The State Historical Society o£ Missouri - Digital Collections

The State Historical Society o£ Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

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T H E COVER: In the article, "The Bis d & H Neck Affair: Tragedy and Farce on g]

M the Missouri Frontier," the author gj refers to the visit of Big Neck to gj Washington, D. C. in 1824. At that | time Charles Bird King, noted artist, | j | painted his portrait which was placed M

in the Indian Gallery of the War IE M

Department. The portrait was repro- g] l§! duced in color in Volume I of the g]

1836 folio edition of The Indian | Tribes of North America, by Thomas H L. McKenney and James Hall.

MISSOURI

HISTORICAL

REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. B R O W N L E E

EDITOR

D O R O T H Y CALDWELL

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

J A W E S W . GOODRICH

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarter ly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine.

VOLUME LXIV

NUMBER 4

JULY 1970

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the

laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1968-71

T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SRV Stanberry, Fourth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Pe rmanen t Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society

RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville

ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville

T e r m Expires at Annual Meeting, 1970

WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1971

LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1972

GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre

ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Committee.

ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

N E W S O C I E T Y M E M B E R S H I P S

The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have belonged to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the United States.

The quest for interested new members goes on continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining them. In every family, and in every community, there are individuals who are sincerely interested in the collection, preservation and dissemination of the history of Missouri.

Why not nominate these people for membership? Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00.

Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary

State Historical Society

of Missouri

Hitt and Lowry Streets

Columbia, Missouri 65201

Society to Present Awards At the Annual Meeting in October the Society will M

confer two awards. An engraved citation and a medallion |

will be awarded to a member who has given distin- u SI

guished service to the Society and to the State of Mis- | j

souri in the promotion and dissemination of knowledge j§ [5]

concerning the history of our region. A second engraved m

citation and a one-hundred-dollar cash award will be | |

given for the REVIEW article during the calendar year §|

which has contributed most in depth in a scholarly and (1

popular sense to the history of our State. |

The Distinguished Member will be selected by a j§

three-member committee appointed by the Society presi- ii

dent. One member of the selection committee will serve H IK]

for two years and two members for one year. No active j§

officers or trustees of the Society, with the exception of

past presidents, may be nominated for the Distinguished

Member Award. Nominations should be made in writing

to Richard S. Brownlee, director of the Society, any time

during the calendar year. The prize-winning article will

be selected by three historians appointed by the editor

of the REVIEW. The selection committee will be changed

each year with the exception of one member who will

be replaced after two years.

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EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always interested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest.

In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in footnoting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publication.

The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words.

All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW.

Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publication may be delayed for a period of time.

Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be addressed to:

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

CONTENTS

T H E B I G N E C K A F F A I R : TRAGEDY AND FARCE ON THE MISSOURI FRONTIER.

By Dorothy J. Caldwell 391

T H E MISSOURI NEGRO PRESS, 1875-1920. By George Everett Slavens 413

T H E U N W A N T E D C O N F L I C T : MISSOURI LABOR AND THE C I O .

By Gary M. Fink 432

T H E A L I E N A T I O N OF T H E S O U T H : A CRISIS FOR H A R R Y S. T R U M A N

AND THE DEMOCRATIC P A R T Y , 1945-1948. By Robert A. Garson 448

HISTORICAL N O T E S AND C O M M E N T S

T h o m a s H a r t B e n t o n Receives Society's 1969 Dis t inguished

Service Award a n d Meda l 472

State His tor ica l Society Exh ib i t s " T h e Freder ick Douglass Years" 473

Views from the Past : Missouri Cour thouses 474-475

News in Brief 476

Local His tor ica l Societies 478

Gifts 492

Missour i His tory in Newspape r s 496

Missouri His to ry in Magazines 501

In M e m o r i a m 504

B O O K REVIEWS 506

B O O K N O T E S 510

T H E E X P E R I M E N T T H A T FAILED. By Harold Calvert 516

INDEX TO V O L U M E L X I V 519

M A R Y ALICIA O W E N Ins ide Back Cover

vi

"MSAlf"

The Big Neck Affair:

Tragedy and Farce on the

Missouri Frontier

BY DOROTHY J . CALDWELL*

Adventurous Missouri frontiersmen, ever desirous of acquiring land for farming and stock raising, in 1829 settled in the wilderness bordering on the Chariton River, six miles west of the present site of Kirksville in Adair County. James Myers, Isaac Gross, Stephen Gross, Nathan Richardson, Reuben Myrtle and Jacob Gupp, of Howard County, built log cabins at the site which became known as the "Cabins of the White Folks" or, more popularly, as the "Cabins."1 Although Howard County settlers, during their annual fall hunt for honey, traversed the Chariton River country as they followed the Bee Trace northward along the Grand Divide, this was the first settlement in the area.2 Located in territory attached

*Dorothy J. Caldwell is an associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

i History of Adair, Putnam and Schuyler Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1888), 235; E. M. Violette, History of Adair County (Kirksville, 1911), 9; R. A. Campbell, Gazetteer of Missouri (St. Louis, 1874) , 33. James Myers, in a deposition, said he settled at the site about March 15, 1829. Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 18, 1829.

2 Bee hunters had followed the Grand Divide between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, up to and above present Schuyler County, prior to the cession of the land by the Indians, and had given it the name "Bee Trace." Richard Gay wood, "History of Schuyler County, Missouri," An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Schuyler County, Missouri (Philadelphia, 1878) , 9.

"We had, for several days, observed a frequent passing of waggons through our town, accompanied with men armed with guns & dogs, all seemingly in high spirits and prepared for a journey. Upon enquiring their destination, we found they were generally bound for the head waters of the Chariton, Grand and some as far as the Des Moines Rivers, a 'Bee Hunting . . . .' We were also informed that it was expected not less that 40 waggons, thus equipped, would go from this county [Howard County] alone in search of one of the articles for which Canaan was so celebrated." From Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 21, 1826.

391

392 Missouri Historical Review

to Randolph County, organized January 22, 1829,3 the isolated "Cabins" became the focal point of a frontier drama in which the elements of tragedy and farce were intermingled.4

The Chariton River country was ceded to the United States government, August 4, 1824, by the Iowa, Sac and Fox Indians. In two separate treaties these tribes relinquished their claims to all land north of the Missouri River for the remuneration to each tribe of five hundred dollars annually for eleven successive years and for other minor considerations. The Indians were forbidden to settle or hunt on the ceded territory without permission from the superintendent of Indian Affairs. The Iowa Chief Moanahonga (Great Walker or Big Neck) was cosigner of the 1824 treaty, negotiated in Washington, D. C , with General William Clark, superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis.5 Colonel Thomas L. Mc-Kenney, head of the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs and a witness to the signing of the treaty, described Big Neck as a person desirous of glory who always found himself at a disadvantage because of the lowliness of his origin. He constantly aspired to become a chief, and he would separate himself from his tribe, build a lodge of his own and take with him as many as had been attracted to him by his bravery.6

In the fall of 1828 he refused to return to the main village of the Iowas, located a few miles west of the Missouri boundary line, after the tribe had reentered the state on a hunting expedition.7 Big Neck seemingly did not understand that he had given up all rights

3 Laws of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, 1830), 42. 4 Violette, History of Adair County, 9; History of Macon County, Missouri

(Chicago, 1910), 10. 5 Commissioner of Indian Affairs, compiler, Treaties Between the United

States of America and the Several Indian Tribes; From 1778 to 1837 (Washington, D. C , 1837) , 313-317, 371-379; Charles J. Kappler, Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Washington, D. C , 1903), II, 146-147. William Clark, of the famed Lewis and Clark Expedition and former governor of Missouri Territory, served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis from 1822 until his death in 1838. Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), IV, 141-144.

6 Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall, The Indian Tribes of North America (Edinburgh, 1933) , I, 318. Thomas L. McKenney was given charge, March 11, 1824, of the newly organized U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs under the War Department. In collaboration with James Hall, author, historian, jurist and banker, he published three folio volumes entitled, A History of the Indian Tribes of North America, with Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs, from 1836-1844. Hall wrote most of the text. The work is chiefly valuable for the 120 portraits in color from the Indian gallery in the War Department. Malone, Dictionary of American Biography, XII, 89.

7 The Iowa tribe lived west of the Missouri line in the Platte Purchase country, annexed to the state in 1837. G. C. Broadhead, "Scrapbook," I, 224-226, in State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts Collection, Columbia.

The Big Neck Affair 393

to his former hunting grounds. The following spring, with Pompakin (Walking Cloud), another Iowa chief,8 he decided to go to St. Louis to complain to Clark about the white man's usurpation of land which he believed rightfully belonged to his people. On the way to St. Louis his band, composed of about sixty men, women and children, encamped at the "Cabins" where they found a natural spring.

Big Neck and his followers arrived at the "Cabins" in June and soon tension mounted between the Indians and whites. Thursey Myers, the wife of James Myers, described the visit of three Indians to her home:

On Sunday about the last of June or first of July last their came three Indian soldiers (as they called themselves in english) —they came in my house without ever speaking— I was at my dinner, and I spoke to them and said howdy-do—they returned the same language—there was two neighbour women at my house; I got up and gave them my chair, I set dinner for them and they set and eat their dinner; and the next was that they enquired of us for two horses; the next thing they wanted me to cook a turkey for them & I refused them, this they done two or three times—I still refused, then they ordered me to get their horses so they could go to their wigwams; I refused to get their horses and told them their horses were not there; that the Ioways had no horses there; they said make haste and puckachee to Missouri; they said sun; on to morrow soldiers was coming and pointed to the sun (i. e.) when the sun was strait up they said we must be gone; and took hold of 1 of my children and marked round its head as if they would scalp it and then they ordered me to give them meal. I refused—they said 'God dam your soul to hell, soldiers coming' and pointed at the sun, and said 'soldiers coming tomorrow,' he then commenced walking the yard and repeating the same language; the last threat they made was that squaws were going away and they were coming back to kill us.9

Stephen Gross told of other conversations between the Indians and the settlers:

On the 27th of June last three Indians came to Nathan Richison's—the Indians said 'You puckachee—tomorrow

8 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, I, 319. Pompakin was one of the signers of the Prairie des Chiens Treaty of August 19, 1825, which established boundaries to settle disputes over land between the Iowas and the Sacs and Foxes. Treaties Between U. S. and Indian Tribes, 371-379.

o Fayette Western Monitor, September 19, 1829.


heap a soldiers coming.' They went off that evening and on the next Wednesday I think there came five Indians and some squaws and took two fillies . . . and these five said that 'heap soldiers coming.' On the next Sunday week, eight or nine Indians came to James Myers and went off that evening. On the next day they came back and encamped near Richison's spring with some squaws; and on the same evening there came eight or nine more Indian men. Then I supposed the head chief had come, and I with several others went down to their encampment; and saw a piece of writing that I heared read that had Governor Clark's name to it—and the chief that I suppose—marked off the Missouri, Mississippi, Salt-River and Grand Chariteau [Chariton] and said that the land we were on was theirs, . . . he then made signs to an Indian that they called Mary Ketchum ["Major Ketchum"] and this Indian could speak English; and he said, 'That is the Chief,' and he [the chief] said 'if we did not go away he would kill us. . . .'10

It was rumored that the whites had sold whiskey to these Indians, encouraged them to get drunk and traded and cheated them out of their guns. Both James Myers and Stephen Gross denied the rumor. Gross swore on oath that he had never in an "earthly way" sold whiskey to the Indians.11 Colonel McKenney,

10 Ibid.; Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 18, 1829. i i Ibid. Captain George Vashon, Indian Agent stationed five miles south

of the mouth of the Kansas River, wrote to Clark that the whites had been trading whiskey with the Indians. The Indians after getting sober, became dissatisfied with the trade and believing that they were within the limit of the Indian country, had ordered the whites to leave.

Vashon to Clark, July 30, 1829, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1881, St. Louis Superintendency, 1824-1851, Letters, 1829-1831, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration (Washington, D. C , 1956) , hereinafter cited as St. Louis Superintendency.


however, in a later account of the quarrel based upon a deposition given by "Ioway Jim," a member of the Big Neck band, to General Andrew Hughes, Indian agent for the Sacs, Foxes and Iowas, stated:

. . . [Big Neck] encamped on the borders of the River Chariton, his party consisting of about sixty persons. While there, resting his comrades from the fatigues of their march, a party of whites came up, having with them some kegs of whisky. It was not long before the Indians were completely besotted, when the whites plundered them of their blankets and horses, and whatever else was of value and retired. Recovering from their debauch the Indians felt how dearly they had paid for the whisky with which the whites regaled them, and being hungry, one of the young men shot a hog.12

Big Neck was quoted as saying to the Indian: "That is wrong; it is true, we are poor, and have been robbed, but the hog was not ours and you ought not to have shot it."13

James Myers and other settlers complained that the Indians had stolen their hogs. Myers said he had not found any of his one hundred and seventeen hogs running on the ranges.14 The loss of livestock was an inciting factor in the quarrel according to a report made by Governor John Miller to the Sixth Missouri General Assembly. He said:

. . . Soon after the arrival of these Indians they commenced depredations on our citizens, who had settled themselves on the Chariton with the view of raising stock, by insulting them in the grossest and most wanton manner.

They killed and used their stock to a large amount, menacing the security and threatening the lives of these inhabitants. These outrages necessarily excited our citizens against the Indians, a party of whom visited their camp to reclaim property and to require them to move from the State.15

12 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, I, 319; Broadhead, "Scrapbook," I, 224-226.

13 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, I, 319. 14 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 18, 1829. Four of the "Cabins"

settlers submitted claims to the War Department for a total of more than a thousand dollars, in 1830 for property losses. The claims were not approved. Records of the United States Superintendency of Indian Affairs, St. Louis, XI, "Record of Claims 1807-1830 for property taken from citizens by Indian tribes within the St. Louis Superintendency from June, 1807, to December, 1830," in Kansas State Historical Society Collections, Topeka.

15 The Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri (Columbia, 1922), I, 149-150.


The visit was not one of the informal meetings which had previously taken place. Becoming more apprehensive as the quarrel continued, the settlers had sent a messenger south to ask for reinforcements. Jacob Gross, "driving a swift horse with the utmost speed," went to the home of the Myers family in what is now Macon County.16 On July 14 Robert Myers, the brother of James Myers, arrived at William Blackweli's home in Howard County with the news of an imminent Indian attack on the "Cabins" settlers.17 The next morning a company of twenty-six men started for the "Cabins."18 At their encampment in the Grand Narrows that evening they elected Fields Trammel, of Howard County, captain. When they arrived at the "Cabins" they found that the Indians had fled. The next day they followed Big Neck's trail up the Chariton.19 John W. Myers, brother of James Myers, described the journey and the encounter with the Indians in this manner:

That in July last on the 17th I think we went on the Indian trail from the cabbins, and persued them between four and six miles, and came to some encampments, and then continued on the trail three or four miles perhaps more or less, and there came in another Indian trail from the Chariteau side and all made one trail; and then we persued on farther and I saw another trail; then we did not proceed far till we discovered their encampment, and I think we came in about one hundred yards distant Capt. Trammel demanded halt when we all stoped, and then advanced in the distance of about twenty steps, when we were ordered to halt, and Capt. Trammel and one other man advanced a few steps in front and demanded their interpreter and they gave him not to us; and after a small interval and between the time I went up to their encampment and the firing of the gun, I saw an Indian load his gun and another prime his; then was the first time I thought they had any intention of fighting, then I expected the Indians would fire on us; . . . at length I heard a gun and I knew what the result would be, I ordered the men to light and fight; I understood the same day that James Myers fired the first gun; . . . I was told on the day of the

16 W. R. Samuel, "History of Randolph County," An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Randolph County (Philadelphia, 1876), 9-10; Violette, History of Adair County, 9.

17 General History of Macon County, Missouri (Chicago, 1910) , 19. 18 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, August 7, September 18, 1829. 19 General History of Macon County, 19; The Grand Narrows was in Macon

County. History of Randolph and Macon Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1884) , 744. Captain Trammel, a native of Kentucky, came to Howard County in 1814. Ibid., 1215.

battle that there was an Indian in the act of shooting James Myers when he fired his gun.20

James Myers testified that the whites asked the chief for an interpreter, but he pretended not to understand. Myers thought an Indian had aimed a gun at him and, as a consequence, he shot the Indian. The Indians began to yell and scream and the fighting began.21 In a published version of the encounter it was related that John Myers, the father of James Myers, who understood the Indian language, had commenced to talk with the chief to promote a friendly understanding when the trouble started.22 The descriptions given by other settlers involved in the affray were at variance. One man stated that as Captain Trammel stepped forward "Ioway Jim" met him with his gun in his hand. Captain Trammel was quoted as saying to the Indians, "You must all leave the country, and stay away. The land belongs to the whites and you have no right here."23

William Blackwell heard John Myers order the Indians to put down their guns. Two of the settlers who made depositions said they did not hear John Myers order the Indians to put down their guns. Only one of the settlers in his deposition said that he saw an Indian actually preparing to shoot and then he was not sure if the gun was aimed at him or at James Myers.24

In the deposition of "Ioway Jim," there were even greater discrepancies. He stated:

20 Fayette Western Monitor, September 19, 1829. 21 Ibid.; Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, September 1£ 1829. 22 ibid., July 24, 1829. 23 Broadhead, "Scrapbook," I, 224-226. 24 Fayette Western Monitor, September 19, 1829; Fayette Missouri Intel

ligencer, September 18, 1829.


When the party of whites arrived Big Neck stepped from his lodge unarmed with his pipe in his mouth and his hand extended toward the leader of the party in token of friendship. While in this act, the Indians were fired upon. One child was killed, as was also the brother of Big Neck, who fell at his side. Enraged by this assault, the Indians flew to their arms, . . . . Big Neck shot James Myers, the leader of the party, in the thigh; at about the same time a white man, named Win [Winn], shot a squaw, sister of Big Neck; as she fell, she exclaimed, 'Brother, I am going to die innocent—avenge my blood!' She had scarcely spoken, when an Indian, sometimes called Ioway Jim, . . . levelled his rifle and discharged its contents into Win's [Winn's] thigh, fracturing the bone. A furious fight ensued, in which the whites were defeated and driven from the ground.

"Ioway Jim" dramatically described Big Neck's revenge on the man who shot his sister:

Win [Winn] being unable to escape, was found on the battle ground by his exasperated enemies, . . . . A pile was raised around him and fired. As the flames began to encircle him, Big Neck, pointed to the dead and wounded, thus addressed the murderer of his people:—

'See there! Look! You have killed all that was dear to me —my brother, my brother's wife, and her child. . . . I came to meet you with the pipe of peace in my mouth. I did you no wrong; you fired upon me, and see w h a t y o u h a v e done— . . . . Now Listen—you are not a brave, you are a dog. If you were a

The Rig Neck Affair 399

brave, I would treat you as a brave, but as you are a dog, I will treat you as a dog/'25

According to "Ioway Jim," Big Neck then paused, listened to the crackling of the faggots and with his knife drawn, eyed his victim for a moment, when, as the flames burst forth, he sprang over them, scalped Winn and while the wounded man was yet alive, cut open his breast, tore out his heart, bit off a piece of it, and then threw it into the flames with the body.26

John Myers, a magistrate of Howard County, was killed during the battle and James Winn and Powell Owenby were left wounded on the field. Four wounded whites were able to retreat, but Captain Trammel died from his wounds a few days later.27 The settlers marched to the "Cabins" to get their families and hurried on to the settlement near Huntsville. The wives and children later returned to Howard County.28

News of the skirmish spread rapidly and the country appeared "literally in a blaze." It was rumored that 1,500 Winnebagoes and several other tribes were concentrated in the vicinity of the battle site.29 When the news reached Fayette on July 20 instant preparations were made for a campaign.30 Nearly all citizens able to bear arms as members of the state militia or of volunteer companies prepared to leave. Acting as scouts, a company of Randolph County and Howard County men led by Captain John Sconce, a noted Kentucky Indian fighter, was the first to reach the scene of battle.31

Nathaniel Patten, editor of the Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, reported that two hundred men in all took up the line of march and that one hundred had started from Chariton County under Captain Daniel Ashby. One hundred and fifty from Randolph County were ready to go. A company of fifty from Columbia in Boone County rendezvoused at Fayette under the command of the Reverend James Suggett, veteran of the War of 1812 and a Baptist minister.32 All troops were mounted and carried with them arms, a blanket and a few provisions. The troops from Fayette, commanded by Colonel Major Horner, included Captain John A. Halderman's Fayette

25 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, I, 321. 26 ibid., 322. 27 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, August 7, 1829. 28 Violette, History of Adair County, 10. 29 General History of Macon County, 21. so Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 24, 1829. 31 General History of Macon County, 21. 32 J. c . Maple and R. P. Rider, Missouri Baptist Biography (Kansas City,

1914) , I, 108.


Guards, Captain James Shepherd's Troop of Horse and two other Fayette companies. Prominent citizens answered the call to arms. Noted among the troops were Fayette and Columbia lawyers John B. Clark, Abiel Leonard, Samuel Moore and Sinclair Kirtley; Columbia doctors William Jewell and A. M. Robinson; Colonel Benjamin H. Reeves, former lieutenant governor of Missouri, and Missouri Attorney General Robert W. Wells.33

All troops were under the command of Brigadier General Ignatius P. Owen, Fayette innkeeper and commander of the First Brigade, First Division of the Missouri Militia.34 William Taylor, a Howard County judge, was sent to Jefferson City to inform Governor Miller about the battle.35 Upon receiving the news, the governor immediately sent a message to General Henry Leavenworth, commander of United States troops, asking for reinforcements.36

Several men of the first company to leave from Fayette returned a week later to secure a supply of clothing and provisions.

33 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 24 & 31, 1829; History of Boone County, Missouri (St. Louis, 1882) ,180.

34 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, August 7, 1829. General Owen built the second log house in Fayette in 1824 where he operated an inn. History of Hoic-ard and Cooper Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1883) , 179.

35 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 24, 1829; History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 352.

30 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 24, 1829. In 1827 General Henry Leavenworth built the post named, by the War Department, Cantonment (Fort) Leavenworth. Two years later he became commander at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis. Malone, Dictionary of American Biography, XI, 80.

Torture by Slow Fire

John Dougherty

They had found the bodies of Myers and Owenby scalped and that of Winn burned, with only his hands and feet remaining. The troops buried the bodies and sent Attorney General Wells to Jefferson City to obtain further orders from the governor. Big Neck and his band had fled from the site leaving three of their number dead on the ground.37

In the meantime, news of the encounter was circulated throughout the state. General Leavenworth chartered the steamboat Crusader and sent two hundred United States troops up the Missouri. He followed by stagecoach and on August 2 conferred briefly with Governor Miller at Fayette before going on to Liberty.38

United States Indian agents investigated the affair. Hughes wrote to Clark from the Iowa sub-agency. As soon as he learned a party of Indians supposed to be "Ioways" had returned to Missouri and killed and wounded citizens, with the help of Indian agent Major Jonathan L. Bean, he had held a council with the "Ioway" and Sac and Fox chiefs and braves. Bean asked the chiefs to tell him the truth, holding out the promise to them that if they did so the "War Chief," Colonel John Thornton, would protect them and if they refused he would punish them. Bean reminded them that he had removed the Iowas from Grand River three years ago and that since they had sold the lands they had no right to return to hunt. He explained the terms of the 1824 treaty. The Crane, principal chief of the Iowas, disavowed all knowledge of the battle. He said two of his young braves ("Ioway Jim" and "Major Ketchum") had been "bad" and joined Big Neck's band on the Two Rivers the preceding spring.39 Big Neck, he reported, had a band of thirty-two warriors and he believed they were the ones involved. Bean requested the Crane and his braves to act as guides

37 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, July 31, 1829. 38 ibid., August 7, 1829. 39 Two Rivers was the name for the rivers now called North and South

rivers in Lewis and Marion counties, Missouri. History of Marion County, Missouri (St. Louis, 1884), 148, 770.


in the search for the offenders.40 Major John Dougherty, Indian agent for the Upper Missouri tribes, sent a message to Clark that "this band of Ioways with whom the difficulty occurred is no doubt the one of nine lodges headed by the Great Walker or Big Neck . . . ." Three days later he wrote to Hughes for additional information about the affair and the feelings of Iowa Indians toward the whites.41 Hughes informed Dougherty that the Indians of the Iowa sub-agency knew nothing about the difficulty and were friendly toward the whites.42

While the Indian agents were trying to ferret out any knowledge of the affair which the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes might have, Missouri troops were scouting the northern frontier. Owen, on July 25, 1829, reported to Governor Miller from his camp on the Grand Chariton that he had two hundred and forty-nine men under his command. He complained that they were neither well armed nor sufficiently supplied with provisions, except for fresh beef. They had found no Indians, although his troops had pursued their trail for twenty-five or thirty miles in the direction of the mouth of the Des Moines River. Owen suggested reinforcements of five or six hundred troops to assume the task of hunting for the Indians.43

On July 29, Miller ordered Owen to return to Fayette with his troops, leaving a guard of one hundred men at the battle site to protect the frontier. He left the execution of the order to Owen's discretion, with the provision that if the general considered the frontier in too much danger he should remain. The governor wrote that he had given orders to Major General Stephen Trigg, commander of the First Division, Missouri Militia, to have two thousand men ready to march at a moment's notice, one thousand for the defense of the Mississippi River region and one thousand for the Missouri. He was also expecting Leavenworth to arrive from Cantonment Leavenworth with about twelve companies of United States troops.44 There was no need, however, for such extreme measures. On August 8 the Fayette Western Monitor reported that

40 Fayette Western Monitor, August 8, 1829. 41 Dougherty to Clark, July 27, 1829, "Letterbook of John Dougherty,

1826-1829," State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts Collection, Columbia. Dougherty was commissioned in 1820 as Indian agent of the Upper Missouri tribes. With this office came the rank of major. Broadhead, "Scrap-book," I, 224-226.

42 Hughes to Dougherty, July 31, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. 43 Owen to Miller, July 25, 1829, in Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, August

7, 1829. 44 Ibid. Stephen Trigg settled in Missouri about 1815. History of Boone

County, 1119. Miller to Clark, August 9, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency.


Fort Leavenworth Museum Collections

General Henry Leavenworth from 1884 George Catlin Portrait

all troops had arrived safely home without seeing any Indians or any signs of Indians.

Later in the month, General Leavenworth met with the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes at Cantonment Leavenworth. On his way downriver he sent word to Miller that these Indians, on learning that the Iowas were involved in the affair had expressed their regrets. In order to show their good will and to facilitate the surrender of the Big Neck band, they offered their chiefs and warriors as hostages.45 After Leavenworth's arrival in St. Louis on August 19 with nineteen hostages he sent a message to Clark asking if he should leave them at Jefferson Barracks.46

Clark conducted a thorough investigation of the affair. In September he reported to the national bureau of Indian Affairs under the War Department. He sent depositions of settlers who had taken part in the affray, a letter from Miller about the incidents con-

45 Leavenworth to Miller, August 15, 1829, in Fayette Western Monitor, August 29, 1829.

46 Leavenworth to Clark, August 19, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency.


nected with the battle and extracts from Hughes' letter concerning his opinion that the Indians at the Iowa village knew nothing of the affair.47

The task of finding Big Neck and his followers was assigned to General Hughes.48 With Vance Murray Campbell serving as chief interpreter and guide, Hughes left on this mission August 14, 1829, accompanied by Stephen St. Cyr, Greenbury Martin, William Baxter and James M. Hughes.49 The Hughes party explored the east and north forks of Grand River and then proceeded to the headwaters of Two Rivers where they followed the east fork to the Des Moines. They came to two Sac lodges where they learned that Big Neck had stopped briefly and then had departed by a northwest course. At two Fox lodges, located near the Mississippi, they discovered that the Big Neck party had stopped overnight and after procuring a canoe and announcing that they were going to visit Clark, had sailed downriver.50 Hughes, in pursuit, found that Big Neck had left the river at the "Waucondau" (Wya-conda Creek). Hughes and his men then returned to the north forks of Two Rivers and followed a trace upstream to Salt Creek at which point they discovered the Indians had left the stream and entered a prairie where their trail was broken. After hunting for several days in the vicinity the Hughes party went to the Upper Mississippi to obtain provisions. There they met with the son of Cutnose, a Fox chief, and Appanose, son of the principal chief of the Sacs and Foxes. The two young braves had returned from a visit with Clark in St. Louis and, in compliance with his request, had promised to aid in the search for Big Neck. Hughes' party divided and Campbell and the son of Cutnose went in search of the Big Neck village.

