FITNESS ANDSPORTSMs. Mellissa JOHNSON200 Independence Avenue, SW - Hubert H. Humphrey Building -Room 738-H WASHINGTON, D.C. 20201phone 001.202.6909.000 – fax 001.202.6905.211,

VENEZUELAINSTITUTO PANAMERICANO DE EDUCACION FISICADr. Antonio Borjas ROMEROApartado 10079, Estado Zulia, 61, MARACAIBOphone 0058.61.41.8777 –fax 0058.61.59.6397,

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE DEPORTES, DEPORTE PARATODOSProf. Robert MARTINEZAvenida Teherán, Velódromo Teo Capriles, Sede del IND, CARACASphone 0058.21.2472.2376 [email protected]; [email protected]://www.ind.gob.ve,

ASIA

AZERBAIJANNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE OF AZERBAIJANMr. Jamaladdin RAHMANOV5 Olympic St Baku City,phone 00994.12.4651.323 – fax [email protected]; [email protected]://www.noc.aze.org,

BAHRAINUNIVERSITY OF BAHRAINDr. Abdel Rahman SAYYARP.O. Box 26663, Kingdom of Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrainphone 00973-39455054 – fax [email protected]

BANGLADESHTRIM & FITNESS SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION MS Nazma RASHID14/4 East Modertek, Bashaboo, DHAKA - 1214phone 00880.2.3134.76 – fax [email protected],

BRUNEIFACULTY OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF BRUNEI DAR-USSALAMMr. Cheah SWEE MINGBSB 3186, BRUNEI DARUSSALphone 00673.2.4270.01 – fax [email protected] http://www.ubd.edu.bn

CHINACHINESE OLYMPIC COMMITTEEMr. Tu MINGDE9, Tiyuguan Road, BEIJING, 100763phone 0086.10.6711.2233 – fax [email protected]://www.beijing-olympic.org.cn,

ALL CHINA SPORTS FEDERATIONMr. Feng JIANZHONG5, Tiyuguan Road, BEIJING, 100763phone 0086.10.6712.0624 – fax [email protected]://www.sport.gov.cn,

HONG KONGLEISURE & CULTURAL SERVICES DEPARTMENTMr. Leung CHI-MING, Mr. Eugene LI WING-KAM3/F., Community Sports Section, 1-3 Pau Tau Street, Leisure andCultural Services Headquarters, Shatin, New Territories, HONG KONGphone 00852.2601.8044 ; 00852.2601.8545 ; 00852.2601.8832fax [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected]://www.lcsd.gov.hk,

HONG KONG SPORTS INSTITUTE2 On Chun Street, Ma On Shan, Sha Tin, N. T. , HONG KONGphone 00852.2681.6888 ; 00852.2681.6533 mobile: 00852.9205.5092fax [email protected] [email protected]://www.hksi.org.hk,

INDIASPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION INDIAMr. A. K. SAHA119/1A. Harish, Mukherjee Road (70026), CALCUTTAphone 0091.33.2455.8586 – fax [email protected],

ALL INDIA ASSOCCIATION OF SPORT FOR ALLDr. Anita GHOSHE/13-B Vijaynagar, Delhi - [email protected],

INDONESIAMINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTUREMr. Sumarto SUDONOJin. Jendral Sudirman, Gedung E, Lantai 7, Senayan, JAKARTA 10270phone 0062.21.5725.506 – fax 0062.21.5725.043,

IRANSPORT FOR ALL FEDERATIONMrs Mitra ROUHIEnghelab Sports Complex, Niayesh Highway, TEHRANphone 0098.21.2202.9200 – fax [email protected],

IRAN NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE44, 12th Street Gandhi Avenue, 15178 TEHRANphone 0098.21.8779.136 - fax [email protected]://www.ir-iran-olympic.com,

SPORT AEROBICS & FITNESS FEDERATION IFSAFMrs. Fatemeh AbolghasemiNr. 37, Hejab Str., Keshavarz Blv., [email protected]

IRAQIRAQI CENTER SPORT FOR ALL FEDERATIONAL Qawati KHALIDSchwetzingerstr 158, 68165 Mannheim, GERMANYphone 0049.621.4911.255 - fax [email protected],

