The Struggle for Empire

The Struggle for The Struggle for EmpireEmpire

Aly Go, Jason Marlatt, Ellie Mamatis, Aly Go, Jason Marlatt, Ellie Mamatis, and Tiana Tand Tiana T

Nicholson, MNicholson, M

CHA 3U1 - 01 CHA 3U1 - 01

02/13/201202/13/2012

OverviewOverview

• Introduction: Frontier Introduction: Frontier ConflictConflict

• From Deerfield to From Deerfield to LouisbourgLouisbourg

• French Indian WarFrench Indian War

• Washington and Washington and BraddockBraddock

• British VictoryBritish Victory

• Pontiac’s RevoltPontiac’s Revolt

• The Expulsion of the The Expulsion of the AcadiansAcadians

Intro: Frontier Intro: Frontier conflict conflict (1/2)(1/2)

• The 18th century of The 18th century of America was shaped by America was shaped by the conflict between the conflict between Britain and France for Britain and France for the control of North the control of North America and the America and the consequences of consequences of victory for British victory for British policy. policy.

• Britain and France Britain and France fought a series of war fought a series of war along the frontier along the frontier between their colonies between their colonies in North Americain North America

Intro: Frontier Intro: Frontier conflict conflict (2/2)(2/2)

• Conflict focused on Conflict focused on • control over lucrative fur trade control over lucrative fur trade • & French efforts to prevent British and & French efforts to prevent British and American expansion into the interior of American expansion into the interior of North AmericaNorth America

• Each side relying on Native Americans to Each side relying on Native Americans to conduct most of the fightingconduct most of the fighting

• Native Americans played both sides Native Americans played both sides attempting to protect their own attempting to protect their own territorial interests territorial interests • with varying degrees of success with varying degrees of success

FROM DEERFIELD TO FROM DEERFIELD TO Louisbourg Louisbourg (1/3)(1/3)

• Louisbourg was a Louisbourg was a massive fort massive fort constructed to guard constructed to guard the entrance to the St. the entrance to the St. Lawrence.Lawrence.

• The fortress had been a The fortress had been a major problem for trade major problem for trade so the British set an so the British set an expedition to capture expedition to capture the fort in 1740.the fort in 1740.

• In 1745, the Fort was In 1745, the Fort was captured - until 1748 captured - until 1748 when it was returned to when it was returned to France under the Treaty France under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle of Aix-la-Chappelle

FROM DEERFIELD TO FROM DEERFIELD TO Louisbourg Louisbourg (2/3)(2/3)

• Early settlements began to pop up all over Early settlements began to pop up all over the thirteen colonies during the first the thirteen colonies during the first half of the 18th century.half of the 18th century.

• The New Frontier people were easy targets The New Frontier people were easy targets against attack from the French and native against attack from the French and native forces.forces.

• Most attacks were over control of the Most attacks were over control of the thriving fur trade which was the main thriving fur trade which was the main economy in these areas.economy in these areas.

• Deerfield was an example of a settlement Deerfield was an example of a settlement that came under attack. that came under attack.

FROM DEERFIELD TO FROM DEERFIELD TO louisbourg louisbourg (3/3)(3/3)

• In 1702, a truce that had In 1702, a truce that had brought some form of brought some form of peace was broken with the peace was broken with the start of Queen Anne’s Warstart of Queen Anne’s War

• On February 29, 1704, a On February 29, 1704, a group of Abenakis and group of Abenakis and French attacked a French attacked a settlement called settlement called Deerfield, in Deerfield, in Massachusetts.Massachusetts.

• 50 settlers were killed 50 settlers were killed and 100 were taken as and 100 were taken as prisoners.prisoners.

French and indian French and indian war war (1)(1)

• Britain and France have always Britain and France have always been at war only to stop for a been at war only to stop for a brief peace, in North America a brief peace, in North America a large war known as the French large war known as the French War started in 1754. War started in 1754.

• The war was mainly over control The war was mainly over control of of the Ohio Valley the Ohio Valley by American by American Colonist and the French and Colonist and the French and their Indian allies.their Indian allies.

• This causing a longer conflict This causing a longer conflict known as the known as the Seven Years War Seven Years War between 1756-1763 that would between 1756-1763 that would lead to the elimination of lead to the elimination of French rule and British French rule and British supremacy in North America.supremacy in North America.