Ten days later the Hughes party met at the rapids of the Mississippi near the confluence of the Des Moines and Mississippi rivers, and Campbell reported that he had found the village at the headwaters of Two Rivers. He said there were signs that the

47 Clark to Eaton, September 15, 1829, in ibid. 48 Hughes, a native of Kentucky and a lawyer, was appointed Indian agent

in 1826. History of Buchanan County, Missouri (St. Joseph, 1881), 229. 49 Hughes to Clark, October 15, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. so Dougherty wrote to Clark that several Sac Indians had arrived at

Cantonment Leavenworth from the Mississippi with the news that Big Neck, with two other "Ioways," had left the Sac village two days previous to the arrival of Hughes for the purpose of giving themselves up at St. Louis. Dougherty remarked, "The reports that these Sacks bring relative to the unfortunate affair with the whites are by no means credible [creditable] to our citizens who were engaged in it." Dougherty to Clark, September 20, 1829, in "Letterbook."


village had been recently visited, and to hide their trail, the Indians had encircled the village, located at the edge of the prairie. Hughes ordered Campbell and Martin to return to the village and search the surrounding country and James M. Hughes to cross the state westward to the Iowa village to inquire if any of the Big Neck band had arrived there. General Hughes' horse was fatigued and he remained at the rapids for a few days before starting for the headwaters of the Skunk and Iowa rivers in present southeastern Iowa. On the way he met Appanose who had learned from a war party that Big Neck was encamped between the Flint and Iowa rivers. Hughes asked Appanose to accompany him. After three days of searching they found Big Neck and sixty-five members of his party, including squaws and children. As Hughes entered the village at dawn and stepped quickly into Big Neck's lodge, the chief arose from his bed of buffalo skins.

Hughes told him that Clark, as well as one of the "Great Father's" war chiefs (General Leavenworth) had sent for him and that he must go. Big Neck said he wanted to see Clark, but as he believed this would not be permitted, he had decided to make his stand in the prairie and die. After much persuasion Big Neck agreed to surrender his party and to accompany Hughes.51 Because Hughes was not acquainted with this band of Indians, Appanose acted as interpreter and mediator. Afterward the general remarked, "Had it not been for the efforts of Appanose, the consequences of the

meeting might not have been so pleasant."52

Hughes and his p r i s o n e r s marched toward the Flint Hills

/ near the mouth of the Flint River where they obtained provisions from representatives of the American Fur Company.53 On the way, the Indians became increasingly apprehensive. Pompakin informed

William Clark

1829, 51 Hughes to Clark, October 15, in St. Louis Superintendency.

52 Ibid. 53 At Flint Hills was a trading post

near the present site of Burlington, Iowa. Jacob Van der Zee, "Early History of the Des Moines Valley," Iowa Journal of History and Politics, XIV (July, 1916), 343.


Hughes that his people would not go farther, because they were sure they would all be killed. Hughes had no force to compel them to follow him but "in a fit of passion" he threw down his arms of defense and told the chief that if the party would not go with him, he would go a prisoner with them. The chief kept Hughes' guns and pistols overnight, but the next morning returned them with the announcement that he now believed the Indian agent was his friend and he was willing to place the lives of his people in Hughes' hands. When the party arrived at the Mississippi Rapids, Hughes was not able to find boats to transport all of them downriver. He sought the most humane solution to the problem. The condition of the Indians was pitiable; they were destitute of arms, ammunition, provisions and blankets. Although the Sacs and Foxes had helped them, four of the party had already died from hunger. Hughes decided to send the squaws and children and enough men of the party to procure food to a point on Two Rivers north of the state line, and to continue downriver with Big Neck, two other chiefs, nine braves and one squaw. They had descended the river about fifty miles when the chiefs again became alarmed and Hughes believed they were planning to escape. At this juncture the party met with United States troops bound for Jefferson Barracks, who took the prisoners on their boats. The delegation arrived safely in St. Louis in early October and the Indians were delivered to the United States marshall.54 After traveling more than two thousand miles, Hughes had been successful in carrying out his mission.55

With the arrival of the Big Neck Indians the Iowa hostages held at Jefferson Barracks returned immediately to their village.50

State authorities were uncertain about the proper procedure in the trial of Big Neck and the other prisoners. The battle site was near the north line of the state and the district judge was not sure it was located in his jurisdiction. In order to determine this matter, Hughes, Missouri Secretary of State W. A. McBride and a surveyor were commissioned by Governor Miller to visit the site. On November 10, 1829, they reported that the battle had taken place eighteen and one-fourth miles south of the northern boundary

54 Hughes to Clark, October 15, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. 55 Ibid. A bill for the amount of $762.25 was paid by the War Department

to the men who aided in the search. Campbell received $409.75, Martin, Baxter and St. Cyr $93 each and James Hughes $73.50. Clark to Eaton, May 12, 1830, in ibid. Another bill for $1,180.22 was paid for the expenses of bringing in the Indians and providing for their prosecution, trial and return. Clark to Eaton, August 5, 1830, in ibid.

56 Clark to Eaton, November 14, 1829, in ibid.


of the state in territory attached to Randolph County. The site was near the stream later called Battle Creek in southwestern Schuyler County. Since the whites were not sure that the site was located within the confines of the state, it was apparent that the Indians had probably assumed they were on ground which did not belong to the state. Clark wrote to Eaton that the Indians were entirely ignorant of the original line and suggested that the north and west state lines should be traced in their presence.57

Four of the Big Neck prisoners escaped as they were delivered to state officials on the day of the survey report. The others were so alarmed that Clark commissioned Augustine Kennerly, their friend and interpreter, to accompany them as they went across the state to meet General Hughes.58 The grand jury had recently been dismissed in Randolph County, where the trial would be held, and Attorney General Wells advised sending the prisoners to Fayette.59 There they were confined in the Fayette jail where they were treated badly by the whites.60

After the arrival of the Big Neck party in St. Louis, James H. Birch wrote to Clark, expressing the opinion that the Big Neck prisoners should not be capitally punished. He concluded that the affair was the result of misunderstanding about the boundary line and that the Indians were under the impression they were on grounds designated for their use. At the battle site, he observed, they were living in wigwams with their families and they left most of their possessions as they fled after the battle, which indicated that they had not premeditated hostilities. Birch also asked who had been the first to break the peace— "the Indians or the settlers?" Although sentiment of frontier Missourians was strongly against the Indians, he did not think this should interfere with the administration of the law.61 Clark forwarded Birch's letter to Secretary Eaton with his own written opinion that the Indians should not receive capital punishment.62

The prisoners came before the grand jury at Huntsville in

57 Ibid; Historical Atlas of Schuyler County, 9. 58 Clark to Eaton, November 14, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency. 59 Wells to Clark, November 14, 1829, in ibid. 60 Clark to Eaton, December 8, 1829, in ibid. 61 Birch to Clark, November 13, 1829, in ibid. James H. Birch, native

Virginian, emigrated to Howard County in 1827 and established the Western Monitor. He served as state senator, 1828-1829, land register in Clinton County, 1843, and in 1849 was appointed judge of the Missouri Supreme Court. History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 251.

62 Clark to Eaton, November 14, 1829, in St. Louis Superintendency.

Randolph County on March 11, 1830.63 Attorney General Wells attended personally to t h e investigation w h i c h proved more thorough than in most cases.64 Birch, John F. Ryland and George Shannon of St. Louis, acted as attorneys for the defense.65

Clark observed, "It was a period of deep excitement among the people of the upper country and of awful suspense."60

James H. Birch Among those indicted for murder were Big Neck, Pom

pakin, Brave Snake, Young Knight and One-That-Dont-Care. The jury, without leaving their seats in the box delivered this verdict:

After examining all the witnesses and maturely considering the charges for which the Iowa Indians are now in confinement, we find them not guilty and they are at once discharged.67

After the trial Hughes wrote to Clark that the investigation showed the whites guilty of an unprovoked and bloody murder. The Indians were ill from the hardships of their long confinement and Hughes accompanied them back to their village.68 Big Neck was in deep distress and went into mourning by blacking his face. He never removed this symbol of grief. His explanation was, "I am ashamed to look on the sun. I have insulted the Great Spirit by selling the land and the bones of my fathers; it is right that I should mourn always."69

The Big Neck affair was not closed with the exoneration of the Indians. There was one more act in the frontier drama. Gover-

63 History of Randolph and Macon Counties, 117. 64 Clark to Eaton, March 22, 1830, in St. Louis Superintendency. 65 Clark to McKenney, May 12, 1830, in ibid. Clark recommended a

muneration of one thousand dollars for the lawyers who had defended Indians.

66 Clark to Eaton, April 14, 1830, in ibid. 67 History of Randolph and Macon Counties, 117. 68 Hughes to Clark, March 14, 1830, in St. Louis Superintendency. 69 McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes of North America, 324.

the

nor Miller's order in calling out the state militia and United States troops to defend the frontier after the skirmish had resulted in a fiasco when no Indians could be found. The governor was sharply criticized by the editors of the St. Louis Missouri Republican and the St. Louis Times and the criticism was reiterated in the Wash- Governor John Miller ington, D. C. National Intelligencer. The Missouri Republican remarked about the governor's action.

We did not intend to advert to this silly affair again. When the expedition was unpopular friends of the governor dexterously contrived to shift the whole responsibility of the affair upon an officer of the Militia—who, they say, imposed upon the governor by giving an exaggerated account of the whole transaction and of the danger to be apprehended and, therefore, that the officer who conducted, and not the governor should bear all the blame. But, unless we allow to the governor a very small portion of common sense, we cannot see the justice of this conclusion.70

The editor of the National Intelligencer commented:

The alarm on the Missouri frontier concerning the Indians, is over. The unnecessary military force marched out on the occasion has returned to camp, and the cloud of militia has dispersed. The Governor has recalled his warlike orders, and it is acknowledged on all hands, that they were from the beginning wholly uncalled for by the emergency.

And it is somewhat curious to observe how exactly we divined when the news first reached us, the true character of the affray, which was blazoned abroad as "bloody" Indian "murders," and terrible "Indian hostilities." We said that in all probability, and indeed partly from their own shewing, the blame lay on the side of the whites. Now, look at the accounts which we insert today. Look, especially at that which is taken from the St. Louis Times, a new paper, believed to be friendly not only to the National but also to the State Administration. What says the print?

70 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 25, 1829.


The whites, as "an armed force" found that the Indians had moved out of their way, and they followed them and demanded satisfaction (for alleged wrongs). They first demanded their Chief and then their arms; and, to save their lives, which were next endangered, the Indians who were thus required (and partly obeyed) to sacrifice one thing after another, at last stood on the defensive. They did not even then fire, if the reader will bear in mind the first account of the affair, but were fired upon by the whites, and the survivors only saved their lives by the sacrifice of a dozen of their number. In this affair, as we now have it upon authority, who were the agressors? Who were guilty of the blood that was shed?"

We are almost ashamed to meet the question. There was not a single circumstance, it seems, to justify either the alarm on the frontier, or the array of the Militia and the detachment of the Military. But Uncle Sam "pays for all."71

However, one frontier newspaper staunchly defended Governor Miller. James H. Birch, militant editor of the Fayette Western Monitor, accused Owen of misleading the governor about the number of Indians involved in the affair and the imminent danger. Birch charged that the editors of the St. Louis Missouri Republican and the Times were apostate Jacksonians who had formed a coalition with the leaders of the Adams and Clay party and wished to slander the Missouri governor who, through his wise administration of office, was becoming the people's choice for a seat in Congress. Owen had failed to cooperate with Birch who wanted to publish the letter which the general sent to the governor apprising him of the Big Neck skirmish and the attendant danger. Implying that Owen's letter amply justified the steps taken by the governor, Birch avowed that he had kept a diary of events connected with the affair. He publicly charged Owen with violation of the orders of the "Commander in Chief," with sneering at the comfort of the soldiers and wantonly wasting the "Treasure" of the government.72

Since he was a private in the militia, Birch was not allowed to prefer charges against Owen, an officer. Charges were, however, preferred by Lieutenant Colonel John G. Elkin, Fourteenth Regiment, First Brigade, First Division, Missouri Militia. In a lengthy explanation, Dr. John J. Lowry, at that time a state representative from Howard County, explained that Dr. William Fort of Randolph County, his brother-in-law, had complained to him about Owen

71 Washington [D. C ] National Intelligencer, August 21, 1829. 72 Fayette Western Monitor, August 8," September 19, 1829.


and asked him to have Owen arrested, since Dr. Fort was also a private and could not prefer charges. Dr. Lowry, as an officer, felt it was his duty to comply with Dr. Fort's request, but because of his close relationship to Dr. Fort, he asked to be relieved of the duty. Then he met with Colonel Elkin who determined that it was his duty to prefer charges.73 Birch drafted the charges.

Owen was accused of (1) remaining encamped for several days after it was ascertained that all prospects for an encounter with the Indians were hopeless (2) disobeying the governor's orders to leave one hundred men on the frontier for defense (3) sending word that he would remain in a certain place until he received further orders and then marching his force nearly seventy miles before he received the orders (4) causing his troops to suffer undue hardship by retaining them in the wilderness when they were without bread and many of them were ill (5) falsifying his official reports and (6) failing to provide himself with the uniform, arms, accoutrements and equipment required by the laws of the state.74

Owen was tried April 12-27, 1830, before a division court martial in Fayette. Brigadier General William P. Thompson (president), six colonels and five majors comprised the court. John Wilson and John B. Clark were counsels for the defense and Colonel John F. Ryland was judge advocate. Birch commented that the investigation was conducted with patience, dignity and impartiality.75 Owen was not only honorably acquitted of all charges,

his sword returned to him and the command of his brigade restored, but the court adjudged the charges to have originated in malice, although not the malice of the prosecutor.76

J o h n F . Ryland

izibid., June 10, 1830. Dr. Fort emigrated to Randolph County in 1820. He served as first judge of the county court, state representative 1832-1838 and state senator, 1842-1846. History of Randolph and Macon Counties, 213; Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1935-1936 (Jefferson City, n. d.) , 191-196.

74 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, June 5, 1830.

75 Fayette Western Monitor, May 12, 1830.

76 Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, June 5, 1830.


With the acquittal of Owen, the Big Neck affair came to an end. The assumption that the Missouri frontier was in danger from attack by a horde of savage Indians had resulted in an unnecessary expenditure of money and manpower for the defense of a frontier that needed no defense. In their reaction to the Big Neck skirmish, Missouri frontiersmen, many of them veterans of the War of 1812, revealed the fear and prejudice of the whites toward the Indians. The mistrust was mutual. Big Neck and his followers feared for their lives even though they placed a degree of trust in the Indian agents. That their fears were partially justified was evidenced by their ill-treatment as they languished in jail awaiting trial. Ultimately, respect for the principles of truth and justice prevailed over hysteria and prejudice; the Indians were acquitted.

A Gourmet's Delight Palmyra Spectator, January 9, 1880.

A lady correspondent has discovered a plan to keep watermelons in their natural form and flavor for an indefinite length of time. She has successfully tried it in past seasons, and as a consequence has been able to treat her family to a watermelon supper at Christmas time. The plan is an inexpensive and simple one, and consists of giving the melon three or four coats of varnish to exclude the air.

She says they not only keep from decay, but that the flavor and sweetness are retained, and when eaten at Christmas or New Year the fruit seems to be wonderfully improved in these particulars.

The Budding Bedstead Sheridan Advance, December 30, 1898.

A man on Grand River, in conformity with the economical ideas of its people, last winter made a bedstead of water elm. One day last spring it broke out all over with buds and in a week was covered with little groves of waving branches. Last fall the children picked hickory nuts from the side pieces and a few weeks ago the head-board was tapped for maple syrup.

It Wasn't a Circus Pierce City Empire, August 16, 1900.

A circus man took his little son to church in Centralia Sunday. The boy watched the contribution basket in its unwelcome trip around and when it was taken back to the pulpit he leaned over and whispered to his father: "Papa, more 'n half the folks got in free."

« t**yx t».A*¥0rti** tn the 0imttt* *a« for ft » •*«*#• Mor* Homes of Colored People than any othe, Paper in the State.

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The Masthead of the Kansas City Rising Son

The Missouri Negro Press

1875-1920 BY GEORGE EVERETT SLAVENS*

Negroes in Missouri produced no newspapers before the end of the state's Reconstruction period. In this respect, Missouri was similar to other slave states. Not until the Negro community was allowed to develop its own institutions did Negro papers begin to appear. Since Missouri's Reconstruction period at least sixty-four newspapers have been published. Of these sixty-four, fifty-five were established between 1875 and 1920. Four were founded in the 1870s, twelve in the 1880s, sixteen in the 1890s, eleven in the decade beginning in 1900 and twelve in the decade beginning in 1910.1

Almost two-thirds of the newspapers published before 1920 were established in St. Louis and Kansas City. Most of the state's Negroes lived there and the cities were most attractive to the kind

* George Everett Slavens received his Ph.D. degree in History from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is currently professor of History and chairman of the Department of History at Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas.

i Analysis based on a register of newspapers which has been published annually under the following titles: American Newspaper Annual (1870-1909) , American Newspaper Annual and Directory (1910-1929) , N. W. Ayer and Son, comp., Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals (Philadelphia, 1944-1967) . Hereafter referred to as Ayer's Directory. For the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, three, one, three and two Negro newspapers were established, respectively.

413


of leaders who were likely to establish newspapers. The remaining papers were scattered among eleven smaller cities with fairly substantial Negro populations. Only one of the papers, The Missouri Messenger of Macon, was founded in a community with fewer than one thousand Negroes. Two of the newspapers originated in the heavily Negro-populated "Bootheei" in the southeast section of the state. Many of the Negro migrants who came to this section were poverty stricken agricultural workers and they came after 1900 when Negro newspapers were no longer being created in large numbers.2

Negro newspapers published in Missouri usually lasted less than a decade and only three survived as many as four decades. The tendency to expire soon after creation was greater among the newspapers established in the smaller communities than among those in St. Louis and Kansas City. Ephemerality was a characteristic which the Negro press shared with the white newspapers established in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Like other small businesses, the small newspaper found it difficult to attract subscribers and to fight off competition. Negro newspapers faced the additional problems of being a part of a second-class society. Not only did the Negro editor find it extremely difficult to obtain capital for his own operation but the businesses which would advertise in his paper also faced money problems. In addition to economic difficulties, the Negro press did business with a clientele having a significantly lower literacy rate than was the case for those served by the white press. Survival was a challenge to white newspapers and a still greater challenge to the Negro press.3

The three Missouri Negro newspapers which lasted more than four decades were the St. Louis Argus, established in 1912, the Kansas City Call, established in 1919, and the St. Louis American, established in 1928. All three of these newspapers are currently published and, in the period since 1920, they have had a virtual monopoly on the Missouri Negro reader market.4

Copies of sixteen of the sixty-four Negro papers which have been published in Missouri are available for examination. Almost complete files are available of the St. Louis Argus and the Kansas

2 Ibid.; analysis based on United States Ninth Census, "1870 Population" and United States Eighteenth Census, "I960 Population."

3. Ayer's Directory (1870-1967). ± Ibid. (1921-1967). Negro papers founded in the 1940s and 1950s failed

even more quickly than those started in the late nineteenth century.

The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920

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City Call, begun during the 1875-1920 period. Both newspapers, however, made their primary impact during the years after 1920. There are extant copies of thirteen other newspapers, published between 1875 and 1920. All of the issues for six which lasted from four months to four and one-half years, and one to six issues of the other seven newspapers are available. Two of the available papers were products of the 1880s, six of the 1890s, four of the decade beginning in 1900 and none of the decade beginning in 1910. Five were published in Kansas City, three in St. Louis, and one each in Sedalia, Columbia, Jefferson City and Macon.5

Generalizations about the Missouri Negro press in these decades must be derived from limited sources and it is not contended that the small available sample provides a complete picture of the character of the newspapers of the period. The available issues, however, are well scattered geographically, fairly well dispersed chronologically, and do offer some idea of the character of the early Missouri Negro press.

The first Negro newspaper in Missouri was the Negro World of St. Louis, established in 1875. Kansas City's first Negro newspaper, the Independent, began publication four years later. Founded in 1881 the first paper published outside the two major metropolitan centers was the St. Joseph Mirror. The earliest extant issue of a Missouri Negro newspaper is a single copy of the American Negro of Springfield for October 25, 1890, and the earliest extended run of issues is of the Sedalia Times, from August 31 to December 21, 1901.

Most of the Missouri Negro newspapers published between 1875 and 1920 were very small ventures. Only one of the twenty-one papers produced outside of St. Louis and Kansas City, the Western Messenger of Jefferson City, exceeded a circulation of one thousand, and only nine of the thirty-five in the two metropolitan centers exceeded that figure. The Western Messenger reached a circulation of 1,500 in 1910, and fluctuated between that figure and 1,700 in 1917. The larger than average circulation probably resulted from its affiliation with the state Negro Baptist convention, but that did not prevent it from ceasing publication in 1917.6

5 The St. Louis Argus and the Kansas City Call are currently published. For information concerning the Argus, consult G. Everett Slaven, "A History of the Missouri Negro Press" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1969).

6Ayer's Directory (1910), 486; (1911), 487; (1912), 489; (1913), 489; (1914), 491; (1915), 492; (1916), 495; (1917), 498.

The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 All

Missouri's second Negro newspaper, in point of time, the St. Louis National Tribune, was founded in 1876, and reached a circulation of 2,700 in 1882. The St. Louis Pythian Voice, established in 1891, attained a circulation of 3,300 in 1895. Both of these newspapers disappeared soon after reaching their peak of circulation. St. Louis' two leading Negro newspapers in the early 1900s were the Palladium, established in 1884, and the American Eagle, founded in 1894. The American Eagle reached a peak circulation of 4,500 in 1901 while the boisterous Palladium attained a circulation of 2,500 the next year. Both newspapers maintained this high level until 1907, when the American Eagle was discontinued and the Palladium began a rapid decline to 1,250 in 1911, then disappeared.7

The Kansas City Kansas-Missouri Enterprise achieved the largest circulation of any Missouri Negro newspaper during these early decades. It was established in 1881 and had a circulation of 4,500 in 1883 and 6,200 in 1884. The Kansas City Observer was founded in 1896 and maintained a circulation of 5,000 from 1898-1901. These newspapers also disappeared immediately after they achieved their maximum circulation while the Kansas City Rising Son maintained a circulation of 2,500 from 1916 to 1918.8

With only a few exceptions, these newspapers ceased publication while at a peak of circulation. Information about them is so scanty that it is not possible to determine with any degree of certainty why this happened. It is apparent, however, that they were not destroyed by the competition of other Negro newspapers. It is notable that the year 1907, in which a major economic recession occurred, was particularly bad for Negro newspapers. The rapid rise and fall of the papers probably testifies primarily to the fact that Negro journalism was carried on against enormous odds, and that even the more successful newspapers were constantly on the verge of disaster.

No Negro newspaper in Missouri has ever been published on a daily basis, although this was the dream of many of their editors. Most of the papers in the 1875-1920 period contained four pages,

7 Ibid., (1883), 275; (1896), 456; (1901), 495; (1902), 497; (1903), 497; (1904), 498; (1905) , 498; (1906), 499; (1910) , 504; (1911), 504; (1912), 505; (1907), 500; (1908), 502; (1909), 503.

8 Ibid., (1884), 268; (1885) , 296; (1889), 454; (1900) , 462; (1901) , 469; (1902) , 473. Just when the Rising Son was first printed is a matter of speculation. William H. Taft, comp., Missouri Neiuspapers: When and Where 1808-1963 (Columbia, 1964) , presumes the paper began in 1896. However, the first mention of the Rising Son in the Kansas City City Directory appears in 1898.


This announcement concerning an address by W. E. B. DuBois, writer and reformer, appeared in the Kansas City Sun, March 12, 1921.

although a few had eight. Filler material occupied most of the space in the majority of the papers. This material was composed of articles on every imaginable subject and came from a variety of sources although most came from white magazines and daily newspapers. Much space was also given to serialization of romantic stories by amateur writers. The Rising Son carried material of fairly high quality, but the other newspapers printed articles on a low intellectual level. The standard of decency in all of the papers would be acceptable to even the most conservative critic.9

The primary function of these Negro newspapers was to inform the Negro community concerning local activities, although they devoted only a small portion of each issue to real news of any kind. They made an effort to carry announcements of church meetings, picnics, projects and lodge functions. Remaining issues of papers of this period carried no formal social news, such as announcements of weddings, engagements and deaths, for these were common knowledge to the whole community. The Rising Son and the Kansas City Searchlight carried numerous unsigned columns from communities in western and central Missouri which

9 Kansas City Searchlight, February 28, 1914; Sedalia Times, September 29, 1901; Kansas City Sun, March 14, 1914; Kansas City Rising Son, July 10, 1903; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900; Macon Missouri Messenger, January 26, 1900; Kansas City Liberator, November 26, 1903; St. Louis Palladium, December 23, 1905; St. Louis Advance, June 13, 1908; Jefferson City Western Messenger, May 8, 1914; Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17, 1905; Springfield American Negro, October 25, 1890.

The Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920 419

announced upcoming activities and thus, obviously attempted to serve surrounding geographical areas. Most of the news in all of the papers was gathered by the editor, who also did the major part of the work. The front page was largely devoted to news stories, while the other pages were almost entirely covered with filler material. Most news stories were completed on the same page on which they were begun, and headlines were seldom more than one column wide.10

Advertising came largely from local Negro and white merchants who wanted to sell to the newspaper's readers. The Columbia Professional World had numerous advertisements from Columbia and Jefferson City, while the Kansas City Searchlight attracted some advertisers throughout the territory in which it carried news stories. The smaller papers even printed some advertisements on the front page, a practice not employed by the larger ones. It was not uncommon for the same advertisement to appear more than once in the same issue of a newspaper. Fluctuations in circulation seem not to have been reflected in the quantity of advertising which a newspaper obtained. All of the papers carried a few advertisements for drugs and cosmetics having a special appeal to Negroes, such as hair straighteners and bleaching creams. The papers published outside the state's two metropolitan centers carried no classified advertisements, while those in the two cities carried no more than one column.11

Most of the newspapers of this period which were available for study presented some editorial opinion, although the Kansas City Observer and the Macon Missouri Messenger offered none. Editorial opinions, however, were usually expressed in one or two sentences rather than in formal discussions. None of the papers carried regularly signed columns of commentary, but it was ap-

10 Kansas City Searchlight, October 8, 1910; Kansas City Rising Son, February 2, 1907; Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900; Springfield American Negro, October 25, 1890; Sedalia Times, August 31, 1901; Macon Missouri Messenger, January 26, 1900; St. Louis Palladium, April 4, 1903; Kansas City Sun, July 17, 1915; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17, 1905; St. Louis Advance, June 13, 1908; Jefferson City Western Messenger, October 6, 1917; Kansas City Liberator, Mav 1, 1903.

