The Strengths and Weaknesses of Geneva Apple Rootstocks Terence Robinson, Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University Geneva, New York, 14456 USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 Leo Dominguez, Rafael Parra, Darius Kviklys, Brent Black, Richard Adams, Stuart Adams, Tom Auvil, Ian Merwin
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The Strengths and Weaknesses of Geneva Apple Rootstocks · - Tissue Culture to induce greater juvenility in stoolbed - Tissue Culture plants as rootstocks. Rooting of G.41 Apple Rootstock
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The Strengths and Weaknesses of Geneva Apple
Rootstocks
Terence Robinson, Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University Geneva, New York, 14456
USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456
Leo Dominguez, Rafael Parra, Darius Kviklys, Brent Black, Richard Adams, Stuart Adams, Tom Auvil, Ian Merwin
Keys to Successful New Apple Orchards
• Plant high-tree densities (optimum 1,000-
1800 trees/acre).
• Produce high early yields (3,000 bu/acre
over the first 5 years).
• Grow the trees rapidly to fill the allotted
space in the first 3 years.
• Produce high mature yields (>1200
bu/acre) of high quality fruit.
• Poor tree growth due to replant disease in
the first 3 years jeopardizes the economic
success of the new orchard.
Strengths: 1) Apple Replant Disease Tolerance
Geneva Replant Disease Evaluation of 38 Genotypes
Kviklys et al
Rootstock Tolerance to Replant Disease in Potted Trees
Kviklys et al
Field Tolerance to Replant Disease at 8 Locations in North America
Robinson et al.
0
10
20
30
G.1
6
G.4
1
G.4
210
B.9
G.3
0
M.9
T33
7
G.2
10
G.9
35
G.11
M.9
Pajam
2
M.7
M.2
6
% I
ncr
ease
in
TC
A d
ue
to F
um
iga
tion
Growth of Gala in a Replant SoilWashington State
Data from Auvil et al. 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
G.9
35
G.4
1 G
.16
B.9
G
.214
M
.9Paj
2 M
.26
Supp
2 G
.11
Supp
3 Su
pp1
M.9
Nic
29
% I
ncr
ease
in
Gro
wth
du
e to
Fu
mig
ati
on
Early Yield Improvement of Gala due to Fumigation in a Replant Soil
Washington State
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
G.9
35
G.2
14
G.4
1
M.9
Paj2
Bud
.9
G.1
6
Sup1
M.9
Nic
29
M.2
6
G.11
Sup3
Sup2
% I
ncr
ease
in
Yie
ld d
ue
to
Fu
mig
ati
on
Rootstock
WAPATO 2006-2007 Cumulative Yield Per Tree (Kg)
Data from Fazio
Summary of Replant Resistance Studies
Study G.11 G.41 G.214 G.935 G.210 G.30 M.9 M.26
Robinson 1991 -- T -- T R R S S
Isutsas 2000 S -- -- -- R R -- --
Laurent 2010 -- S -- R R S S R
Kviklys 2012 R R R T -- R S S
White 2000 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- R
Robinson 2012 T R -- T T R T S
Auvil 2010(Wapato) T R T R -- -- -- T
Auvil 2010(Chelan) -- R -- R -- -- S S
Average T R R R R R S S
Summary• Several Geneva® rootstocks appear to have tolerance/resistance to
apple replant disease. – G.11
– G.41
– G.214
– G.935
– G.202
– G.210
• The resistance may be due to the initial screening for Phytopthora
disease which may also have selected for tolerance to other soil
microorganisms.
• Resistant rootstocks show an improvement in yield due to fumigation.
• The variation around the world in soil organisms which cause apple
replant disease may result in variable orchard results with the resistant
rootstocks.
2. Fire Blight Resistance
Infection
• Infection of Rootstocks is a Major
Problem in the USA
• Infection of susceptible rootstocks
results in the death of the tree
The Geneva® rootstocks
are much more resistant
to fire blight than most
other rootstocks.
Rootstock Blight Development after Inoculation of Gala Trees on
Various Rootstocks
Summary of Fire Blight Inoculation Trials
• G.16, G.41, G.214 and G.202 are highly resistant to fire blight
but may not be resistant to all strains of fire blight.
• G.11, G.65 and G.935 are resistant to field inoculations of the
scion with fire blight.
