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Abram, Morris, 171, 174, 195, 198, 240Abramis, Izrail, 274Abramov, Aleksandr, 408 n. 94Abrams, George, 412 n. 152Abramzon, Moshe, see Plotkin, Zviacculturation, 57, 91, 132, 286academics, Western, see intellectuals,
Westernactivists in USSR, 278-80, 288-97
in camps, 71-79, 289see also groups, informal, and group
activityAd Hoc Commission on the Rights of
Soviet Jews, 204r-05Adams, Rabbi Theodore C , 193Adelman, Rabbi Samuel, 374 n. 107Adenauer, Konrad, 365 n. 73Adzhubei, Aleksei, 399 n. 280Afghanistan, 80African states, 165, 168agitprop, see CPSU, Central
Committee SecretariatAgnon, Shmuel Yosef, 290Agronsky, Gershon, 36Agudas World Israel Organization,
166, 197, 216, 229see also Lewin, Rabbi Isaac
Albert, Carl, 192Aleksandrov, Aleksandr, 101-02Aleksandrovich, Mikhail (Misha), 319Alekseev, Nikolai, 218Aliger, Margarita, 20, 50, 302, 416
n. 41Alik, Sh.,357n. 35aliya, 18, 20, 29-32, 36-38, 44, 53,
80-82, 103-04, 119, 259, 265, 280,285, 288, 293, 296-99, 327-35, 353n. 84, 365 n. 75, 413 n. 6
Israeli special office for, 101-05,122-24, 133-34, 138, 212, 235-36;see also Avigur, Shaul; Eliav,Benyamin
refusals, 81, 331-32see also briha; emigration; Poland,
emigration from, repatriation to;"refuseniks"; reunification offamilies
Aliya Bet, 101All-Canadian Rabbinic Conference,
218Alliance Israelite Universelle, 166Alliluev, Pavel, 349 n. 38Allon, Yigal, 327Ail-Union Society for the
Dissemination of Political andScientific Knowledge, 29
Alma-Ata, 78, 80, 299, 349 n. 38Alsterdal, Alvar, 178, 394 n. 205Alterman, Natan, 290, 307American Jewish Committee (AJC),
90-91, 93, 95, 100, 106, 111, 127,131, 166, 193, 198
contacts with Soviet leaders andofficials, 134-38
American Jewish Conference on SovietJewry, 193-202, 391 n. 126
cooperation with Israel, 197-98and ''grass-roots" organizations,
202-03, 207-09, 211-12American Jewish Congress, 131,
135-36American Jewish Joint Distribution
Committee, 46American Jewish organizations, 94—99,
136-37, 193see also individual organizations
American League for Russian Jews,209
American Zionist Council, 136Amis, Kingsley, 395 n. 206amnesty, see political prisonersAndropov, Iurii, 79Anglo-Jewish Association, 166, 216Anna Frank, Diary of, 320
437
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anti-cosmopolitan campaign, 38, 40,90, 353 n. 102
Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 369n. 19
antisemitism (in USSR), 15-16, 18-19,24, 40-41, 44-46, 91, 108, 200, 294,328-29
and American Jewish Committee,95
and assimilation, 123official, 16, 18-22, 34, 56, 83-84, 149,
151, 286, 360 n. 9popular, 15-16, 20, 34, 69, 82-83,
127, 286, 346 nn. 5 and 7self-defense against, 20in small towns, 69sources of, 195-96and United Nations, 173, 176, 386
n. 44Western reaction to 90, 97-99, 106,
151see also Belorussian SSR,
antisemitism; Doctors7 Plot;economic trials; Khrushchev,antisemitism of; Ukrainian SSR,antisemitism
"anti-Soviet activity/' 47-48, 73-74,108, 129, 282-83, 285, 296, 341,351 n. I l l , 364 n. 62, 380 n. 64,396 n. 222
Appeal of Conscience for the Jews ofthe Soviet Union, 204, 206
Arab-Israeli conflict, 81-82, 229, 299,336-37, 405 n. 54
see also Sinai War; Six Day War; Warof Independence (Israeli)
Arab League, 400 n. 9Arab states, 34, 299
Jews from, 329see also Soviet Union, relations with
Arab statesArangio-Ruiz, Vicenzo, 220Arest, Avraham, 383 n. 109Argentina, 97, 110
Jewish activity in, 218intellectuals in, 221
Argov, Meir, 94'Arif, 'Abd as-Salam, 396 n. 229Arkin, Yaacov (Juki), 323, 325Armenians, 110, 128, 146, 177, 234,
426 n. 130, 427 n. 146arrests, 1948-53, 31, 43, 45-50, 349
n. 38, 352 n. 68, 367 n. 81955, 73-75, 1131958, 281-841960-61, 129-30, 279, 295-96199, 327
effect of, 289see also camps; Prisoners of Zion
Arsenev, Aleksandr, 112Asch, Shalom, 79Ascoli, Max, 111Asherov, Misha, 326assimilation into Soviet society, 38,
100, 109-10, 114, 132, 174, 290,294, 336, 394 n. 38, 361 n. 24
and antisemitism, 123, 298failure of, 83, 265see also acculturation
Astrakhan, 299de Athayde, Austragesilo, 221Atlas, Guillermo, 222Auriol, Vincent, 380 n. 63Australia
government policy, 169, 176,Jewish activity in, 214^15
Avidar, Yosef, 69, 70, 74, 110Avidom, Menahem, 322-23Avigur, Shaul, 101-05, 122, 124, 138,
157, 182, 397 n. 241Avner, Gershon, 176Azbel, Mark, 27-28
Baazov (Boazov), Meir, 20Babel, Isak, 320Babii Iar, 69, 135, 238, 305"Babii Iar" (poem), 143, 161, 287, 302,
320, 416 n. 41attacked by Khrushchev, 305see also Shostakovich, Dmitrii
"Babii Iar" (song), 275Baev (Kogan), Zinovii, 275Baitalskii, Mikhail, 371 n. 71Baku, 278, 291-92, 299, 320, 322Baldwin, Ryan N., 370 n. 40Baltic republics, 17, 43, 62, 80, 148,
308, 327, 412 n. 1see also Latvian SSR; Lithuanian SSR
Barenboim, Daniel, 323Barkatt, Reuven, 371 n. 73Baron, Zalman, 306Barromi, Joel, 172-73Barry, Robert B., 146Bar-Tov, Hanokh, 290Bartur, Moshe, 174Barwick, Sir Garfield, 214Battle, Lucius, 389 n. 77Batumi, 31BBC (British Broadcasting
Corporation), 20-21, 43, 337, 348n. 25, 356 n. 14
Begin, Menahem, 129Begun, Iosif, 290Belaia Tserkov, 26, 30, 292
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Belgiumgovernment policy, 225
Bellow, Enrique, 222Bellow, Saul, 203Belorussian SSR, 267, 272, 363 n. 49
antisemitism in, 15, 69, 294, 346n. 7
Jewish national consciousness in, 70Western, 17see also Gomel, Minsk, Mogilev
Ben Eliezer, Arye, 232Ben Gurion, David, 91-92, 103, 158,
239, 298, 352 n. 78Ben Haim, Paul, 322Bendryshev, Vladimir, 174Bennett, John C , 204Bentley, Alvin M., 147-49Ben-Tsur, Shmuel, 371 n. 69Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak, 315Bergelson, David, 113, 367 n. 8Berger-Barzilai, Joseph, 140-41Bergman, Mairim, 291, 302-03Beriia, Lavrentii, 40, 55, 374 n. 105Berkhouwer, Cornelis, 395 n. 216Berman, Harold J., 111-12Berman, Jakob, 400 n. 8Berman, Natalio, 98Bessarabia, 17, 21, 103Bet-Zvi, Shabbetai, 232Betar, 46, 293Bevan, Aneurin, 225Bialik, Haim Nahman, 263, 293, 303Bielenberg, Tore-Jarl, 335Biggs-Davison, John A., 225Bikel, Theodore, 199Bingham, Jonathan, 173, 192, 211Birnbaum, Jacob, 209, 212Birobidzhan, see Jewish Autonomous
Region of BirobidzhanBisgyer, Maurice, 136, 144Bitter, Maurice, 281Black Sea, 43, 62, 239, 325, 383 n. 107
see also Odessa, Poti"black years/7 34, 297
antisemitism in, 40-41, 44r46arrests during, 45-50emigration during, 53Jewish consciousness during, 39-54,
355-56 n. 6Blaisse, Peter A., 395 n. 216Blake, Eugene C , 205Blake, Patricia, 147Blaustein, Jacob, 95, 378 n. 47Blekherovich, Shaul, 273Bloch, Pierre, 222blood libel, 41, 94, 377 n. 21Blum, Mark, 303, 306-07, 424 n. 116
Blumel, Andre, 139, 141-42, 229, 380n. 64
B'nai B'rith, 100-01, 131, 136, 138, 144,146, 166
see also Bisgyer, Maurice; Katz,Label; Klutznick, Philip; Korey,William
Boazov, Meir, see Baaov, MeirBoard of Deputies of British Jews, 123,
166, 216-17Bobrovskii, Meir, 32Bohlen, Charles E., 117, 367 n. 119Boiarskaia, Revekka, 275books, see Hebrew; Israel, literature;
Yiddish, booksBoothby, Lord Robert, 143Born, Max, 222Borokhov, Ber, 51Bosley, Harold A., 206Bouquin, Jean-Marcel, 167-68, 170Bowden, Herbert, 397 n. 243Brafman, Morris, 209Brakman, Roman, 352 n. 79, 356 n. 13Branover, German, 414 n. 18Brazil, 221Brezhnev, Leonid, 303Briansk, 20Brickman, William, 204briha, 18, 46Britain
Jewish activity in, 217-18; see alsoBoard of Deputies of British Jews
Labour Party, 178, 225parliamentary concern over Soviet
Jewry, 97, 225-26broadcasts
arrests for listening to, 47-48from Israel, 21, 43, 155, 299, 337, 348
n. 29, 366 n. 87, 407 n. 82in Hebrew, 62-63, 156, 299in Russian, 128, 156-57, 298-99in Yiddish, 43, 60, 62-63, 156see also BBC; Kol Israel; Kol Zion