11 Kansas City Searchlight, February 28, 1914; Sedalia Times, October 5, 1901; Kansas City Sun, July 7, 1917; Kansas City Rising Son, February 16, 1907; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900; Kansas City Liberator, May 15, 1903; St. Louis Palladium, June 23, 1906; St. Louis Advance, April 23, 1909; Jefferson City Western Messenger, November 10, 1917; Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17, 1905; Springfield American Negro, October 25, 1890; Macon Missouri Messenger, January 26, 1900.


This line drawing of Dr. Booker T. Washington frequently appeared in the Kansas City Sun.

parent that the opinions expressed were those of the editor. None of the newspapers had a formal editorial page, preferring instead to intermingle editorial comments among the news stories. The most common form of editorial expression was to be found within the news stories themselves.12

Most of the papers were affiliated with a religious denomination, lodge or college, and gave special attention to the activities of the supporting organization. The slogans of the organization frequently appeared on the masthead. Less attention was paid to principles supported by the group than to announcements of its activities. These affiliations were the source of a small, steady

12 Kansas City Searchlight, October 8, 1910; Sedalia Times, October 5, 1901 Kansas City Rising Son, March 23, 1907; St. Louis Palladium, January 31, 1903 Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900; Springfield American Negro, October 25, 1890; Sedalia Times, August 31, 1901; Macon Missouri Messenger, January 26, 1900 Kansas City Sun, January 10, 1914; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17 1905; St. Louis Advance, April 23, 1909; Jefferson City Western Messenger, February 11. 1916; Kansas City Liberator, November 19, 1903.


income for the paper and stimulated circulation among those especially interested in the organization. No generalization can be made about the effect of affiliation on the quality of the newspaper. The St. Louis American Eagle served as the official organ of the Knights of Pythias, an extremely active Negro fraternal organization; while the Palladium and Searchlight, at different times, had the same relationship to another Negro fraternal group, the United Brothers of Friendship and Sisters of the Mysterious Ten. The Kansas City Liberator was associated with the hotel workers of that city, although there was no evidence of a formal arrangement. The Jefferson City Western Messenger was the "official organ" of the state's Negro Baptist convention, while the Macon Missouri Messenger was also a Baptist paper and the spokesman of the community's Negro school, Western College. The college's president, Enos Scruggs, served as editor of the paper and transferred it to Kansas City when the college moved there. The Sedalia Times was the publication of another small Negro institution, George Smith College.13

Virtually all of the Missouri Negro newspapers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reflected a fairly conservative orientation. Their editors generally espoused the gradualistic view of race improvement which was associated with the leadership of Booker T. Washington, a man they greatly admired. Washington was frequently identified with the doctrine of self-help and passive acceptance of white leadership. This ideology was sometimes expressed by the Negro papers in terms of an optomistic view of the future of the race: "We have only to merit this good will by being upright and commendable."14 "Industry, honesty, and frugality" were suggested as better solutions to the problems of the Negro than militancy.15 Entreaties to improve and support progress were even more common. A reprint from the Vicksburg (Mississippi) Life asserted that "the better class" of Negroes did not desire "social relations with members of the white community." These

13 St. Louis Palladium, September 1, 1906; Kansas City Liberator, February 20, 1903; Jefferson City Western Messenger, January 26, 1900; Sedalia Times, October 26, 1901; Kansas City Searchlight, February 28, 1914; St. Louis American Eagle, December 17, 1905.

14 Sedalia Times, November 16, 1901; Kansas City Liberator, March 20, 1903. There is no evidence that Washington was involved in any financial way with the papers or their editors. Neither the newspapers nor Washington's own correspondence, located in the Library of Congress, suggest such a relationship.

15 ibid., November 19, 1903; St. Louis Palladium, July 3, 1904.


platitudes usually were not associated with any specific suggestion, but rather reflected a desire for character building.16

Some stories which were friendly to whites may simply have reflected racial pride or fairness. Negroes who married whites, for example, were condemned by the Liberator for their complete lack of pride and dignity.17 Gratitude was expressed for the philanthropy of white people toward Negro causes. In one instance, a white postmaster was defended against charges of a personal nature. The Palladium asserted that his Negro accusers were resorting to such tactics to get better jobs for themselves.18 These were not necessarily expressions of "Uncle Tomism."

Two contrasting attitudes toward the white community found expression in the papers. There was the suggestion that many whites lacked the social graces and sophistication possessed by many Negroes. Also, there was a feeling of pride when the white community gave recognition to a Negro. Such an incident was described in the Professional World in 1909. James Milton Turner was "warmly and respectfully" received both by the Missouri General Assembly and Governor Herbert S. Hadley during a visit to Jefferson City. Turner, a Negro and a former Missourian, had served as American minister to Liberia. His acceptance at the Missouri state capital by the best of the white society was a source of great pride to his race.19

The moralistic attitude of Missouri Negro newspapers was also reflected in their stand on vice. "Dance halls" and "social clubs" were condemned as centers of illicit activity and for their degrading influence on the Negro community. Crusades were often carried on against such establishments. Gambling houses were a special target. Efforts were made to have them closed by social pressure and by police action.20

Much of the blame for the support of these vices was attributed to self-centered members of the Negro middle class. Men who

16 Kansas City Liberator, November 19, 1903. ^ Ibid., October 16, 1903. 18 Ibid., February 20, 1903; St. Louis Palladium, February 14, 1907. 19 Columbia and Jefferson City Professional World, April 25, 1909. A brief

sketch of James Milton Turner appeared in Floyd C. Shoemaker, "Some Colorful Lawyers in the History of Missouri, 1804-1904," Part II, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LII (April, 1959), 230-231.

20 Kansas City Rising Son, January 8, 1904; Kansas City Sun, January 5, 1907.


made a good living in businesses such as gambling and prostitution were a special target of such criticism.21

The editors were anxious to defend members of the race against the charge of being racially inclined toward immorality. While they freely admitted that individual Negroes, like individual whites, could be guilty of vices and crimes, they objected to indictments of the Negro race for misbehavior of individuals. Special condemnation was reserved for white racists. It was contended that some of the worst of these people were the fathers of illegitimate Negro children.22

Deportment which harmonized with middle-class white standards was frequently recommended. Loud and agressive behavior on the street was criticized. As summer approached, Negroes were admonished against "poking heads out of windows." Disorderly behavior under any circumstances was declared to be objectionable. Even when facing discrimination, Negroes were encouraged to act like ladies and gentlemen lest they bring further discredit to the race. Editorials also encouraged Negroes to adopt the values of the white middle class in the hope that they might gain the respect of the whites. Home ownership was a symbol of the respectability and stability the community so badly needed.23

Only the Rising Sons columns expressed a specific attitude concerning the business community. The editor believed that businesses should be patronized which did not discriminate against Negroes in employment or sales but placed special emphasis on supporting Negro enterprises. However, he was proud of the paper's success "in gaining the confidence of the large white business firms in regard to . . . its advertisements as trade promoters."24

The Missouri papers were much like other early Negro publications in their attitude toward organized labor. They supported the value of labor organizations but were critical of the discriminatory practices of most unions. While approving the idea that "all labor should band together against capital; not white labor against Negro labor,"25 they were also inclined to raise the question of "How can the Negro make a living for himself with organized

21 Ibid., October 23, 1903; Sedalia Times, November 16, 1903; Kansas City Liberator, November 26, 1903.

22 Ibid.; Sedalia Times, November 16, 1903; Kansas City Sun, October 23, 1903.

23 St. Louis Palladium, January 6, 1906, April 18, 1903; Sedalia Times, January 25, March 11, 1902.

24 Kansas City Rising Son, March 23, May 18, 1907. 25 Kansas City Liberator, March 23, 1907.

white labor against him?"26 In addition to criticizing discrimination, the papers occasionally commented on "excesses."

Occasionally these early Negro newspapers expressed militant sentiments. While the Jefferson City Western Messengers editor felt that Negroes and whites should cooperate "for every needed reform," it bitterly commented concerning a story about a Negro who gave up his seat on a streetcar when

told to do so by a white man. The editor asserted that any orderly person had a right to his seat when he paid his fare. "We as a race have got to learn not to be so meek and submissive. For fifty years and more we have followed the line of least resistance. This is not the time for compromise."27

A campaign opened late in 1917 in Kansas City for a Negro hospital. The goal was $25,000, to be used to purchase a parochial

of N e l s o n C. Crews

t h e Kansas City Sun

26 Kansas Citv Rising Son, Oc tober 13, 1913; Kansas City Liberator, March 6, 1906.

27 Jefferson City Western Messenger, J a n u a r y 28, 1916, Oc tober 6, 1917; J . L. Caster , H . H . Ha r r i s , E. C. Fisher a n d J o h n Coins composed the ed i tor ia l staff on Oc tober 6, 1917, for the Western Messenger. Coins , in 1916, was ed i tor a n d p u b l i s h e r of the p a p e r .

C r e w s ' s Kansas City Sun p r i n t e d th is a d v e r t i s e m e n t , D e c e m b e r 1 , 1 9 1 7 .

A HOSPITAL for COLORED PEOPLE Headquarters: Masonic Temple, 18th and Woodland Avenue

The colored people of this city, assisted and advised by many prominent white people, will launch a campaign, beginningDecember 8 and continuing twenty days, to raise $25,000.00 to purchase and equip a permanent home for the Wheatley-Provident Hospital for colored people.

There Is No Hospital in This Great City That Admits Negro Physicians and Negro Patients Except THE OLD CITY HOSPITAL

Don't you think we deserve better treatment than that? BLACK MEN, LET US DO OUR DUTY. Remembering: "God helps those who HELP themselves." Many generous white people will help us.

Note: We have closed a deal for the Catholic school property at 1826 Forest avenue. It is a large, commodious stone building containing 20 large rooms IN THE HEART OF THE NEGRO DISTRICT, splendidly located and admirably suited for a Negro hospital.

It will require $25,000 to pay for and equip this property. Can't we get it? Bell Phone East 999. Home Phone Special.

Mrs. T . G. McCampbell, President of Federated Clubs, will have charge of our annual Tag Day, Dec. 22.

The Wheatley-Provident Hospital NELSON C. CREWS, Chairman Executive Committee FRED W. DABNEY. Secretary Executive Committee

C. A. FRANKLIN, President EVA M. FOX. Secretary


school building. The hospital would be the second in the city admitting Negro patients, and the first in which Negro doctors could practice. Two Negro journalists headed the campaign organization. Nelson C. Crews of the Kansas City Sun was chairman of the executive committee and C. A. Franklin, a printer who would soon establish the Kansas City Call, was president.28

The Kansas City Sun vehemently criticized conditions in local Negro schools. In 1921 Editor Crews launched a crusade for improvement contending that the Negro schools had never been in worse condition. He attacked the idea that "anything is good enough for the 'nigger " and asserted that members of the race " . . . are going to demand from now on in no uncertain terms . . . an end to discrimination at the hands of public officials, even though it be an autocratic school board."29 A month later the editor opposed a school bond issue because "we are not getting our share of the buildings."30

Negro papers also expressed opposition to any proposals for increased segregation. In 1907, a bill was introduced into the General Assembly requiring separation of the races on public transportation. Some of the Negro newspapers spoke out in opposition to the measure, and their staff members were among those who testified against it. A report of a mass meeting in Kansas City to express opposition to the bill praised Nelson C. Crews of the Kansas City Sun for advising "caution." Crews and C. H. Tandy of the Palladium were listed as speakers against the measure when the House of Representatives held hearings on the bill.31

The Western Messenger which moved from Jefferson City to St. Louis early in 1917, attacked local administration decrees and ordinances that contributed to segregation. Its columns bitterly attacked St. Louis Mayor Henry Kiel for authorizing the exclusion of Negroes from a public golf course. In 1917, the editor found encouragement in a recent United States Supreme Court decision which had voided a Louisville residential segregation ordinance. He noted that the measure was very similar to one on the books in St. Louis. At the same time, he commended Judge David Patterson Dyer for his ruling against the St. Louis ordinance in federal

28 Kansas City Sun, December 8, 1917. 29 ibid., February 5, 1921. 30 ibid., March 26, 1921. 31 Kansas City Rising Son, February 2, 1907; St. Louis Palladium, February

1907.


Mr. President, Wliy Not Make America Safe for Democracy? By MORRIS

This editorial cartoon protesting the 1917 race riot in East St. Louis, appeared in the July 14, 1917, edition of the Kansas City Sun.

district court, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch for having initially opposed passage of the act.32

The lynching issue produced the most emotional reaction of all in these Missouri Negro papers. They described lynching as the most reprehensible of crimes, and pointed out the racial implications involved since most of the victims were Negroes. Such incidents from all parts of the country were described in detail and in each one the papers also made a new plea for equal justice before the law.33 Occasionally a Negro paper expressed a qualified approval of a lynching. The Kansas City Observer, for example,

32 Jefferson City Western Messenger, October 6, November 10, 1917; Buchanan v. Warley (1917) , 245 U. S. 60.

33 Kansas City Rising Son, August 7, July 10, 1903; Kansas City Sun, March 14, 1914; Kansas City Observer, January 27, 1900.


on June 26, 1903, stipulated that an admitted rapist was a fit subject for such treatment. However, even the mildest of the Negro papers reacted strongly against violent acts committed against Negroes because of their race. In a story about the atrocities during the 1917 race riots in East St. Louis, the usually colorless Kansas City Sun made a very dramatic plea for the punishment of a "Pole" who had admitted killing seventeen Negroes: "The Sun believes and fervently prays that God will damn every male Negro in East St. Louis yet living if that Pole is not sought out and brought to justice."34

The issue of most universal concern to the Negro editors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was politics. Politics for them meant a committment to the Republican Party because they remembered that it had brought emancipation to the Negro. Thus, Republican presidents were eulogized and Democratic President Woodrow Wilson was condemned.35 As one Negro editor remarked, "Everything we have came through that [Republican] party and today all of our protection comes from that [Republican] party."86

In spite of their loyalty to the Republicans Negro papers did criticize that party for assuming Negro support could be expected as a matter of course and without further reciprocal action. Negro editors complained that when the spoils of victory, patronage jobs, were passed out they did not go to members of their race.37 A few threats were issued that "they had better quit taking the Negro vote for granted."38 However, there was no suggestion that voting Democratic might be a desirable solution.

The Negro papers also recognized that the Republican Party left something to be desired in terms of prejudice even though they showed very little support for the spirit of political independence. The papers suggested that candidates should be supported on the basis of "friendliness to the Negro." Even here, however, it was assumed that this "friendliness" would always be found among Republican candidates.39

34 Kansas City Sun, July 7, 1917. 35 St. Louis Palladium, June 11, October 29, 1904; Kansas City Sun, Feb

ruary 26, 1921; Kansas City Rising Son, February 6, 1903, October 28, 1904. 36 St. Louis Palladium, August 20, 1904. 37 ibid., January 14, 1905. 38 ibid., June 1, 1907. 39 Springfield American Negro, October 5, 1890; St. Louis Advance, June

13, 1908.


There was a feeling that the Negro had much at stake in the political realm. He was urged to unite in common action with other members of his race and not to sell his vote, but to use it wisely. There was even the suggestion of running Negroes for public office.40

The editors obviously not only wanted Negroes to be active in politics, but also expected to provide leadership themselves. They endorsed or condemned individual candidates and suggested that racial unity behind the right candidate was essential and that they knew the right candidate.41

There is a dearth of information about the editors of early Negro Missouri newspapers, and what exists suggests that they differed greatly in background and training. Judging from issues of their papers still available, they were inclined to print little about themselves. There were four, however, about whom some information is available and they represent a variety of personalities and attitudes.

Phillip H. Murray, an Oberlin College graduate, was a Sumner High School teacher in St. Louis, who went to work for the St. Louis Advance four years after its establishment in 1881. He remained with the paper until it ceased publication in 1915. During most of those years he served as the Advance's editor and also became a prominent leader of the St. Louis Negro community. After the last issue of the Advance, he joined the editorial staff of the St. Louis Argus. Murray strongly believed in the values of education as a means of advancing the welfare of the Negro. His well-written editorials were the expressions of a professional journalist who believed that the primary function of a newspaper was to offer leadership to the community.42

John W. Wheeler, the proprietor of the Palladium, was the most flamboyant of these Negro editors. His writing gave the impression of vehemence and urgency although his social and economic views were rather conservative. His paper contained numerous stories of his various activities and his editorials included a great deal of self-praise. Wheeler constantly involved himself in feuds with other Negro editors and local people in the Negro community. He severely criticized the St. Louis American Eagle and its editor, J. D. Miller, for maintaining Democratic affiliations

40 Sedalia Times, October 5, December 21, 1901, February 8, 1902. 41 Ibid., April 4, 1903; Kansas City Observer, October 27, 1927; St. Louis

Advance, June 13, 1908. 42 St. Louis Argus, November 12, 1915; St. Louis Advance, June 13, 1908.

between 1898 and 1905, and also contended that editorials in the American Eagle reflected a complete absence of principles. The feud finally terminated when the American Eagle returned to the Republican fold after Miller had sold it to R. A. Hudlin. When the Professional World of Columbia attempted to replace Wheeler's Palladium as the official organ of the United Brothers of Friendship and Sisters of the Mysterious Ten, he launched a highly personal attack against that paper and its editor, Rufus L. Logan. A continuing feud with Lewis Wood of the Kansas City Rising Son reached its climax in May 1903. The Palladium challenged the claim of the Rising Son that it was the only

Negro newspaper in that city having second-class mailing privileges. Three months later, the Rising Son noted "J. W. Wheeler, the Pallidium man, has stopped fighting and has settled down to business."43

Wheelers diatribes extended beyond attacks on editors of other Negro papers. In a giant expose on February 21, 1903, he severely criticized various leaders in the Negro community, naming individuals and making specific accusations about their attempts at removing the postmaster of St. Louis. On May 16 of that same year, Wheeler printed the details about his bitter feud with a Negro from Tennessee named Bradon, whom the paper accused of bigamy. In June of 1904, the Palladium erroneously reported that a doctor named Fields was getting married. With two companions, the doctor physically attacked Wheeler for printing the story. On March 3, 1906, the Palladium announced that an anonymous threat had been made on Wheeler's life. The supposed assassin, according

John W. Wheeler of the St. Louis Palladium

43 St. Louis Palladium, February 7, January 31, March 20, 1903, September 22, 1906, February 21, 1903; quotation from Kansas City Rising Son, May 22, 1903.

Lewis Wood of the Kansas City Rising Son

to the paper, "did not take the task, for he knew he had a splendid chance of going to the morgue himself, if he met the Palladium man" and his "44 bulldog." All such stories pictured Wheeler and his paper as defenders of truth and justice and paragons of virtue and courage.44

Nelson C. Crews edited the Kansas City Sun from 1913 to 1921, thus greatly influencing the makeup and policy of that paper for eight of the ten years of its exis

tence. Although he had little formal education, Crews became one of the most powerful politicians in the Kansas City Negro community. One of the competitors of his own newspaper, the Rising Son, bitterly criticized him for aspiring to become political boss of the Negro community. Crews was especially in demand as a professional orator during national political campaigns and traveled throughout the country to speak to Negro audiences on behalf of Republican candidates. The Rising Son included more about Crews' political activities than did his own newspaper. Even so, through the Kansas City Sun editorials he , £ i l ^ a m T ' rFf

as^?in? ton

<} J oi the Kansas City Rising son

wielded political power.45

William T. Washington purchased the Rising Son from Harry R. Graham in 1906. Washington had studied at Williams and Ober-lin colleges and had worked for a time with Bliss Perry, editor of the Atlantic Monthly. An ambitious

4^ Ibid., February 21, May 16, 1903, July 2, 1904, March 3, 1906, February 14, 1903, January 13, 1906.

45 Kansas City Rising Son, January 5, February 2 & 16, June 8 & 15, July 15 & 20, 1907; Kansas City Sun, January 10, July 15, 1907.


politician, he attempted to use the newspaper to advance his own political career. He complained bitterly that Nelson C. Crews attempted to obstruct his political influence. The feud between the two men became very personal, with Washington claiming at one point that Crews had threatened his life. Editor Washington was obviously a dynamic, outspoken individual who worked hard both in politics and in efforts to improve his newspaper. Under his leadership, the Rising Son expanded its news coverage and broadened the sources of its advertisements. In addition to his crusade against Crews, Washington was a strong supporter of Negro militancy.46

During the 1875-1920 period, Murray, Crews, Washington, Wheeler, and their counterparts performed a valuable service in actively crusading for political and social causes. The Negro newspapers, editors, owners and staffs engendered a pride in the Negro; provided assistance to Negro businesses; and, recognized the common people, as well as the outstanding members, of the Negro race.

46 Kansas City Rising Son, November 15, December 6, 1906, March 2 & 16, July 15, 1907.

47 Lewis Atherton, Main Street on the Middle Border (Bloomington, Ind., 1954), 161-168.

To Get Away From It All Glenwood Criterion, May 29, 1879.

Most of us pass our lives in regretting the past, complaining of the present, and indulging in false hopes of the future, when it would be vastly better to cut a pole, dig some bait, and go fishing.—Oil City Derrick.

No Words Wasted Linneus Bulletin, April 6, 1898.

A rural exchange dismisses a cyclone in this brief exchange: "A cyclone taken in our town Tuesday last. The schoolmaster's schoolhouse was blowed away. He lost three dictionaries and five scholars."

Always Something New Weekly Chillicothe Crisis, August 31, 1881.

It is stated that 355 medical students will graduate in April and May, and at least half of them will discover new germs to pester us with.

There Is a Difference King City Tri-County News, February 22, 1924.

The speaker at a meeting begins: "Mr. Chairman and gentlemen"—which shows what he thinks of the chairman.

ANOTHIR MOUNTAIN FOR UIOR TO CLIMB!

W. Can MoA« ft* 6roW« If W. Uf COMMON SENSE Gati

^^ 4 y y a i

3f r^ ^>^3#

s ^

AJ.L*C.I.O. OH«Hvt! LABOR

. PEACE!

"̂̂

J^ St. Louis Labor Tribune

Nov. 3, 1937

THE UNWANTED CONFLICT:

Missouri Labor and the CIO BY GARY M. FINK*

Among the memorabilia of the American labor movement encased in the AFL-CIO's Library in Washington, D. C , is the truncated message scrawled on the back of an envelope: "Green: We disaffiliate. Lewis." This cryptic communication sent by John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers' Union to William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor, during the annual convention of the AFL in 1936 marked a split in the labor movement that lasted nearly two decades. A number of other unions followed Lewis' lead, and the AFL's Committee for Industrial Organization was reorganized into the Congress of Industrial Organizations which

*Gary M. Fink holds a B.S. degree from the University of Montana and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is assistant professor of History at Mankato State College, Mankato, Minnesota.

432

The Unwanted Conflict 433

soon rivaled the AFL for leadership of the American labor movement.

The major issue dividing the two labor organizations involved differences in organizing strategy. The AFL long had followed the practice of forming unions according to craft distinctions. The CIO proposed to organize along industrial lines bringing all workers in a particular industry into one heterogeneous union. The latter method would include in the union labor movement large numbers of semiskilled and unskilled workers who previously had not been effectively organized.1

While organizing strategy had been debated hotly almost from the inception of the AFL in 1886, there is some evidence to indicate that in many ways it was more a bureaucratic squabble within the hierarchy of the labor movement than an indication of deep philosophical divisions within the labor movement itself. A study of the controversy over organizing methods in the labor movement of Missouri, for example, does not evidence any great division or concern about organizing methods.

Speaking for the officialdom of the AFL, the first president of that organization, Samuel Gompers, declared that "industrial organization is perversive of the history of the labor movement, runs counter to the best conception of the toilers' interest now, and is sure to lead to confusion which precedes dissolution."2 Although rarely commenting on the controversy, Missouri labor leaders usually expressed a much different philosophy. Louis Phillipi, president of the St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, declared in 1911 that the "general sentiment among progressive labor leaders . . . is in favor of the new form of organization." He argued that the millions of unorganized workers created by the changes in industrial organization presented the material for a "progressive, compact, and militant organization."3 The president of the Missouri State Federation of Labor, Owen Miller, who later served as president of the American Federation of Musicians, expressed similar sentiments. He found that one of the major problems facing organized labor was jurisdictional conflicts created by craft autonomy. Miller used the example of the musician s union as a type of indus-

i For a discussion of differences within the AFL over organizing methods, see James O. Morris, Conflict Within the AFL: A Study of Craft versus Industrial Unionism, 1901-1938 (Ithaca, N. Y., 1958).

2 Quoted in ibid., 15, 16. 3 Letter from Louis Phillipi to Austin Biggs, n. d., printed in the Thirty-

Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Missouri for the Year Ending November 5, 1911 (Jefferson City, 1912), 5.

trial organization which would have been in a continual state of chaos if individual instrument groups demanded their own organization and contract discussions.4 The attitude of Missouri labor toward industrial organization also was evidenced by the St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union which risked its

charter by refusing to unseat delegates from the Brewery Workers' Union, an industrial union whose charter had been revoked by the Executive Council of the AFL over a jurisdictional dispute.5

Nevertheless, the issue was not one that excited much attention or controversy within the state labor movement. Missouri trade unionists never made a significant attempt to organize Missouri industries along industrial lines nor to agitate vigorously for a change in the traditional craft policy of the AFL hierarchy. Furthermore, city central bodies and the State Federation of Labor rarely instructed their delegates to AFL conventions to support either craft or industrial unionism.

Missouri labor's quiescence in this matter was prompted by a number of circumstances. Socialists, the most vigorous advocates of industrial unionism, did not force the issue in Missouri because of their policy of not intervening in trade union affairs of a purely economic nature.6 Furthermore, Missouri was largely a skilled labor state. Mass production industries such as existed in the highly industrialized states of the Northeast were not very important in the Missouri economy, and the industries in the state that did employ large numbers of semi-skilled workers—the brewery industry, mining, and garment, boot and shoe manufacturing—had some degree of industrial organization.7 In addition, the general hostility of the leadership of the large international organizations and the officers

4 Letter from Owen Miller to Austin Biggs, October 12, 1911, printed in ibid., 4, 5.

5 Edwin J. Forsythe, "The St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, 1887-1945" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1956), 102, 103; St. Louis Labor, July 20, August 13, September 23, 1907.

6 Ibid., June 18, 1910; Philip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States (New York, 1964), III, 380.

7 Gary M. Fink, "The Evolution of Social and Political Attitudes in the Missouri Labor Movement, 1900-1940" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1968), 19, 265-269.

of the AFL must have had an inhibiting effect on any contemplated efforts to organize along industrial lines.

Missouri labor's complacency toward the controversy over organizing methods was shattered by events f o l l o w i n g Lewis' two-word message to Green. Nevertheless, despite the emotion with which the issue was debated in the national councils of the AFL, Missouri labor leaders still exhibited little interest in the conflict; the issue William Green was not of their choosing. Few Missouri labor leaders expressed any deep-seated antagonism to industrial organization, but conversely, few vigorously endorsed it. Most of them apparently believed they could coexist with industrial unionism in the mass production industries and viewed the controversy as essentially a conflict between labor leaders not vitally affecting them.