MINISTRY OF YOUTH AND SPORTMr. Abdul KARIMBaghdad, Ministry of Youth and Sport, Zura Parkphone [email protected],


ISRAELISRAEL SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATIONMr. Herzel HAGAY74 Menahem-Begin Road, TEL AVIV 67215phone 00972.3.5621.441 – fax [email protected],

JAPANTAFISA JAPANMr. Joichi OKAZAKI; Mr. Kenichi MORITAc/o International Devision, Japan Sports Association, JinnanSHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO 150-8050phone 0081.3.3481.2480 – fax [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.japan-sports.or.jp

SASAKAWA SPORTS FOUNDATION Mr. Kazunobu P. FUJIMOTOKaiyo Senpaku Building, 1-15-16 Toranomon, Minato-ku, 105-0001 TOKYOphone 0081.3.3580.5854 – fax [email protected]://www.ssf.or.jp,

JORDANJORDAN SPORTS FOR ALL FEDERATIONDr. Nihad ALBATIKHI, President11196 AMMANphone 00962.7956-38652 and 00962.77742-4662fax 00962.6.5691300 and; [email protected] [email protected]://www.josport4all.com,

KOREASPORT FOR ALL BUSAN ASSOCIATIONDr. Shang-Hi RHEE1127-37 Woo 2-Dong, Haeundae-Gu, BUSAN, South Korea, 612-817phone 0082.51.731.2021 – fax [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]://www.saba.or.kr,

KOREA SPORT SCIENCE INSTITUTEProf. Dr. Ju Ho CHANGRaemian Bangbae Evernew 1005, Bangbaedong 775-1, SeochkuSEOULphone 0082.2.5959.035 – fax [email protected],

THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF SPORT FOR ALLMr. Kang-Too LEE, President88 Bangyi-Dong, Songpa-Gu, SEOUL 138-749phone 0082.2.421.8217 ; 0082.2.424.0893 ; 0082.2.784.3861fax 0082.2.424.5709 ; 0082.2.421.8219http://www.sportal.or.kr,

KOREA AMATEUR SPORTS ASSOCIATIONMr. Park SANG HAN°88 Bangyi-Dong, Song-Pa-Ku, SEOULphone 0082.420.33.33 -fax 0082.414.86.46,

KUWAITKUWAIT OLYMPIC COMMITTEEYousif JAWAD KHALAF S.PO Box 170, Alrawda, SALYMA 22002phone 00965.9868.822 – fax [email protected]; [email protected],

ALARABI SPORTING CLUBProf. Dr. Khalifa Taleb BEHBEHANIPO Box 33207Alrawda, State of Kuwait, 73453phone 00965.2570.940 – fax 00965.2570.994 - [email protected]; [email protected],

WEST ASIAN GAMES FEDERATIONDr. Husain Zayed ALMEKAIMI, Directing ManagerP.O. Box 200, 32003 Hawalli , KUWAITphone 00965-905588100965-5353494 – fax [email protected]://www.westasiangames.com

LEBANONPROMOSPORTDr. Labib BOUTROSMedawar Str. 13 - Furn el-Chebak, P.O.Box 116/5220, BEIROUTphone 00961.1.3800.20,

NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITYReverend Father Walid MOUSSAQuaize Lebanon, P.O.BOX. 72 Zouk Mikaelphone 00961.9.2187.72 – fax [email protected]://www.ndu.edu.lb,

MACAUCIVIC AND MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS, BUREAU OF MACAU –SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONMr. Tam Vai ManAv Almeida Ribeiro, No 163phone 00853.3993.238 – fax [email protected]://www.iacm.gov.mo,

MACAU SPORT DEVELOPMENT BOARDMr. Vong IAO LEKP. O. Box 334 Av Dr Rodrigo Rodrigues, Forum de Macau, Edif.Complementar, Bloco 1, 4 andarphone 00853.5807.62 – fax [email protected]://www.sport.gov.mo,

MALAYSIAMARFIMAMr. Sarjit B. SINGH15 Road 4 / 105, TAMAN MIDAH, 56000 KUALA LUPURphone 0060.3.9171.9924 - fax [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected],