lagola; Voice of AmericaBrocas, Patrice, 376 n. I l lBroderzon, Moshe, 367 n. 8, 373 n. 89Brodetskaia, Tina, 281-82Brodie, Rabbi Israel, 130Brodskii, Moisei, 425 n. 127Brogan, Sir Dennis, 248Bronstein, Harry, 403 n. 37Brooks, Theodore, 379 n. 60Brown, George, 226Bruce, Donald C , 185Brudnyi, Marek, 293, 309Buber, Martin, 139, 162, 222Buckley, Charles A., 152
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Bukhara, 273Bukovina (Northern), 17, 21, 103Bulganin, Nikolai, 108, 112-14, 117,
119, 411 n. 137Bundy, McGeorge, 199Burla, Yehuda, 232Butman, Gilia (Hillel), 290, 410 n. 126
Cadieux, Marcel, 396 n. 222calendar, Jewish, 158, 262, 300, 383
n. 113Calvacoressi, Peter, 171Campbell, J. R., 108Camp David, see Eisenhower,
President; Khrushchev, visit toU.S. camps, 39
Jewish activists in, 50-53, 75-76,289
uprisings in, 75-76Canada, 107
intellectuals in, 223Jewish activity in, 218parliamentary concern over Soviet
Jews, 227-28Canadian Jewish Congress, 218Cang, Joel, 127Capehart, Homer E., 154"captive nations/' 137Carey, James B., 135Caron, Herb, 208Carpatho-Rus, see TranscarpathiaCaspian Sea, 325Cassin, Jean, 98Caucasus, 62, 283, 292, 294, 329, 332Cellar, Emanuel, 96, 98Central Asia, 272-73, 294, 311, 325,
327-28Jews in during World War II, 15, 68,
347 n. 11see also Alma-Ata, Dushanbe,
Frunze, Uzbek SSRCesarkas, Boris (Cheserkii, Berl), 60Chaikovskii, Mikhail, 429 n. 161Chakovskii, Aleksandr, 408 n. 98Cheliabinsk, 58Chelouche, Aviezer, 285Cherkassy, 292Chernigov, 299Chernin, Albert, 201, 243Chernobilskii, Iosif, 310, 333Chernovtsy, 58, 259, 299, 332, 410
n. 131, 415-16 n. 33, 426 n. 136Chernukhin, Moisei, 421 n. 76Chile, 98, 110, 227
intellectuals in, 222Jewish activity in, 219
China, 30
choirs, see drama groups and choirsChoral Synagogue (Moscow), 24, 58,
315-16, 377 n. 21, 420 n. 68celebration of establishment of
Israel, 25, 350 nn. 46 and 47Jewish festivals in, 316-18reception of Golda Meyerson, 32-33,
45,49visits of Israelis, 43-44, 64-65,
314-15visits of Western rabbis and tourists,
116-17, 240-42, 269, 296, 337see also Levin, Rabbi Yehuda Leib;
Shlifer, Rabbi ShlomoChuvakhin, Dmitrii, 396 n. 228civil rights movement (U.S.), 202-03Claudel, Paul, 98Cleveland Committee (later Council)
on Soviet Antisemitism, 206-09Cohen, Elliott E., 93Cohen, Rabbi Seymour J., 199Cohen, Sam, 215Cohn, Haim, 175, 177cold war, 38-39, 92, 101, 122, 139, 161,
376 n. 9see also Iron Curtain
collective leadership, 55-56Coloane, Francisco, 222Comay, Michael, 169, 171, 173, 176,
229-30Commager, Henry Steele, 377 n. 35Commin, Philippe, 107communist parties, Western, 103,
108-09, 180of Australia, 182, 215of Belgium, 182of Britain, 109-10of Canada, 109-10of Chile, 98of France, 123, 182of Israel, 404 n. 44of Italy, 180-81of the United States, 183of Sweden, 189
communist press, Western, see DailyWorker; Kol ha'am; Morgn freyheyt;Naye prese
Communist Party of the Soviet Union(CPSU), 107, 230, 287, 374 n. 105
Bolshevik party, 23Central Committee Secretariat, 29,
55, 59-6120th party congress (1956), 56, 107,
109, 372 n. 8221st party congress (1959), 13422nd party congress (1961), 305see also ideology; Marxism-Leninism;
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Soviet Union, Jewish policy,nationalities policy
"concerts," see Yiddish, concertsConference of European Rabbis, 213Conference of Jewish Organizations
(COJO), 131, 215Conference of Presidents of Major
American Jewish Organizations,188, 193
see also Teller, Judd L.conferences and symposia (on Soviet
Jewry), 138, 245American Jewish Conference on
Soviet Jewry, 193-212Israel (1964-65), 232-33Jewish Minority Research (1963),
203-04London (1961), 142-43Paris (1953), 97; (1960), 138-41, 219;
(1963), 215; (1964), 222-23; (1966),213
Rome (1961), 142-43; (1966), 220Stockholm (1965), 223Zurich (1953), 98
Congressional Record, 145-49, 151Conseil representatif des juifs en
France (CRIF), 216Consultative Council of Jewish
Organizations, 166Coordinating Board of Jewish
Organizations (CBJO), 166, 229Council for the Affairs of Religious
Cults, 25, 117, 206, 271, 312, 314,350 n. 45, 408 n. 100, 421 n. 78,422 n. 80
Council of Europe, 178, 183-84, 225Court of Human Rights, 196Couve de Murville, Maurice, 395
n. 219Cronin, John, 199Crimea, 30, 292, 347 n. 11, 355 n. 5
see also Simferopol, YaltaCrimean Tatars, 53Crossman, Richard H., 143, 225, 380
n. 63Crystal, Leon, 115-16Cultural and Social Association of
Polish Jews, 110, 402 n. 24culture, Jewish, 42-44, 109, 126-27
activities, 57-60, 273-77, 319-21in camps, 52discrimination against, 128, 328Soviet apologia concerning, 108, 361
n. 25Western interest in, 107-14, 122-24see also drama groups and choirs;
Hebrew; Yiddish
Cushing, Richard, 205Cyrankiewicz, Josef, 252-53
Dagestan ASSR, 302, 311, 377 n. 21see also Derbent, Makhachkala
Daily Worker (U.S.), 372 n. 82Danilov, Aleksandr, 126Daugavpils, 274Davis, Jerome, 402 n. 32Davis, Thurston, S.J., 204, 206Day of Atonement, 32-33, 69, 242,
272, 316-17death penalty
invoked (1961), 130-31see also economic trials; Russell,
BertrandDecter, Moshe, 125, 161-62, 198, 203,
335Defense Association for Help for the
Jews of Russia, see MagenDeixonne, Maurice, 108de-Judaization, 194^95demonstrations, see public protestDenmark, 107, 224
Jewish activity in, 216deportation of nationalities, 53, 355
n. 5, 358 n. 53see also Doctors' Plot
Derbent, 276, 299, 302Der Nister, 367 n. 8de-Stalinization, 56, 103, 159, 251, 286,
340, 374 n. 105see also liberalization; the "thaw"
developing nations, see Third WorldDiefenbaker, John, 227-28Dinstein, Yoram, 168, 229discrimination (cultural, educational
and professional), seeantisemitism, official; culture,Jewish - discrimination against;Soviet Jewry, discrimination andrepression of; Soviet Union,Jewish policy
discussion groups, see groups,informal and group activity
disinformation, 34-35, 65, 113, 238,246, 277, 353 n. 103, 381 n. 72, 417n. 48, 418 n. 57, 422 n. 82
see also Soviet Union, anti-Israelpropaganda
dissident movements, 286-87divided families, see reunification of
familiesDmitruk, V. M., 176Dnepropetrovsk, 67, 278, 299Dobrynin, Anatolii, 131, 137, 186,
188-89, 380 n. 61
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Doctors' Plot, 39-40, 43, 46, 52-54,93-94, 101, 333
repudiated, 56, 359-60 n. 5documentation of emigration, see
vyzovyDodd, Thomas J., 148-50, 185, 189Dolnik, Solomon, 302, 327, 413-14
n. 11Domenach, Jean-Marie, 222Donbass, 325, 348 n. 15Donetsk, 299Douglas, William O., 203, 380 n. 63Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 226DP camps, 346 n. 10Dragunskii, David, 408 n. 98drama groups and choirs, 60, 273-76,
308-10, 361 n. 24Draznin, Marek (Meir), 282, 289Drees, Willem, 380 n. 63Dreizner, Solomon, 290Druk, Boris, 289Druker, Irme, 357 n. 35Druskenniki, 309, 422 n. 86Dubinsky, David, 20Dubnow, Simon, 239, 352 n. 79Dulles, John F., 96, 104, 373 n. 90Durbrow, Elbridge, 19Dushanbe, 28, 299, 420 n. 65Dutton, Frederick G., 152, 389 n. 88Duynstee, Anthony E. M., 184, 395
n. 216Dymshits, Veniamin, 153-54Dynkin, Evsei, 278, 295-96, 313Dzintari, 275
Eastern Europe, 22, 27, 79, 93, 244and de-Stalinization, 56, 400 n. 8see also individual countries;
emigration from Eastern Europe;Slansky trial
East-West relations, 101, 104, 137, 224see also cold war; "Geneva Spirit";
peaceful coexistenceEaton, Cyrus, 144Eban, Abba, 176, 397 n. 241economic trials, 39, 130-31, 138,
163-64, 184-85, 246Edelman, Iakov, 280-81, 290Edelman, Maurice, 216education, Jewish, 246, 299Efman, Evsei, 29, 358 n. 50Egypt, see Nasser, Jamal ?Abd al-; Sinai
WarEhrenburg, Ilya, 20, 24, 34, 37-38, 53,
285, 287, 302, 352 n. 74, 380 n. 64,423 n. 100
Eichelberger, Clark M., 370 n. 40
Eichmann, Adolph, 290, 304, 306, 326,336
Einfeld, Sidney, 215Einstein, Albert, 97Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 96,