The controversy, however, was forcefully brought to their attention during the State Federation of Labor convention in 1936. The delegation from District 25 of the United Mine Workers proposed that an extensive organizing campaign be launched in Missouri under the direction of the State Federation of Labor which was to be financed by a five-cent per capita tax on all members of affiliated unions. The plan, including a petition to the Executive Council of the AFL calling for a vigorous drive to organize mass production plant industries into "compact organizations," was rejected after a short debate between members of the United Mine Workers and spokesmen for the building trades' unions. Believing the proposal an effort to harass and embarrass AFL officers, most delegates opposed it.8

On the second day of the convention, UMW delegates made their point and their demands more explicitly. They argued that organizing unions through craft distinctions had failed in such

& Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual and Third Biennial Convention of the Missouri State Federation of Labor Affiliated with the A. F. of L., 1936 (Kansas City, n. d. \, 73, 74.


mass production industries as steel, automobiles, rubber, radio, oil and electrical supplies; and that the exclusion of the semiskilled and unskilled majority in these industries had proven an obstacle rather than an advantage to organizing efforts. Moreover, the Miners argued, it failed to influence management or to win from it concessions and recognition. The UMW delegates also asked that the State Federation convention extend fraternal greetings to the Committee for Industrial Organization in its efforts to convert the AFL to the principle of industrial organization in the mass production industries. Finally, the convention was asked to instruct its delegates to the AFL convention to vote favorably on the issue of industrial organization.9

Principal antagonists in the debates that followed again proved to be the UMW delegates and representatives of the building trades' unions. Noting that the preceding AFL convention had overwhelmingly opposed similar resolutions, Herbert Rivers, secretary-treasurer of the AFL Building Trades Department and a delegate from the Kansas City Building Laborers' Union, questioned the authority of the state federation to legislate in violation of the rules of the AFL. Ben Williams, president of District 25, and J. R. Ferns, an international representative of the UMW, defended the resolution, arguing that whether or not the AFL endorsed industrial unionism, it was a necessity if workers in the mass production industries were to be effectively organized. In a more apologetic vein, Arnold Griffith, Chief Mine Inspector of Missouri and past president of District 25, reported that the UMW national officers had instructed the delegates from District 25 to introduce, support and defend the resolution.10

Labor leaders voiced other objections to the resolution. William Brandt, representative and chief executive officer of the St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, stated that although he favored industrial organization, he did not feel that John L. Lewis had played a constructive role in the labor movement and therefore was opposed to a resolution he had inspired. While not directly discussing the merits or demerits of industrial organization, William Bingel of the St. Louis teamsters declared that his organization "had closed contracts with many large industrial firms and did not wish to have this convention or any organization disturb those

* Ibid., 91, 92. io ibid.


contracts."11 Thus, with the exception of the UMW delegates, the disputants, largely ignoring the issue of organizing strategy, defended the status quo or debated questions of legality and personality.

According to the convention Proceedings, only the delegates from the UMW supported the principle of industrial unionism. This seems somewhat dubious, however, since delegations from such CIO affiliates as the International Ladies Garment Workers and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers also attended the convention.12

Despite the seriousness of the organizing issue, the convention was essentially a harmonious affair, and the UMW delegates did not go home empty-handed. They received federation endorsement of a bill drafted by the UMW to meet the Supreme Court's objections to the Guffy Coal Act. They also gained a convention endorsement of Arnold Griffith's conduct as Chief Mine Inspector, and a pledge that the State Federation of Labor would join "Labor's Non-Partisan League" in its efforts to renominate and reelect President Roosevelt.13

The division within the national labor movement became official a few months later when the delegates to the AFL convention endorsed the Executive Council's suspension of CIO unions. AFL headquarters then ordered its affiliated city central bodies and state federations of labor to expel all local unions affiliated with the CIO. Most Missouri central bodies promptly but reluctantly complied.

The St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union hesitated, however, and President Green sent William Shoenberg, an AFL international representative, to force the issue. By a vote of 274 to 77 and with several abstentions, the Central Trades voted to expel locals of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the Automobile Workers, the Gas House Workers, and the International Ladies Garment Workers' Union and its District Council. When notifying AFL headquarters of the action taken, Shoenberg reported that William Brandt and Martin Dillmon, officers of the Central Trades, seemed reluctant to take action and needed constant badgering. Brandt, after failing to prevent a vote on expulsion, tried to avoid a recorded roll call vote on the issue; but Shoenberg, overruling him, declared that the federation was anxious to know where

11 Ibid. 12 Ibid., 40-45. 13 Ibid., 95, 98, 99.


union members stood on the issue.14 Whether or not this was the reason for demanding a roll call vote, President Green immediately contacted the pertinent international unions of those locals voting against expulsion, calling attention to the heretical actions of their St. Louis locals.15

Although Missouri labor leaders had done their duty and expelled the CIO affiliates, they did so with little enthusiasm. While they had no commitment to the principle of industrial organization, it did not seem to represent as much of a threat to their organizations as the division of the labor movement. Missouri labor leaders had great difficulty accepting the official description of the CIO as a dual union movement and exhibited more interest in labor unity than in humiliating or punishing recalcitrant unions.

An exchange of correspondence between William Green and a group of trade unionists in Slater, Missouri, reveals the differences of attitude separating the AFL leadership and many Missouri trade unionists. The Slater unionists, primarily representatives of railroad brotherhoods, wrote a long letter pleading for compromise and labor unity and asked that the leadership of the trade union movement "put the House of Labor in order before the foundation collapses."16

Green irritably responded that he did not like to be lectured by a bunch of petitioners and recommended that in the future they "withhold the inclusion . . . of silly, ludicrous stuff such as you incorporated in your message."17 Obviously stung by Green's reply, the Slater unionists acidly apologized for their erroneous supposition that the President of the AFL was susceptible to criticism. They concluded, "It was not our intention to include ludicrous material in our resolution, but so long as you have taken exception to any part of the resolution, we are sincere when we say that the

14 Shoenberg to Green, March 29, 1937 (two letters), Brandt to Green, April 5, 1937, Green to Brandt, April 9, 1937, AFL Papers, Series 117A, File 11C, in the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. In the voting, the Bakers, Musicians and Post Office Clerks split their vote. The Meat Cutters, Dining Car Employees, Millinery Workers, Letter Carriers, Sleeping Car Porters, Teachers' Union, Lithographers' Union, Optical Shop Workers, Moulders and Newspaper Guild voted against expulsion. The suspended unions had a combined membership of 8,500. They included the UAW (3,500), ILGWU (2,500), Amalgamated Clothing Workers (1,800) and the Gas Coke By-Products Workers (700). Forsythe, "St. Louis Central Trades," 269-271.

15 For example, Green to Lawrence O'Keefe, March 30, 1937, AFL Papers, Series 117A, File 11C.

16 R. M. Smith, et. al. to Green, April 19, 1938, ibid. 17 Green to Smith, April 26, 1938, ibid.


whole labor movement, especially during the present administration has been more or less ludicrous."18

Judging from the letters flowing into AFL headquarters, most Missouri trade unionists agreed with the attitude of the Slater group. The St. Louis Toolmakers' Union submitted a typical resolution condemning the leadership of both the CIO and AFL for not sincerely seeking a peaceful settlement to the conflict in the labor movement. They declared that if an agreement could not be worked out immediately, the whole controversy should be submitted to the membership at large for settlement.19

Similarly, the central bodies of most Missouri cities and the State Federation of Labor exhibited more concern for labor unity than hostility to the CIO. The St. Louis Central Trades was the leading advocate of labor unity in Missouri, and its lead was followed by other city central organizations and a great many local unions.20 The editors of Missouri's labor newspapers also added their voices to those advocating labor unity.21

18 Smith, et. al. to Green, April 29, 1938, ibid, 19 See Series 117A, File 11C of the AFL Papers for examples of such cor

respondence. 20 William Brandt to Green, October 10, 1938, February 27, 1939, ibid.;

Hannibal Labor Press, April 30, 1937; Kansas City Labor Herald, August 25, 1939; St. Louis Labor Tribune, April 29, July 1, March 4, 1939.

21 See, for example, Springfield Union Labor Record, October 20, 1937; Hannibal Labor Press, April 30, 1937; St. Louis Labor Tribune, September 9, 1939; Kansas City Labor Herald, February 2, 9, 1940.

Reuben L. Wood

Mi /:**#:•*.:


Matt This Today!

Springfield. Mo., , 1937

Dear President

As a rank and file member of Organized Labor the squabble between the American Federation of Labor and the Committee for Industrial Organization is becoming disgusting to us and we believe that best results can be obtained through unity. Won't you please

Get Together Or Get Out Fraternally yours,

Member of Local

Springfield (Mo.) Union Labor Record Nov. 17, 1937

Because Missouri trade unionists had no strong convictions on the organizing issue, they viewed the whole controversy as a struggle for power within the AFL hierarchy. President Reuben Wood of the State Federation of Labor commented that there was no fight between CIO and AFL unions in Missouri. The conflict, he said, was a national one.22 When reporting on the 1938 AFL convention, the delegate of the St. Louis Central Trades reported that the "possibility of peace and amalgamation with the CIO was remote due to an indifference or uncompromising attitude on the part of the Executive Council and the brass hats within the Parent Labor Body."23 A St. Joseph trade unionist closed a letter addressed to both Green and Lewis with the charge: "So I repeat get together

22 Proceedings, Forty-first Annual Convention, Mo. St. Fed. of Labor, 1937,

23 St. Louis Labor Tribune, October 28, 1939.

Governor Lloyd C. Stark

you potentates for after all are not you but the hired agents of, by, and for this group of the Laboring Classes."24

Perhaps the most remarkable demonstration of the desire for labor unity was exhibited by the Union Labor Record, the official organ of the Springfield labor movement. For several weeks the paper ran a coupon that could be clipped, completed and sent to either William Green or John L. Lewis.25

The relationship between the AFL and CIO unions remained quite cordial in Missouri from 1936 to 1940. Many of the expelled CIO unions had been staunch supporters of AFL central bodies, and these old ties were not easily severed. The State Federation of Labor, for example, successfully petitioned Governor Lloyd C. Stark in 1937 to reappoint Arnold Griffith of the UMW as Missouri's Chief Mine Inspector.26 For his part, Griffith, when addressing the delegates of the federation's convention in the autumn of 1937, expressed his regrets at not being a regular delegate as he had been in so many previous conventions. He told the delegates that the division in the labor movement could never destroy his affection for the State Federation of Labor.27

Moreover, AFL and CIO unions in Missouri often found compromise possible in both economic and political affairs. They usually respected each other's picket lines, supported each other's strikes and were afflicted with relatively few jurisdictional disputes; moreover, they found political cooperation not only desirable but a necessity if labor was to exert the type of influence that was felt necessary.28 Consequently, Missouri labor leaders expressed con-

24 A. O. Kellermeyer to Green and Lewis, November 8, 1936, AFL Papers, Series 117A, File 11C.

25 Springfield Union Labor Record, November 17, 1937. 26 Proceedings, Forty-first Annual Convention, Mo. St. Fed. of Labor, 1937,

47. 27 ibid. 28 For example, St. Louis Labor Tribune, October 15, 1937, March 17, 1938,

June 15, July 27, 1940; Kansas City Labor Herald, June 16, 1939, June 7, September 13, 1940; Hannibal Labor Press, October 14, 1938; William Brandt to Lloyd C. Stark, September 20, 1940, Lloyd C. Stark Papers, in Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia.

^ £ I ; H

STL „ v, A M p « E ^ I / Q j f k siderable dissatisfaction with an ^ ^ Êb<jJr/^3k AFL Executive Council decision

that AFL unions disassociate them-^ w . Zj^ AV ^ "1 selves from 'Labor's Non-Partisan

H * ^ * jflWfrx^\. j j League,' a union labor political or-^ ^ ^ Mt "JyyW \ / 8 ^ ganization that had fallen under r Wf i42z I ^ W W the influence of the CIO. There

was a general feeling among labor leaders that the AFL leadership had no business intervening in affairs of such a strictly political nature.29

Given their attitude toward the division in the ranks of labor, it was only natural that Missouri labor leaders vigorously endorse any prospects for reunification of the labor movement. Consequently, when, in the spring of 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt implored the labor movement to adjust its differences and effect a reconciliation, the Missouri labor movement

almost universally endorsed the proposal. In praising the president's initiative, Joseph Clark, president of the St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, stated there was little acrimony between local units of the AFL and CIO. "We have no deep wounds to heal here in St. Louis," he observed, "because we have respected the rights of the CIO and their officials have been equally circumspect."30

Nevertheless, by the end of the decade, tensions between the two groups were beginning to grow. Jurisdictional differences in the organization of workers in such areas as the garment, boot and shoe, and automobile industries and the CIO's decision to extend its organizing activities into the building trades' area increased antagonisms and made cooperation more difficult. Moreover, as hopes for reconciliation diminished, labor leaders in both groups less easily compromised their differences and began to view the successes of their competitors as detrimental to their own interests.31

The UNION LABEL is the symbol of highest quality of American-made products. Pot-ronize business places which display the Union Label, Shop Card and Button.

Springfield (Mo.) Union Labor Record Nov. 10, 1937

29 For examples of such protests, see AFL Papers, Section 117A, File 11C. 30 st. Louis Labor Tribune, March 4, 1939. 31 For example, Kansas City Labor Herald, September 15, 1939, January 19,

BEWARE OF HITCHHIKERS.

The degree of harmony and good will that had characterized AFL-CIO relations in Missouri was not the product of indifferent organizing efforts by the CIO in the state. The new organization made vigorous efforts to unionize the state's automobile, garment and boot and shoe workers. Important inroads were made also in the organization of metalliferous metal miners and among the workers in the electrical and chemical industries of Missouri. K. C. Star, Dec. 21, 1936

Prior to 1940, the CIO in Missouri had its greatest success in organizing employees of the General Motors Company. Shortly after the inauguration of the National Recovery Administration with its provisions for collective bargaining, an effort had been made to organize the automobile workers in Kansas City and St. Louis. These efforts, however, were frustrated by employer resistance and the failure of NRA officials to enforce the labor provisions of the measure.32 With the enactment of the National Labor Relations Act, the emergence of the CIO, and Roosevelt's stunning reelection in November, 1936, efforts again were made to organize the automobile workers. Missouri locals of the United Automobile Workers played an important role in this endeavor. Homer Martin, an early president of the UAW, was a member of Kansas City Local # 9 3 ; and this local was one of the first to use the sit-down tactic in an attempt to introduce collective bargaining into the automobile industry.33

The conflict in Kansas City began on December 16, 1936, after a strike call at the Fisher Body plant of the Chevrolet Motor Company. Instead of walking out, however, workers occupied the plant. The strike, precipitated by the discharge of union personnel, was conducted peacefully, and the company made no effort to reoccupy the plant. Eight hundred and eighty-six men joined in the strike,

February 2, 1940; A. J. "Otto" Frank to Stark, December 12, 1940, Lloyd C. Stark Papers.

32 Ray Miller to Frank Morrison, October 12, 1933, William Green to George Patterson, October 24, 1933, George S. Darner to Green, March 25, 1935, AFL Papers, Series 117A, File 7.

33 Kansas City Labor Herald, January 22, 1937.

H »KU MwxM<s M \Hl M M M I W N M K I k K I f h K K

K. C. Times, Apr. 3, 1937

and an organization of strikers' wives provided food and clothing. The strikers established a post office in the plant, and an impromptu orchestra broke the monotony of the constant card games.34

Meanwhile, officials of the Chevrolet plant refused to open negotiations until the strikers vacated the plant. Whether in hopes of negotiating a settlement or because Christmas was only two days away, the workers voted to leave the plant and establish a picket line, vowing to resist any attempt to reopen it.35

Shortly after workers vacated the Chevrolet plant in Kansas City, workers at Fisher Body No. 1 in Flint, Michigan "sat down". Six weeks later GMC capitulated, and the organization of GMC plants, in-

Homer Martin

34 Ibid., December 25, 1936; Kansas City Star, December 17, 22, 23, 1936.

35 Kansas City Labor Herald, December 25, 1936; Kansas City Star, December 23, 1936.


Wives and relatives handed food over the fence to the Fisher Body plant workmen on strike.

K. C. Star, Dec. 17, 1936

eluding those in Kansas City and St. Louis, proceeded rapidly.36

Missouri trade unionists also made a vigorous but largely futile attempt to organize workers of the Ford Motor Company. One of the first effective sit-down strikes in a Ford plant occurred in Kansas City when nearly 2,000 Ford employees occupied an assembly plant in a dispute over dismissal policies. Workers left the plant after a thirty-one-hour sit-down when international officers of the UAW and company officials reached an agreement on the issues in dispute.37 Nevertheless, the union was not recognized, and Ford effectively resisted organization until the World War II mobilization effort.38

Other than the automobile industry, CIO organizers made strong efforts to unionize the garment and boot and shoe industries. These important Missouri industries had been diffused throughout rural Missouri in the twenties, and efforts to organize them at that time were strongly resisted. Similarly, attempts by CIO affiliates to organize these plants a decade later often were

36 William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York, 1963), 239, 240.

37 Kansas City Labor Herald, April 9, 1937; Kansas City Times, April 3-5, 1937.

38 Walter Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the AFL (Cambridge, 1960), 178-192.


frustrated by the same intransigence. Some organizing successes were registered during the late thirties, especially in the larger cities, but as was true of the Ford Motor Company, effective organization would await the World War II period.39

Organizing campaigns in the mining areas of the state made some gains. The International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers organized many of the lead and zinc workers in the Tri-State mining area which includes southwestern Missouri, and organizing in the Missouri coal fields revived during the thirties.40

Organization of employees in other Missouri industries, such as radio and electrical workers, meat packers, and chemical workers, was qualified not only by vigorous employer resistance, but also by the growing fratricidal struggle with AFL unions.41

Besides unskilled industrial workers, the CIO also extended union organization to some Afro-American workers, unemployed relief workers and agricultural laborers. These workers had been largely ignored by the older AFL organizations. In many cases, however, this was as much a result of the horizontal character of industrial organization as it was conscious or deliberate policy.42

Despite the organizing successes of the CIO, as it did nationally, the AFL in Missouri withstood the challenge of the CIO, and by the end of the decade, it was still the dominant labor organization in Missouri. Not only had the AFL in Missouri withstood the challenge of the CIO, but it had grown stronger as a result. This is one of the more ironic developments of the entire controversy. Missouri trade unionists had assumed that a division in the labor movement would be little short of disastrous. Instead, the division revitalized the labor movement. Organizing successes of the CIO pushed the older craft unions into new and more extensive organizing drives of their own, and once sacred jurisdictional boundaries became less sacrosanct as the American Federation of Labor indulged in some industrial organizing of its own. Although accurate membership figures are unavailable, the AFL unions probably enrolled over 250,000 members by 1940, a thirty per cent increase

39 Meyer Perlstein to Edward J. Roche, August 20, 1935, WPA Papers, in the National Archives, Washington, D. C; Joseph F. Kizer to Truman, November 8, 1940, George Grumber to Truman, October 21, 1940, Labor Situation Folder, William Brandt to Truman, n. d., Central Trades and Labor Union Folder, Senatorial Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.; William Brandt to Stark, September 20, 1940, Lloyd C. Stark Papers.

40 w. D. Hamly to Harry Hopkins, May 9, 1935, WPA Papers. 41 For example, Oscar Debus to Hopkins, March 23, 1937, ibid.; Luthei

M. Slinkard to Stark, August 13, 1940, Lloyd C. Stark Papers. 42 Fink, "Missouri Labor Movement," 277-281.

The Unwanted Conflict 4A7

since the founding of the CIO in 1935.43 When the 100,000 union members claimed by the CIO are added to these figures, it suggests that in the first five years of this conflict, Missouri labor nearly doubled its enrollment figures.44

These organizing successes of the labor movement in Missouri were also facilitated by the enactment of the National Labor Relations Act and the federal government's more positive attitude toward organized labor, especially in defense contracting during the World War II mobilization effort. Nevertheless, considered from the perspective of organized labor in Missouri, the unwanted conflict was a necessary one. It strengthened rather than weakened the labor movement, and it brought into the union labor movement significant numbers of semi-skilled and unskilled workers.

43 AFL union membership in Missouri in 1940 was distributed in approximately the following manner: St. Louis, 125,000; Kansas Cty, 45,000; the railroad brotherhoods, 55,000; and out-state unions, 35,000.

44 CIO membership was concentrated in St. Louis and Kansas City. The Industrial Council in St. Louis claimed to have 50,000 members and the Kansas City Industrial Council claimed 15,000 unionists. The CIO's strength in the out-state area was restricted primarily to various miners' unions. By 1941 the Missouri State Industrial Council claimed over 100,000 members. Luther Slinkard to David K. Niles, December 22, 1938, WPA Papers; James T. Nash to Truman, July 23, 1941, Labor Situation Folder, Senatorial Papers, Truman Library.

Peace to His Memory Pineville Herald, May 8, 1908.

Here is the kind of an obituary a Missouri editor wrote: "Poor Jim Jones slung his earthly garments on a limb and swam the river, yesterday. He did not stand back because the water was cold, but plunged right in and struck out for the other shore and met the angels smiling. Jim was a poor man, but he had his subscription to his home paper paid up and got there in good shape. Peace to his memory."

Gold in the Gizzard Ava Douglas County Herald, August 11, 1910.

In the gizzard of a turkey shipped from Braymer to Chicago and sold there by a commission house was found a nugget of gold valued at $2. The nugget was worn perfectly smooth by the action of the bird's digestive apparatus. The commission merchant wrote back to his shipper, asking him to try to find the party from whom the turkey was purchased, but as yet he has been unable to do so. The commission man promises to come out and investigate the matter at an early date, and see whether there are any gold-bearing ledges in that vicinity.

THE

ALIENATION

OF

THE

SOUTH:

A Crisis for Harry S. Truman

and the

Democratic Party, 1945-1948 BY ROBERT A. GARSON*

For the political career of Harry S. Truman and the history of the Democratic Party, 1948 was a year of crisis. One dimension of the crisis was the alienation of the South from the party leader-

* Robert A. Garson, currently a doctoral candidate at the London School of Economics, received his undergraduate degree from the University of Sussex. During 1968-1969 Garson attended Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, as a Fulbright Scholar. The Harry S. Truman Library Institute provided a grant for research on this topic.

448

The Alienation of the South 449

ship and the president.1 The South had always been a major component of the Democratic Party but for several years Southerners had been questioning the values of their ties with that political organization.

Paradoxically, Harry S. Truman himself had been an instrument of political and party compromise in 1944. Henry A. Wallace, standing for renomination as vice president, was anathema to the Southern wing of the party. Southern Democrats resented his espousal of civil rights legislation, and the open support he enjoyed from labor. Similarly, James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, Director of War Mobilization and the other main candidate for vice president, was opposed by Northern bosses and Sidney Hillman, chairman of the Political Action Committee (PAC) of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Senator Truman was selected by Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Democratic leaders to conciliate

i The "South" is herein defined as Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.

Senator Harry S. Truman (r ight) and Vice President Henry A. Wallace (center) were photographed during their first meeting, after Truman defeated Wallace for the 1944 vice presidential nomination of the Democratic Party. Senate Majority Leader Alben W. Barkley is on the left.

United Press International


the committed factions in the party.2 The significant part played by Southern delegates in securing Truman's nomination as vice president, was not forgotten by the South, which had possessed considerable bargaining power. Truman was acceptable, since he was from the border state of Missouri and had won admiration for his apolitical role as chairman of the Senate Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program.

The 1944 campaign was, of course, overshadowed by the war. There were, however, significant innovations relating to the campaign. In Mississippi, South Carolina and Louisiana moves to nominate or elect unpledged electors to the electoral college were unsuccessful.3 Dissident Texas Democrats temporarily won control of their party machinery, and sent a delegation to the Chicago convention, instructed to fight for specific planks. Included in these planks were demands for restoration of the two-thirds rule, a denunciation of the Smith v. Allwright* decision (which declared the white primary unconstitutional), and an unequivocal condemnation of strikes.5 These "Texas Regulars" were seated by the Credentials Committee, and the convention voted to give one-half of the total number of votes allotted to Texas, to the "Regulars," and the other half to those pledged to Roosevelt6 In the state convention, held in Dallas on September 11, the New Deal wing of the party regained control of the state machinery, and the "Regulars" were forced to file a slate of candidates as an independent party.

A common complaint of the restive, conservative Southerners was the increasing influence of labor in the Democratic Party. The war agencies had given labor an influential, if not decisive, say in economic policy. Sidney Hillman, served as associate director-general of the Office of Production Management at the beginning of the war. He organized, in July 1943, the PAC of the CIO. The PAC was committed to a post-war full employment bill, unemployment compensation, a guaranteed minimum wage, a Fair Employ-

2 Harry S. Truman, Memoirs (New York, 1955), I, 190-192; Edward J. Flynn, You're the Boss (New York, 1947), 181-183.

3 New York Times, May 21, June 8 & 9, September 27 & 28, October 11 & 17, 1944.

4 Smith v. Allwright (1944), 321 U. S. 649. 5 New York Times, May 24, 1944; Alvin Wirtz to Harold Ickes, May 25,

1944, Miscellaneous Files, 1944, Sam Rayburn Papers in Sam Rayburn Library, Bonham, Texas; Seth S. McKay, Texas Politics 1906-1944 (Lubbock, Tex., 1952), 432-445.

6 Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention, 1944 (Chicago, 1944).


ment Practices Committee (FEPC) and other tenets of Roosevelt's Economic Bill of Rights advocated in the 1944 campaign.7 The CIO-PAC, and its non-union equivalent the National Citizens' PAC (NC-PAC), aimed to increase registration and to publicize the records of congressional and state candidates. It assumed that a high turnout would favor liberal candidates.8 Raising funds directly from the unions, the CIO-PAC expended them on voter drives, pamphlets and other organs of political education. In the primary campaigns it endorsed candidates, though, after the convention, it gave no direct aid, in order to remain within the legal provisions of the Hatch Act and the Smith-Connally Act.9 The CIO-PAC and the NC-PAC spent $1,327,776 in the 1944 campaign, which repre-

7 Testimony of Jack Kroll, Hearings Before Committee to Investigate Campaign Expenditures, House of Representatives, U. S. 79th Cong., 2nd Sess., 85-163.

8 Testimony of Sidney Hillman, Hearings Before Committee to Investigate Campaign Expenditures, House of Representatives, U. S. 78th Cong., 2nd Sess., 3-91.

9 Ibid.

This photo of President Roosevelt, Vice President Truman and Henry Wallace was taken in November 1944.

Photo by Abbie Rowe, Courtesy National Park Service


sented about eighteen percent of the total Democratic expenditures.10 Fully aware of the influence that labor had exerted in his reelection, Roosevelt cabled Hillman after the election: "I cannot delay longer telling you how deeply I appreciate the splendid job which you did from the start to finish."11

Active participation of labor startled several Southern political figures. The South had enjoyed an influential position in the party since the beginning of the century. Indeed, until 1936, when the two-thirds rule for nomination was abrogated, the South could veto those candidates it opposed. The one-party system in Dixie states, gave to Southerners practically guaranteed political tenure in Congress, with resulting committee seniority. The South's unique political structure, had rendered it the largest financial contributor to the National Democratic Party. In 1936, for example, 37.8 percent of all contributions of over $100 came from the South.12

This meant that for political and financial reasons, the aspirations of the South could not be ignored without the danger of political suicide. By 1944, however, it seemed that labor was beginning to replace the South as the principal ally of the administration Democrats. Although, in 1936, a significant proportion in industrial cities had shifted allegiance to the Democrats, not until the third Roosevelt administration did labor groups have representatives within the upper echelons of the party.13 Southern Democrats, resentful of the new alliance, hoped that after the war, with the expected diminution of government bureaus, the base of power would return to Congress.

In some local campaigns, the CIO-PAC also made its presence known. Georgia Democratic Congressman Eugene Cox wrote to Speaker Sam Rayburn, Democrat from Texas, "I've just come through the dirtiest contest in which I was ever mixed up—the opposition got down in the gutter and did their best—the C. I. O.

10 Louise Overacker, "Presidential Campaign Funds, 1944," American Political Science Review, XXXIX (October, 1945), 899-925.

i i Franklin D. Roosevelt to Sidney Hillman, quoted in Delbert D. Arnold, "The C.I.O.'s Role in American Politics, 1936-1948" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, 1952).