MALEDIVESMALEDIVES OLYMPIC COMMITTEEMr. Zahir NASEER, Mr. Ahmed NASEEM , Mr. Ibrahim ISMAIL ,Mr. Mahid SHREEFMaléphone 00960.3322.443 – fax 00960.3323.972 - [email protected] http://www.themaledives.com ,

NEPALNEPAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEER.B. SINGHP.O. Box 11455, 9359 Maharajgunj, KATHMANDUphone 00977.1.4373.766 – fax 00977.1.4371.103 - [email protected]; [email protected] http://www.nocnepal.org.np,

PAKISTANPAKISTAN GYMNASTIC FEDERATIONKhawaja Farooq SAEED, President267/N Model Town Extension, LAHOREphone [email protected],

PHILIPPINESMINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY SYSTEMHenry C. DAUTMain Camous, Marawi Cit

PHILIPPINE SPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATIONMrs. Prof. Dr. Josefina BAUZONSuite 801 Fil Garcia Tower, Kalayaan Avenue, QUEZON CITYphone 0063.2.435 6756, 0063.2.453 4142 - fax 00632.435 6756mobile [email protected],

SAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SPORT FEDERATIONDr. Tawfeeg ALBAKRYSAUDI ARABIAP.O.Box 8666 Makkah, Saudi Arabiaphone 00966-5550 14 570 - fax 00966-255 63 [email protected]


AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL LEAGUEMr. Kevin SHEEHANGPO Box 5275, MELBOURNE VIC 3001phone 0061.3.9643.1999 – fax [email protected]://www.afl.com.au,

FIJI ISLANDSFIJI SPORTS COUNCILMr. Paul YeeP.O. Box 2348Government Buildings, SUVAphone 00679.3312.177 – fax [email protected]://www.fijisportscouncil.com.fj,

GUAMGOVERNOR'S COUNCIL ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTMr. Patrick M. WOLFFPO BOX CE, HAGATNA 96932phone 00671.649.7502 – fax [email protected],

NEW ZEALANDSPORT & RECREATION NEW ZEALANDLevel 4 - 78, Victoria St - P.O. Box 2251 - WELLINGTONphone 0064.4.4728.058 – fax [email protected]://www.sparc.org.nz,

PAPUA NEW GUINEAPAPUA NEW GUINEA SPORTS FEDERATION AND OLYMPICCOMMITTEESir John N.Dawanincura Kt OBEP.O. Box 467 Level 3 - Tisa Haus, Waigani BOROKO, NationalCapital Districtphone 00675.325.1411 – fax [email protected],

International

WORLD MARTIAL ARTS GAMES COMMITTEE (WMAGC)Mr. Kenneth E. MARCHTALER1359 Mc Kenzie Avenue, VICTORIA, BC CANADA V8P2M1phone 001.250.885.8850 - fax [email protected] http://www.worldmartialartsgames.com

INTERNATIONAL NORDIC WALKING ASSOCIATION (INWA)Mr. Aki KARIHTALA, PresidentValimotie 5, 01510 Vantaaphone 00358.207.541.226 – fax [email protected]://www.inwa.nordicwalking.com

INTERNATIONAL MIND SPORTS ASSOCIATION (IMSA)Valerie ZAKOPTELOV, Vice President and Commercial Director40 Rue Frangois 1. Paris,75008 Paris, Francephone 0033-0153230315 – fax 0033-0140701451 mobil [email protected]/[email protected]@imsaworld.com

INTRNATIONAL SPORTS LAWYERS ASSOCIATION (ISLA)Dr Jochen FRITZWEILER, PresidentAttorneys-at-Law, Marktler Str. 19, D - 84489 Burghausenphone 0049.8677.3034 – fax [email protected]://www.isla-int.com

INTERNATIONALER VOLKSSPORTVERBAND e.V.(IVV)Mr. Josef GIGL, PresidentFabrikstraße 8, D 84503 Altöttingphone 0049 8671883067 – fax 0049 8671 [email protected]; [email protected]