99, 133, 136, 148, 371 n. 61at Camp David, 186
Elefmillim, 78, 157, 304Eliashiv, Shmuel, 24, 69, 90-91, 102Eliav, Arie (Liova), 277, 279, 285, 322Eliav, Binyamin, 105, 110, 116, 122-24,
186, 220, 235, 371 n. 71, 383n. 109, 397 n. 241
Ellison, Ralph, 203Emerson, William, 370 n. 40emigration (general), 166-67, 169-70emigration from USSR, 60, 365 n. 73
1944-46, 17-18during "black years," 531953-56, 79-811956-66, 328difficulties in, 81, 259-60, 330-35discussed at U.N., 166-71, 174-77illegal, 31, 80, 359 n. 54, 412 n. 153rumors concerning, 34and Soviet-Israeli relations, 36,
63-64, 90, 100-04, 230, 354nn. 102-104, 368 n. 16
Soviet Jewish pressure for, 29-32,36-38, 284-85
Western pressure for, 95, 99-101,145-47, 160, 246-47
see also aliya; repatriation;reunification of families; SovietJewry, desirous of emigration
emigration from Eastern Europe, 27,35, 112, 329, 347 n. 10
from Poland, 252-54, 259; obstaclesto, 256-57
from Romania, 259Engel, Irving M., 378 n. 47Engels, 46Epelbaum, Mikhael, 373 n. 89Epshtain, Rabbi Moshe Mordekhai,
49Epshtein, Rosa, 280, 409 n. 107Erevan, 320Erlander, Tage, 224Eshel, Arye, 122, 220Eshkol, Levi, 233-34, 397 n. 241Eternal Light Vigil, 200Evans, Rowland, Jr., 129Evtushenko, Evgenii, 143, 161, 287,
302, 305, 320, 395 n. 207execution of Jewish writers and public
figures (1952), 137exposed, 115-16
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Executive Council of Australian Jewry,214-15
extra-territorial minorities in USSR,101, 124
see also Crimean Tatars; deportationof nationalities; Germans (Soviet);Greeks; Poles; Spaniards
Eynikeyt, 37see also Jewish Anti-Fascist
CommitteeExodus, 293, 300, 302-03, 415 nn. 30
and 32ex-Prisoners of Zion, 76-77, 279-81,
289-90, 292-93, 302, 356 n. 14,403 n. 37, 410 nn. 128 and 131
Fagerholm, Karl A., 107Faigin, Grisha, 47, 425 n. 127Fain, Veniamin, 28Faivilis, Lola, 354 n. 74family reunification, see reunification
of familiesFarbstein, Leonard, 148, 152, 185Federbush, Rabbi Simon, 375 n. 6Fedorenko, Nikolai, 428 n. 158Fefer, Itzik, 19, 24, 37, 113, 347 n. 11,
352 n. 68, 367 n. 8Feigin, Sara, 275Feldman, Anatolii, 425 n. 127Feldman, Myer, 187, 210Feldman, Rabbi, 26, 49Fergana, 32, 68festivals, Jewish, 271-72, 316-18
in camps, 52see also Day of Atonement;
Hanukka; New Year (Jewish);Passover; Purim; SimhatTora
Feuchtwanger, Leon, 295Feuer, Lewis, 237Feuerstein, Moses, 136film festivals (Moscow), 325-26Finkelshtain, Eduard (Eitan), 290Finkelstein, Leonid, 327Folks-shtime, 37, 116, 125, 279, 292, 372
n. 82, 411 n. 137Foot, Michael, 226Ford, Father George P., 204Ford, Gerald R., 192Fort Nine, 418 n. 54Foster, Sir John, 226France
intellectuals in, 222-23Jewish activity in, 215-16, 395 n. 219parliamentary concern over Soviet
Jewry, 227Socialist Party, 107, 227
France-USSR FriendshipAssociation, 142, 222-23
Frank, Waldo, 394 n. 198Fridman, Aleksandr, 289Fridman, Iakov, 282Friedlander, Dalia, 326Friedman, Ralph, 378 n. 47Friedman, Shmuel, see Eliashiv,
ShmuelFrischwasser (Raanan), Uri, 122Frondizi, Arturo, 110Frunze, 80Fulbright, William, 191-92Furtseva, Ekaterina, 127, 142
Gaitskell, Hugh, 225Gajewski, Stanislas, 402 n. 30Gallegos, Romulo, 394 n. 198Gannett, Lewis, 377 n. 35Garandy, Roger, 387 n. 60Garber, David, 275, 293, 306-07, 309Garber, Miriam, 293, 306Garber, Nehama, 324Garosci, Aldo, 320de Gaulle, 225, 329, 395 n. 219Gavish, David, 296, 327Gavrilov, Rabbi, 246Gefen, Shlomo, 46, 409 n. 107, 422
n. 86, 428 n. 155Gelfond, Meir, 76, 279, 281, 288, 293,
365 n. 66"Geneva Spirit/7 101, 105, 360 n. 7Genopolskii, Izrail, 49Georgadze, Mikhail, 378 n. 41Georgian SSR, 28, 77, 117, 267, 272-73,
279, 283^84, 292, 311, 313, 361n. 14, 383 n. 107, 421 n. 75
see also Batumi, Kulashi, Kutaisi,Poti, Sukhumi, Tbilisi, Tskhivali,Vani
German Federal Republic (GFR), 299,306, 316, 365 n. 73, 421 n. 72
Germans (Soviet), 53, 79, 101, 124,287, 365 n. 73, 426 n. 130
Gideon, Y. L., 101-02Gil, Geula, 323-24, 326Gimelfarb, Boris, 425 n. 121Gitlis, Ivri, 322Givton, Hanokh, 325Glik, Hirsh, 275Goberman (Hoberman), Shmerl, 62,
67, 72-75, 289, 291, 362 n. 42Gold, Yosef, 78Goldberg, Arthur, 186-89, 194, 384
n. 8, 391 n. 126Goldberg, Ben Zion, 236, 278, 399
n. 271, 427 n. 145
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Goldberg, Leib, 367 n. 8Goldhagen, Erich, 204, 391 n. 120Goldmann, Nahum, 111, 122, 131,
142, 197, 215, 229, 413 n. 7, 428n. 148
and Paris conference (1960), 139,141, 219
versus Israeli position, 233-35and Zurich conference, 98
Goldstein, Israel, 239, 375 n. 6Golovensky, Rabbi David I., 117-18Gomel, 30, 36, 46, 49, 299Gomulka, Wladislaw, 255, 257, 347
n. 11, 401 n. 12Gontar, Avraham, 291Gordon, Rabbi Harold H., 374 n. 110Gorkii, 366 n. 85Gorky, Maksim, 279Gosudarstvo Izrail (Ivanov, Konstantin,
and Sheinis, Zinovii; Moscow,1958), 412 n. 145
government protests, effectiveness of,187-88
Graham-Cooke, Roger, 226Grajewski, Victor, 383 n. 109"grass-roots" organizations in U.S.,
202-12de Grauw, Joseph-Edmond, 183Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 109Greeks (Soviet), 124, 179, 287, 426
n. 130Gromyko, Andrei, 22-24, 91, 101-02,
133, 163, 187, 215, 230, 245, 349n. 38, 376 n. 46, 385 n. 13
Grossman, Rabbi Jacob B., 375 n. 110Grossman, Meir, 27, 384 n. 114groups, informal, and group activity,
19-20, 28, 30, 47, 61-62, 76-77,277-80, 289-95
see also drama groups and choirs;and individual activists and cities
Guberman, Isak, 357 n. 35Gurevich, Yakov, 293, 303Gusman, Efim, 30, 49Guyot, Raymond, 387 n. 60Guzik, Anna, 58, 319, 337, 423 n. 97
Habad, 49, 197, 292Hadassah Women's Organization, 95,
243Halevi, Yehuda (Judah), 27, 316Halkin, Shmuel, 61, 109, 367 n. 8, 373
n. 89Hall, Gus, 387 n. 62Halperin, Rose, 390 n. 107Halpern, Seymour, 147, 165-67, 185,
191
Hambro, Edvard, 226Hamiel, Hulio, 326Hammerskjold, Dag, 384 n. 12Hanukka, 24, 62, 312, 349 n. 43Hanzin, Mordecai, 417 n. 52, 427
nn. 80 and 88Hapoel Hamizrachi Zionist
Organization, 241Harel, Arye, 421 n. 74Harman, Abraham, 122, 209, 371
n. 69Harriman, Averell, 187-88Harrington, Donald, 135Hart, Philip, 189Hasafa ha'ivrit, 157Hashomer Hatsair, 29hatikva, 26, 158, 282, 292, 322, 363
n. 51Hausmann, Gordon, 393 n. 172Hausner, Gideon, 290, 397 n. 246Havatzelet, Zeev, 264Haylit, Yitzhak, 46, 279Hays, Brooks, 149Hayter, William, 395 n. 206Hayward, Max, 143, 203-04, 395
n. 206Hazan, Eliyahu, 283-85Hebrew, 20-21, 26, 41, 45-47, 49-51,
57-58, 62, 290, 304broadcasts in, 62-63, 156, 299demand for, 112, 279, 304songs, 26, 58, 262, 290, 295, 309,
319-20, 323-25, 327, 416 n. 43study of, 78, 157-58, 266, 278, 281,
304, 410 nn. 128-29, 414 n. 11, 415n. 30, 416 n. 33, 417 n. 44
see also Elef millim; Hasafa ha'ivrit;Mori
Hehalutz, 29Held, Adolph, 94, 112, 379 n. 60Heller, Bunim, 374 n. 105Hellman, Yehuda, 390 n. 107Hendel, Nehama, 325Hendel, Yehudit, 302Hermannson, Carl-Henrik, 183Hersh, Jeanne, 140Herter, Christian, 133Hertz, Rabbi Richard C , 136, 148Herzl, Theodor, 51Herzog, Rabbi Isaac, 24Heschel, Rabbi Abraham Joshua, 193,
212Hester, Hugh, 402 n. 32HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid
Society), 391 n. 126High Holy Days, see Day of
Atonement; New Year
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Hill, Rabbi David, 379-80 n. 60Hindus, Maurice, 382 n. 103, 412
n. 152Hiog, M., see Plotkin, ZviHistadrut (Hahistadrut haklalit shel
ha'ovdim ha'ivriim beeretzyisrael), 371 n. 73
Hitler, Adolph, see nazism and NaziGermany
Hocking, William Ernest, 377 n. 35Hofshteyn, David, 26, 352 n. 68Hogg, Quentin, 397 n. 243Hollander, Rabbi David, 116-17, 374
n. 107, 398 n. 256, 412 n. 152Holocaust, 20, 48, 84, 91, 174, 176,
230, 304-06, 308, 310, 315-16, 325,339, 346 n. 7, 428 n. 158
see also Babii Iar; Eichmann, Adolph;Paneriai; Rumbula; Warsawghetto
