The student will explain specific events and key ideas that … · 2009-09-10 · The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation

The student will explain specific events and key The student will explain specific events and key The student will explain specific events and key The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and ideas that brought about the adoption and

implementation of the United States Constitution.implementation of the United States Constitution.

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation The first official government of the The first official government of the

United States.United States.

It established a limited federal It established a limited federal government.government.

Single branchSingle branch--legislativelegislative

One stateOne state--One voteOne vote

“Super Majority” needed for “Super Majority” needed for lawslaws

No power to tax or regulate No power to tax or regulate commercecommerce

It gave significant power to the It gave significant power to the states.states.

Remember, the key was to avoid the Remember, the key was to avoid the power of the monarch we had just power of the monarch we had just leftleft

Weaknesses of the ArticlesWeaknesses of the Articles One vote for each state, regardless of size.One vote for each state, regardless of size.

Congress cannot collect taxes.Congress cannot collect taxes.

This led to the government to issue worthless paper money that This led to the government to issue worthless paper money that caused inflationcaused inflation

Congress powerless to regulate foreign and interstate commerce.Congress powerless to regulate foreign and interstate commerce.

This restricted growth of interstate commerce and tradeThis restricted growth of interstate commerce and trade This restricted growth of interstate commerce and tradeThis restricted growth of interstate commerce and trade

No separate executive branch to enforce acts of Congress.No separate executive branch to enforce acts of Congress.

No national court system to interpret laws.No national court system to interpret laws.

Amendment only with consent of all the states.Amendment only with consent of all the states.

A 9/13 majority required to pass laws.A 9/13 majority required to pass laws.

Articles only a “firm league of friendship”Articles only a “firm league of friendship”

These weaknesses were demonstrated by Shay’s RebellionThese weaknesses were demonstrated by Shay’s Rebellion

Causes of Shay’s RebellionCauses of Shay’s Rebellion

The wealthy investors that had The wealthy investors that had paid for the Revolution paid for the Revolution wanted their money back.wanted their money back.

The states raised taxes to pay The states raised taxes to pay the debt.the debt.the debt.the debt.

Poor farmers rioted in protest Poor farmers rioted in protest of the raised taxes.of the raised taxes.

Massachusetts didn’t have the Massachusetts didn’t have the money to raise an army to money to raise an army to stop the riots.stop the riots.

Congress didn’t have the Congress didn’t have the power to tax to raise a power to tax to raise a national army to stop the riot.national army to stop the riot.

Effects of Shay’s RebellionEffects of Shay’s Rebellion People would defy any People would defy any

government that acted government that acted against their wishes.against their wishes.

It showed America It showed America that the federal that the federal that the federal that the federal government had to be government had to be strengthened to avoid strengthened to avoid civil unrest.civil unrest.

The Constitutional ConventionThe Constitutional Convention 55 Delegates meet in 55 Delegates meet in

Philadelphia in 1787Philadelphia in 1787 These are mostly wealthy, all These are mostly wealthy, all

white maleswhite males George Washington was elected George Washington was elected

as the presiding officeras the presiding officer The sole purpose of the The sole purpose of the

convention was to amend the convention was to amend the convention was to amend the convention was to amend the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Hamilton and Madison quickly Hamilton and Madison quickly directed the convention toward directed the convention toward drafting a new documentdrafting a new document

Two different plans are put forth Two different plans are put forth for the new government.for the new government.

The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan

It called for the creation of a It called for the creation of a bicameral national bicameral national legislature where each state legislature where each state would send representatives would send representatives in proportion to the in proportion to the

1.1. The new legislature would The new legislature would have the power to tax and to have the power to tax and to regulate foreign and regulate foreign and interstate commerce.interstate commerce.

2.2. The national legislature The national legislature in proportion to the in proportion to the population.population.

This plan made the federal This plan made the federal government stronger than government stronger than the state governments.the state governments.

2.2. The national legislature The national legislature would have the power to veto would have the power to veto any act of a state legislature.any act of a state legislature.

3.3. In addition to the legislative In addition to the legislative branch, the proposed branch, the proposed government would have an government would have an executive and judicial executive and judicial branch.branch.