• To help stop the threat French To help stop the threat French and Native threat, delegates and Native threat, delegates including Benjamin Franklin came including Benjamin Franklin came together in June 1754 to push together in June 1754 to push back the French and settle in back the French and settle in the Ohio River Valley.  the Ohio River Valley.  

Washington & Washington & braddock braddock (1/3)(1/3)

• The French began to build The French began to build forts (expanding) in fear forts (expanding) in fear of the English traders & of the English traders & colonists encroaching the colonists encroaching the Ohio Valley- building Ohio Valley- building Fort DuquesneFort Duquesne

• In Oct 1753, Gov. Robert In Oct 1753, Gov. Robert Dinwiddie sent George Dinwiddie sent George Washington (Virginia Washington (Virginia militia officer) to spy militia officer) to spy on the French.on the French.

• Washington was promoted Washington was promoted to command of a militia to command of a militia regiment to counter regiment to counter French French • But the mission failedBut the mission failed

• In Washington’s ambush, In Washington’s ambush, his men built Fort his men built Fort NecessityNecessity

• Soon the Native Soon the Native Americans (French Americans (French allies) sought revenge allies) sought revenge and defeated and defeated Washington’s men.Washington’s men.

Washington & Washington & braddock braddock (2/3)(2/3)

• In 1755, the British sent In 1755, the British sent Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock instead & trained a large instead & trained a large force to capture Fort force to capture Fort Duquesne.Duquesne.

• The French countered The French countered Braddock’s expedition- Braddock’s expedition-

• Braddock was wounded Braddock was wounded fatally.fatally.

• Followed by attacks on Followed by attacks on American settlementsAmerican settlements• many killedmany killed

• & many fled East as & many fled East as refugeesrefugees

Washington & Washington & braddock braddock (3/3)(3/3)

• Britain continued Britain continued building string of forts building string of forts along Allegheny Mountains along Allegheny Mountains to secure themselves, but to secure themselves, but the French was still the French was still major threat.major threat.

• In 1758, the British set In 1758, the British set out for another mission out for another mission against Fort Duquesneagainst Fort Duquesne

• This time persuaded the This time persuaded the Natives to leave the Natives to leave the French for British French for British protectionprotection• upon getting to the Fort, upon getting to the Fort,

they discovered it was they discovered it was abandoned.abandoned.

British victory British victory (1/2)(1/2)

• In 1758, the British destroyed Fort In 1758, the British destroyed Fort Duquesne.Duquesne.

• The British also captured the big The British also captured the big French fortress of LouisbourgFrench fortress of Louisbourg• Long threat to American shipping stoppedLong threat to American shipping stopped• The St Lawrence Valley lay open to The St Lawrence Valley lay open to British attackBritish attack

British victory British victory (2/2)(2/2)

• Gen. James Wolfe led a Gen. James Wolfe led a British siege on Quebec British siege on Quebec and captured it after and captured it after the the Battle of Quebec Battle of Quebec (Sept 13, 1759)(Sept 13, 1759)

• The loss of Louisbourg The loss of Louisbourg and Quebec sealed fate and Quebec sealed fate of French Empire in of French Empire in North America.North America.

• The fall of Montreal to The fall of Montreal to Britain in 1760 Britain in 1760

ELIMINATEDELIMINATED the the French threat.French threat.

PONTIAC’S REVOLT PONTIAC’S REVOLT (1/7)(1/7)

• During the During the Seven Years Seven Years WarWar, the British claimed , the British claimed victory over the French. victory over the French.

• The Native American The Native American leaders began to leaders began to question the British and question the British and the American intentions.the American intentions.

• In 1763, the French In 1763, the French surrendered the Ohio surrendered the Ohio territory (land that the territory (land that the Native Americans claimed Native Americans claimed theirs).theirs).

PONTIAC’S REVOLT PONTIAC’S REVOLT (2/7)(2/7)

• The Europeans and Native The Europeans and Native Americans used to be considered Americans used to be considered as allies, even equals, until as allies, even equals, until 1763. 1763.

• The Native Americans started to The Native Americans started to find themselves treated as find themselves treated as subjects whose right and subjects whose right and interests were regularly ignored.interests were regularly ignored.

PONTIAC’S REVOLT PONTIAC’S REVOLT (3/7)(3/7)

• The native spiritual The native spiritual leader Neolin (the leader Neolin (the Delaware Prophet) was Delaware Prophet) was allied with the Ottawa allied with the Ottawa chief, chief, PONTIACPONTIAC..