3. Yield potential of the Geneva Rootstocks
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Bud
9
CG
4003
G11
M93
37
M9P
ajam
2
Bud
10
G41
M26
Sup3
G93
5
CG
4214
CG
5202
CG
4814
CG
5087
G20
2
CG
4004
CG
4013
Bud
6753
2
CG
3001
5-Y
ear
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Example
G.814=152t/ha
B.9=77t/ha
Diff.=75t/ha
Value=$56,850/ac
Honeycrisp
Performance of Golden Delicious with Geneva Rootstocks after 10
years (Cahoon Plot)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
M2
7C
G2034
CG
4202
JM4
CG
4088
CG
5757
CG
2406
CG
2022
CG
5030
CG
11
M9
CG
3007
PiA
u5111
CG
4003
CG
6874
CG
4214
M26
JM10
CG
4004
CG
7480
CG
4019
CG
4049
CG
6969
CG
5087
CG
5202
CG
8534
CG
4814
JM1
CG
4011
CG
5935
CG
6006
CG
5257
MM
106
CG
5012 M
7C
G6210
CG
6879
CG
8189
PiA
u514
PiA
u568
CG
6976
B118
CG
5890
CG
6001
CG
6253
CG
4013
JTE
BJM
2
CG
4213
JTE
CC
G5463
CG
6589
CG
6024
Tru
nk
X-S
ect.
Are
a (
cm2)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Yie
ld E
ffic
ien
cy (
kg/c
m2T
CA
)
Performance of Fuji with 53 Rootstocks (Crist Bros. Plot)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P.22
G.6
5
B.9
Eu
rope
B.9
US
A
M.2
7
G.1
1
CG
.30
07
G.4
1
G.9
35
G.1
6
CG
.40
13
M.9
M.9
T3
37
Sup
.4
M.9
Paj
am1
M.9
EM
LA
M.9
Nic
29
M.9
Nic
8
O.3
M.2
6
M.9
Paj
am2
CG
.62
10
Yie
ld E
ffic
ien
cy
Tru
nk
X-S
ect.
Are
a
Trunk X-Sect. Area
Yield Efficiency
Geneva
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
P.22
G.6
5
B.9
Eu
rope
M.2
7
B.9
US
A
CG
.40
13
M.9
Paj
am1
M.9
T3
37
M.9
M.9
EM
LA
G.1
1
M.9
Nic
29
CG
.30
07
M.9
Nic
8
Sup
.4
G.4
1
M.9
Paj
am2
O.3
G.1
6
M.2
6
G.9
35
Yie
ld E
ffic
ien
cy
Tru
nk
X-S
ect.
Are
a
Trunk X-Sect. Area
Yield Efficiency
Peru
4. Cold Hardiness
In the cold snap of 2004
and 2005, G.16, G.30,
G.41 and G.935 had the
best survival
G.41 and G.935 seem
well adapted to the cool
climate of the Champlain
Valley
5. Woolly Aphid Resistance
Several Geneva stocks are resistant but some are not
Resistant Susceptible
G.41 G.11
G.214 G.935
G.202
G.210
G.969
G.222
G.890
Weaknesses: 1. Propagation of Geneva® Rootstocks
• Several Geneva Rootstocks root poorly in the stoolbed.
• We have conducted research to improve stoolbed performance
- Regalis treatment of stoolbed
- Tissue Culture to induce greater juvenility in stoolbed
- Tissue Culture plants as rootstocks
Rooting of G.41 Apple Rootstock from tissue culture plants
Propagation by Cuttings is Expanding
Typical Rooting of G.41
Weaknesses: 2) Graft Union Strength
• Some Geneva Rootstocks have a more brittle graft
union with certain varieties.
Honeycrisp
Envy
Crimson Crisp
Graft union breaks of M.9Nic29 and G.41 with Scilate (Envy) as the scion variety
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Budup Buddown WTstacked
WTsideways
Saddlestacked Saddlesideways
N/cm^2
HC/G.41Avg.forcepergra CSAtobreakgra
June
August
October
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Budup Buddown WTstacked
WTsideways
Saddlestacked Saddlesideways
N/cm^2
HC/Nic.29Avg.forcepergra CSAtobreakgra
June
August
October
Graft Union strength of Honeycrisp on G.41 and M.9Nic29 in the Nursery
Graft Union strength of 39 rootstocks with Gala as the scion in the Nursery