The New Jersey PlanThe New Jersey Plan

It called for the creation It called for the creation of a unicameral national of a unicameral national legislature where each legislature where each state had an equal state had an equal number of votesnumber of votes

1.1. Congress had the Congress had the power to tax and to power to tax and to regulate foreign and regulate foreign and interstate commerce.interstate commerce.

number of votesnumber of votes

This plan kept the This plan kept the national government national government weak and the states weak and the states powerful.powerful.

2.2. It would create It would create executive and judicial executive and judicial branches.branches.

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise It created a bicameral It created a bicameral

legislature.legislature. The Senate would The Senate would

have the same number have the same number of representatives of representatives from each state.from each state.from each state.from each state.

In the House of In the House of Representatives, the Representatives, the number of number of representatives would representatives would be based upon the be based upon the population of the state.population of the state.

The FederalistsThe Federalists The Federalists were a group The Federalists were a group

that advocated for increased that advocated for increased power for the Federal power for the Federal governmentgovernment

This group included This group included Washington, Madison, Washington, Madison, Franklin and HamiltonFranklin and HamiltonFranklin and HamiltonFranklin and Hamilton

They felt that central They felt that central government would provide government would provide stability and orderstability and order

They were convinced that They were convinced that the Constitution would the Constitution would provide safeguards for the provide safeguards for the rights of the peoplerights of the people

The AntiThe Anti--FederalistsFederalists The AntiThe Anti--Federalists were very Federalists were very

leery of federal powerleery of federal power

They feared that the central They feared that the central government would trample the government would trample the rights of the peoplerights of the people

They also felt that the federal They also felt that the federal power would usurp the power of power would usurp the power of power would usurp the power of power would usurp the power of statesstates

They insisted on a written They insisted on a written guarantee of rights and liberties guarantee of rights and liberties which became known as the bill which became known as the bill of rightsof rights

After the convention, Jefferson After the convention, Jefferson became the leading advocate for became the leading advocate for the Antithe Anti--FederalistsFederalists

Trade and PowersTrade and Powers Trade and Currency become Trade and Currency become

the sole purview of the Federal the sole purview of the Federal governmentgovernment

The powers of government The powers of government were to be divided between the were to be divided between the state and federal governmentsstate and federal governments

This is a system known as This is a system known as This is a system known as This is a system known as federalismfederalism

The Presidential term was The Presidential term was limited to 4 years, with no limited to 4 years, with no limit on the number of termslimit on the number of terms

The following page discusses The following page discusses the separation of powers and the separation of powers and the system of checks and the system of checks and BalancesBalances

Division of PowerDivision of Power

Slavery IssuesSlavery Issues Slaves as populationSlaves as population Northerners do not want slaves counted, Northerners do not want slaves counted,

people = votespeople = votes Clearly, Southerners prefer to count Clearly, Southerners prefer to count

slaves as populationslaves as population 3/5ths Compromise solves the issue3/5ths Compromise solves the issue

ImportationImportation To woo Southern states slave import is To woo Southern states slave import is

guaranteed until 1808guaranteed until 1808 It is then to be regulated by CongressIt is then to be regulated by Congress

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights1.1. Speech, Assembly, Religion, Speech, Assembly, Religion,

Press, petition for redress of Press, petition for redress of grievances, separate church and grievances, separate church and statestate

2.2. Right to bear armsRight to bear arms3.3. No quartering actNo quartering act4.4. Privacy, search and seizurePrivacy, search and seizure5.5. Due process, double jeopardy, self Due process, double jeopardy, self 5.5. Due process, double jeopardy, self Due process, double jeopardy, self

incriminationincrimination6.6. Speedy, public trialSpeedy, public trial7.7. Trial by juryTrial by jury8.8. Prohibits cruel and unusual Prohibits cruel and unusual

punishmentpunishment9.9. Rights not specifically mentioned Rights not specifically mentioned

are also protectedare also protected10.10. All powers not delegated to the All powers not delegated to the

Federal government are reserved Federal government are reserved for the statesfor the states

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency He set many important precedents He set many important precedents

during his tenure of officeduring his tenure of office

These included:These included:

TwoTwo--termsterms

The CabinetThe Cabinet

Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality

The Federal Court system was The Federal Court system was The Federal Court system was The Federal Court system was also created in 1789also created in 1789

This act created 13 circuit courts This act created 13 circuit courts and 3 circuit courts of appealsand 3 circuit courts of appeals

When he left the Presidency, he When he left the Presidency, he warned the nation about the warned the nation about the problems of political parties.problems of political parties.