Holmes, Rev. John James, 135Holt, Harold, 215Holtzman, Munik, 293human rights, 100, 103, 146, 185-87,
200, 388-89 n. 77see also U.N., Commission on
Human Rights; UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights
Humphrey, Hubert, 189Hungary (1956), 285
emigration from, 35Hurevits, Emil, 319
Iaunzem, Irma, 58ideology, 14-15, 39, 103, 286, 396
n. 225, 407 n. 75see also Marxism; Marxism-
Leninism; zhdanovshchinaIdishe kultur, 376 n. 18Ihud Olami (world Union of Poalei
Zion), 232Ilichev, Leonid, 113, 411 n. 137Illia, Arturo, 394 n. 118Ingles, Jose D., 138, 166-67, 169-71intellectuals (Western), 123, 128, 138
action by, 114,219-23activity in Israel, 233mobilization of in the West, 110,
138-44pressure on USSR, 162-63see also conferences and symposia
inter-city and inter-regional contacts(of Soviet Jews), 67, 73, 75, 77,280, 282-83, 289, 291-93, 295,302-03, 425 n. 124
International Commission of Jurists,178, 18^-85
International Confederation of FreeTrade Unions, 180
International Economic Conference(Moscow, 1952), 360 n. 11
International Federation of DemocraticWomen's Conference (Moscow,
. 1949), 360 n. 11international forums for discussion of
Soviet Jewish situation, 178-85see also conferences and symposia;
United NationsInternational League for the Rights of
Man, 131Inter-University Jewish Federation
(IUJF, Britain), 217Iofis, David, 46, 76, 279, 410 n. 128Iofis, Fania, 76Irkutsk, 58, 299, 322Iron Curtain, 14, 38-39, 360 n. 11Isakov, Boris, 59, 361 n. 20Islam, 386 n. 43Israel
broadcasts to Soviet Jewry, 62-63,156, 298-99
cultural events in USSR, 321-27delegations to international events
in USSR, 269, 325-27; see alsoIsrael, sports teams in USSR
demarches at U.N., 168-69, 171,176-77
diplomatic relations with USSR,32-37, 63, 327, 337-38
diplomats expelled, 74, 296, 327and Doctors' Plot, 93-94embassy, role of, 32-37, 4^45,
63-66, 90, 102-03, 296-97, 337-38,342, 362 n. 42
and emigration from USSR, 122,124; see also aliya; emigration (fromUSSR), and Soviet-Israelirelations
establishment of, 23; see also SovietJewry, reaction to establishmentof Israel; Soviet Union, Israel -support for establishment of
as focus for Soviet Jewry, 84,265-66, 329, 340
government policy, 35-36, 63-64,89-92, 94, 101-05, 227-29, 337,342-43, 368 n. 16
see also aliya, Israeli special office for;emigration (from USSR), andSoviet-Israeli relations
Independence Day, 62, 315-16Knesset, discussion of Soviet Jewish
situation, 92, 94, 129, 140, 231-34links with Soviet Jews, 32-33, 36-37,
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Israel cont.43-46, 50, 61-71, 89-90, 100, 102,230, 261-71, 296-97, 355 n. I l l ,363 n. 49, 396 n. 228
literature, 101-02, 157, 362 n. 39;confiscated, 300-02; demand for,279-81; dissemination of in USSR,66-67, 74, 262-63, 278-83, 291-92,296, 300, 410 n. 126, 415 n. 30; seealso Shalom; Vestnik Izrailia
public expressions of concern,228-36
and Slansky trial, 92-93and Soviet Jewry campaign (in
West), 92-94, 97-98, 103-07,110-111, 116, 122-24, 128, 133-34,138, 155, 168-69, 177-80, 182,186-87, 197-98, 202, 207, 212,220-21, 228-36, 397 n. 247
sports teams in USSR, 63, 70-71,269, 321-22, 362 n. 32
and tourists to USSR, 236-43; see alsotourism, Israeli and WesternJewish
trade with USSR, 44, 68-69, 356n. 20
and U.N. discussion of SovietJewish emigration, 168-69, 171-75
see also Arab-Israeli conflict; SinaiWar; Six Day War; Soviet Jewry,identification with Israel
Israel Defense Forces (IDF), volunteersfor, 28
Israel-USSR Friendship Society, 396n. 226
ItalyJewish activity in, 216Committee for Soviet Jewry, 220intellectuals in, 220
lion, 78Iudelevich, Asher Mordekhai, 289Ivanov, Boris, 170-72, 174Ives, Irving M., 96Izvestiia, 79, 146-47, 162, 335, 366
n. 83, 399 n. 280
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 20Feuilletons, 293, 300, 302-03, 356
n. 10Jacobson, Charlotte, 243Janner, Sir Barnett, 131, 216-17, 226Jansen, V., 223Jaspers, Karl, 380 n. 63Javits, Jacob K., 96, 130, 145-46, 150,
152-54, 185-86, 188-89, 191-92,195, 391 n. 126
Jefferson, Thomas, 223
Jewish Agency for Palestine, 49, 95,98, 122, 235, 354 n. 108
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAFC),19, 24-25, 30, 34-35, 347 n. 11, 352n. 68, 374 n. 105
and applications for emigration, 38,351-52 n. 68
dissolved, 35, 110, 355 n. 5, 367-68n. 8
Jewish Autonomous Region ofBirobidzhan, 19, 22, 61, 127, 134,266-67, 274, 276
Jewish Encyclopedia (Rus., 1913), 356n. 10
Jewish Labor Committee (U.S.), 91,94, 101, 134-35, 369 n. 19, 377n. 27, 378 n. 47
Jewish Minority Research, 151, 161Appeal of Conscience, 204, 206conference (1963), 203-04
Jewish national movement in USSR,83-85, 283-84, 287-88, 340-41
forms of activity, 297-335 passimand Six Day War, 336-38see also aliya; arrests; groups,
informal, and group activityJewish non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) at U.N.,166-68
Jewish organizations and activity(national and international),213-19
see also Agudas Israel WorldOrganization; American JewishCommittee; American JewishConference on Soviet Jewry;American Jewish Congress;Anglo-Jewish Association; B'naiB'rith; Board of Deputies of BritishJews; Conference of JewishOrganizations; Conseilrepresentatif des juifs en France;Executive Council of AustralianJewry; Hadassah Women'sOrganization; Jewish LaborCommittee; National CommunityRelations Advisory Council;Rabbinical Council of America;Synagogue Council of America;United Jewish Appeal; WorldJewish Congress; World Union ofJewish Students; World Union forProgressive Judaism; WorldZionist Organization
Jewish state, see Israel, establishmentof
Jews in Eastern Europe, 124
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The Jews of Silence, 243Johnson, Lyndon B., 189-90, 197-99Joint Distribution Committee, see
American Jewish JointDistribution Committee
Josephtal, Giora, 92journalists, contact with and
awareness of Soviet Jewry,115-16, 162
Judaism without Embellishment, seeKichko, Trofim
Kachalsky (Katzir), Aharon, 269Kaganovich, Lazar, 19, 107, 347 n. 11Kahane, Rabbi Haim Meir, 428 n. 149Kahanov, Nahum, 295, 371 n. 71Kahanov, Yitzhak, see Kogan,
YitzhakKaminka, Emil, 319Kanevskii, Meir, 44-46, 288-89,
291-92, 416 n. 42Kanokov, Shmaryahu, 36Kaplan, Abram, 291, 413-14 n. 11, 425
n. 124Kaplan, Armand, 390 n. 107Kaplan, Ben-Zion, 306Karaganda, 76-77, 279-81, 303Katsh, Abraham I., 112Katz, Avigail, 424 n. 116Katz, Katriel, 79, 396 n. 228, 421 n. 78Katz, Label A., 136, 138, 144, 172, 194,
379 n. 60Katz, Zolia, 283, 289Kaufman, Abraham, 280Kaunas (Kovno), 267, 299, 304, 308,
322, 405 n. 56, 418 n. 54Kazakh SSR, 40, 54, 279
see also Alma-Ata, KaragandaKazakov, Iakov (Iasha), 333-34Kazan, 357 n. 34Keating, Kenneth, 130, 145, 149, 151,
153, 185-86, 189Kehat, Moshe, 74Kelly, Sir David, 40-41Kempner, S. Marshall, 134Kennan, George, 39, 113Kennedy, John F., 137, 152, 186-89,
207, 329Kennedy, Robert, 198Kerler, Yosef, 59, 334^35, 403 n. 36,
426 n. 137Kertzer, Rabbi Morris, 117-19, 136-37Kesseh, Yona, 231Ketrzynski, Wojciech, 167, 171KGB, 67-68, 73-74, 281, 301, 324, 406
n. 70, 411 n. 139, 415-16 n. 33Khaiatovskii, Veniamin, 275, 319
Kharkov, 27, 69, 130, 278, 299, 308,319-20, 322-23, 377 n. 21
Khavkin, David, 283, 288-89, 292, 327,356 n. 10, 404-05 n. 50, 406nn. 67, 70 and 73, 407 n. 91, 425n. 121
Kheifets, Haim, 348 n. 29, 357 n. 35Khorol, Yosef, 288, 293, 365 n. 66, 412
n. 153Khrushchev, Nikita, 55, 84, 107, 119,
121, 123, 127, 137, 187-88, 205,366 n. 85, 374 n. 105, 375 n. 9, 378n. 44, 385 n. 13, 396 n. 229, 423n. 101, 427 n. 145
anti-religious campaign (1957-64),270, 309-10, 399 n. 284
antisemitism of, 56, 108, 110, 113,117, 121, 144-45, 163, 375 n. 4
correspondence with BertrandRussell, 162-64, 244-45
"peaceful coexistence" policy, 122,133, 135, 137-38; see alsoKhrushchev, visit to U.S.