12 Louise Overacker, "Campaign Funds in the Presidential Election of 1936," American Political Science Review, XXXI (June, 1937), 195.

13 For studies which discuss this movement see: Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics (London, 1952) ; Joel Seidman, American Labor From Defense to Reconversion (Chicago, 1953); Milton Derber and Edwin Young, eds., Labor and the New Deal (Madison, Wise, 1957) ; Herman M. Somers, Presidential Agency, OWMR (Cambridge, Mass., 1950) ; and Arnold, C.I.O's Role in American Politics.


President Truman and Secretary of State Byrnes

moved in mass—their men were all over the district with cartloads of money . . . ."14 An influential and frequent correspondent with Speaker Rayburn wrote "we are having too much Sidney Hillman in this compaign."15

Truman's succession to the presidency in April 1945, raised the hopes of Roosevelt's critics. Democratic Senator Olin D. Johnston, of South Carolina, wrote to Truman on April 18: "I think that your policies will be far enough to the right and not too far to the left. This in my opinion will be most valuable in securing the fullest and best co-operation of the people and the Congress."16

Tennessee Democrat Kenneth D. McKellar was automatically elevated to the presidency of the Senate, and was, in effect, "acting Vice-President." In June, James F. Byrnes appointment as Secretary of State became official. Such moves found anti-New Deal Southerners anticipating renewed congressional initiative in policymaking.17 They, as well as more liberal Southerners, hoped that

14 E. E. Cox to Rayburn, July 4, 1944, Misc. Files, 1944, Rayburn Papers. 15 Clyde Eastus to Rayburn, Sept. 15, 1944, Misc. Files, 1944, Rayburn

Papers. 16 Olin Johnston to Harry Truman, April 18, 1945, PPF 598, Harry S.

Truman Papers in Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri. 17 Representative A. Willis Robertson (Virginia Democrat) to Truman

Oct. 12, 1945, PPF 1312, Truman Papers.


Truman would not associate himself with the move to create a permanent Fair Employment Practices Committee, for which the Negro and labor press had been campaigning. The Democratic Party, however, was to witness a new internal struggle for a clear identification of its political ethos.

Truman enjoyed a temporary and spasmodic honeymoon with Congress. Very soon he began to disappoint the Southern members. Bills to establish a permanent Fair Employment Practices Committee were introduced.18 In the House, the bill reported out by New Jersey Congresswoman Mary T. Norton's Committee on Labor, and sent to the Rules Committee, denied a rule of procedure by six votes to six; all Southern members of the committee voted against the bill. The president wrote to Illinois Democrat Adolph J. Sabath, Chairman of the House Rules Committee, an open letter expressing support for permanent legislation, and urging the committee to "adopt a rule permitting this legislation, to be voted upon by members of the House as quickly as possible."19 This letter at once shattered the hopes of most Southern Democrats, that the new president would leave members of Congress to their own initiative. On June 29, Frank W. Boykin, the veteran representative from Alabama, wrote Truman that 103 House Democrats had caucused, and wished to see the president to give "you our view that this terrible [FEPC] thing that is not only tearing our Party to pieces, but the entire nation."20 Truman spurned him by refusing to see a Southern delegation. Not only Southern Democrats, but the general public realized that Truman had made a firm commitment. The White House mail room's analysis of the mail Truman received, showed the president had "established himself as a liberal in the eyes of the liberals."21 Significantly, about forty-nine percent of this correspondence from organizations came from labor and Negro groups.22

In his twenty-one point message to Congress on September 6, 1945, Truman reaffirmed Roosevelt's Economic Bill of Rights and made specific mention of civil rights legislation.23 Although later actions in the fields of labor relations and price control temporarily alienated labor and left-wing support, his public commitments

18 House Report 2232 and Senate Bill 101. 19 Truman to Adolph J. Sabath, June 5, 1945, OF 40, Truman Papers. 20 Frank Boykin to Truman, June 29, 1945, OF 40, Truman Papers. 21 Memo (n. d.), OF 40, Truman Papers. 22 Ibid. 23 Truman, Memoirs, I, 481-485.


were indisputably professing an affirmation of Roosevelt's postwar reconversion policies. The September message, and his State of the Union address the following year, were clearly moves to retain the Northern labor and Negro alliance.24 Those Southern Democrats, anxious to reverse the new alliance, realized that Truman was unlikely to be a willing partner.

Congressional debate was portentous. From January 17 to February 9, Senator John H. Overton, Democrat from Louisiana, led a Southern filibuster on the Chavez FEPC bill that received widespread press coverage.25 The debate revealed Southern reluctance to alter the patterns of race relations in the South26

and an awareness that pressures in favor of bills to create a FEPC, to abolish the poll tax and to make lynching a federal crime, signified a loss of Southern power in national politics. Democratic Senator James O. Eastland, of Mississippi, asked Overton whether "the Negro voter makes a grave mistake in voting the Democratic ticket?" Replying affirmatively, Overton added "that for a short term of political advantage the Negro made a very bad bargain."27

Eastland remarked, six days later, that FEPC was sponsored by the CIO, "a carpetbag organization that has come into the South and is attempting to destroy Southern institutions and Southern civilization."28 Arkansas Democrat John L. McClellan called the Chavez bill "pernicious," and John H. Bankhead, his Alabama counterpart, said the bill reflected the philosophy of "the Bolshevik crowd."29

Southern invective was directed less to congressional proponents, than toward the administration and its advisers. Senator Walter F. George, Georgia Democrat, warned "if this is all that Harry Truman has to offer, God help the Democratic Party in 1946 and 1948."30

24 ibid. 25 See Congressional Record, Vol. XCII, Part I, U. S. 79th Cong. 2nd

Sess. (1946), 61-1221. 26 This paper will assume that the status of the Negro was considered the

fundamental consideration in political behavior in the South. Among the historical and political writings that confirm this assumption are: V. O. Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York, 1950); Alexander Heard, A Two Party South? (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1952); Jasper B. Shannon, "Presidential Politics in the South," Journal of Politics, X (August, 1948), 464-489; Jasper B. Shannon, Toward a New Politics in the South (Knoxville, 1949); George B. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South (Baton Rouge, 1967) ; C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South (Baton Rouge, 1951) ; and Frederic D. Ogden, The Poll Tax in the South (University, Ala., 1958).

27 Congressional Record, Vol. XCII, Pt. I, U. S. 79th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1946) , 88.

28 ibid., 233-258. 29 Ibid., 318. 30 Atlanta Constitution, January 18, 1946.


Although the debate on FEPC clearly showed that the South resented the sponsoring of the bill by labor and Negro organizations, it by no means marked a break with the administration. The bill to abolish the poll tax by federal statute had passed the House of Representatives in June 1945,31 by 251 to 105, and was sent to the Senate for consideration. By means of a "silent filibuster," the Senate prevented any debate on the bill.32 Civil rights groups and labor organizations wrote Truman and requested firm intervention, as Democratic Senate Majority Leader Alben W. Barkley had done little to push the bill through. Truman was reluctant to intervene again, as he had in June 1945. He wrote privately that "one filibuster is enough for one season."33 In April, he told the press in Chicago, that the poll tax "is a matter that [the states] will have to work out for themselves."34 Though he was forced to clarify his position as the result of strong protests, the Southern wing35

felt encouraged by the Chicago statement. Bankhead wrote to Truman that it was "statesmanlike . . . and that it will not injure you in the long run in politics."36 Despite his revised public pronouncement, Truman replied that "there never was a law that could be enforced if the people did not want it enforced."37 Fully aware of the political implications of the civil rights controversy, the president adopted the dual policy of public championship and private appeasement.

By mid-term elections in 1946, the South already sensed its alienation from the administration. Notwithstanding Truman's requests for fact-finding boards to investigate labor disputes, for continued price control and his conciliatory attitude on the poll tax, he had, nevertheless, vetoed both the Case labor bill and the first price control bill, and had supported the FEPC. Truman also vetoed the bill which vested ownership of the tidelands in the states. This veto was of particular concern to those states

31 See Congressional Record, Vol. XCI, Pt. V, U. S. 79th Cong., 1st Sess. (1945), 5974-6003. Representative Luther Patrick (9th District, Alabama) was the only Southern Democrat who voted in favor of the bill.

32 Congressional Record, Vol. XCII, Pt. VIII, U. S. 79th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1946), 10383-10387.

33 Truman to Brant, Jamestown, Va., March 29, 1946, OF 465 B, Truman Papers.

34 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman. . . ., 1946 (Washington, D. C , 1962), 185.

35 Senator Claude Pepper (Florida Democrat) was the only Southern senator who supported H. R. 7, the bill to abolish the poll tax.

36 John H. Bankhead to Truman, April 11, 1946, OF 465 B, Truman Papers. 37 Truman to Bankhead, April 12, 1946, OF 465 B, Truman Papers.


which had offshore oil—notably California, Texas, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi.38

Liberal groups, like the CIO-PAC, were also disillusioned with Truman at this time,39 in particular over the departure of notable New Dealers like Harold L. Ickes, Chester Bowles and Henry Wallace from the administration. These facts, however, afforded the South little comfort. In the second session of the Seventy-ninth Congress, forty-three of the 102 Southern Democrats in the House had cast less than fifty percent of their votes with the majority of their party.40 This did not manifest itself in the Senate to the same degree. Only two of the twenty-two Southern Democrats voted against the majority of the party in over fifty percent of the roll call votes. While sixteen cast at least twenty-five percent of their votes against the majority of their party.41 The sectional basis of the Democratic Party clearly revealed itself.42

In the last months of 1946 the South was also receiving national attention in the press. Before the Democratic primary in Mississippi, the incumbent Senator, Theodore G. Bilbo, raised the cry of white supremacy. He urged white Mississippians to prevent, by physical means if necessary, Negroes from registering and voting.43 Truman received a large volume of mail in protest against Bilbo's tactics. Sidney Hillman wired "if this defiance of the law of the land is not promptly suppressed we may expect a reign of terror in Mississippi and other states, where effort is being made to circumvent the Supreme Court decision."44 Three Labour members of the British House of Commons also expressed their repug-

38 See Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, "Joint Resolution to Quiet the Titles of the Respective States and Others to Lands Beneath Tidewaters," U. S. Senate, 79th Cong., 2nd Sess.

39 An illuminating study of the relationship between the Truman administration and liberal organizations is Alonzo Lee Hamby, "Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1965).

40 Figures taken from roll call analysis of the Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1946 (Washington, D. C, 1946). Speaker Sam Rayburn is excluded from this calculation.

41 Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1946, 786. There were fifty-six Democrats in the Senate. Twenty-four of these voted against the majority on at least twenty-five percent of the roll call votes.

42 For a discussion of sectionalism and conservatism in the New Deal period, see the appendix of James T. Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal (Lexington, Ky., 1967), 339-352.

43 See Hearings Before Special Committee to Investigate Senatorial Campaign Expenditures, 1946, U. S. Senate, 79th Cong., 2nd Sess.

44 Telegram from Sidney Hillman to Truman, June 24, 1946, OF 93, Truman Papers.


nance.45 In Georgia, Eugene Talmadge, a candidate for the governorship, issued similar racist appeals.46 The entire Georgia gubernatorial campaign was fought around the issue of the white primary. Then, on July 25, four Negroes were lynched in Monroe, Georgia, and Attorney General Tom C. Clark sent investigators from the Department of Justice.47 Two weeks later one Negro was lynched and another seriously wounded in Minden, Louisiana.48

The FBI investigated again. On August 2, voters went to the polls in Tennessee to nominate Senator McKellar. The Senator had fought his campaign entirely on the question of the CIO influence in the Democratic Party.49 The violence of that summer had not escaped Tennessee. In Athens, one sheriff was killed and twenty people were injured in a riot outside the polling station.50

The events of the summer and autumn of 1946 focused attention on the social problems and political tendencies of the South. Frankly racist candidates repudiated the recent decisions on the white primary, and economic conservatives like Senators McKellar and Harry F. Byrd of Virginia inveighed against the entry of American labor in the political arena.51 Violence again raised the question of tighter laws, federal antilynch legislation, and a strengthened and more powerful Department of Justice as labor and Negro organizations clamored for a tougher policy to protect civil rights in the South.52 Even the more liberal newspapers of the South realized that failure to alter political behavior patterns in the South would necessitate federal action. The majority of Southern congressmen and governors turned among themselves

45 Telegram from Donald Bruce, Tom Driberg and Richard Crossman to Truman, June 14, 1946, OF 93, Truman Papers. It read "Respectfully urge you to protect basic human rights by intervening. Prevent execution of Negro boys in Mississippi."

46 Atlanta Constitution, July 13, 1946. 47 OF 93 A, Truman Papers; Atlanta Constitution, July 27, 1946. 48 Memo to Robert K. Carr from Fred Folsom, of Civil Rights Section of

the Department of Justice (n. d.), Francis P. Matthews Papers, Box 15, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence.

49 On July 15, for example, McKellar said: "All those who want a Communistic Senate or a Communistic House or a Communistic Government should vote for the C. I. O. candidates." Memphis Commercial Appeal, July 6, 1946. The CIO had played an active role in the Tennessee primaries. Edward Hull Crump, the "boss" of Memphis, had fully publicized CIO activity in his notorious full-page advertisements. See, for example, Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 27, 1946.

50 ibid., August 2 & 3, 1946. 51 The CIO-PAC and NC-PAC were active in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee,

Mississippi and Virginia. 52 CIO News, IX (August-November, 1946); Pittsburg Courier, August-

November, 1946.


to preserve Southern "institutions," and to prevent liberal organizations from seizing any initiative; concerted action was necessary to retain control of the Democratic Party.

Results of the 1946 election placed a Republican majority in both Houses. This was widely interpreted as a swing to the right,53

and a repudiation of the president's wavering and sometimes contradictory policies. The Southern wing of the Democratic Party was determined to prevent any further courting of outside groups. As the minority party, they could reorganize and enjoy a new bargaining power. Above all, in the House, Southerners now constituted a majority of Democrats, and in the Senate, they were but one member short of a full majority.54

The first goal of Southern Democrats in the House was to elect a favorable minority leader. Northern Democrats favored John W. McCormack, the liberal Democrat from Massachusetts, for the position. Sam Rayburn, the retiring Speaker, announced that he did not want to be minority leader, and that he supported McCormack, who had been majority leader in the Seventy-ninth Congress. Southerners resolved to prevent McCormack from becoming leader of the party. Influential House Democrats wrote to Rayburn, emphasizing that his failure to allow himself to be drafted would split the Democratic Party. Eugene Cox cabled that "the rift within the rank of the House Democrats will be wider than that between the Democrats and the Republicans."55

Rayburn, however, a staunch New Dealer, supported McCormack, as he feared a totally sectional orientation to the Democratic Party.56 Representative F. Edward Hebert, Louisiana Democrat, wrote Rayburn a long letter that listed Southern grievances against the administration and its congressional wing, and ex-

53 On November 7, E. H. Crump of Memphis voiced a familiar sentiment: "It will be foolish for Truman to offer himself for re-election in the 1948 Presidential campaign . . . . A truckload was dumped in Truman's lap. Evidently he has poor advisers. Many disapproved of the C. I. O.'s grip on the Democratic Party, and O. P. A. relations played a part . . . . This election will cause labor to stop, look and listen, and has side-tracked men like Henry Wallace." Memphis Commercial Appeal, November 7, 1946.

54 in the 80th Congress, there were 245 Republicans in the House and 188 Democrats. Of these Democrats, 102 were Southerners. In the Senate there were fifty-one Republicans and forty-five Democrats; of these twenty-two were from the eleven Southern states.

55 Telegram from Eugene E. Cox to Sam Rayburn, Dec. 30, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers.

56 Rayburn to Representative John H. Kerr (North Carolina Democrat) Dec. 16, 1946; Rayburn to Representative Estes Kefauver (Tennessee Democrat) Dec, 1946; Rayburn to Representative Harold D. Cooler (North Carolina Democrat) Dec, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers.



A Discussion between President Truman and Speaker Rayburn

pressed the Southern sense of exasperation: "Now with the members from the so-called solid South, in irrefutable domination of the Democratic side, I am sure you readily recognize the fact that this schism on the part of the Southern members becomes more widened instead of being closed." He told Rayburn that McCormack was totally unacceptable, and that "you and you alone can heal this sore."57 Eventually Rayburn allowed himself to be drafted, after McCormack persuaded him that his leadership was the only hope of reconciliation.58 It soon became apparent, however, that Rayburn was powerless in preventing further alienation and sectionalism within the party.

The first session of the Eightieth Congress, witnessed further deterioration in Democratic unity. In December 1946, Truman issued Executive Order 9808, which created the President's Com-

57 Edward Hebert to Sam Rayburn, Nov. 22, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers.

58 John McCormack to Rayburn, Nov. 26, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers. See also: Representative John Sparkman (Alabama Democrat) to Rayburn, Nov. 11, 1946; Kenneth Romney (Sergeant at Arms, U. S. House of Representatives) to Rayburn, Nov. 9, 1946; A. Willis Robertson to Rayburn, Nov. 9, 1946; Estes Kefauver to Rayburn, Nov. 11, 1946, Misc. Files, 1946, Rayburn Papers.


mittee on Civil Rights.59 This order was issued as the result of pressure from Negro organizations and leaders, in particular Walter White, after the racial tensions in the summer of 1946.60

Truman knew that the creation of the Committee, and the freedom of inquiry with which it was vested, represented a total commitment to its findings. In his State of the Union address, he reaffirmed his alarm at the "numerous attacks on the constitutional rights of individual citizens as a result of racial and religious bigotry."61 Southern members of both Houses realized that the onus was upon them to prevent civil rights legislation from being enacted. The president had proclaimed the cessation of hostilities of World War II on December 31, 1946, and thus wide executive powers enjoyed under the War Powers Acts, were terminated.62

The time seemed ripe for the reemergence of Southern congressional influence in the making of policy.

In the Senate, before everybody was sworn in, Senator Glen H. Taylor, Idaho Democrat, moved that Bilbo be denied his Senate seat, because of his unbecoming behavior in the Mississippi primary campaign. Southern senators rallied to Bilbo's support. His most ardent defenders were Louisiana senators John H. Overton and Allen J. Ellender. Ellender condemned "Northern organizations," who, he maintained, were behind the move to oust Bilbo. Exhibiting the paranoid style in politics, he declared that "the march is on to destroy Southern traditions which are so deeply rooted as the giants of the forest."63 A showdown was diverted only by the news that Bilbo was ill, and had to enter a hospital for an operation. Senator Barkley, the Senate minority leader, arranged a truce.64

The first session of the Congress was primarily concerned with proposals for legislation to revise the National Labor Relations Act, tax reduction, aid to Greece and Turkey, and the European Recovery Plan. It was on the domestic issues that the Democrats

59 "Executive Order 9808," Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3 (Washington, D. C, 1957), 590.

60 See NAACP File, OF 413, Truman Papers. Walter White, Executive Secretary of the NAACP, was probably the most influential civil rights leader. His visits to the president were frequent.

61 Annual Message to the Congress of the United States, Jan. 6, 1947, in Truman, Public Papers, 1947 (Washington, D. C , 1963), 9.

62 "Proclamation No. 2714," Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3, 99-100. 63 See Congressional Record, Vol. XCIII, Pt. I, U. S. 80th Cong., 1st Sess.

(1947), 77-81. 64 New York Times, January 5, 1947. Senator Bilbo subsequently died in

August without attempting to reenter the Senate.


again divided seriously. Of course, no issue received the degree of unanimity among Southerners that civil rights did. But a significantly large number voted with the Republicans on domestic bills. Conservative Democrats supported both the income tax reduction and Taft-Hartley bills, as they welcomed reductions in government spending and control of the labor unions, which had received wide publicity because of numerous strike actions.65 In addition, many approved the Taft-Hartley Act, since it restricted union contributions for political purposes. Both the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the CIO, were launching organizational drives in the South at the time, and conservative Southern Democrats realized the political potential of unionization.66 Although antipathy to trade unions was by no means exclusive to the South, that region was nevertheless most concerned about industrial relations, due to both the aforementioned political reasons, and also to the fact that many Southerners believed that the weakness of unions in the South encouraged and attracted new industries there.67 The Southern attitude toward labor relations was reflected in the passage of open shop laws in six Dixie states during 1947.68

On June 16 President Truman vetoed the tax reduction bill.69

The House failed to override the veto by two votes. Of the thirty-five Democratic votes cast to override, twenty-six were from the South. Contrary to the advice of a delegation of Southern Democrats who visited him the day before, on June 20,70 the president vetoed the Taft-Hartley Bill with a lengthy and firm message.71

When Congress voted to override this veto, only nine of the 102 Southern Democrats voted or parried to sustain,72 whereas, sixty-

65 For a discussion on the Taft-Hartley Act, see Harry A. Millis and Emily C. Brown, From the Wagner Act to Taft-Hartley (Chicago, 1950); R. Alton Lee, Truman and Taft-Hartley (Lexington, Ky., 1966) .

66 F. Ray Marshall, Labor in the South (Cambridge, 1967), 246-264. 67 Richard A. Lester, "Southern Wage Differentials: Development, Analysis

and Implications," Southern Economic Review, XIII (April, 1947), 386-394; Frank T. DeVyver, "The Present Status of Labor Unions in the South—1948," Southern Economic Journal, XVI (July, 1949) , 1-22.

68 The Case Against 'Right to Work' Laws, Congress of Industrial Organizations pamphlet, n. d. [probably 1955], 165-171.

69 Truman, Public Papers, 1947, 279-281. 70 Lee, Truman and Taft-Hartley, 90. Also several prominent senators wrote

to Truman urging that he affix his signature. Among these was the former vice president, John Nance Garner of Uvalde, Texas. OF 407, Truman Papers.

71 Truman, Public Papers, 1947, 288-297. 72 Southern Democrats who voted to sustain the veto in the House were:

Henderson Lanham (Georgia); James H. Morrison (Louisiana); Arthur Win-stead (Mississippi) — (paired against); John H. Folger (North Carolina); Estes


one out of seventy-seven non-Southern Democrats voted to sustain. In the Senate seventeen of the twenty Democratic votes in favor of overriding were from the South.73 The roll call on Truman s veto of Taft-Hartley, reveals succinctly the antagonism of many Southern Democrats toward organized labor, and the extent to which this feeling had transcended any sense of loyalty to the president. Debate on the Taft-Hartley Bill had often echoed with complaints against labor's power in politics. Thus Truman's veto was a repudiation of the views of Southern Democrats in Congress and of Southern state officials.74 The Virginia Democratic National Committeeman had written to Gael Sullivan, the Executive Director of the Democratic National Committee, that "failure to sign labor bill in my opinion would be disastrous."75 Another official, urging signature, wrote that "I cannot conceive of labor leaving the Democratic Party; they have nowhere else to go . . . ."76

As the months moved by, it became more apparent that the president was committed to a liberal program in matters of labor-management relations, housing, federal aid to education, social security, minimum wages and other Fair Deal objectives. Most certainly there was to be no directional change in New Deal policies. The Southern Democrats had been unable to influence or advise any change. The leadership in the Senate of Alben Barkley, who was from the border state of Kentucky, and of Rayburn in the House, seemed favorable to the administration. Any hopes that conservative Southerners entertained in 1946, were, by now, shattered. Though the sense of estrangement was considerable, matters had not reached a breaking point on the domestic issues. After all, Southerners had prevented Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Bill. They knew that even if they could not direct, they could deter or bargain. Only one issue could finally raise the

Kefauver (Tennessee) — (paired against) ; Sam Rayburn (Texas); Albert Thomas (Texas); and John W. Flannegan (Virginia).

73 Those Southern Democrats who voted to sustain the veto in the Senate were: senators Lister Hill (Alabama); John J. Sparkman (Alabama); Claud Pepper (Florida); and Olin D. Johnston (South Carolina) .

74 Gael Sullivan had conducted a poll of state party officials from the South on their attitudes on Taft-Hartley and the income tax reduction bill. Only eight of the thirty-seven officials who responded recommended a veto of the Taft-Hartley Act. Memo, Clark Clifford to Gael Sullivan, June 14, 1947, Box 8, Labor File, Clark Clifford Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence.

75 E. R. Combs to Gael Sullivan; memo, Clark Clifford to Gael Sullivan, Clifford Papers.

76 w . J. Price, vice chairman, Alabama State Democratic Executive Committee, to Sullivan; memo, Clark Clifford to Gael Sullivan, Clifford Papers.


"solid South" in revolt; that was a threat to redetermine the status of the Negro in its society. Any attempt at altering this status would be interpreted by the South as its final repudiation.

On June 29, 1947, Truman addressed a rally of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People at the Lincoln Memorial. He enunciated his belief that the federal government should assume responsibility for insuring against discrimination in employment, in voting and in the dispensing of justice. He said, "we cannot wait another decade or another generation to remedy these evils. We must work as never before to cure them, now."77 Walter White pointingly commented afterwards that "President Truman delivered the hardest hitting and most uncompromising speech on the subject of race which any American President has ever delivered."78 Then on July 12, Judge J. Waties Waring of Charleston, South Carolina, declared that the repeal of all primary laws by the South Carolina state legislature, which had thereby tried to circumvent the Smith v. Allwright decision, was unconstitutional.79 Thus within two weeks the South was rebuffed by the president and foiled in its attempt to secure a political and racial status quo, by the federal courts.

In October of 1947, the president's Committee on Civil Rights, issued its report, "To Secure These Rights."80 The report concluded that discrimination was deeply entrenched in American society, and recommended a course of action the federal government should take. As the Negro was both the largest single minority group in the United States and the most discriminated against, a large proportion of the report's recommendations centered on removing some of the handicaps under which the Negroes labored. Recommendations included enactment of a FEPC law, a federal antilynching law, a law which would remove the poll tax as a prerequisite for voting, and the desegregation of public facilities in the nation's capital, and of all vehicles in interstate transport. Its most controversial recommendation was that federal grants-in-aid to the state, and to supported institutions, should be made conditional on compliance with the spirit of the report.81 The report perhaps lacked the courage to recommend the illegalization of

77 Truman, Public Papers, 1947, 312. 78 Statement of Walter White, July 3, 1947, PPF 200, Truman Papers. 79 Atlanta Constitution, July 13, 1947; see also, Henry Lee Moon, The

Balance of Power: The Negro Vote (New York, 1949), 185-186. 80 "To Secure These Rights," Report of the President's Committee on Civil

Rights (Washington, D. C , 1947). 81 Ibid., Section 4.

Courtesy Harry S. Truman Library

Clark M. Clifford

segregation (although it recognized that segregation was in a large degree responsible for contemporary conditions). It was, however, considered a revolutionary document. Truman, by his previous remarks, now was obliged to accept its recommendations.

Whether by design, or by pressures beyond his control, Truman was committed, and had to win and rally full support of those liberal groups, with whom he had so long flirted. In November, Clark M. Clifford, Truman's special counsel and chief political strategist, wrote a forty-three page memorandum to Truman.82 He correctly forecast the candidacies of Thomas E. Dewey and Henry Wallace in 1948, and said Truman had to make a full commitment to labor and Negroes, who both held the political balance of power. He wrote that labor leaders "must be given the impression that they are once more welcome in the councils of the Administration," and should be counseled on policy decisions.83 He warned that unless there are "new and real efforts" to cooperate with Negro leaders, the Negro bloc, vital in New York, Ohio and Illinois, would vote Republican.84 He pointed out that the old Democratic machine, based on patronage, was dying and appeals had to be made over the heads of the old leaders. Clifford realized "this course of action, would obviously cause difficulty with our Southern friends, but that is the lesser of the two evils." "It is inconceivable," he added, "that any policies initiated by the Truman Administration, no matter how liberal', could so alienate the South in the next year that it could revolt. As always the South can be con-

82 Memo to Truman from Clark Clifford, Nov. 19, 1947, Box 21, Political File, 1948, Clark Clifford Papers.

83 ibid. 84 Between 1940 and 1950, the Negro population of the South rose from

9.9 to 10.23 millions. This was a rise of 3.5 percent. In non-Southern states it rose from 2.96 millions in 1940 to 4.82 millions in 1950. This represented an increase of sixty-three percent. The political implications of this movement were self-evident. Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial Times to 1957, U. S. Bureau of the Census (Washington, D. C , 1960) .