INDIAINTERNATIONAL KALARIPAYAT FEDERATION (IKF)Mr. Suresh GOPI, President111-112 Royal Corner, 1-2 Lalbach Road, Bangalore 560027phone 0091.98.8080.8888; 0091.80.2212.6969 – fax [email protected], http://www.kalaripayat.org

SAUDI ARABIAN GENERAL PRESIDENCY FOR YOUTH WELFARE

SINGAPORESINGAPORE SPORTS COUNCIL, High Participetion DivisionMr. Michael CHAN15 Stadium Road - National Stadium, SINGAPORE 397718phone 0065.6345.7111; +65-6500 5172 6 – fax 0065.6340.9537; +65-6346 1842 [email protected]; [email protected]://www.ssc.gov.sg ; www.feedback.ssc.gov.sg,

SYRIASYRIAN OLYMPIC COMMITTEEP.O. Box 3375Aven_e Barauke Damasphone 00963.11.212.50.27 – fax [email protected],

SYRIAN SPORTS FOR ALL FEDERATIONMr. Hassan JADOHP.O.B. 3375, DAMASCUS,

CHINESE TAIPEICHINESE TAIPEI OLYMPIC COMMITTEEDr. Thomas TA-CHOU HUANGNo. 20, Chu Lun Street, TAIPEI CITY, TAIWANphone 00886.2.2752.1442 - fax [email protected],

THAILANDSPORT FOR ALL ASSOCIATION THAILANDMr. Prasert CHAMKRACHANG1546 Pattanakarn Road, Suan Luang, BANGKOK 10250phone 0066.2314.4670 – fax 0066.2722.6612 - [email protected]://www.asia12go.com,

SPORTS AUTHORITY OF THAILAND (SAT)Mr. Kanokphand CHULAKASEM, Governor286 Ramkhamhaeng Road, Hua Mark, Bangkapi, BANGKOK 10240phone 0066.2318.0949; mobil 0066.8.1823.2525 - fax [email protected],

UNITED ARAB EMIRATESSPORTS FOR ALL COMMITTEEDr. Mohammed Salem ALSAWADGeneral Authority of Youth and Sportsphone 009714.2678.242 – fax [email protected],

VIETNAMMINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORT AND TOURISMMr. Nguyen THI BICH VANInternational Cooperation, 36 Tran Phu, HANOIphone 0084.4.8453.272 – fax [email protected]; [email protected],

YEMENYEMEN SPORTS FOR ALL ASSOCIATIONMr. Hassan Ali AL-KHAWLANIP.O. Box 19702, SANA'Aphone 00967.1.2156.37 - fax 00967.1.2631.82,

OCEANIA

AUSTRALIALIFE BE IN IT INTERNATIONALMrs Dr Jane SHELTONP.O. Box 401 Collins St. West, Melbourne VIC 8007phone 0061.357.7517.32 – fax [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]://www.lifebeinit.org,

AUSTRALIA SPORTS COMMISSIONMrs Diana KEELINGLeverrier Crescent, BRUCE ACT 2617phone 0061.2.6214 1111 - fax [email protected]://www.ausport.gov.au,


INTERNATIONAL ZURKHANEH SPORTS FEDERATION(IZSF)Mr. HAIDARI, Secretary General of IZSFNational Olympic & Paralympic Academy, Unit 10 & 11, Nr. 6, 12Metri 3. Street, Seoul Av., Teheran I.R. Iranphone 0098.21.88616012-14 – fax [email protected]://www.zurkhaneh.com

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF PANKRATION ATHLIMA(IFPA)Mr. Moosa BAKHSHAEI, IFPA Secretary GeneralP.O. Box 13475-383, Tehranphone 0098.932.907.3863 – fax [email protected]://www.pankration.gr

WORLD MARCHING LEAGUEMr. Ron HENDRIKS, PresidentSir Winston Churchillaan 5892287 AJ RijswijkPhone [email protected]://www.imlwalking.org

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE AMATEUR DE SAMBO(FIAS)Mr. Sergey ELISEEV, Vice-president8. Luzhnetskaya nab., 268, Moscow, 119992phone 007.495.637.0250 –fax [email protected]; [email protected]://www.sambo.com