and Polish repatriation, 256-58, 261Secret Speech, see CPSU, 20th party
congressvisit to Scandinavia, 216, 223-24visit to U.S., 132, 136-37, 147-48
Khust, 427 n. 142Kichko, Trofim, 164, 174, 182-83, 200,
212, 214, 399 n. 280Kiev, 20, 47, 50, 58, 66, 69-70, 75,
82-83, 117-18, 130, 135, 239^0,246, 291-94, 302-03, 310, 318, 321,333, 377 n. 21, 405 nn. 51 and 56,419 n. 64, 427 n. 145
group activity, 20, 48, 77, 278,289-90, 292, 304
visits of Israelis, 69-70, 321-23, 327King, Martin Luther, Jr., 198, 201, 203,
377 n. 35Kiselev, Evgenii, 405 n. 54Kishinev, 114, 130, 259, 262, 276, 299,
304, 309, 405 n. 56, 419 n. 64Kishko, Eliezer, 358 n. 44Klaperman, Rabbi Gilbert, 117, 374
n. 107Klebanov, Yaacov, 275Klutznick, Philip M., 136, 138, 371
n. 61Kodesh, Shlomo, 157Koenig, G., 59Kogan, Iurii, 178, 282Kogan (Kahanov), Yitzhak, 21, 352
nn. 74 and 78Kohler, Foy D., 38, 137, 153, 198Kokand, 67
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Kol ha?am, 279Kol Israel, 244, 383 n. 107Kol nidre, see Day of AtonementKol Yaacov rabbinical seminary, 57,
147_48, 270, 360-61 n. 14Kol Zion lagola, 44, 47, 51, 62, 66,
76-78, 83, 265, 295, 29&-99, 318,383 n. 107, 400 n. 3, 414 n. 11
Hebrew lessons from, 156, 279Russian language broadcasts,
156-57, 298see also broadcasts
Komi ASSR, 26, 428 n. 155Komsomol, 20, 30, 48, 151, 273,
330-31, 420 n. 70Komsomolskaia pravda, 412 n. 145Korey, William, 138, 162, 167-68, 204Koritskii, Yosef, 415 n. 29Kornblit, Lev, 323Korean War, 56Kosloff, Rabbi Irving, 375 n. 110Kosygin, Aleksei, 127, 200, 214, 222,
294, 333-34Paris statement, 161, 164, 177, 180,
192, 241, 246-48, 330, 334visit to Britain, 217-18, 226visit to Canada, 223
Kotliar, Yosef, 273Kotov, Mikhail, 335Kovno, see KaunasKozlov, Frol, 133-35Kraft, Bjor, 224Krasnoiarsk, 264Krasucky, Henri, 387 n. 60Kremenchug, 303Kricheli, Aron, 20-21Krishnaswami, Arcot, 165-66, 170Kubitschek, Juscelino, 394 n. 198Kubovy, Aryeh, 95Kuibyshev, 30, 130, 276, 351 n. 67, 357
n. 34Kulashi, 117Kushlin, Maksim, 424 n. 116Kutaisi, 71, 117, 273, 299Kuznetsov, Aleksei, 144, 355 n. 2Kuznetsov, Eduard, 289Kuzskovskii, Olga, 293Kuzskovskii, Yosef, 293, 306Kvitko, Leib, 24, 320, 367 n. 8
Lancett, Batya, 325Landau, Haim, 231Landau, Lev, 199Landman, Gitta, 62, 67, 72-73, 425
n. 127Landman, Moisei, 73Lapid, Arye, 44, 46
Larsen, Reidar, 183Latin America, 97, 110-11, 218-21
support for Soviet Jews, 97, 110-11see also individual countries
Latvian SSR, 77, 266, 274, 279, 325see also Daugavpils, Dzintari, Riga
Lefevre, Theo, 183, 225Lefkovskii, Leonid, 416 n. 39left-wing opinion, 110, 123, 178, 200,
212, 257, 39^95 n. 206see also intellectuals; public opinion;
socialist parties; SocialistInternational
Lehman, Herbert H., 100, 378 n. 47,380 n. 61
Leibowitz, Samuel, 412 n. 152Leningrad, 30-31, 47, 49, 58, 66, 72,
75, 79, 117, 237, 239-40, 271, 299,302-03, 309, 313, 318, 320, 327,405 n. 56
group activity, 20, 30, 47, 61,275-76, 278-79, 290, 292, 304, 409n. 107
Israelis in, 69, 321-22, 325Leningrad Affair, 39Levanon, Haim, 235Levanon, Nehemia, 74, 212Levavi, Arye, 90Levenberg, Shneour, 92, 179, 375 n. 6Levin, General, 26Levin, Meyer, 204Levin, Rabbi Yehuda Leib, 206, 241,
271-72, 312, 314, 421 nn. 74 and78
Levin, Reuven, 309Levitan, Isak, 403 n. 39Levy, Hyman, 110Lewin, Rabbi Isaac, 168Lezerovich, Avigdor, 32, 48, 353 n. 84Liash, Yaacov, 30-31liberalization, 56
and emigration, 79Liberman, Evsei, 199Liborkin, Shimon, 303Lieb, Alexander and Henry, 379 n. 52Lieb, Georgii, 315, 419 n. 64, 422 n. 82Lieberman, Rabbi George B., 374-75
n. 110, 382 n. 86Liebler, Isi, 182, 215Lifshitz, Nehama, 277, 290, 310, 319,
335, 410 nn. 121 and 124Lionaes, Aase, 140, 227Lipton, Marcus, 143Lipschutz, Alexander, 110literature
and Jewish national movement,300-04
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Jewish, in USSR, 42, 125-26, 356n. 10, 364 n. 62; see also SholomAleichem; and individual SovietJewish writers
translation of Israeli into Russian,302-04
Yiddish, 277see also Israel, literature; samizdat
Literaturnaia gazeta, 384 n. 1Lithuanian SSR, 50, 60, 77, 257, 266,
274, 279, 325see also Druskenniki, Kaunas,
Palanga, VilniusLitt, Rabbi Daniel, 209Litvinoff, Emanuel, 122, 124-25, 143,
162, 179Locker, Berl, 93Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 96, 146Loytsker, Chayim, 358 n. 44Lubanov, Rabbi Abram, 49, 312Lubavich, see HabadLubbock, Eric, 226Lugansk, 292Luns, Joseph, 226Luria, Nota, 357 n. 35Lutsk, 156Lutskii, Vladimir, 29Lvov, 17, 20, 26, 46, 71, 133, 255, 317,
373 n. 89, 401 n. 19group activity, 20, 30, 47, 61
Lyon-Caen, Leon, 140
McCissick, Floyd, 204McCormack, John W., 192MacDonald, Robert, 185Magen (Defense Association for Help
for the Jews of Russia), 233, 397n. 239
Magnin, Cyril, 134Makhachkala, 299Malakhovka, 376 n. 21Malenkov, Georgii, 56, 358 n. 42, 359
n. 2Malraux, Andre, 98, 370 n. 44Manevich, Grigorii, 316, 417-18 n. 52Mankowitz, Wolf, 140, 143Mapai party (Israel), 89-90, 107, 178,
180tenth conference (1965), 233
Margulis, Mikhail, 49, 302Mark, Ber, 292Markish, Peretz, 113, 320, 351 n. 68,
367 n. 8Markov, Aleksei, 302, 416 n. 41Marmor, David, 17^75Marque, Jean-Georges, 183-84Marshak, Samuil, 302
Marshall, Thurgood, 380 n. 63Martin, Paul, 228, 247Marxism, 110, 182Marxism-Leninism, 61, 110, 140, 159,
301, 339, 349 n. 39matzot, 41, 50, 52, 207, 292, 421 n. 72
forbidden, 130, 132, 270, 317-18permission to bake, 246, 318
Mauriac, Francois, 162, 207, 222Mayer, Daniel, 98, 139, 141-42, 220,
222, 335, 370 n. 44Mazey, Emil, 204Meany, George, 379 n. 52Meerovich, Shaul, 273Megged, Aharon, 290, 405 n. 56Meir, Golda, 98-99, 129, 140, 179, 233,
235, 396 n. 228, 397 n. 241, 411n. 143
heads first Israeli mission to USSR,23, 32-35, 37, 45, 4&-49, 53, 65,89-90, 261-62, 265, 268, 350 n. 47,352 n. 68, 353 n. 102, 367 n. 6
Memmi, Albert, 223Mendele Moikher Seforim, 25Mendelevich, Yosef, 289, 307, 413 n. 6Menshikov, Mikhail, 136, 245, 380
n. 61Menuhin, Yehudi, 239Menzies, Sir Robert, 215Merkher, Aron, 302, 357 n. 35Merriam, Robert E., 136Mexico, 111
Jewish activity in, 219intellectuals, 222
Meyerson, Golda, see Meir, GoldaMeyner, Robert, 134Mikhoels, Solomon, 19, 25, 40, 53,
277, 290, 320, 350 n. 44Mikoian, Anastas, 107, 133-34Mikunis, Shmuel, 233Miller, Arthur, 203-04, 335, 380 n. 63,
391 n. 128Miller, Rabbi Irving, 94, 136Miller, Rabbi Israel, 201, 211, 219, 240,
400 n. 292Miller, Jack, 143Miller, Rabbi Joseph, 374 n. 110Milo, Yosef, 325Mine, Hilary, 400 n. 8Ministry of Interior (USSR), see MVDMinistry of State Security (USSR,
MGB), 55Minsk, 79, 114, 144, 239, 246, 267, 293,
295, 299, 309, 346 n. 7, 406 n. 70,419 n. 64, 420 n. 68, 427 n. 148
Mintsberg, Iakov, 349 n. 38Mintz, Izrail, 288, 290
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minyanim, 49, 270, 311, 377 n. 21Moe, Finn, 227Mogilev, 36, 49-50, 239, 295, 299Moizes, Marek, 274, 293, 310Moldavian SSR, 267, 319
see also Kishinev; TiraspolMollet, Guy, 207, 227Molotov, Viacheslav, 19, 31, 34, 112Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 17-18Morales, Don Carlos, 227Mordovian ASSR, 303More-Din, Naum, 357 n. 35Morgnfreyheyt, 125, 292, 418 n. 57, 421
n. 78Morgulis, Sergei, 288, 291-92, 302Mori, 157Morozov, Platon, 386 n. 37Mortimer, Rex, 182Moscow, 29, 58, 79, 117-18, 237,
239-40, 246, 271, 276-77, 291, 293,299, 303, 313, 320, 327, 356 n. 13,377 n. 21
group activity, 20-21, 28, 61-62,71-73, 80, 278, 288-89, 291-92,302, 304
Israelis in, 23, 32, 63, 65, 70, 79, 90,261-68, 278, 296-97, 321-26
Mountain Jews, see Dagestan ASSR,Derbent, Makhachkala
Moutet, Marius, 184Mowshowitz, Rabbi Israel, 119, 374
n. 110, 379-80 n. 60Mukachevo, 427 n. 142Mukhin, Mikhail, 24Multer, Abraham, 128Mundt, Karl E., 185music, Israeli in USSR, 262, 264, 299,
304see also Hebrew, songs; Israel,
cultural events in USSRJewish in USSR, 59-60, 274-76
MVD, 19, 31, 41, 48, 55, 352 n. 68, 364n. 62
see also OVIRMyshkov, Anatolii, 208, 210
Nalchik, 299Namir, Mordecai, 90Nantet, Jacques, 139, 141, 222, 370
n. 44Nasinovskii, Evgenii, 17^77Nasser, Jamal 'Abd al-, 336-37National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People(NAACP), 131, 200
National Catholic Welfare Council,199
National Community RelationsAdvisory Council (NCRAC), 193,201, 243, 390 n. 105
nationalism, 286, 339, 396 n. 229Baltic, 412 n. 1Estonian, 52Georgian, 108Lithuanian, 50, 355 n. 3Veliko (Great) Russian, 16, 110, 151,
239West Ukrainian, 50, 355 n. 3
nationalities policy, 14, 55, 59, 101,110, 126, 142, 230, 345 n. 2