ALL DRKSSKD VP AND NO PLACB TO GO.

WELL,SUH, iDOMT RIGHTLY KNOW— Tv/E BEEN USIM'

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Kansas City Star, Feb. 11, 1948

sidered safely Democratic. And in formulating national policy, it can be safely ignored."85 On this particular prediction, he erred.

The South fully understood the political implications of the publication of "To Secure These Rights." It felt that Truman's re-nomination would mean that the South had been rejected by the Democratic Party as its intrinsic component. A compromise, if at all possible could be effected only from a base of power, the South was forced to use its strongest weapon, the threat of party secession.

85 Memo to Truman from Clark Clifford, Nov. 19, 1947, Box 21, Political File, 1948, Clark Clifford Papers.


Warning letters and telegrams were sent to Truman in protest.86

At the October meeting of the Democratic National Committee, at which Democratic Senator J. Howard McGrath, of Rhode Island, was nominated as the new chairman, Southern members, led by Myron Blalock of Texas tried, in vain, to increase its representation at the national Democratic Convention.87 On November 4, Mis-sissippians cast their votes in a special election to elect the successor to the late Theodore Bilbo. Ominously, Mississippi Democrat, Representative William H. Colmer, a principal candidate, warned that Southerners would battle against "p ink ' measures aimed at the Southern way of life."88

Revolt against policy decisions of the Truman administration began at the state and local levels. In his inaugural message to the state legislature in January, Governor Fielding Wright of Mississippi called on the South to break with the Democratic Party, if it supported legislation "aimed to wreck the South." He attacked the Report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights and declared that "vital principles and eternal truths transcend party lines."89 In Congress, Southern Democrats remained cautious. Truman had not spelled out a full civil rights policy in his State of the Union message, and open criticism was limited.90 But the truce was ephemeral. Truman, on February 2, sent his special message to Congress on civil rights. He had fully accepted the recommendations of his committee, with the exception of conditional grants-in-aid.91 There were no ambiguities in this message, and no sops to the South. He had heeded fully Clifford's advice. Southern congressmen now joined the stirs that had begun in Mississippi. Despite the fact that Truman had said nothing about terminating segregation, the South thought that the message had heralded an open break. It decided that open repudiation of the party was the only means by which it could hope to regain control. Although some Southern Democrats favored the formation of a third party, and others advocated an internal struggle, they were united in the belief that the present Democratic leadership, especially Truman, should be replaced. The day after the civil rights message, several Southern Democrats openly attacked Truman. Eugene Cox

86 See OF 596, Truman Papers. 87 Proceedings of the National Democratic Committee, Oct. 20, 1947, Box

71, Papers of J. Howard McGrath, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence. 88 Memphis Commercial Appeal, November 3, 1947. 89 New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 21, 1948. 90 Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 8, 1948. 91 Truman, Public Papers, 1948, 121-126.


wondered "if, after all, Henry Wallace is such a bad man . . . the whole thing sickens me."92 Mississippi Democrat John E. Rankin, in typical fashion, said the South should elect independent electors to "stop these smearing Communist who creep into every bureau and every Commission."93 The most commonly felt sentiment was echoed by Mississippi Democrat John Bell Williams: "if it were not for Southern Democrats, Henry Wallace would be in the White House today . . . . Southern Democrats have always been the best friends that President Truman and the Democratic Party ever had. May I say, Mr. Speaker, that this is a mighty poor way for him to evince his gratitude."94

In February, the Southern Governors' Conference drew up plans of action to rewin control of the party machinery. Governor Wright's desire to secede from the party was shelved temporarily. The governors decided to send a delegation to the Democratic National Chairman, J. Howard McGrath.95 When, on February twenty-third, McGrath reaffirmed to them that the civil rights bill would form one of the main planks in the Democratic platform in 1948, it was apparent that a complete deadlock had been reached.96 In a press statement afterward, the governors declared that they were "opposed to centralized government invading the rights of the people and the rights of the respective states" and that "the present leadership of the Democratic Party will soon realize that the South is no longer 'in the bag.' "97

Opposition from the South continued to mount. According to a Gallup poll, Truman's popularity in the South declined thirteen points between January and February.98 Petitions, resolutions, telegrams and other documentary forms of protest were sent to the White House, and to the Democratic National Committee.99 At the annual fund-raising Jefferson-Jackson Day Dinner in Washington, D. C , where Truman gave an address, the dining parties of J. Strom Thurmond, the governor of South Carolina, and South Carolina

92 Congressional Record, Vol. XCIV, Pt. I, U. S. 80th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1948), 975.

93 ibid., 976. 94 ibid. 95 New York Times, February 8, 1948. 96 Transcript of Conference of Southern Governors with Senator J. Howard

McGrath, Feb. 23, 1948, Democratic National Committee Folder, John M. Reading Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence.

97 New York Times, February 24, 1948. 98 Washington Post, March 7, 1948. 99 Various correspondence, OF 299 A, PPF 200, Truman Papers.


Senator Olin Johnston were conspicuously absent.100 The entire congressional delegation of Georgia, senators Stewart, McKellar, Eastland and other Southern congressional leaders boycotted the dinner. At the dinner in Little Rock, Arkansas, 850 Democrats walked out when Truman's address was relayed to them. John Bell Williams remarked that Southerners "cannot join in such a hypocritical gesture and you will find most of us having our own Jefferson-Jackson Day dinners in gatherings in which white supremacy is the order and segregation is the rule."101

In late March, Hodding Carter wrote that by over simplifying the president's civil rights program, the Southern press "now represents to their audience an attempt by a coalition of Communists, Northern Negroes, and self-seeking Northern Democrats to end

100 New York Times, February 20, 1948. 101 Memphis Commercial Appeal, February 20, 1948.

Democratic National Chairman J. Howard McGrath announced to reporters at the "White House, after a conference with the president, that Truman would definitely be a candidate for reelection. Standing next to McGrath is Gael Sullivan, Executive Director of the Democratic Committee, who also attended the conference.



abruptly segregation of any kind in the South, and to replace local and state self-government with Federal domination."102 This oversimplification was also expressed by the advocates of secession from the Democratic Party, such as Governor Wright, Walter Sillers, the speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives, and Governor Ben Laney of Arkansas. The fight to redirect the party had been given its principle catalyst, the February civil rights message. Now key figures were fighting to defeat Truman. Governor William Tuck of Virginia succeeded in persuading the Virginia state legislature to pass a law, which would enable the election of unpledged electors.103 In March, E. H. Crump announced that his organization would not support Truman.104 In May, voters in the Alabama primary nominated electors who were pledged not to cast their votes for Truman.105 In the same month, a rally of Southern state politicians was held in Jackson, Mississippi, at which plans were made to set up a states' rights party.106 By July, the South, through its local and state political organizations, had mobilized to force a showdown at the Democratic Convention in Philadelphia.

The proceedings of the convention showed clearly that the South had lost its old grip on the Democratic Party. The liberal organizations, which enjoyed the support of labor and Negroes, were determined that Truman's February proposals should be incorporated into the 1948 Democratic platform. The majority report of the platform committee had recommended a civil rights plank that would condemn discrimination, and affirm belief that minorities had the "right to live, the right to work, the right to vote, the full and equal protection of the laws, on a basis of equality with all citizens as guaranteed by the Constitution."107 Minority reports by Southern Democrats resolved that planks, pledging the party to states' rights, be inserted. But these were rejected.108 The minority report of former Governor Dan Moody of Texas, which

102 j V ^ York Times, March 21, 1948. 103 ibid., February 27, 1948. 104 Crump told reporters: "The South has had enough of Mrs. Eleanor

Roosevelt, Attorney-General Tom Clark, Hannegan and Pauley. Mrs. Roosevelt frogging around with her Communist associates in America, has practically been Truman's mentor. The time has come for a showdown in the South. If Truman is nominated in Philadelphia, Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia, or some other fine Democrat of his high caliber and another good Senator would undoubtedly sweep the Southern states." Memphis Commercial Appeal, March 2, 1948.

105 New York Times, May 6, 1948. 106 New Orleans Times-Picayune, May 11, 1948. 107 Official Proceedings of the 1948 Democratic Convention, 1948, 177-178. 108 Planks were proposed by ex-Governor Dan Moody of Texas, two Ten

nessee delegates and Walter Sillers of Mississippi. Ibid., 178-182.


was the only states' rights plank to receive a roll call vote, was defeated by 925 to 309.109 The South voted solidly for it, and only eleven non-Southern votes were cast in favor of the Moody Resolution. Then Congressman Andrew Biemiller, a delegate from Wisconsin and Hubert H. Humphrey, the mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota, proposed their own minority report, which called for specific recommendations on civil rights, and an insertion that "we highly commend President Truman on his courageous stand on the issue of civil rights."110 The alliance that Truman had so carefully courted now mobilized. The Humphrey-Biemiller resolution was adopted by 651/2 to 582K votes. Only one dissenting vote was cast from the states of Illinois, California, New York, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Washington and Wisconsin. The South unanimously opposed it.111 Not only had the desires of the South been disregarded in the presidential formulation of policy, but it had now lost control of convention proceedings.

For the 1948 Democratic presidential nomination, Senator Richard Russell received 263 against Truman's 947/2 votes.112 Russell's support came entirely from the South and North Carolina was the only Southern state to cast some ballots for the incumbent president.113 Charles Bloch, a member of the Georgia delegation, had proposed Russell with the appendage that "the South is no longer going to be the whipping boy of the Democratic Party."114 Russell later said that he had allowed his nomination "only as a protest against the outrageous violation of states' rights."115

The Roosevelt-Truman strategy of bringing the urban population into the Democratic Party had reached the point of supreme crystallisation. It was achieved, however, only by isolating what had earlier been its very backbone, and more recently its strange bedfellow, the South.

109 ibid., 201. n o Ibid., 181-182. in Ibid., 201. 112 "Democracy at Work," Official Report of the Democratic Convention,

1948 (Philadelphia, 1948). Paul McNutt polled the remaining i/2 vote. 113 Thirteen of North Carolina's thirty-two votes were cast for the president. 114 Official Report of the Democratic Convention, 1948, 233. 115 Atlanta Constitution, July 15, 1948.

A Change in Phraseology Paris Mercury, April 15, 1873.

The expression 'got it up its snoot,' to denote that a fellow is intoxicated, has given away to the assertion that /alcoholic stimulants have permeated the ramifications of his physiology.'

Thomas Hart Benton Receives Society's

1969 Distinguished Service Award and Medal

Kansas City Times Photo by Brooks Crummett

Thomas Hart Benton ( le f t ) and T. Ballard Watters

Thomas Hart Benton was presented the 1969 State Historical Society Distinguished Service Award and Medal by the Society's president, T . Ballard Watters, April 15, in the Benton home, Kansas City. Benton, who at the time was in Italy, was unable to receive the awards at the Annual Meeting of the Society in October. Mrs. Rita Benton, wife of the artist, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the Society, Sidney Larson, curator of the Society's art gallery, Mrs. T. Ballard Watters and Mr. and Mrs. Joe Stevens, Marshfield, attended the presentation ceremony. Mr. Watters said:

"By generous gifts of your art you have caused the society's Columbia gallery to become a major national depository of your work. You have, by your skill and gift as an artist, portrayed our state throughout the nation and the world, and along with your name, have made Missouri more famous."

The artist had been named an honorary life member of the Society at the October Annual Meeting.

In the Missouri House, April 15, Representative Frank O'Gara was joined by the entire membership in offering House Resolution No. 4, honoring Benton as one of Missouri's most famous natives and congratulating him on his eighty-first birthday. The resolution was approved unanimously.

State Historical Society Exhibits

"The Frederick Douglass Years"

Dr. Arvarh Strickland ( l e f t ) , professor of History and Dr. Richard S. Kirkendall, chairman of the Department of History, University of Missouri, Columbia, discuss a portrait of Frederick Douglass.

"The Frederick Douglass Years," a traveling exhibit prepared by the Smithsonian Institution, was displayed in the Society's corridors, May 4 through May 24. The exhibit was brought to Columbia through the efforts of Dr. Arvarh Strickland, professor of History, University of Missouri, Columbia, and the Student Activities Soul Week Committee. Consisting of forty panels, the exhibit illustrates, through visual aids and written text, Afro-American history from the landing of twenty Negroes at Jamestown in 1619 to the death of Douglass in 1895. Douglass, who was born into slavery, achieved prominence as a writer, orator, statesman and diplomat. The slave trade, slavery in the South, slave revolts, the abolitionist movement, the Civil War and Reconstruction are only a few of the informative topics covered.

Approximately 1,600 persons in some forty-five organized groups viewed the exhibit. University students were trained as guides and conducted daily tours.

Pupils from Lee and Grant schools, Columbia, accompanied by Mrs. Kenneth Ralph and Mrs. Handy Williamson, view the panels depicting craftsmanship of early American Negroes.

From left to right: Bennett Tarleton, Delores Greathouse and William C. House, members of the exhibit's Steering Committee, examine some of the forty panels comprising "The Frederick Douglass Years."

Photos by Keith McMillin, Columbia Daily Tribune

Celebration for completion of the third and present Andrew County courthouse in Savannah was held, January 26 , 1900. The bronze statue, Goddess of Liberty, stands on the cupola.

VIEWS from the

PAST In 1842 Hermann became the

seat of Gasconade County. This red brick courthouse overlooked the Missouri River from a limestone bluff until it was replaced in 1898.

Built in 1858, the Ralls County courthouse at New London still stands. The courtroom is renowned for its acoustics and beauty; its bar, rails and benches are original. Framed pictures in the background are of men who have served as circuit judges in the county.

The second Clay County courthouse, Liberty, completed in 1859 from plans furnished by Peter McDuff, was regarded as one of the notable buildings of that decade. The structure was in the shape of a cross with diagonals joining the arms of the cross at the midpoints. The dome, incorporating a clock face at each of the four cardinal points of the compass, was topped by an eight-foot wood statue of justice. Despite efforts to save it, the building was razed in 1934.

::&ft

MISSOURI

COURTHOUSES

: *.,

$p$ip?.-£m \Mî

The fourth Newton County courthouse was erected in the Neosho town square in 1877. Brick for the building was burned by Elliot Carnes in his brick yard northeast of town. The building was razed in 1936.

^ p « W M » i i g i f e ^ -. mm

The first Shelby County courthouse, S h e l b y v i l l e , burned, June 29 , 1891 , after sparks had blown into its belfry tower from a nearby trash fire. This p r e s e n t courthouse was erected, 1892-1893.


NEWS IN BRIEF

A special program at the Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, April 11, marked the 25 th anniversary of Truman's accession to the presidency. John W. Snyder, Secretary of the Treasury in the Truman administration, and Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine were guest speakers. Secretary Snyder recounted the events of the first days of the Truman administration and many phases of his relations with the president. Senator Muskie discussed the principles and policies of Mr. Truman in light of the problems of today. Certificates and checks representing the David D. Lloyd Prize for the best books in the preceding biennium were awarded by Dean Francis H. Heller, acting president of the Institute, to Dean Acheson, for his book, Present at the Creation; and to Richard G. Hewlett and Francis Duncan, historians of the Atomic Energy Commission, for their book, Atomic Shield, 1947/52.

The history of the Roman Catholic Church in St. Louis was traced, March 22, by Bishop Mark K. Carroll at the bicentennial of the Parish of St. Louis of France. The Palm Sunday sermon was delivered at the Old Cathedral on the riverfront, almost 200 years after the city's first church was dedicated under the title of St. Louis the Ninth, King of France, June 24, 1770. Bishop Carroll of Wichita, Kansas, was a former pastor of the Old Cathedral.

On April 9, the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D. C , unveiled a portrait of Harry S. Truman painted from life. Many members of Truman's cabinet, as well as former President Lyndon B. Johnson, attended the reception which commemorated the 25th anniversary of Truman's succession to

the presidency. Greta Kempton, New York, began the portrait while Truman was president but stopped the work when she learned it was too small to display in the White House. She began another larger work which is now in the White House Gallery of Presidents. John W. Snyder, Truman's secretary of treasury, started the campaign to complete the unfinished portrait.

Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery was formally dedicated, April 12, although it was proclaimed a national cemetery over 107 years ago. Dedication addresses were presented by Representative Leonor K. Sullivan, St. Louis, and Max Roby, KMOX television news director. More than 50,000 American servicemen are buried at the cemetery. After a two-year research effort, Tony D. Fusco discovered that the cemetery had never been formally dedicated.

The Hermann Maifest was held, May 16-17. This anual May Festival, based on the cultural heritage of the community, was an effort by local civic organizations to show visitors the German contributions to the American way of life. Activities included musical entertainment, marching bands, dancing, homes tours, arts and craft displays and church dinners. The festival was sponsored by Historic Hermann.

The Congregation of Christ Church (Episcopal), Lexington, celebrated the 125th anniversary of the church's establishment on March 22. Special events included a concert by St. Andrews Society Pipe Band at the field house, Wentworth Military Academy; a reception in the church; and a choral evensong.

Judge Temple H. Morgett, Colum-

Historical Notes and Comments All

bia, was elected president of the Missouri Library Commission at the regular meeting of Commission members on January 27. Judge Morgett has served as a member of the Commission since 1966. He succeeds Mrs. Jerome Duggan of St. Louis, who has been president since 1967.

A conference on "Administration of Occupied Areas: The American Experience 1943-1945" was held at the Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, April 10-11, under the sponsorship of the Truman Library Institute. The seminar-type conference included sixteen scholars from fourteen different universities and three former State Department officials who participated in the occupation. Four members of the Institute's board of directors also took active parts in the discussion.

Mary Margaret McBride, noted journalist and radio broadcaster, was honored as part of William Woods College centennial celebration, April 17-18, in Fulton. She was awarded the honorary degree of litterarum doctor.

Born in Paris, Missouri, Miss McBride is the niece of Dr. William S. Woods, benefactor for whom the college was named. After graduation from William Woods, Miss McBride entered the University of Missouri, earning a bachelor of journalism degree. Her press assignments included work on the Mexico Ledger, Cleveland Press and the New York Mail. She is the author of 16 books and has written for many well-known magazines. Radio interview broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s brought Miss McBride nationwide fame.

He Could Compete with the Squirrels California Dispatch, February 6, 1903.

Farmer Poley O'Neal is useing [sic] a set of false teeth he made himself out of a piece of seasoned apple tree root with no other tool than his pocket knife. The teeth are of perfect shape and regularity, and the plate, which is of the same piece of wood, fits his mouth as well as if fashioned by a plaster impression. He can crack corn with these teeth.

An Aerial Accident Columbia Missouri Statesman, August 6, 1880.

Misses Nellie Jones and Sophie McDade had a narrow escape this week. They were swinging when the rope broke, the young ladies falling fifteen or twenty feet. We are glad to state no injury was sustained by either beyond each having a bruised hand. Air locomotion has not, as yet, reached a safe basis.

A Difference of Opinion Paris Mercury, June 3, 1873.

A Sacramento lawyer remarked to the court: "It is my opinion, Judge, that you are an old fool." The Judge allowed his mildly beaming eye to fall upon the lawyer a brief moment, then in a voice husky with suppressed tobacco juice—and emotion, said: "It is my candid opinion that you are fined $100."


LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Recording Oral History

Taped interviews on the community's past, provided by elderly citizens, and civic, professional and business leaders are valuable additions to local historical society archives. In an effort to capture some of these colorful reminiscences, a few local societies have adopted an oral history program, a field of research which has recently attracted new interest. Oral history is the tape recording of experiences and observations through personal interviews.

By its very nature, oral history is subject to inaccuracies because of man's forgetfulness, egotism, modesty and personal bias. However, if the interviewee is carefully chosen and the interview well organized, oral history can be a valuable supplement to written records.

To gather oral history, a committee of interested persons will first study available information in manuscript or published form, and then decide whom to interview to fill in the gaps and expand on known historical events. Good prospects for the survey include elderly persons who can explain how life used to be, civic leaders and businessmen who have taken active parts in community events, highly placed officials or their personal assistants and secretaries who were deeply involved in history-making decisions, and minority group members and newcomers with a sensitivity to their surroundings. Age and health are prime considerations for interviewee selection.

The prospect is first consulted about his background, his part in important events, whether he has collected related scrapbooks and pictures or written a diary. Talking with him will give an idea about his ability as a good inter

viewee before he is asked to participate.

A good prospect is told the purpose of the program, that it is being conducted through the historical society and the steps followed in the interview, and he is given an estimate of the number of sessions required. The arrangements are typed in a letter of agreement which the interviewee signs for the society's records.

Once the interview has been scheduled, careful preparation is necessary. The interviewer will need to do extensive research in the subject area to formulate topic questions, to discuss these topics with the interviewee who may have other suggestions and to present a final outline of topics to the participant a few days before the recording session.

The interview, with only two persons present, usually takes place in the interviewee's home, but away from interruptions of the telephone or visitors. The interviewer arrives on time to set up equipment. He seats the interviewee comfortably and places the microphone on a table between himself and the subject, with the recorder inconspicuously placed.

A formal introduction, giving the date and place, the interviewer's name and the name and brief identification of the interviewee, is planned for the beginning of the tape, but the space can be left for recording after the tape is cut. Taping a relaxed conversation about the weather is a better beginning. As this is played back, the interviewee can hear his voice and understand the operation of the machine, and the interviewer has an opportunity to adjust the volume control. As actual recording begins, general questions on

Historical Notes and Comments 479

the subject's background, parents and early schooling are good introductory topics with the more difficult questions saved until the participant is better acquainted.

A good interviewer is quiet and listens attentively without expressing his own opinions, but he can guide the discussion along the planned outline with an occasional question or comment. He asks short, clear questions, one at a time, that prevent confusion and are easy to answer. Such inquiries as why, how, when, what and where can elicit informative answers. He pauses between questions giving the interviewee time to catch his breath and allowing further thought. Despite long periods of silence, he does not turn the machine off unless there is an interruption. "Off the record stories" are avoided and can be erased later.

During the taping, the interviewer writes down names, places and dates mentioned by the subject. This gives him something to do and provides a check for name spellings and for defining unusual or technical words. Questions for later discussion can be noted without interrupting the speaker.

The length of the interview depends on the age and health of the subject. A number of short sessions is preferable to a long one, but two-hour interviews are usually ideal, leaving one and one-half hours for conversation.

After the recording session, the interviewer indexes the tape. He prepares the index by listening to the recording and jotting down the topics discussed in each five-minute segment. The index is filed with the tape along with the list of names, dates and difficult phrases. The box and tape reels are labeled with the name of the interviewee, interviewer, date, length of recording time and number of the interview.

The oral history committee then decides what will be done with the tapes. The easiest procedure is to file them, but researching is more convenient if a transcript of the interview is available. Both the transcript and the tape filed intact present the most complete record. The tone of the voice, accent and expression tell much that cannot be recorded on paper. Since it requires some 6-12 hours to transcribe a one-hour tape, the society may decide to record first and transcribe later as time, expense and will power dictate.

If the tapes are transcribed, the committee must determine how much editing to do. Questions are included in the transcript and the conversation is usually typed as it was recorded with some exceptions. "Yes," is substituted for "yep," and false starts are eliminated along with too many "wells," "you knows," etc. The interviewee is given a copy of the transcript for his own corrections with the understanding that he is to keep the general tone of the conversation. After the transcript has been edited, read and corrected, the participant is given a personal copy.

The interviewer guides the subject on the question of restricting the interview. It should be open for research unless the subject has said something that would be damaging to him. In that case he should put either the complete transcript or certain pages under seal for his lifetime. The interviewee signs a statement that he supplied the information and makes it available for research purposes, listing specified limitations if any exist. Public announcement is then made in the society's bulletin noting when the interview will be available for research. Whenever the interview is used in a public way it is considerate to ask the subject for his permission.

For the selection of recording equip-


ment, a reputable dealer in sound and high fidelity supplies can provide excellent advice and information. The committee tests some of the equipment before making a purchase and considers carefully the price, adequate maintenance service, ease of operation and weight. A high quality battery recorder, which also operates on AC power, can be purchased for around $75-$150; standard models sell for about $200. A recorder equipped with output jack for earphones is essential for editing tape and for research work. When transcribing, a foot pedal attachment is also desirable for starting, stopping and reverse.

Tapes come in various sizes, qualities and prices. Acetate, the cheaper tape, reacts to changes in temperature and humidity, but when these are controlled it can be used successfully. Polyester tape resists atmospheric changes but has a tendency to stretch and distort sounds. Prestretching, identified as tempered or tensilized tape, eliminates this problem.

Tapes are placed in the public library or in the society's quarters if it has a permanent location in a fireproof building and is open regularly. They are never taken from the depository and some care is required in their handling. No eating, drinking or smoking is allowed where they are used. It is possible to erase the recording through improper use of the playback machine, but a repairman can arrange a semi-permanent lock on the record button as a safeguard. Tapes are stored in a clean, lint- and dust-free room with temperature in the 70s and a relative humidity of fifty percent. They are never placed near electric generators, motors or in storage cupboards with magnetic catches, and once a year they are rewound to prevent the development of a magnetic field that could affect the sound.

The use of a society interview will please the subject, publicize the program and raise the morale of the oral history committee. In addition to their availability for use by the researcher, reminiscent tapes provide interesting programs for historical society meetings. Well-edited excerpts can provide a taped narrative for a slide program and short social history accounts may be published in local newspaper columns.

Some 14 local historical societies in Missouri have oral history programs, but most of them have only small holdings. These interviews deal primarily with old-timers, government officers or persons associated with important events or important people. The majority have no restrictions on them and are open for research purposes. Only a few are transcribed.

Atchison County Historical Society At the February 18 meeting in the

Fairfax Presbyterian Church, Margaret Schowengerdt, Jefferson City, spoke on legends, history and other interesting facts concerning the governor's mansion.

Barry County Historical Society Emory Melton presented a talk on

pioneer history at the January 11 meeting in the Shell Knob School-house. The origins of Shell Knob post office, 1864, and the Church of Christ, 1876, were told by Mrs. Delia Epperly and Mrs. Nettie Arnold.

The history of Roaring River Resort and Mill, 1848, was given at the April 12 meeting in the courthouse, Cassville, by the Reverend Marvin Bennett and Mrs. J. F. Mermoud.

Bates County Historical Society Twenty-three members attended a

March 19 business meeting at the Society's museum, Butler. Mrs. Ethel Maxey presented an account of her recent tour of Southern Europe.


Members discussed the needs of the museum and made plans to furnish an additional building at the April 9 meeting in the Butler City Hall. The museum addition, donated by the county court, will house an old-fashioned blacksmith shop and farm machinery.

Benton County Historical Society At the April 9 meeting in the Ben

ton County Enterprise newspaper office, Warsaw, Mrs. Dan Miles presented a review of the "Sixteen Steps" for a tour of historic Warsaw.

The grand opening tour was held, May 5, with Missouri's First Lady, Mrs. Warren Hearnes, as a special visitor. The program began on the west porch of the county courthouse and included a dedication of the new Garden Club bird sanctuary and Pioneer Flower Garden on the Osage River wharf. Markers indicated sites of historical interest and brochures were available which contained a map of the original town and a short history of each site. Money realized from the sale of the maps will be used to restore the school building, ca. 1885, for use as the Society's museum.