TAFISA BOARD OF DIRECTORS

PRESIDENTDr. Shang-Hi RheeSport For All Busan AssociationWoo 2 °© dong 1127-37,Haeundae-gu, Busan KoreaPhone: + 82.51.731.2021Fax: +82.51.731.2215E-mail: [email protected]

VICE PRESIDENTDr. Oscar Azuero RuizCorporacion Con TodosCarrera 11 C No. 127-82Tel: +(571) 2587476 - 6335966Mobile: +(573) 311 582 1019Fax: +0057.1 2826 197Bogotá - ColombiaE-mail: [email protected]

VICE PRESIDENTComfort NwankwoSport For All NigeriaNational StadiumP.O. Box 7583, SURULERE °© LAGOS NigeriaPhone: +234.1.7904.074 / 00234.1.5850529Mobile: +234.80.2223.9908Fax : 234.1.5850.530E-mail: [email protected]

VICE PRESIDENTJoel RaynaudAquitaine Sport Pour TousComplexe de la Piscine - Route de Legnan33140 Villenave D'ornon FrancePhone: +33.556.6938.02/1Fax: +33.556.8721.90E-mail: [email protected]

VICE PRESIDENTDr. Thomas Ta-Chou-HuangChinese Taipei Olympic CommitteeNogo, Chu-Lun Street Taipei City TaiwanPhone: 886.2.2752.1442Mobil: 886-921891659Fax: 886.2.2777.3803E-mail: [email protected]

TREASURERHon. Brian DixonLifebeinitc/-P.O.Box 512, MansfieldVictoria 3724AustraliaPhone: 0061-357770601Mobile: 0061 (0)400570600Fax: 0061-396969191E-mail: [email protected]

SECRETARY GENERALWolfgang BaumannTAFISA OfficeMainzer Landstr. 153, DienstleistungszentrumD 60261 Frankfurt/Main GermanyPhone: 49.69.136.44747Fax: 49.69.136.44748E-mail: [email protected]

MEMBERS

Wim FlorijnEricalaan 6 NL-3911 XN RhenenNetherlandsPhone: 31.3.1761.6038Mobile: 31-6.4614.0505E-mail: [email protected]

Herzel HagayIsrael Sport for All Association74 Menahem Begin Road 67215 Tel -Aviv IsraelPhone: 972.3.5621.441Fax: 972.3.5621.625E-mail: [email protected]

Mitra Rouhi DehkordiSport For All FederationVali-Asr street, Niayesh HighwayAnghlab Sports complex Teheran I.R. IranPhone: 9821.2029200Fax: 9821.6696.7882E-mail: [email protected]

Jorma SavolaFinnish Sport For All AssociationArabianranta 6 00560 Helsinki FinlandPhone: +358.40.5051.866Fax: +358.9419.0024.2E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Ewa SuskaMinistry of Sport and TourismDepartment of International CooperationSenatorska str. 14, 00-921 Warsaw, PolandPhone: +48.22.2443.102Fax: +48.22.2443.217Mobile: +48 606 24 88 53E-mail: [email protected]

SPECIAL ADVISOR TO THE BOARDProf. Dr. Ju-Ho ChangRaemian Bangbae Evernew 1005,Bangbae-dong 775-1, Seocho-gu, Seoul KoreaPhone: +82.2.595.9035Mobile: +82.11.347.2232E-mail: [email protected]

COMMISSIONERB. Sarjit SinghMarfima c/o N°Δ 15 Road 4/105 Taman Midah56000 Kuala Lumpur MalaysiaPhone: + 60.3.9171.9924Fax: +60.3.9172.1569E-mail: [email protected]

21stTAFISA WORLD CONGRESS

“EXPLORING NEW PARTICIPANTS IN SPORT FOR ALL”

September 3-7, 2009

Taipei, Taiwan

TAFISA invites all member organizations to attend thenext World Congress hosted by our member organization,

the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee.

For further information please contact:

Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee20 Chu Lun Street, Taipei 104, Taiwan

Tel. + 886 2 2752 1442Fax: +886 2 2777 3803

Email: [email protected].// www. tpenoc.net

TAFISA · The TAFISA Magazine is the official magazine of TAFISA. It is published up to two times a year and issued to members, partners and supporters of TAFISA. Articles published

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