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan Hamilton wanted to accomplish several Hamilton wanted to accomplish several

things as he started as Sec. of the things as he started as Sec. of the TreasuryTreasury1.1. Bind the country togetherBind the country together2.2. Increase Federal power and Increase Federal power and

prestigeprestige3.3. Pay off debtsPay off debtsPay off debtsPay off debts4.4. Protect industryProtect industry

He tried to accomplish this through the He tried to accomplish this through the following:following:1.1. Funding state debts at parFunding state debts at par2.2. A tax on whiskeyA tax on whiskey3.3. A protective tariffA protective tariff4.4. A national bankA national bank

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion

It occurred because of the tax on whiskey.It occurred because of the tax on whiskey.

Whiskey was important to western farmers Whiskey was important to western farmers because it was a product of corn that could be because it was a product of corn that could be shipped east for sale.shipped east for sale.shipped east for sale.shipped east for sale.

The poor farmers rebelled against the tax.The poor farmers rebelled against the tax.

Washington used the army to put down the Washington used the army to put down the rebellion.rebellion.

This demonstrated that the new government was This demonstrated that the new government was committed to enforcing its laws.committed to enforcing its laws.

Jefferson’s ResponseJefferson’s Response

Jefferson opposed much of Jefferson opposed much of Hamilton’s PlanHamilton’s Plan

He felt that it was too He felt that it was too focused on the wealthy and focused on the wealthy and ignored the concerns of the ignored the concerns of the ignored the concerns of the ignored the concerns of the common mancommon man

He also felt that the plan He also felt that the plan would give power to the would give power to the Federal government at the Federal government at the expense of the states.expense of the states.

Jeffersonian RepublicansJeffersonian Republicans These were those people These were those people

who were critics of the who were critics of the Federalists.Federalists.

They with the Federalists They with the Federalists formed the first political formed the first political formed the first political formed the first political parties in the U.S.parties in the U.S.

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

Americans supported the idea of Americans supported the idea of the Revolution, but were horrified the Revolution, but were horrified by the mob violenceby the mob violence

Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality Washington believed that the US Washington believed that the US

was not strong enough to be was not strong enough to be involved in foreign wars or involved in foreign wars or alliancesalliancesalliancesalliances

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty This was an attempt to stop British This was an attempt to stop British

impressments of sailorsimpressments of sailors Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty

The US got the right to use the The US got the right to use the Mississippi River for shipping. The Mississippi River for shipping. The Spanish thought the US and G.B. Spanish thought the US and G.B. were working together and got were working together and got scared.scared.

The Presidency of AdamsThe Presidency of Adams The XYZ AffairThe XYZ Affair

France tried to bully the United States France tried to bully the United States delegates into paying a bribe in order to enter delegates into paying a bribe in order to enter negotiationsnegotiations

Adams resisted the call for warAdams resisted the call for war

The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts

These laws raised the time for citizenship These laws raised the time for citizenship from 5 to 14 yearsfrom 5 to 14 yearsfrom 5 to 14 yearsfrom 5 to 14 years

The Sedition Act made it a crime to criticize The Sedition Act made it a crime to criticize the President or Congressthe President or Congress

The Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsThe Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

These were responses written by Madison These were responses written by Madison and Jefferson that railed against the and Jefferson that railed against the expansion of power in the Sedition Actexpansion of power in the Sedition Act

These resolutions stated that states should be These resolutions stated that states should be able to NULLIFY federal laws that are able to NULLIFY federal laws that are unconstitutionalunconstitutional

The Revolution of 1800The Revolution of 1800 The election of 1800 represented The election of 1800 represented

the first time in history that a the first time in history that a country had peacefully transferred country had peacefully transferred power from one political group to power from one political group to its rival without bloodshedits rival without bloodshed

Jefferson changed as a leader, as Jefferson changed as a leader, as he became more open to he became more open to he became more open to he became more open to expanding powers of the Federal expanding powers of the Federal government as shown in the government as shown in the Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Jefferson was saddled with a Jefferson was saddled with a largely Federalist Court systemlargely Federalist Court system

The influence of the Federalists The influence of the Federalists would carry on for several years would carry on for several years past their electoral successpast their electoral success