Boone County Historical Society A program on "The Golden Age of

Missouri" was presented by Lew Lar-kin at the April 16 meeting in the Columbia Country Club. Mr. Larkin, a member of the Kansas City Star staff, is the author of the recently published book, Missouri Heritage.

Officers for the coming year are Colonel A. R. Troxell, president; Mrs. Thomas Botts, vice president; Mrs. A. Leonard Guitar, secretary; David B. Rogers, treasurer; and Mrs. Dorothy Caldwell, historian.

Boonslick Historical Society A talk on "History—Who—When

and What" was presented by Lilburn Kingsbury, well-known Boonslick his

torian, at the February 20 meeting in Windmill Restaurant, Boonville. Mr. Kingsbury is the author of the column, "Lilburn says," in the Boonville Daily News.

At the May 14 meeting in Holt Hall, Central Methodist College, Fayette, Dr. Farris H. Woods, curator of the college museum, spoke on the history of the museum. Members then toured the establishment.

Butler County Historical Society The Society held its January 30

meeting in the Poplar Bluff Loan and Building Association. The program, concerning a history of the old Shiloh Church and the early Cane Creek area, featured a book review by Mrs. Cora Rubottom. The book, by Mrs. Rubot-tom's brother, the late Roy F. Le-Grand, was entitled, Shiloh: the Mother of Preachers.

At the April 17 meeting, Marshall Shain spoke on the history of Fisk. Mr. Shain, a member of the Society, is president of the State Bank of Fisk.

Camden County Historical Society Members enjoyed a potluck supper

at the April 9 meeting in the Linn Creek Methodist Church. It was voted to give courtesy membership cards to the 25 members of the junior historical society as an appreciation for their close work with the senior group.

Cape Girardeau County Historical Association

At the February 28 meeting in the City Hall-Library Building, Jackson, Raymond McNeely, a foundry man, spoke on the history of McNeely Brothers Foundry and Machine Works, established in 1861 at Shawneetown.

Carondelet Historical Society A program on Jefferson Barracks

was presented by Tony Fusco at the February 23 meeting in the Carondelet Branch Library.


The Society sponsored a bus tour to Fort Kaskaskia, Illinois, May 23. Three buses traveled along the Mississippi River, stopped in Ste. Genevieve, crossed the river at Chester, Illinois, and stopped for a visit at the historic fort and the Pierre Menard home. The tourists then traveled through Red Bud, Waterloo and Columbia on the return trip.

Carroll County Historical Society Ground breaking ceremonies for the

new Carroll County Museum were held March 9 in Carrollton. Carrollton Mayor Jack Mathis, Hale Mayor Clarence Avery, and past society presidents Edith Furry, Pearl Edwin Lowrance and Joe H. Miller presented brief remarks. Edward Ewing Staten gave the major address. The Society was given approximately two acres of ground for the museum by the heirs of the late Judge and Mrs. J. W. Rea. Frank G. Rea made formal presentation of the site to the Society.

Chariton County Historical Society The Society is presently raising funds

for the purchase of three store buildings in Salisbury from the Fellows family. One-half the purchase price of the buildings, formerly the Fellows Hatchery operation, was donated to the Society by the owners.

At the April 19 meeting in Dulany Library, Salisbury, Judge Jordan R. Bentley spoke on the "Four Courthouses of Chariton County," beginning with the first log structure in 1821.

Civil War Round Table Of Kansas City

The 100th regular meeting and special "ladies night," March 24, in Twin Oaks Apartment, featured guest speaker Howard N. Monnett, a former president of the Round Table and now a resident of Pearce, Arizona. Dr.

Monnett spoke on "Fort Union and the War in the Southwest."

Civil War Round Table Of the Ozarks

Dr. B. B. Lightfoot, professor of History at Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, spoke on "Volunteers and Conscripts" at the February 11 meeting in Ramada Inn, Springfield. Dr. Lightfoot's talk dealt with the manpower situation in the Civil War, including how the Union and Confederate armies raised their troops.

Jack Randall spoke on "A Different Valor," the life of General Joseph Eggleston Johnston, at the March 11 meeting.

At the April 8 meeting Dr. Herman M. Hattaway, assistant professor of History, University of Missouri-Kansas City, spoke on "The Chickasaw Bayou Campaign." Dr. Hattaway, a distinguished historian and Civil War authority, has published a number of articles in scholarly journals.

Civil War Round Table Of St. Louis

William Wood Hassler, an author of books and papers of the Civil War, spoke at the February 25 meeting at Le Chateau. The subject of his talk was "Aeronautics in the Civil War."

Ed Bearss, National Park Service, related the story of "Grierson's Raid" at the March 25 meeting.

John Y. Simon, a noted authority on Ulysses S. Grant, was guest speaker at the April 22 meeting. He spoke on "Grant at Belmont: Victory or Blunder?" The talk covered both sides of Grant's first and most controversial battle. Dr. Simon is executive director of the Ulysses S. Grant Association in Carbondale, Illinois, and editor of the Grant papers.

Clay County Museum Association A program on the "History of Boy

Scouting in Clay County" was pre-


sented by James Bond and Julian Evans at the February 26 meeting in the Clay County Historical Museum, Liberty.

At the March 19 meeting, Mrs. Roy F. Hill presented the program on "Historical Collecting As A Hobby." Members were asked to bring samples of their own collections for show and tell.

The fourth annual spring dinner meeting, April 24, at Sandy's Oak Ridge Manor Dining Room, featured an illustrated lecture by G. Edward Budde of St. Louis. Mr. Budde spoke to the group on the Lewis and Clark Trail.

The Society conducted its annual bus tour, May 23. Participants visited the Dunham Museum, Pattonsburg; and the Pony Express Museum, Patee House and the Doll Museum, all of St. Joseph.

Clinton County Historical Society Mrs. W. E. Eldridge, Liberty, spoke

to the group on the early history of Clay and Clinton counties at the March 7 meeting in Gower Christian Church. A number of historical items were displayed by Mrs. Eldridge.

The publications committee has started a series of historical articles in the local newspapers and is collecting material for a new history of Clinton County.

Organized in April 1969, the Society now has a membership of 270.

Cole County Historical Society Persons who participated in the

county historical site survey were honored at the April 27 meeting in the historical museum, Jefferson City. Mrs. J. D. James spoke on the history of Jefferson City, tracing past events from the selection of the state cap-itol site to the 1900 boom era.

Crawford County Historical Society The Society held its April 16 meet

ing in Recklein Auditorium, Cuba. A report was given on the bake and rummage sale held April 4. The money realized from the event will be used to restore the first school house of Cuba, which has been moved next to the Recklein Auditorium. It will be used for a museum. The Society started a memorial fund for the late Mrs. Jewel Breuer, wife of Society secretary and treasurer J. I. Breuer, who died, April 6.

Dade County Historical Society A lecture on "The History of the

Dade County Mail System" was presented by Melvin Murphy at the April 21 meeting in the Greenfield Library. Mr. Murphy is a rural carrier, whose father, Porter Murphy, was one of the first rural carriers in the county.

Dallas County Historical Society The program for the February 20

meeting in the Buffalo Grade School Auditorium featured a skit, "Abraham Lincoln Walks and Talks Again, 1861-1865." A number of fifth and sixth grade pupils and their teachers participated in the program and attended the meeting.

Some 14 persons attended the March 20 meeting in the county courthouse, Buffalo. An Easter program was presented by Anna Stearns, Mrs. Belva Stafford and E. T . Sechler.

DeKalb County Historical Society The February 15 meeting in the

courthouse, Maysville, featured a program of hobbies. Mrs. Lora Lockhart told about her hobby of recording county history and Mrs. Loren Owen related information on family genealogical research. Several members displayed items from their collections.

A history of Walnut Grove (Riggs) Cemetery was related by Mrs. John Mathias who also told about her century-old home at the March 15 meeting. Miss Artie Thornton pre-


sented information about the Thornton family and cemetery, and a report of the New Hope Church and Sharp Cemetery was given by Oscar McConnell. Members also heard the reading of an 1897 obituary of Mrs. Anna E. Foster Lucas and reports of the Jones family, Jones Chapel and the W. R. Browning family.

The program for the April 19 first anniversary meeting featured a talk on the history of natural resources, wildlife and conservation efforts in the county given by Dean Jackson. A memorial fund for the establishment of a museum was started in memory of six society members.

The Society is to be commended for publication of the periodical DeKalb County Heritage, April, 1970. A number of articles are featured in the issue.

Dent County Historical Society Some 60 persons attended the March

13 covered dish supper at Salem Lutheran Church. For the program, "The Past, the Present and the Future," Alice Dent spoke on the history of Dent County from its beginning to 1960 and included highlights of the centennial celebration of the county in 1960. Slides of the celebration were shown by Ed Gill. Dr. B. J. Bass reviewed the decade Of the 1960s and Major Jack Masters spoke on prospects for the future.

The following officers were elected: Louise Bradford, president; Mrs. Joe Ed Bowles, vice president; Mrs. Bessie Hawkins, secretary; and Dr. M. M. Hart, treasurer.

Florissant Valley Historical Society At the April 16 meeting in Taille

de Noyer, Harold Lisak, principal of Robinwood School in Florissant, presented a slide program based on the Green Line Tour of Florissant. The program, narrated by Mr. Lisak and Mrs. Leslie Davison, is presented to school children in the area.

As a part of the Florissant "Valley of Flowers" Celebration, May 2-3, the Society sponsored a house tour of some 13 area homes and gardens. Each site featured a special day illustrating early customs and decorations. Tourists enjoyed wedding day at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Cyril Neihoff, July 4th at Mr. and Mrs. C. Argent's, Easter at Casa Alvarez, Halloween at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Dan Cos-tello, Thanksgiving at Mr. and Mrs. Ray Chitwood's, Christmas at the Gerald Kuehn's, wash day at the restored log cabin and May Day at Taille de Noyer.

Franklin County Historical Society Some 47 members attended the April

4 meeting in the Franklin County Bank and Trust Building, Washington. Mrs. Dorothy O. Moore of St. Clair gave a talk on history in pictures and related some childhood memories. The meeting was the climax of a house tour in Washington. Homes of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Morgenhalter, E. I. Theobald, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Thias and Mrs. R. L. Brown and the Jefferson Antique Shop were all included in the tour.

Gentry County Historical Society Mrs. George Whittington presented

a program on the Bogle Township and the early settlement of Amarugah at the April 12 meeting in Lions Club rooms, Gentry. Members discussed the cemeteries of the county.

Graham Historical Society At the April 14 meeting in the

home of Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Kneale, some 12 members answered roll call with the names of cemeteries in the township. Members are presently compiling a cemetery census of the area. Mrs. Billy Bob Medsker spoke to the group on how and where to obtain records to begin a genealogy. Mr. Kneale showed slides of area scenes.


Greene County Historical Society The program for the February 26

meeting in the Springfield Art Museum, featured a symposium on historical preservation in Missouri, entitled "Stewards of the Past." Participants included Dr. B. B. Lightfoot, member of the Advisory Council for Historical Sites and Buildings to the Missouri State Park Board; Dr. H. Lee Hoover, member of the Advisory Council for Archaeology to the Missouri State Park Board; and O. H. Tucker, member, American Institute of Architecture, Historic American Buildings Survey. The purpose of the symposium was to explain to interested citizens of the area, the progress which had been made in the implementation of the Historic Preservation Act in Missouri, and to offer suggestions about steps which local organizations interested in historic preservation should take to further those interests.

Leo E. Huff, assistant professor of History at Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, presented an illustrated talk on "Prominent Women in Missouri History," at the March 26 meeting.

Dr. Byrne D. Blackwood, professor of Speech and Theatre at Southwest Missouri State College, spoke on "Springfield's 19th Century Opera Houses" at the April 23 meeting. The talk was based on a Master's thesis entitled, "Legitimate Theatre in Springfield, Missouri, 1840-1900," prepared by Michael Lampe.

Grundy County Historical Society Over 100 persons attended the Feb

ruary 1 meeting in the Hodge Presbyterian Church, Trenton. Talks on the early history of the county were presented by Mrs. Nelle Parker, Mrs. Clifford Burgess, Mrs. Ida Bernard, Mrs. Deva Sawyer, Mrs. Alfred Wit-ten, Mrs. Thelma Gannon, Mrs. Naomi Sharon, Mrs. Wilma Corbin and Mr.

and Mrs. Mac Cooper. The program was under the direction of the genealogy department. A number of pictures and other items were on display.

The Society has leased the second floor of the Jewett Norris Library building for the collection of historical items.

Henry County Historical Society Dale Griffith presented a program

on the history and furniture of the Shakers at the January 15 meeting in the First National Bank, Clinton.

A history of architecture was presented by Woodson Roddy at the February 19 meeting.

Clay Francisco, well-known travel lecturer, member of Film Lectures Inc., of California and a former resident of Clinton, gave a benefit performance, February 27, in Clinton. All proceeds from the program, "The New Russia," were donated to the Society's museum fund by Mr. Francisco in memory of his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Clay Adair, pioneer county residents.

Members brought historical items and enjoyed a "Show and Tell" program at the March 19 meeting.

Hickory County Historical Society Some 12 persons attended the March

3 meeting in the courthouse, Hermitage. Letters from Mrs. Jessie Daniels and Mrs. Lou Heard, regarding their memories of Wheatland, were read to those present. Jerry Briggs reported on his research project dealing with the early history of Wheatland. Mrs. Anna Wilson presented to the Society a book on Descendants of Israel Boone, written by her sister, Alice H. Boone. Mrs. Wilson also reviewed the building of the Diamond Grove School, later named Boone School.

Officers elected for the coming year were Mrs. Nannie Jinkens, Wheatland, president; Everett Miller, Flemington, vice president; Mrs. Faye Coffelt, Hermitage, secretary; Eugene Harry-


man, Weaubleau, assistant secretary; and Frankie Bartshe, Hermitage, treasurer.

Howell County Historical Society The Society met April 14 at the

century-old Hutton Valley Store. Ella Horak related a brief history of the store and Dorotha Reavis spoke on "Getting Started In Genealogy."

Johnson County Historical Society The Society held its spring meet

ing, April 26, in the Old Court House, Warrensburg. T h e Central Missouri State College Madrigal Singers entertained with early American songs. A play, "The Handwriting on the Wall," was adapted and produced for the meeting by Girl Scout Troup 153. The play featured Senator George G. Vest as a leading character. Members discussed plans for celebration of the Society's 50th anniversary.

Joplin Historical Society Some 100 persons attended the No

vember 12 meeting in the Joplin Municipal Building. T . L. Holman, assistant professor of History at Missouri Southern College, Joplin, discussed "Jayhawkers vs. Red Legs," a story of the pre-Civil War period on the Kansas-Missouri border.

In November the Society installed 28 historical markers in city parks, the first phase of its Historical Trail project.

The early mining history of Joplin was reviewed for some 50 persons at the December 3 meeting of the Mining History Round Table Committee. W. F. Netzeband, retired mining engineer and chairman of the group, presented an illustrated talk on the area's mining boom of 1870-1885. Mrs, A. Paul Thompson read an account of terms used by miners in the industry and a number of persons in attendance related stories about mining activities.

The Society held a buffet dinner

meeting, February 10, in the Joplin Elks Club with homeowners whose residences were viewed on the historical homes tour, 1967, 1968 and 1969, as special guests. The program on the "Mardi Gras" and Valentine themes featured color slides of Joplin buildings and homes. Students from the Hatley Dance Studio entertained with dance numbers. Old-fashioned Valentines and pictures of dancers and dance groups were exhibited. The Society presented its first Rex Plumbum (King Lead) Award to Rex Newman, editor emeritus and retired veteran reporter of the Joplin Globe. Presentation of this gold-plated award and framed citation inaugurated an annual recognition event to honor someone connected with the historical background, the development and progress of the district.

The Society observed the city's 97th birthday at its April 19 meeting in the Joplin Little Theatre. The theme for the evening was entitled, "Theater in the Joplin Area." Dr. Robert K. Gil-more, Dean Division of Arts and Humanities, Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, presented the main address on "Non-Theatre Theatre," or folk entertainment in the early Ozarks. Mrs. David Hoover also spoke on theaters from 1873 to the present, and E. Leffen Pflug and G. E. Pollock related the history of the Joplin Little Theatre. A summary of theater activities in Joplin, Jasper County junior colleges and the Missouri Southern College was given by Milton W. Brietzke, Speech and Drama Department, Missouri Southern College. Members paid special tribute to Joplin's actors and actresses. Pictures, programs and scrap-books of Joplin theaters and stars were displayed.

Kansas City Westerners At the February 10 meeting in Hotel

Bellerive, Dr. H. Eugene Smith, spoke


on "White Man's Diseases Among the Indians."

An illustrated slide talk on "Ft. Union: Haven on the Santa Fe Trail," was presented by William G. Hassler, acting director of the Kansas City Museum of History and Science, at the March 10 meeting.

Dr. Robert L. Branyan, chairman of the University of Missouri-Kansas City History Department, spoke on "City Life Moves West: Urban Services Beyond the 96th Meridian," at the April 14 meeting. The talk dealt with western urbanization in the latter part of the 19th century.

Knox County Historical Society Mr. and Mrs. V. H. Campbell pre

sented a slide program on their trip to Guatemala at the April 14 meeting in the Knox County High School, Edina. It was reported that approximately 300 persons visited the Society's museum in the basement of the courthouse during "Museum Week," April 13-17.

Officers of the Society are Junior Wilkerson, president; Dr. J. L. Cornelius, vice president; Mrs. Charley Hamlin, secretary; and Mrs. Junior Wilkerson, treasurer.

Lafayette County Historical Society Some 87 members and guests at

tended the April 16 annual spring banquet in the Holiday Inn, Lexington. Guest speaker, William Elder, Marshall, discussed the procedures used by the Saline County Historical Society in writing the Saline County History. The Lafayette County Society is considering such a project.

The following officers were elected for the coming year: Professor Wood-row Wilson Kurth, Concordia, president; Youree Adair, Odessa, first vice president; Richard Bricken, Waverly, second vice president; Mrs. William H. Cullom, Lexington, secretary; and G. L. Trent, Lexington, treasurer.

Lawrence County Historical Society Francis Babbs, Miller banker, spoke

on area history at the February 8 meeting in Jones Memorial Chapel, Mount Vernon. The following officers were elected: Dan Stearns, Mount Vernon, president; Mrs. Loyd Ellis, Aurora, first vice president; Eugene H. Carl, Mount Vernon, second vice president; Mrs. Jessie C. Miller, Aurora, corresponding secretary; and Fred G. Mieswinkel, Mount Vernon, secretary-treasurer.

At the April 19 meeting in Robinson Elementary School, Aurora, Mrs. Kate Lehman, former Aurora teacher, presented a program on the early history of the town and school. Harlan R. Stark also spoke on interesting aspects of Aurora's history. Old photographs of the area were displayed.

Lewis County Historical Society The Society held its April 12 meet

ing at the Baptist Church in May-wood. The program, "History of May-wood," was prepared by Mrs. D. P. Wiseman and presented by Mrs. Nolen Leach. A display of old photographs and a copy of the Maywood Missourian illustrated the talk.

Macon County Historical Society Some 50 members attended the

April 29 meeting at Traveller Cafe, Macon. An address on the life of Herbert Hoover was presented by the Reverend Julius Rechtermann, New Cambria. Members discussed the possibility of a special program in the county to celebrate the Sesquicentennial of Missouri in 1971. A number of old documents and pictures were displayed.

McDonald County Historical Society At the May 3 meeting in the Tiff

City Community Church, members presented a panel program. Mrs. Ella Maddin spoke on "Tiff City's Early History," and Mrs. Virginia Shaver dis-


cussed the "Hopkins Family." The biographies of Doctors A. U. Chase and A. J. McKinney were presented by Henry Chase and Bremer Chase. Earl Dewitt told about Bannock, a small town once located near Tiff City, and Mrs. Fern Teel gave the "Later History of Tiff City."

Society president Mrs. Pauline Car-nell has been appointed by Governor Warren E. Hearnes to the Governor's Advisory Committee of the Missouri Sesquicentennial Commission.

Mississippi County Historical Society

Beginning with a reception on April 19, and continuing through May 16, the Society exhibited the works of sculptor Tom Runnels and painter Ron Huff at the Society's Art Gallery, Charleston.

Mrs. Audley Brown, president of the Society, has been named to Who's Who of American Women, a compilation of civic leaders.

Missouri Historical Society Two new exhibits, "Sterling P r i ce -

Governor and General," and "A Bride and Her Gifts—1875," were displayed by the Society, February 13-June 1, in Jefferson Memorial Building, St. Louis. The Price exhibit featured books written with the aid of the Society's archives. The bridal display included a bride, her mother and children, all dressed in French inspired fashions of the 1870s.

Missouri "Show Me" Club At the March 15 meeting in First

Methodist Church, Los Angeles, California, Al Riddle and Mary Lindholm presented color slides of Death Valley.

Members participated in a bus trip to Palm Springs, May 2.

Moniteau County Historical Society At the March 16 meeting in Masonic

Hall, California, Mrs. Preston Hutch

ison, Versailles, presented a program on the history of Fortuna and area lead mining. A display of literature and old photographs illustrated the talk.

Morgan County Historical Society Thirty-two members attended the

April 27 meeting in the Morgan County Bank, Versailles. Lowell Davis, author of the recently published book, Ozark Hillman's Handbook, spoke to the group on the history of Northwest Missouri. A number of antique items were on display.

The museum opened for the summer season on May 30. Signs advertising the museum were placed on the highways leading into Versailles. Beginning June 15, a New York City student was employed at the museum during the summer months.

Native Sons of Kansas City At the February 25 meeting in Wish

bone Restaurant, Theodore Seligson of Seligson/Eggen, Architects, presented slides and a talk on "Kansas City's Architectural Heritage and Landmark Buildings." Mr. Seligson is president of the Missouri Valley Chapter of Architectural Historians.

Nodaway County Historical Society The speaker for the February 23

meeting in the Dream Kitchen, Maryville, was Mrs. Louise Landes, a recent arrival from Cuba.

Ross Scott, Jr., a student at Northwest Missouri State College, Maryville, presented an illustrated program on his travels in Italy, at the March 23 meeting in the United Methodist Church, Maryville.

At the April 27 meeting in the United Methodist Church, Dr. James Lowe, Social Science Department, Northwest Missouri State College, told of plans for the formal dedication, June 13, of the Old Hickory Grove


Rural School, located on the college campus.

Phelps County Historical Society Officers of the Society are Dr. T . R.

Beveridge, Rolla, president; Mrs. Charles Smallwood, St. James, vice president; Mrs. Jessie Rucker, Rolla, secretary; and Mrs. Sophie Martin, Rolla, treasurer.

The historical museum is open during the summer from 2 to 5 p.m., Sundays, Mondays and Wednesdays.

Pike County Historical Society Some 65 persons attended the April

28 meeting at the Frankford Christian Church. Attorney Edward Glenn of Louisiana related a history of the land which is now a part of the Dundee Company in Pike County. The following slate of officers was announced: McCune Dudley, Louisiana, president; Mrs. Tom Doyle, Curryville, first vice president; Mrs. Champ Grimes, Eolia, second vice president; Charles Merri-wether, Louisiana, third vice president; Rose Crank, Annada, secretary; and Robert Henry, Bowling Green, treasurer.

Platte County Historical Society The Society celebrated its 25th an

niversary dinner, April 26, in the Weston Elementary School. W. R. Spratt, Parkville, a charter member, gave a resume and accomplishments of the Society since its founding, May 1, 1945. Lew Larkin, of the Kansas City Star, spoke on the history of Missouri. William Lorentz provided musical entertainment for the 208 persons in attendance.

Pony Express Historical Association The Association held its 6th annual

awards luncheon, April 11, in Rob-idoux Hotel, St. Joseph. Each year five special historical awards are given by the Association in observance of the start of the Pony Express on April 3, 1860, and the designation of Patee

House as a National Historical Landmark in 1965. The awards, to individuals or organizations for outstanding contributions to history, were presented to the Downtown Sertoma Club, Martin McNally, Mrs. Edward Clayton, Sheridan Logan and posthumously to Fred Carr. A special award recognized Mayor Douglas Merrifield for his assistance, interest and help to Patee House. Dr. William Petrowski, associate professor of History of the University of Nebraska, Omaha, spoke on "The Role of the Railroad in Western Development."

Large crowds attended the annual spring antique gun show, April 18-19, and the spring antique show, May 22-24, with proceeds used for the development of Patee House.

Patee House was officially opened for the summer season on Memorial Day, May 30. The building is open, admission free, from 10 to 5 daily, Monday through Saturday, and from 1 to 5 on Sundays. Many displays are new. A special feature is the historic Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad train, exhibited in transportation hall.

Putnam County Historical Society The Society held its February 20

meeting in the Public Library, Unionville. P. W. Porter and B. M. Husted presented the program on early-day county schools. The president opened and closed the meeting with the ringing of an old school bell.

Officers for the coming year are Melva O'Reilly, president; Mrs. Walda Ann Paris, vice president; and Mrs. Freda Hurliman, secretary-treasurer. Memberships total over 200.

The Society has a display of historical items in the library. The exhibit is changed every six weeks.

Members have been preserving church and school histories, collecting old photographs and tabulating genealogical information from cemeteries.


St. Charles County Historical Society

The Society sponsored its 9th annual antique show and sale, April 10-12, in Three Flags Restaurant, St. Charles, Antiques of 46 dealers were exhibited in some 50 booths.

The Society held its April 23 annual dinner meeting in St. Peter's Catholic Church Hall, St. Charles. Orval Henderson, historian for the Missouri State Park Board, spoke on historical events in St. Charles during the days the capitol was located there, 1821-1826. Michael Frazier, historical administrator of the First State Capitol, was a special guest.

St. Charles County Junior Historical Society

The Society celebrated its first birthday with a party, April 6, at the home of Rolland Kjar, St. Charles.

A series of historical articles, written by members of the Society, are published weekly in the St. Charles Journal.

Officers for the coming year are Diane Souchek, president; Tim Glosier, vice president; Leslie Brown, secretary; Jim Toler, treasurer; and Tom Schaberg, historian.

St. Clair County Historical Society At the February 18 meeting in the

Commercial Hotel, Osceola, President James Atteberry gave a picture program on historical homes and buildings in Appleton City, Lowry City and Osceola.

A history of the Osceola Literary Society and its successor, the Osceola Literary Association, was related at the March 18 meeting by Dr. Franklin P. Johnson.

A review of changes from 1883 to the present time was given by John Mills at the April 15 meeting.

St. Joseph Historical Society The Society held its April 19 meet

ing in the Missouri Valley Trust Building. G. T. Van Bebber, attorney and historian of Troy, Kansas, spoke on "The Members of the Seventh Kansas Cavalry of the Civil War." Fred A. Hyde, chairman of the train repair committee, reported that sheet metal work had been completed on the large Burlington steam locomotive and tender located in Patee Park, 10th and Penn. Keeping the engine repaired and painted has long been a project of the Society.

Shelby County Historical Society Slide photographs of the Clarence

community and pioneer families of the county were provided by Charles Timmons at the April 25 meeting in the Clarence Civic Building. Members discussed museum plans and Roy Neff reported that filing cabinets had been secured for the cataloguing of museum items.

Smithville Historical Society Paterson Memorial Museum, Smith

ville, opened April 5, and will remain open each Sunday from 1 to 5 p.m. through October. Lucille Taylor served as hostess on April 5 and 12 showing respectively pattern glass and mementoes of Smithville merchants and families of the past and present. Jane Jones served as hostess on April 19 and 26. On the third Sunday the Museum featured a World War II scrapbook on area servicemen and on the following Sunday the Society honored the Golden Age Club with refreshments and a tour of the Museum.