see also deportation of nationalitiesnational minorities in USSR, 55, 145
anti-Russian feelings of, 128effect of Jewish emigration upon,
285national question, 135Navrozov, Lev, 354 n. 102Naye prese, 59, 292, 372 n. 82nazism and Nazi Germany, 53, 75,
95-96, 146, 149, 162, 170, 173, 176,182-83, 195, 245, 304, 326, 346n. 5, 386 n. 44
see also Eichmann, Adolph;Holocaust; World War II
Neiburg, Grisha, 78Nemirovskaia, Nadia, 21, 28, 45, 62,
72Neria, Moshe, 232Neruda, Pablo, 110Netherlands, 226New Leader, 125, 159New Year (Jewish), 32-33, 69New York Board of Rabbis, 116-19,
136newspapers, Israeli, see Israel,
literatureNezer, Zvi, 383 n. 109Niebuhr, Reinhold, 114, 380 n. 63Nikolaeva, T. N., 169Nissim, Rabbi Yitzhak, 232, 421 n. 78Nixon, Richard, 167, 385 n. 13non-Jewish groups, activity on behalf
of Soviet Jewry, 205-06, 219-28see also National Catholic Welfare
Council; National Association forthe Advancement of ColoredPeople; World Council ofChurches
Norilsk, 76, 279Norway, 101, 224, 226-27Non-Violence Group, 224Nove, Alec, 143Novik, Pesah, 418 n. 57Novosibirsk, 293, 299, 308, 351 n. 68
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Ochs, Haim, 419-20 n. 64Odessa, 27, 36, 44, 68, 117, 130, 239,
292-93, 299, 302-03, 306, 320, 405n. 56, 412 n. 153, 421 n. 72, 425nn. 120 and 121
group activity and individualactivists, 47-48, 61, 68, 71, 77, 80,304, 318, 348 n. 29
Israelis in, 68-69, 284, 321-22Oisland, Naum, 144Olevskii, Rabbi Natan-Neta, 312, 419
n. 64, 420 n. 66Omsk, 76, 156, 279, 299Orr-Ewing, Sir Ian, 226Ostrovskii, Iakov, 169, 172, 177Overland, Arnulf, 380 n. 63OVIR, 260, 330, 332-33, 335Oz, Amos, 290
Padley, Walter, 225Palanga, 309Palatnik, Raiza, 428 n. 158Palestine, see Israel, establishment of;
Soviet Union, support for Jewishstate in; yishuv
Paneriai, 305, 310, 325, 418 n. 53Paraf, Pierre, 223Paris Conference, see conferences and
symposiaparliaments, concern expressed by,
225-28see also Council of Europe; United
States, CongressPartashnikov, Anatolii, 289Passover, 52, 280, 317
see also matzotpassports, internal, 394 n. 34Patchornik, Avraham, 382 n. 104Patijn, C. L., 395 n. 216Pauling, Linus, 207, 222, 377 n. 35Peace Prayer Book, 57, 206, 270,
317-18, 360 n. 13"peaceful coexistence/7133-38, 145,
176, 187see also "Geneva Spirit";
Khrushchev, Nikita, "peacefulcoexistence" policy
Pearson, Lester B., 107, 227Pecherskii, Gennadii (Gedalia), 129,
150, 276, 278, 295-96, 312-13Peerce, Jan, 58, 320Perlzweig, Maurice, 111, 170, 390
n. 107Peron, Juan B., 97, 110"personality cult," see de-StalinizationPevsner, Yaacov, 416 n. 33Piatigorsk, 45, 246
Pihl, Mogens, 394 n. 205Pike, Bishop James J., 136, 200,
203Pineles, Mordecai, 314Pinkus, Louis Arieh, 397 n. 241Piperno, Sergio, 216, 220PLO (Palestine Liberation
Organization), 336Plotkin, Grigorii, 384 n. 115Plotkin, Zvi, 20, 31, 45, 235, 290, 352
n. 78, 371 n. 71Plummer, Sir Leslie, 143Podgornyi, Nikolai, 214, 396 n. 228Podolskii, Boris, 77, 281Podolskii, Dora, 77-78, 281-82, 289Podolskii, Semen, 282Poland, 80
antisemitism, 400 n. 8emigration from, 17, 252-54, 256-57,
259-60, 347 nn. 12 and 13, 401n. 11
Jewish refugees from in World War11,17
repatriation to, 17-18, 252-61, 328,346 n. 9, 347 nn. 11 and 13; andemigration from, 252-53, 255-56,259, 401 n. 12
see also Cultural and SocialAssociation of Polish Jews
Poles (in USSR), 60, 101, 179Polevoi, Boris, 59, 276-77Polianskii, Dmitrii, 395 n. 207Polikarpov, Dmitrii, 61political prisoners, 56, 76, 359 n. 4Polskii, Viktor, 356 n. 11, 416 n. 39Poltava, 69Ponomarev, Boris, 387 n. 60Pontillon, Robert, 179Portes Gil, Emilio, 394 n. 198Portnoi, Frederick, 322Poti, 43Poupko, Rabbi Bernard, 240-42Pravda, 37, 53-54, 113, 162, 200, 359
n. 5, 361 n. 20, 366 n. 83Pregerzon, Zvi, 20, 26, 33, 45, 235,
281, 288, 290, 351 n. 53, 352 n. 78,365 n. 66, 371 n. 71
Prestin, Vladimir, 416 n. 39Prinz, Rabbi Joachim, 131, 135-36, 379
n. 60, 390 n. 107prison camps, see campsPrisoners of Zion, 24, 26, 30-31, 36-37,
50-53, 62, 76-77, 89, 92, 288-89,364 n. 60, 397 n. 239
and Polish repatriation, 258see also arrests; camps; ex-Prisoners
of Zion
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propaganda, see Soviet Union,anti-Israel propaganda
psychiatric hospitals, 331provocateurs, 41, 47, 271, 296, 301,
313public opinion (Western), 119-20, 128,
130-31, 399 n. 285, 413 n. 7see also United States, public opinion
and "grass roots" activitypublic protest, 198-201, 203, 210-11,
214, 218, 244see also "secret diplomacy"
publicizing plight of Soviet Jewry,113-14, 119-20, 122-25, 155,223-24
see also journalistsPulver, Lev, 59-60, 320Purim, 54, 312-13, 317
Raanan, Uri, see Frischwasser, UriRabbinical Council of America, 95
visits to USSR, 116-19, 240-41, 244Rabinowitz, Eugene, 391 n. 128racial discrimination, and U.N.
Commission on Human Rights,165-66, 171-72, 176, 396 n. 225
in U.S., Soviet criticisms, 135, 190Rackman, Rabbi Emanuel, 374 n. 107radio, see broadcastsRafael, Yitzhak, 92Rakhlin, Isak, 307-08Randolph, A. Philip, 198, 203, 391
n. 128Rapacki, Adam, 256"refuseniks," 332-33, 335religion, Jewish, 386 n. 43
see also festivals, Jewish; Kol Yaacovrabbinical seminary; matzot;minyanim; synagogues
Religious Zionists of America, 377n. 27
Remenik, Hirsh, 75, 282repatriation
from USSR, 79, 252, 340; see alsoreunification of families
to USSR, 146, 179, 234; see alsoArmenians
see also Poland, repatriation toreunification of families, 35-36, 79-81,
335, 358 n. 54, 411 n. 143, 425n. 130, 427 n. 142
and U.N. Human RightsCommission, 167, 171, 176-77
and Western pressure, 167, 246-47Reuther, Walter, 203, 379 n. 52Reznitskii, Basya, 403 n. 41Riazan, 49, 356 n. 13
Ribicoff, Abraham, 185-87, 189, 191,194-95, 198, 200, 246
Ricardi, Leopoldo, 140Riga, 17, 46, 71, 80, 82-83, 267, 279,
291, 299, 303, 309, 320, 332-33,419 n. 64, 420 n. 68
groups and group activity, 61, 78,274-75, 278, 288-89, 292-93, 297,302, 304, 318
Israelis in, 321-24see also Rumbula
Riklis, L. I., 157Rishal, Volf, 296, 313Ritter, Joseph G., 205Ruiz, Vincenzo-Arangio, 140Rivlin, Moshe, 397 n. 246Robeson, Paul, 276-77Robinzon, Binyamin, 46Robison, Howard W., 190Rochet, Waldeck, 387 n. 60Rock, Anna, 416 n. 39Rodionov, Leonid, 307Rohde, Peter Per, 223Roitman, Ester, 275Rolnikaite, Masha, 418 n. 53Romania, 80
emigration from, 35, 259Romero, Jose Luis, 110Romm, David, 412 n. 153Roosevelt, Eleanor, 144, 196, 334, 370
n. 40, 380 n. 63Roosevelt, James, 199Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 369 n. 19Rosenberg, Rabbi Stuart E., 149Rosenblum, Louis, 206Rosenne (Rosenhaupt), Meir, 122, 124,
171, 198, 209, 393 n. 165Rostov-on-Don, 117, 130, 299Rostow, Walt, 201Rotenburg, Boris, 73Roth, Stephen, 374 n. 109Rothman, Rabbi Robert A., 209Rovno, 156, 417 n. 49Rowan, Carl T., 389 n. 88Rozen, Aharon, 157RSFSR, 30, 84Rubashov, Liova, 426 n. 135Rubashov (Shazar), Zalman, 90Rubin, Anatolii, 289, 303, 405 n. 50,
406 n. 70, 411 n. 140, 413 n. 11Rubin, Inessa, 383 n. 104Rubinshtain, Abram, 417 n. 44Rudnev, Konstantin, 225Rumbula, 306-08rumor, see disinformationRusinek, Ezra, 46, 293, 303Rusk, Dean, 152, 186-87, 190, 197
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Russell, Bertrand, 207, 220, 222-23,244, 248, 334-35, 380 n. 63, 427n. 148
correspondence with Khrushchev,162-64, 231, 244-45
and death penalty, 163-64Russian Orthodox Church, 151russification, see acculturationRustin, Bayard, 199, 203, 205, 391
n. 128Rutshtain, Leonid, 30
Saidin, Ilia, 36 n. 42Salisbury, Harrison, 151, 198Salsberg, Joseph B., 110, 411 n. 137Salzman, Pnina, 322Samarkand, 28, 80, 273samizdat, 161, 280-82, 287-89, 291-92,
302-04see also Soviet Jewry, manuscripts
written by Soviet JewsSamuel, Maurice, 204Sannes, John, 394 n. 205Santa Cruz, Herman, 172Santos, Eduardo, 394 n. 198Sapozhnikov, V. I., 166Saratov, 47, 357 n. 34Sarid, Yaacov, 397 n. 246Sasonkin, Eduard, 351 n. 68Scandinavia
Jewish activity in, 216intellectuals, 223-24see also individual countries
Scandinavian Jewish YouthFederation, 216
Schachter, Rabbi Herschel, 374 n. 107Schechtman, Joseph, 146-47Scheuer, James, 211Schmittlein, Raymond, 223Schneier, Rabbi Arthur, 206Schwartz, Harry, 111, 365 n. 75Schwartz, Joseph, 92Schwarz, Solomon, 368 n. 9Schweitzer, Albert, 207, 222, 380 n. 63Scott, Hugh, 200, 381 n. 76Scznek, Adam, 256"secret diplomacy/7 139, 197, 215, 234Secret Speech, see CPSU, 20th party
congressSeder, see PassoverSegerstedt, Torgny, 223Seidenfaden, Erik, 361-62 n. 28, 373