• Within only a few Within only a few weeks, the forts were weeks, the forts were captured and attacked captured and attacked including Forts including Forts Niagara and Detroit. Niagara and Detroit.

• Settlements were Settlements were burned and 200 burned and 200 settlers died. settlers died.

PONTIAC’S REVOLT PONTIAC’S REVOLT (4/7)(4/7)

• Hundreds of deaths occurred in Hundreds of deaths occurred in the Delaware and Shawnee nationsthe Delaware and Shawnee nations• due to the British giving the due to the British giving the Native communities blankets Native communities blankets infected of smallpox.infected of smallpox.

• An uneasy peace was restored for An uneasy peace was restored for both sides. both sides.

• They knew they couldn't defeat They knew they couldn't defeat each other. each other.

PONTIAC’S REVOLT PONTIAC’S REVOLT (5/7)(5/7)

• The Royal Proclamation of 1763 - The Royal Proclamation of 1763 - prohibited European settlements (west prohibited European settlements (west of the crest of the Appalachian of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains) to prevent another revolt - Mountains) to prevent another revolt - by protecting Native American lands by protecting Native American lands from trespassing settlers. from trespassing settlers.

• To ensure that “the several nations or To ensure that “the several nations or tribes of Indians, with whom the tribes of Indians, with whom the British Crown are connected, and who British Crown are connected, and who live under protection, should not be live under protection, should not be molested or disturbed.”molested or disturbed.”

Pontiac’s revolt Pontiac’s revolt (6/7)(6/7)

• British government hoped the British government hoped the policy would preserve the fur policy would preserve the fur trade and renew previous trade and renew previous alliances. alliances.

• Colonial farmers’ demanded for and Colonial farmers’ demanded for and to replace their old land that to replace their old land that they have “worn out”. they have “worn out”.

• British soldiers were unwilling to British soldiers were unwilling to pay sufficient soldiers along the pay sufficient soldiers along the frontier to control settlementfrontier to control settlement

PONTIAC’S REVOLT PONTIAC’S REVOLT (7/7)(7/7)

• The Royal Proclamation The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was a failure of 1763 was a failure

• It created a deep It created a deep resentment by the resentment by the colonists colonists • who were hungry for fresh who were hungry for fresh

farmlandfarmland

• & angry because the end & angry because the end of the French control in of the French control in North America didn’t open North America didn’t open territories to settlementterritories to settlement

• The Native Americans The Native Americans were NOT happy too – were NOT happy too – since British guarantees since British guarantees to protect their lands to protect their lands were WORTHLESSwere WORTHLESS

the expulsion of the the expulsion of the Acadians Acadians (1/3)(1/3)

• There was an uncertain relationship There was an uncertain relationship between the Acadians and the New England between the Acadians and the New England colonies.colonies.

• There was war between Britain and France.There was war between Britain and France.

• The French farmer (the Acadians) did close The French farmer (the Acadians) did close trading with the New England colonies.trading with the New England colonies.

• In 1730, Acadians swore allegiance to In 1730, Acadians swore allegiance to Britain on condition that they would not Britain on condition that they would not be required to take up arms against Francebe required to take up arms against France

the expulsion of the the expulsion of the acadians acadians (2/3)(2/3)

• The British feared Acadians The British feared Acadians might support French might support French invasion of the colony.invasion of the colony.

• In July 1755, Gov. Lawrence In July 1755, Gov. Lawrence of Nova Scotia demanded of Nova Scotia demanded Acadians to swear an oath Acadians to swear an oath w/o conditions.w/o conditions.

• When they disapproved, When they disapproved, Lawrence ordered the Lawrence ordered the Acadians to be deported Acadians to be deported

• So they were: So they were: • placed on shipsplaced on ships• their farms & villages were their farms & villages were

burnedburned• & in most cases families & in most cases families

were split upwere split up

the expulsion of the the expulsion of the Acadians Acadians (3/3)(3/3)

• Almost 7,000 Acadians Almost 7,000 Acadians were deported during were deported during 1755.1755.

• They were sent to They were sent to France and Quebec and France and Quebec and throughout the American throughout the American colonies.colonies.

• As Catholics, they were As Catholics, they were unwelcomed and were unwelcomed and were later on sent to later on sent to England as a result of England as a result of opposition from the opposition from the colony.colony.

• Some settled in Some settled in Louisiana and their Louisiana and their descendants became descendants became known as Cajuns. known as Cajuns.

The struggle for The struggle for empireempire