PowerPoint Presentation
The Stokes Drift and Mean Flows Induced by Two-Dimensional
Internal Gravity Wave PacketsTon van den Bremer1,2 & Bruce
Sutherland2,31. Department of Engineering Science, University of
Oxford2. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 3. Depts. Physics and
Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta
EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION, APRIL 2014Motivation: Periodic
surface gravity waves
From Wallet & Ruellan (1950)
Orbit doesnt close: net horizontal driftMotivation: Periodic
surface gravity waves
From Wallet & Ruellan (1950)
Solution to linearized problem for periodic waves:
Circular motion to leading order O() and net horizontal drift at
next order O(2), where =ak (steepness).
Motivation: Surface gravity wave packets
From Longuet-Higgins & Stewart (1962), see also McIntyre
(1981).
Motivation: Surface gravity wave packets
A deep return flow below surface waves ensures zero
vertically-integrated momentum (at x=cgt).What are internal gravity
waves?
Surface gravity wavesInternal gravity wavesFree surfaceGravity
is restoring forceFluid has uniform densityStratification: layers
of different densityBuoyancy is restoring forceStokes drift for
periodic internal gravity waves (igws)x- and z-periodicx-periodic
and z compactNo Stokes drift
Horizontal Stokes drift
Problem definitionWhat is the structure of the Stokes drift /
induced mean flow for a vertically and horizontally localized
internal wave-packet?Assumptions:Uniformly stratified
ambient,Boussinesq approximation,No dissipation,Weakly non-linear:
no feedback of induced flow on packet propagation,Infinite
two-dimensional domain (x,z),Approach:Separation of scales
expansion of non-linear governing equations,Fully non-linear
numerical simulations.
Governing equationsTwo-dimensional Boussinesq internal waves in
linearly stratified fluid (stable): Momentum (x and z), internal
energy and incompressibility:
Vertical displacement9Leading-order Induced mean flow
Leading-order Induced mean flow
Requirement: no indefinite growth in x.
O(4)O(2)O( 2 3 )Mean-flow response O(2)
No induced flow in vertical: stratification inhibits all
motion,Horizontal velocity cannot vary in horizontal direction:
long response.
The non-local response: wave-packet filtered
From numerical simulations: =0.01, =0.05,Induced mean flow not
included as initial condition.
The non-local response: the long wave scale
From numerical simulations: =0.01, =0.05,Induced mean flow not
included as initial condition.
The non-local response: the long wave scale
ConclusionsA two-dimensional horizontally and vertically compact
internal gravity wave packet:No mean flow in the
vertical,Horizontally long (>>packet) waves are
excited,Contain finite amount of horizontal momentum predicted well
by theory.Theoretical and numerical validation of Brethertons
(1969) anticipation.
Thank you for your attention!