n. 94Sella, Moshe, 74SEM, see Lvov, group activitySemenov, Vladimir, 285Senesh, Hanna, 280
Shabad, Theodore, 423 n. 96Shalom, 158, 384 n. 116, 415 n. 32Shapira, Moshe, 90Shapiro, Feliks, 304Shapiro, Grigorii, 291-92, 302, 305Shapiro, Rabbi Shlomo, 420 n. 65Sharett, Moshe, 35, 68-69, 91, 94,
103-04, 178, 397 n. 241Sharett, Yakov, 296Sharfshtain, Hirsh (Vilnius), 309Shatunovskaia, Lidiia, 349 n. 38Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, 16, 40Shchiborin, Aleksandr, 230Sheinis, Zinovii, 141Shelepin, Aleksandr, 407 n. 75Shenkar, Mordekhai, 46Shepilov, Dmitrii, 108Shertok, Moshe, see Sharett, MosheSheveleva, Basia, 73Shifrin, Abram, 303Shlifer, Rabbi Shlomo, 24-25, 65, 82,
111-12, 270-71, 280, 350 n. 47, 360n. 14, 366 n. 83, 419 n. 61
Shlonsky, Avraham, 290, 320Shnaider, Yosef, 78-79, 81, 282,
288-89, 292-93, 306, 309, 318, 402n. 31, 418 n. 57, 425 nn. 123 and127
Sholom Aleichem, 236, 273, 320, 423n. 98
centenary, 276-78Shoshkes, Chaim, 115, 236, 240, 253,
362 n. 36Shostakovich, Dmitrii, 395 n. 207
Thirteenth Symphony, 305, 320Shperber, Ioakhim, 30-31Shperling, Boris, 289, 293, 411 n. 140Shpilberg, Aron, 290Shtern, Lena, 34Shtukarevich, Avraham, 36-37Shulman, Zinovii, 319, 423 n. 97Shurer, Chaim, 115, 373 n. 97Shvartser, Vladimir (Binyomin), 329Siberia, 30, 40, 43, 54, 58, 267, 274,
279, 294, 303, 327, 332, 356 n. 14;see also Irkutsk, Kuibyshev,Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk
Sieff, Israel, 143, 375 n. 6Silver, Charles H., 177Silver, Rabbi Abba Hillel, 144Simferopol, 299, 323Simhat Tora, 52, 296, 310, 318-19, 321,
409 n. 107Simonov, Konstantin, 59, 302Simpson, William W., 143Sinai War, 79, 81-85, 265-66, 32&-329Singer, George, 323
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Six Day War, 336-38, 344Sixth World Festival of Youth and
Students, 59, 155, 261-68, 326Slansky, Rudolf, trial (1952), 52, 92-95Slepak, Vladimir, 290Sloves, Chaim (Henri), 125-26Slovin, Boris and Lidiia, 293, 302Smilansky, Yizhar, 290, 421 n. 79Smolar, Hirsh, 374 n. 105Sneh, Moshe, 370 n. 46Sochi, 239, 323socialist parties, 107-08, 178
see also Britain, Labour Party;France, Socialist Party
Socialist International, 178-79Socialist Study Group, 178-79, 224,
394 n. 205Soustelle, Jacques, 98, 370 n. 44South Africa, Board of Deputies, 166Sovetish heymland, 144, 200, 238, 244,
380 n. 71Soviet Far East, 294Soviet Jewry
concessions to, 57, 142, 246-48, 328contacts with Jewish world outside,
48, 57, 104-05, 111-12, 115-20, 358n. 42, 406 n. 70
contacts with Israel, 101-02, 326, 421n. 76; see also Israel, embassy -links with Soviet Jews; SixthWorld Festival of Youth andStudents; tourism, Israeli andWestern Jewish
demography, 345 n. 4, 363 n. 47desirous of emigration, 118, 134,
284-85, 327-29, 340, 345 n. 1, 365n. 75, 367 n. 92, 412 n. 152
discrimination and repression of, 56,127-33, 147-48, 167, 294, 328-29,376 n. 9, 380 n. 63, 387 n. 56, 395n. 206; see also economic trials
identification with Israel, 27-29, 82,90, 155, 261-68, 321-27, 336-38,367 n. 91
isolation of, 41, 43-44, 386 n. 43; seealso Soviet Jewry, contacts withJewish world outside
and liberalization, 56-57, 79, 159-60manuscripts of Soviet Jews, 70, 105,
281-82, 290, 363 n. 48, 364 n. 58national awakening of, 83, 286-338
passim, 340, 345 n. 2, 418 n. 55national identity and consciousness,
20-21, 42, 45, 84-85, 91; see alsoJewish national movement inUSSR; Soviet Jewry, identificationwith Israel;
nationalistic activities, 268-85and outside world, 89-120, passim;in postwar years, 13-23;reaction to establishment of Israel,
23-32, 350 nn. 44 and 47, 351n. 56; see also Meir, Golda; War ofIndependence
Soviet sensitivity regarding, seeSoviet Union, sensitivity toWestern criticism and pressure
and World War II, 15-17see also aliya; anti-cosmopolitan
campaign; antisemitism; assimi-lation; "black years"; culture,Jewish; Doctors' Plot; emigration;Israel, embassy - links with SovietJews; Jewish Autonomous Regionof Birobidzhan; JewishAnti-Fascist Committee; Poland,repatriation to; Sovetish heymland;World War II; Zionism
Soviet Unionconstitution, 60, 113, 148, 159, 163,
294, 360 n. 12, 414 n. 19, 427n. 139
domestic travel restrictions, 44, 67,356 n. 18, 362 n. 42, 408 n. 105
foreign policy, 56, 159; see also "coldwar"; "Geneva Spirit"; "peacefulcoexistence"; Soviet Union,relations with Arab countries
intelligentsia, 161, 163, 286-87, 336Jewish policy, 21-22, 38-41, 109,
113-14, 121, 127, 151, 159-60, 180,189, 285, 339-41, 372 n. 82; see alsoanti-cosmopolitan campaign;antisemitism, official; "blackyears"; Doctors7 Plot; emigration;Jewish Autonomous Region ofBirobidzhan; reunification offamilies
liberalization, 56; see alsode-Stalinization
nationalities policy, 112, 230post-Stalin succession struggle,
55-56, 359 n. 2; see also collectiveleadership
relations with Arab countries, 23,27, 82, 96, 146-47, 230, 261,336-37, 341, 396 n. 229
relations with and policy towardIsrael, 29; anti-Israel propaganda,37, 45, 79, 128, 130, 229, 243, 282,284-85, 336, 366 n. 86, 405nn. 54-55, 408 n. 94; see alsoIzvestiia; Pravda; Trud; cultural andeconomic ties, 68-69, 321-27;
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diplomatic relations, 32-37, 63,99-101, 337; Soviet Jewry as anissue in, 35, 89-90, 230, 396n. 228; support for establishmentof Jewish state, 22-24, 27-28
see also Arab-Israeli conflict;emigration, and Soviet-Israelirelations; Sinai War; Six Day War;War of Independence
sensitivity to Western criticism andpressure, 103, 106-08, 119-20,132-33, 141, 148, 151, 159, 162-64,188, 200, 205, 245-48
State Secrets Act, 34Supreme Soviet, USSR, 333youth, 336see also CPSU; ideology; KGB; MVD;
nationalities policy; USSR Writers'Union
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 225Spain, 31Spaniards (in USSR), 79, 124, 174, 287,
365 n. 73Spellman, Cardinal Francis, 205Sperber, Manes, 143Spingarn, Arthur S., 370 n. 40Spivak, Grigorii, 36, 46Spollswood, S. G., 131sports, see Israel, sports teams in USSRStalin, Joseph, 13-14, 22, 25, 31, 55-57,
345 n. 1, 347 n. 11, 353 nn. 99 and102
antisemitism of, 16, 18, 40, 47, 61,348 n. 19
"collective leadership" rectifiespolicies of, 55-56
death of, 32, 39, 48, 53-54, 100; seealso de-Stalinization; the "thaw"
Status of the Jews in the Soviet Union(M. Decter), 161-62
Stearman, William, 210Stern, Isaac, 380 n. 63Stevenson, Adlai, 153Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
(SSSJ), 209-12Suez Campaign, see Sinai WarSukhumi, 117, 237, 291-92, 299Suller, Chaim, 125Surkov, Aleksei, 59, 276Suslov, Mikhail, 109-10, 127, 181, 387
n. 60Svechinskii, Vitalii, 352 n. 79Sverdlovsk, 58, 290, 327, 357 n. 34Svet, Gershon, 384 n. 114Sweden, 107, 227
see also conferences and symposia,Stockholm
Sweeney, Robert, 392 n. 145Synagogue Council of America, 95,
193, 199synagogues, 42-43, 57, 271-72, 310-19,
419 n. 60attacked, 376-77 n. 21, 420 n. 68closure of, 49, 135, 147, 270, 310-11;
condemned by Kennedy, 187;stopped, 246
and Jewish national identity, 310-19limits and constraints imposed on,
271-72, 311-17as meeting places with Israelis,
43_44, 57, 269-71, 311-15, 421nn. 78 and 79, 422 n. 85, 426n. 134
as meeting places with WesternJews, 111-12, 116-18, 135, 144,237-^3, 399 n. 271
see also Choral SynagogueSzmerler, Yosef, 351 n. 68, 402-03
n. 36
Taft, Bernard, 182Taganrog, 46, 303, 383 n. 107Tagliacozzo, Enzo, 220Tal, Sidi, 58, 319, 423 n. 96Tallinn, 417 n. 51Tammuz, Binyamin, 290Tari, Ephraim, 124Tartakower, Aryeh, 397 n. 246Tashkent, 21, 67, 71, 80, 237, 273, 299,
419 nn. 62 and 64Tashlitskii, Kh. L., 357 n. 35Tatar ASSR, 30Tatu, Michel, 423 n. 101Taubin, Dov, 293, 303Taylor, Telford, 204, 370 n. 40Tbilisi, 21, 117, 231, 239-40, 273,
291-92, 299, 320, 322, 420 n. 71Teff, Solomon, 217Tekoa, Yosef, 230, 314-15, 422 n. 80,
424 n. 112Teller, Judd, 111, 122, 133, 204Teplitskii, Lev, 289Ternow, Mandel, 245Terracini, Umberto, 143, 181the "thaw" (1953-56), 55-85, 100, 103
arrests and camps, 72-76family reunification, 79-81hopes and promises unfulfilled,
56-61Third World, 159, 185, 261
and Soviet Jewry, 107, 168Thomas, Norman, 114, 135, 198, 203,
211, 377 n. 35Thomas, Peter, 216
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Thompson, Llewellyn, 137, 144, 188Thorne, Charles, 211Thorpe, Jeremy, 226Tindemans, Leo, 225Tingsten, Herbert, 223Tiraspol, 405 n. 56Tito, Josif Broz, 372 n. 86Toaff, Elio, 216Togliatti, Palmiro, 180Toledano, Lombardo, 111Toll, Hermann, 185Tomsk, 32, 47, 293tourism, Israeli and Western Jewish,
67, 115-18, 135, 144, 155, 236-44,269, 271, 300, 333, 336, 408 n. 94
trade, see Israel, trade with USSR;United States, trade with USSR
Transcarpathia, 17, 299, 332Tree, Marietta, 169, 173, 176trials, economic, see economic trialsTribuna (Buenos Aires), 372 n. 82Trilling, Lionel, 140, 204Trud, 150, 314Trumpeldor, Yosef, 280Tsaitlin, Samuil (Bubik), 307-08Tsfoni, A., 20, 235Tsirulnikov, Natan, 279-80, 409
n. 107, 410 n. 126Tskhivali, 292Tsukerman, Binyamin, 293, 303Tumerman, Lev, 349 n. 38; see also
Shatunovskaia, LidiiaTurkey, 31, 56Tushewitz, Morris, 211Turvin, Ben-Tsion, 290Turkow, Mark, 390 n. 107Tverskii, Rabbi Abraham Yosef, 332Twentieth Party Congress, see CPSUTyler, William, 198
U Nu, 107U Thant, 131, 204, 221-23, 335Ufa, 58Ukraine, 22, 26, 30, 272, 319
Academy of Sciences, 26antisemitism in, 15-16, 18, 69, 82,
260, 294, 332, 363 n. 49, 377 n. 21;see also Kichko, Trofim
Jewish national consciousness in, 70Western, 17, 50, 257Ukrainians in camps, 52Ukrainians in diaspora, 146see also Belaia Tserkov, Cherkassy,
Chernigov, Chernovtsy, Crimea,Dnepropetrovsk, Donbass,Donetsk, Kharkov, Kiev, Lutsk,Lvov, Transcarpathia, Uman,
Uzhgorod, Vinnitsa, Zhitomir,Zhmerinka
Ulianovsk, 357 n. 34Uman, 299Undzer vort, 283UNESCO, 149-50, 389 n. 77;
Convention againstDiscrimination in Education, 172
Ungaretti, Giuseppi, 220Ungenyi, 405 n. 56Union of American Hebrew
Congregations, 206Union of Orthodox Jewish
Congregations of America, 136United Jewish Appeal (UJA), 92-93,
98United Nations, 16^78, 375 n. 6
appeals to (by Soviet Jews), 240debate on future of Palestine (1947),
22-23Commission on Human Rights, 130,
151-52, 24017th session, 16518th session, 165, 16819th session, 16520th session, 17321st session, 175-7623rd session, 177Subcommission on the Prevention
of Discrimination andProtection of Minorities, 138;discusses Soviet Jewry, 165-66,172, 174-77, 192, 196; discussesSoviet Jewry's right ofemigration, 166-72
Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC), 164, 173-74, 199,387 n. 53
General Assembly, plenary, 176General Assembly, 3rd Committee,
164, 169, 171-72, 176, 230International Convention on Civil
and Political Rights, 165International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination, 165
and Israeli intervention on SovietJewry, 168-69, 171-77, 229-30
and Jewish non-governmentalorganizations, 166-68, 170-72
partition resolution, 23and right to emigration, 166-72,
176-77Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, 121, 165, 167, 169United States
administration, 152-53, 185-93; see
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also individual presidents andsecretaries of state
civil rights movement, 203congress, 145-54, 185-93Jewish activity, 92; see also American
Jewish organizations, andindividual organizations
public opinion and "grass-roots"activity, 99, 202-03, 206-12
trade with USSR, 111, 134wheat sales, 186-87, 207see also cold war; East-West
relations; "peaceful coexistence"United Synagogue of America, 130Universities' Committee for Soviet
Jewry (Britain), 218Unterman, Rabbi Yehuda, 232Urals, 58, 267, 293-94
Jews in during World War II, 15, 34Urey, Harold C , 97Urman, Yosef, 348 n. 23, 351 n. 53,
403 n. 37, 410 n. 131Uruguay, 220, 222USSR Writers' Union, 29, 59, 115, 125,
276, 282, 33^35, 361 n. 27Uzbek SSR, 31
see also Bukhara, Fergana, Kokand,Samarkand, Tashkent
Uzhgorod, 427 n. 142
Vagenheim, Iakov, 307Vaisman, Barukh, 66, 70, 75, 119, 235
282, 289, 363 n. 48Vani, 117Vansittart, Peter, 140Varhaftig, David, 293Veliko (Great) Russians, 14, 40, 345
n. 1Venezuela, intellectuals in, 221-22Verdier, Robert, 372 n. 75Vergelis, Aron, 144, 245, 309Vertlib, Grigorii (Grisha), 290Vestnik Izrailia, 158, 280, 302, 384
n. 114, 410 n. 126, 415 n. 32Victoria Jewish Board of Deputies
(Australia), 21^15Vietnam, 177, 202Vilnius, 17, 30, 36, 60, 71, 78, 246, 255,
267, 275, 292, 303, 305, 317, 401n. 19, 403 n. 41, 407 n. 82, 418n. 53, 419 n. 64
drama group, 273-74, 308-10Israelis in, 321-25
Vinnitsa, 18, 28, 47, 292, 377 n. 21, 383n. 104
Vinogradov, Sergei, 141Vlasov, Andrei, 101-02
Vofsi, Meir, 46Voice of America, 21, 43, 91, 337, 348
n. 29, 356 n. 14Vokhnblat, 372 n. 82Volgograd, 299Vorkuta, 51, 75-76, 279-80Voroshilov, Kliment, 114, 378 n. 44,
411 n. 137Voznesenskii, Nikolai, 355 n. 2Vyshinskii, Andrei, 31, 35, 91vyzovy, 80, 257, 284, 327, 330-31
Wadsworth, James, J., 149Wagner, Robert, 198War of Independence (Israel), 27-28,
30, 35, 329, 351 n. 68, 352 n. 74Warren, Robert Penn, 203Warsaw ghetto, 215, 277, 279, 292,
305-06, 308Waterman, Alec, 181-82Webster, David, 395 n. 213Weinstein, Lewis, 379 n. 60Weiser (Varon), Benno, 221Weiss, David W., 204, 237-38Weizmann, Chaim, 25-26, 78Welles, Sumner, 370 n. 40Werth, Alexander, 29West, Benjamin, 36Western intelligence services, 39-40,
122, 258Western leaders, 107, 245; see also
individual statesmenWestern public opinion, see public
opinion, Western; United States,public opinion and "grass-roots"activity
"Western territories," 17, 51, 91, 103,252, 284, 298, 328, 332, 346 n. 8,400 n. 3
West Germany, see German FederalRepublic
White, Douglas H., 169, 176White, Eireen, 226White, Lee C , 199White, Walter, 370 n. 40Wiesel, Elie, 212, 242-43, 319Wilder M , 238Wiley, Alexander, 99Wilkins, Roy, 200Williams, Harrison, 189Willkie, Mrs. Wendell L. (Edith), 370
n. 40Wilson, Harold, 178, 217, 225-26, 329,
334Winter, Harry, 134World Conference of Jewish
Organizations, 213
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World Council of Churches, 205World Federation of Democratic Youth
(WFDY), 83, 261see also Sixth World Festival of Youth
and StudentsWorld Jewish Congress, 93, 100, 111,
122-23, 131-32, 166, 197, 213, 215and Israeli policy, 229see also American Jewish Congress;
Canadian Jewish Congress;Executive Council of AustralianJewry
world Jewry, reaction to Slansky trialand Doctors7 Plot, 92-101
World Refugee Year, 147World Union of Jewish Students,
213-14, 216, 395 n. 206World Union for Progressive Judaism,
166World War II, 13-14
Jews in Soviet armed forces in,304-05, 345 n. 3, 348 n. 30
and Soviet Jewry, 15-17, 91, 138,324, 329, 346 nn. 5 and 7, 354n. 108
see also Holocaust; reunification offamilies; Warsaw ghetto
World Zionist Labor Movement, 232World Zionist Organization, 93, 98,
100, 122, 132, 197Writers7 Union, see USSR Writers7
Union
Yaffe, Shmuel (Mulka), 18Yalta, 239Yankelevich (Yanai), Yaacov, 156-57Yankelevich, Yosef, 309Yapou, Eliezer, 171-72Yarkoni, Yaffa, 283Yehil, Haim, 371 n. 69Yelan, Professor, 326yeshiva, see Kol Yaacov rabbinical
seminaryYiddish, 57-60, 62, 114, 125, 139, 277
books and publications, 41, 59, 277broadcasts, see broadcasts in Yiddish"concerts,77 58, 126, 277-78, 290,
310, 319, 337; see also individualartists
culture, 58-59, 376 n. 9demand for, 112theater, 42, 58, 277, 290, 319-20writers, 40, 47, 59, 113, 115-16, 320,
361 n. 27see also Sovetish heymland
yishuv, 18, 21, 24, 27, 280Yizhar, S., see Smilansky, YizharYom Kippur, see Day of Atonementyouth and students, 21, 68, 266-67,
271-72, 293, 319, 334, 336, 420n. 70, 426 n. 136, 428 n. 155
arrests, 47-48, 51, 423 n. 92and cultural events, 320-21group activity, 20, 30, 293-95, 297and Israeli broadcasts, 299-300seeking roots, 42, 29^95, 298and Six Day War, 336and War of Independence, 28, 30see also Komsomol
Youth Festival (1957), see Sixth WorldFestival of Youth and Students
Yugoslavia, 56
Zabara, Natan, 302Zacklin, Ralph, 168Zadok, Haim, 184Zaporozhe, 323Zarubin, Georgii, 94, 113, 116Zeltner, ZeevW., 177Zhdanov, Andrei, 16, 22, 38-40zhdanovshchina, 22, 34Zhemchuzhina, Polina, 34, 353 nn. 99
and 102Zhidovetskii, Shmuel, 291Zhitomir, 246Zhits, Grigorii, 37Zhmerinka, 20, 47-48, 51, 262, 299,
323Zilberman, David, 306Zilberman, Grigorii, 281-82Zionism, 20, 24, 28, 38, 114, 345 n. 4,
349 n. 38, 365 n. 75activities and arrests during ''black
years,77 43, 45-50in camps, 50-53, 75-76, 289postwar, 19, 22-23prewar, 17, 62, 345 n. 1, 348 n. 23Soviet attitude to, 23, 29, 37, 108,
230Soviets equate with nazism, 176,
183, 386 n. 44, 396 n. 225veteran Zionists, 20, 45, 51, 61-62,
288, 290, 293, 309see also aliya; groups; Jewish national
movement; Soviet Jewry,identification with Israel, nationalawakening, national identity andconsciousness, nationalisticactivities; Prisoners of Zion
Zionist Organization of America, 94
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