Vernon County Historical Society The board of directors met April 5

at the Farm and Home Savings Association, Nevada, and discussed plans for the opening of the Bushwhacker Museum on April 15. Plans were also made for a booth and parade floats for "Bushwhacker Days."


Webb City Historical Society byterian Church, an event which cele-Mrs. Coleene Belk, researcher and bra ted the 20th anniversary of the

author of Dueneweg, spoke at the Society's founding. Virginia Sheaff, re-March 10 meeting in the Webb City tired school teacher and the author Public Library. Mrs. Belk discussed of a number of books on Kansas City one of her books on area history history, presented a talk entitled, gathered from county tombstones. "Wandering through Old Westport."

The Society sponsored a sidewalk A n i m a g i n a r y walking tour in the display of art and crafts from the area, W e s t p o r t a r e a w a s a l s o g i v e n b y M i s s

April 25, in Webb City. s h e a f f afc ^ f i m r e g u l a r m e e t i n g Q£

Westport Historical Society t h e Society in 1950. Several of Miss Over 100 persons attended the Feb- Sheaff's former pupils attended the

ruary 27 meeting at the Westport Pres- meeting.

Did She Understand? Columbia Weekly Missouri Sentinel, October 7, 1852.

A lady asked her husband what the difference was between exportation and transportation. "My dear," replied the good-natured husband, "there is a difference, and I will endeavor to bring it as near your understanding as possible:— suppose you were exported I should be transported."

P. M.'s Were Profitable St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 23, 1888.

A Notion Clerk. People generally think we counter-hoppers all lead starving lives, but there never was a greater mistake. If a man can sell what we call "p.m.'s" he's sure of a nice living, no matter what his normal salary is. A "p.m." is an article a little shelf-worn or unseasonable, which the firm, or the department manager, marks with those letters, and which, if sold at the price marked, guarantees to the salesman a commission of from 5 to 25 per cent. Now, coinci-dently, my salary as head salesman in the gents' furnishings department is but $18 per week and there are clerks under me earning but $8 a week salary, yet my fortnightly stipend is often $50 and never as low as $36, while some of the $8 and $10 men in my department often run their salaries up to $15 and $18 per week by close attention to the "p.m.'s." Not only are we money in pocket by hustling to make these premium sales, but the man who makes the most of such sales is the one who gets a department when there is a vacant managership. You see, the firm keeps an account with each department, charging the manager with investments and crediting him with the returns, just as if he was running his own store and the trial balance on the 1st of January generally decides whether the manager shall have a raise in his position or a raise out of it. And the "p.m.'s" go a long way toward saving on losses that would otherwise be inevitable.


GIFTS

PAUL R. BECK, Jefferson City, donor: 100th Anniversary of St. John's Lutheran Church, Owensville, Mo. R* Photographs of Jefferson City (1891), taken by Carl Deeg. E Brief History of Immanuel Lutheran Church, Honey Creek, Missouri..R

MRS. EDWARD A. BOWEN, Novelty, donor:

"Borron Genealogical Record: Timothy Terrill Family; Bowen Genealogical Record: John Hodges Family; Roberts Genealogical Record: John Head-rick Family." R

MRS. GEORGE BRADLEY, Fayette, donor: A number of old Central Missouri newspapers including Brunswick, Central City, Keytesville, Salisbury, Glasgow and Excelsior Springs. N

MRS. WILLIAM BRADSHAW, Columbia, donor:

Numerous Missouri publications. R Newspaper clippings and photographs. E

ROBERT BUECHER, Millstadt, Illinois, donor: "History of the Wetteroth Family of Millstadt, Illinois," by donor. R

E. TAYLOR CAMPBELL, St. Joseph, donor:

William R. Strachan letter, 1852, from Newark, Missouri. M Pictures and family information of George and Susannah Hawkins and John Joseph and Mary Elizabeth Taylor. M

MRS. H. W. CARRINGTON, Lebanon, donor: A number of items from the library of the late Hon. Thomas L. Rubey including the dedication of Swallow Memorial Monument in the Columbia Cemetery, 1928. R

ALICE CHAMBERS, Boonville, donor, through NICHOLAS A. BRUNDA, Boonville: Photograph of Joseph K. Rogers. E Lamonte Pettis County Christian, May, 1919. N Christian College, Columbia, baccalaureate address to Class of 1860, and Christian College entertainment program, Dec. 21, 1860. R

CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor:

One hundred sixteen short biographies of persons associated with Mark Twain. M Mark Twain and Richard M. Nixon, by donor. M

SHEROD J. COLLINS, Kirksville, donor: Breaking New Ground: Autobiography, by donor. R

WALTER DAVISON, JR., Kirksville, donor:

Thomas Caldwell Davison—A Book on Genealogy, by Walter S. Davison. R

*These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society headquarters: R refers to Reference Library; M, Manuscript Collection; E, Editorial Office; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; B, Bay Room; and MC, Museum Case.


JAMES T. DENNY, PETTIS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Sedalia, donor:

Photographs loaned for copying and information on the "Little Red School House," Sedalia, restored by Pettis County Historical Society. E

REVEREND WILLIAM W. FERREN, Jefferson City, donor: Two photographs of St. John's Lutheran Church, rural Jefferson City, loaned for copying. E

RALPH GREGORY, Mark Twain Birthplace Memorial Shrine, Stoutsville, donor: Letters of Albert Bigelow Paine, 1912. M

REVEREND ARNOLD GRIESSE, Lohman, donor:

"125 Years Given to God's Mission," Zion Lutheran Church, Jefferson City. R

MRS. HENRY W. HAMILTON, Marshall, donor:

Negatives of Slusher Community, Lafayette County. E

SALLIE HALL HARRIS, Columbia, donor:

Genealogy of the Sharpless Family, compiled by Gilbert Cope. R

REVEREND ROBERT EARL HODKINS, Hallsville, donor:

Thesis, "A Study of the History, Development, and Prophecy of the Red Top Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Hallsville, Missouri," compiled by donor. R

MRS. OLIVER HOWARD, Columbia, donor: Briefs filed by Fox & Sac Indians & the Justice Department before the Court of Claims, 1952-54. R

MR. AND MRS. IRA BEN HYDE, III, Princeton, donors: The Millar-du Bois Family; Its History and Genealogy, compiled by Eva Miller Nourse. R

LARRY JAMES, Columbia, donor: "The Huey & The Hutchison Families," compiled by donor. R

MRS. NANNIE JINKENS, Wheatland, donor: Cemetery inscriptions of Hopewell Cemetery, eastern Henry County. R

MRS. JOE KOENIG, Rhineland, donor: Shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows at Starkenburg Silver Jubilee (1913). R

STEPHEN G. LAMAR, Burlington Junction, donor: Photograph, Nodaway County Courthouse and Jail (1853). E

OSCAR L. LARSON, Portland, Oregon, donor: William Jones Papers, 1870-1909, pertaining to the Chester and Iron Mountain Railroad in Southeast Missouri. M

HAROLD W. LEMERT, JR., Ferguson, donor: The Lemert Family in America, The Story of Lewis Lemert and His Descend-ents, compiled by Amy Lemert Hake. R

OLIVER W M . LIENHARD, St. Louis, donor: "The Olivers," compiled by donor. R


EDWIN PARKER LYNCH, Pacific Palisades, California, donor: Xerox copy of Thomas Hart Benton letter, 1829. M

MRS. CHARLES L. MILLER, Macon, donor: Daybooks and account books of Benjamin R. Thrasher, Macon County, May 1877-December 1891. M

ARTHUR PAUL MOSER, Springfield, donor:

"A Directory of Towns, Villages and Hamlets, Past and Present, of Christian County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R "A Directory of Towns, Villages and Hamlets, Past and Present, of Lawrence County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R

R. GLEN NYE, San Diego, California, donor: Hibbs-Farnsworth and Related Families, compiled by donor; and Riley Smith Emmons and Priscilla Eleanor Howard, Their Ancestors and Descendants, by Katherine June Emmons Tyler, edited by Katherine E. Watson Nye. R

PICKLER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, Northeast Missouri State College, Kirksville, donor: Numerous Missouri periodicals. R

PUBLIC LIBRARY, De Soto, donor: Photographs of the De Soto area loaned for copying. E

MRS. BESSIE E. PYLE, Bethany, donor: Colonel John Pyle and His People, compiled by C. Homer Pyle. R

MRS. BOBBIE HATTON RICHARDSON, Bragg City, donor, through MRS. VIRGINIA BoTTS, Columbia: Marsh-Hazel Cemetery Inscriptions, Dunklin County, compiled by donor. R

PAUL ROWE, Kahoka, donor: The Trial of Bill Young, Accused of Murdering the Spencer Family. R

ST. JOHN'S LUTHERAN CHURCH, Jefferson City, donor: A Century of Grace, 1869-1969, St. John's Lutheran Church, Route 3, Jefferson City, Missouri. R

MRS. K. J. SEAGRAVES, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, donor: Genealogy of Seagraves Sampson & Kindred Lines, by Faye S. Seagraves. R

MR. & MRS. THEODORE R. SHELL, De Soto, donors: Confederate Note Plate. MC

SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH, Jefferson City, donor, through MRS. D. R. TOLBERT, Jefferson City: Misc. items relating to Second Baptist Church. R

MRS. J. A. SESLER, Modesto, California, donor: "Spencer-Oldham Bible records." R "Bible records, Oldham-Sportsman." R

JOHN L. SULLIVAN, Flat River, donor: Papers of John L. Sullivan. M History of Flat-River, St. Francois County, Missouri and History of Mining In the Lead Belt in St. Francois County, Missouri. M Flat River pictures and scrapbook. M


DR. WILLIAM H. TAFT, Columbia, donor: Microfilms: "Early St. Louis Newspapers, 1808-1850," by Dorothy Grace Brown, and "U. S. Library of Congress, Chronological Index of Newspapers for the Period 1801-1952 in the Collections of the Library of Congress," compiled by Paul Swigart. N

TARKIO COLLEGE LIBRARY, Tarkio, donor:

Representative Charles F. Booher, Memorial Addresses (1921). R

REVEREND JOSEPH J. TRAWER, Jefferson City, donor, through PAUL R. BECK, Jefferson City: Salem-Hope United Presbyterian Church, Hope, Missouri, 1860-1960. R

FRED VOGEL, Jefferson City, donor: Jefferson City Daily Post, July 1908-July 1919. N

MRS. KERMIT WATKINS, MISSOURI SOCIETY DAUGHTERS OF 1812, Liberty, donor:

Daniel Boone in the War of 1812 Period, by Lillian Hays Oliver. R

T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, donor: History of the Mars Hill Church & Cemetery. R

WESTPORT PRESS, Springfield, donor: Leaves From An Ozark Journal, 1937-1946, Volume 2, by E. T. Sechler. R

HELEN L. WOODCOCK, Granby, donor: Newspaper clippings of Granby school histories. E

MRS. HOWARD W. WOODRUFF, Kansas City, donor: "Marriage Records of Ralls County, Mo., 1821-1866," compiled by donor. R

ROBERT GAIL WOODS, Louisville, Kentucky, donor: "Julius Edwin Edwards." R

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor:

Picture postcards of Lake Ozark area. E

MRS. BEVERLY HANSHAW YOUNG, Springfield, donor:

"An Illustrated Historical Atlas Map of Greene County, Missouri, Index to Biographical Items," compiled by donor. R

Applause for the Losing Team St. Joseph Morning Herald, July 15, 1870.

The Falls City Club, the present champions of Nebraska, will arrive in this city this morning, and this afternoon they are to play a match game of ball with Haymakers of this city. The latter club will have out a strong nine, and as the Nebraska club are fine fielders and batters, a sharp and close game may be expected. The game will be played on the College Grounds, and will commence at 2:30 p.m. sharp. All who take interest in the game are invited to attend. It is to be hoped that the small boys will not keep up their infernal yelling, and especially when the visiting club happen to make a poor play. It is the wish of the Haymakers that good plays on each side will receive equal applause.


MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ashland Boone County Journal February 6, 1970—'Mr. [R. B.] Price . . . Artist . . . Banker." February 13—"No Saloon Causes Trouble," a reprint from the Rocheport

Commercial, May 1888. February 20—In commemoration of the newspaper's first anniversary, a

number of historical articles were reprinted from earlier issues. February 27—"The Railroad Plan, 1871," and "[Stephen St. John] Man

died In cave-in 1841." March 6—"Eli Penter Was Early Ashland News man." March 13—"Boone County's 'Klondike'." March 20—"A Teacher [Georgiana Bruce Kirby] at Bonne Femme Academy

Tells of Slavery," a reprint. April 3—"Rocheport Events From 1870 [Boone County] Journal."

Brunswick Brunswicker February 5-April 30, 1970—"You Write The Caption," a weekly picture

series.

Buffalo Reflex March 12, 1970—'The Railroad Dallas County Never Had," by Ida E.

Garner.

Camdenton Reveille January 30, 1970—"Moved in New Court House 38 Years Ago, Jan. 23."

Columbia Missourian February 1, 1970—"Missouri's $3 Bill," a picture story. February 18—A brief account of ladies fashions by Sue Schweiger, "You've

come a long way, Baby—shedding bloomers along the path."

De Soto and Bonne Terre PresS'Dispatch February 2, 1970—A number of short stories by readers. February P—"Big Star Shines Unseen in De Soto," a story about Elberta

Nelligan and the Buckholz Place. February 16—"Roads Into the Wilderness." February 23 6- March 2—"De Soto's Honored Guest From the South [Jeffer

son Davis]," a series. March 9, 16 & 23—"Conservation and Pollution Nothing New," a series. This, and the articles above, in the column, "As You Were," by Eddie

Miller. March 23—The article, "Former De Soto Businesswoman Observing Her

101st Birthday," presented a biography of Mrs. Thomas Benjamin Maness. March 30-April 27—"The Curtain Goes Up for De Soto," a weekly series,

by Eddie Miller. March 30—An engraving for a Confederate Civil War note illustrated an

article relating its connection with the De Soto Press.

Eldon Advertiser March 19, 1970-"St. Patrick's Day 1904, in Eldon, Railroaders Arrive

Seeking Jobs," by Jim Bullard.


Jackson Journal February 4,1970—"There's Music In The Air, The History of the Community

Concert," Part II. February 18 & 25—"History of Cape Girardeau Order of Odd Fellows, No.

675, and Rebekah Lodge, No. 508," a two-part article. This, and the article above, by K. J. H. Cochran. February 25, March 11, April 8, 22, 29—A series of old area school photo.-

graphs. March 4—"Clarence Scheper, Old Time Miller, Recounts Facts About Area

Mills," by K. J. H. Cochran. March 11—"The Wreck of the 'Coffee Pot' [railroad engine]." March 18 & 25—"Light From A Lantern, The story of the William William's

Place," a series. This, and the articles below, by K. J. H. Cochran. April 1—"The Farmer in the Dell, The A. F. Lorberg House on Route K." April 8—A history, "The Lutheran School of St. Paul." April 15 & 22—"Towers of the Cape Girardeau County Court Building,"

Part I & II. April 29—"A New Tomorrow For Mill A [Cape County Milling Company]."

Kansas City Star February 8, 1970—"Missouri's 'Father of Photojournalism' [Clifton C.

Edom]," by Peg McMahon. February 12—"Lincoln Family History Stitched Into a Quilt," by John

Edward Hicks. February 15—"Missouri's First Insurance Boss [Wyllys King] Had Plenty to

Regulate." February 21, 28, March 7, 21, 28, April 4, 11, 18, 25—"Missouri Heritage,"

by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Dr. Andrew T. Still, Thespian Hall, Weston, silk mania, Joseph Pulitzer, Montgomery Blair, Charles Daniel Drake, Negroes and Alexander Doniphan.

February 28, March 7, 21, 28, April 4, 11, 25—A series of postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray, featured respectively German Hospital, Coates House, Kersey Coates Drive, Masonic Temple, Orpheum Theater, St. Luke's Hospital and Fidelity Trust Company Building.

March 15—"Resident Artist and Sage [Thomas Hart] Benton Misses Land of His Youth," by Jules Loh.

April 19—A history of the Kansas City Call, by Helen T. Gott, commemorated the newspaper's 50th anniversary.

April 27—"[Mark] Twain's Wit Concealed Sorrow," by Evelyn Bendersky. April 26—"The 100 Years of B'nai Jehudah," by Frank J. Adler.

Kansas City Times February 7,14, March 14,1970—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured

respectively Arrow Rock, Ozarks and General James Wilkinson. February 7 & April 18—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray fea

tured the Board of Trade Building and Troost Park. March 17—"Ardent Irishman [Milt McGee] a Popular Civic Leader," by

John Edward Hicks.


April 11—"Ernest Hemingway, [Kansas City] Star Staffer, From Cub Reporter to Literary Giant," by Henry Raymont.

April 16—"Renewal for Missouri's Forests," by Margaret Shemwell, reprinted from the Conservationist.

April 24—"Time Confusion Was 'Fact of Life'," by Calvin Manon.

Latvson Review February 12, 19, 26, March 12, 19, 26, April 2, 1970—a. historical series on

Watkins Mill.

Linn Osage County Observer February 26, March 19, April 30, 1970—"History Of Osage County," a series

by Hallie Mantle. March 12 & 19—A two-part article, reprinted, "History Of Saint Boniface

Parish, Koeltztown, Missouri," by Father Richard G. Reichling.

'Neosho Daily News December 11, 1969-"History of Old Chase School." February 19, 7P70—"Former Student Tells History of Bullard Point School."

Both Granby area school histories by Helen Woodcock.

Paris Monroe County Appeal February 12, 26, March 19, 26, April 2, 1970—"History of Monroe County,"

a series reprinted from an 1884 history of the county. February 12, 26, March 12, 19—A history of area businesses presented in the

column, "Business Anniversary." February 26—"An 1898 Letter from Alaska [written by M. S. Bounds]." March 26—"History of Santa Fe Railroad and other Santa Fe History," by

Mrs. Eugene Sharp.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic December 15, 1969—"Water Mills in Early Butler County," by George R.

Loughead. April 30, 1970—"Views of History—Village of Rombauer, Thriving Commu

nity at Turn of Century," by Bob Manns.

St, Charles Journal January 15, 1970—"The DuSable Memorial Society," by Rolland Kjar. January 22—"Slave Years Are Recalled," by Darla Henderson. January 29—"When St. Charles Was a Slave State," by Pam Plume. February 12—"German Societies Led Migration," by Jeanne Thro. February 19—"[Louis] Blanchette, Fur Trader by Choice," by Roger Orf. February 26—"Blanchette Led Prosperous Life," by Roger Orf. March 5—"St. Joe Hospital, A Valuable Asset," by Darla Henderson. March 19—"Family Traces Itself Back 128 Years," by Jay Schultehenrich. March 26—"DAK Chapter Formed In 1909," by Deenya D. Boelman. April 2—"DAR's Mark Historical Sites," by Deenya Boelman. April 9—"A Review of The Church of God History," by Rolland W. Kjar. April 16—"The [Alfred] Payne Farm," by Peggy Simon.

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play February 6-April 24, 1970—A weekly series, "History Of Our Town," by Mrs.

Jack Basler.


St, Louis Globe-Democrat February 14-15, 1970—"The Automobile Age," a history of the Chevrolet

plant in St. Louis, by David Brown. February 21-22—"60 Years Of Rotary," by Walter E. Orthwein. March 1, 15, April 5, 12, 19, 26—A picture series, "Then and Now," featured

respectively Market Street, Pine Street, Twelfth Boulevard, City Hall, Market Street and Washington Avenue.

March 16—"Thomas Hart Benton, Painter of America's Soul," by Jules Loh. April 26—"Whatever became of Theodor Anders?" with photos by Paul

Ockrassa.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 8,1970—"The Humane Society of Missouri, 100th Anniversary, 1870-

1970," a special supplement. February 27—A history of Sales and Marketing Executives of Metropolitan

St. Louis. March 4—"Paul Christman: Memories Of A Daring Young Man," by Bob

Broeg. March 5—"Century Of Weather," by Jack Rice. March 29—"Marlin Perkins [St. Louis Zoo director emeritus]: Friend of An-

mals 60 Years," by Olivia Skinner. April 19, 21, 22, 23—A four-part series by Jack Rice featured August A.

Busch, Jr. April 26—"In the Stillness At Watkins Mill," written by Richard M. Jones,

photos by Scott C. Dine.

Sedalia Capital February 5, 1970—"Cross Timbers History Recalls a Bygone Way of Life." This, and all the articles below, by Hazel Lang. February 19—"Knob Noster's History is Gilded by Buried Gold Tales." March 5—"Edwards Literally Received its Name from a Drawing." March 19—"The Town of Preston Was Platted Before the Civil War." April 2—"Urich Was the Original Site of Civil War Encampments." April id—"Early History of Houstonia Highlighted by Violence."

Shelbyville Shelby County Herald February 11, 1970—"First White Girl [Evalene Baker Turner] Born in His

tory of Shelby County," April 15—"Shelby Countian [John W. Vandiver] Patents Seeding Machine

in 1858," by Mrs. Mary Vandiver.

Steelville Crawford Mirror February 5, 1970-Story of The Steelville Normal and Business Institute, by

Albert Reeves. February 5, 26, March 12, April 2, 16, 23, 30—A picture series, "Souvenir

Photos." February 12—List of Benton Creek Teachers, Rural School Memories, Jake

Prairie, compiled by J. I. Breuer. February 19—The Story of The Steelville Normal and Business Institute, by

Professor J. A. Ferrell. February 19—"The Decade of the Job High School."


February 26—The Story of the Fleming-Thompson School, compiled by J. I. Breuer.

March 12—A history of Blue Spring School, and "Rural school memories," both compiled by J. I. Breuer.

March 19—" 'Fifty years' At High Point [School]."

Stover Morgan County Press March 19, 1970—A history of Holy Cross Lutheran Church, northwest of

Stover.

Versailles Leader-Statesman February 5, 1970—"Fortuna Was Boom Town In Early 1900s," by Omega

Hutchison. April 9—A history of the Versailles library, given by Mrs. P. J. McDonough

at the March 30 meeting of the Morgan County Historical Society.

Webb City Sentinel February 6-April 17, 1970—"Webb City's Past," a weekly series, by Harry C.

Hood, Sr.

They "Took the Trip" Columbia Weekly Missouri Sentinel, June 24, 1852.

Spiritual Rappings.—At Palmyra, a week or two since, a medium by request turned over a large dining table. The leaves did not fall, but adhered to the legs, making a kind of box in which three ladies seated themselves, and then the medium, laying her hand on the table, was followed by it around the room pretty rapidly, several times, rather seriously damaging the table by scratching its surface on nails in the uncarpeted floor. By request of one of the ladies the table started out of doors, but was stopped by the "carpet strip." No person touched the table except as above mentioned—the "medium" is a delicate little girl, about twelve or thirteen years of age. The full strength of four would be required to accomplish the feat described. The respectability and directness of our information, and well known high standing of those who "took the trip," leave no room to doubt the correctness of the above facts.

The Rose Was More Romantic Hannibal True American, February 22, 1855.

A remarkably intelligent young botanist of our acquaintance asserts it as his firm conviction, strengthened by his public observation, not the less by his private experience, that plants have a decided influence upon the actions of mankind in general, and of womankind, perhaps in particular. In illustration of this axiom, he adduces, with some shrewdness, the indisputable fact that many a delicate young lady who would shrink with maiden modesty from being kissed under the mistletoe, has yet not the slightest objection to that ceremony, if it


MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES American Heritage, February, 1970: "[Peter Rindisbacher] The Boy Artist of

Red River," by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.; and "Mister Carnegie's 'Library'," by Caroline E. Werkley.

American Scene [Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art] , 1970: "The Missouri River, America's Waterway West," by David C. Hunt.

Arizona and the West, Winter, 1969: "Lost Manuscripts of Western Travel," by John Francis McDermott.

Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Spring, 1970: "Union Strategy in Arkansas During the Vicksburg Campaign," by Donald E. Reynolds.

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, February, 1970: "The Historical Vulcan Iron Works," by Albert T. Jefferson.

, April, 1970: "Historic Jefferson Barracks," by Tony Fusco.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, February, 1970: "Edward Earl Kirk-land, Clay County, Missouri," by Hazel Moore Kirkland.

March, 1970: "The Ladies Colleges of Liberty, Missouri," by Russell V. Dye.

-, April, 1970: "The Crossett Family in Clay County Missouri," by Evelyn Petty.

Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, April, 1970: "Ellen Chambers La-motte"; "A Letter From Jane Chambers"; "Florissant News—1913"; and "Ferguson . . . As I Knew It," by E. R. Schmidt.

Howell County Missouri Historical Society Quarterly Review, January, 1970: "The Battle of the Courthouse: February 25, 1862," compiled by Dorotha Reavis; "School 'Daze' and Spanish Needles," by Mrs. C. H. Dotson; "Pioneer Churches Still Living," by Lourena Galloway; "4 x 2's For A Long Barn," by W. F. Willbanks; and "Richards Brothers in the Ozarks," by Dwight Richards, as told to Dick Fleming.

, April, 1970: "5-Star City," by Glenn Smith; "A Few Bits of Mountain View History," by Grace Penninger; and "Gulley Store: Hutton Valley," by Ella Horak.

Jackton County Historical Society Journal, Winter, 1970: "Long Henry [Thrus-ton], An Easy Mark, Never Hit," by Ethylene Ballard Thruston; "J. F. Richards, Self-Made, Richards-Conover Founder, Orphan at 12," by A. C. Jobes; "Moss Hunton's Gifts to Children More Than Money," by Mary Paxton Keeley; and "Henry Bundschu Reviews History of Slavery," by Henry A. Bundschu.

Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1970: " 'Winged Figure,' [First Presbyterian Church, dedicated in Memory of Wyllys Seymour King Family]," by Jaquelin Ambler.


Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1970: "Bird's Eye View of Aurora in 1879," reprinted from the Fountain & Journal, February 13, 1879; "Aurora Postmasters and Their Appointments," provided by W. E. Wise; and "Agustus Neuton Calhoun," by Mary O. Kerr.

Mark Twain Journal, Summer, 1969: "Winslow Homer and Mark Twain," by Jerry M. Williamson; and "Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri (The American Scene)," by Marguerite Kingman.

, Winter, 1970: "John Sam Clemens: A Father's Influence," by Keith Coplin; "Mark Twain's Dream Self in the Nightmare of History," by Ellwood Johnson; "Mark Twain, W. D. Howells, and Henry James: Three Agnostics in Search of Salvation," by Kenneth Andersen; "In Defense of Tom Sawyer," by Elmo Howell; "The Grangerford-Shepherdson Episode: Another of Mark Twain's Indictments of the Damned Human Race," by Capt. Robert E. Lowery; and "Pudd'nhead Wilson's Election," by Stuart A. Lewis.

Missouri Alumnus, February, 1970: "Centennial for a [Eugene] Field Day," by Betty Brophy.

Missouri DAR Bulletin, February, 1970: "Cold Water Cemetery," by Dorothy L. Poikert.

Nebraska History, Winter, 1969: "Better Britons For The Burlington: A Study of the Selective Approach of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy in Great Britain, 1871-1875," by Ian MacPherson.

Oregon Historical Quarterly, December, 1969: "The Founding of Mount Angel Abbey," by Gerard G. Steckler.

Ozarker, May, 1970: "The Current: Log of the Wilma," Part VIII, by Ward Allison Dorrance.

Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1970: "Coon Creek Days," by Lyle Owen.

, April, 1970: "Aunt Delphia Hall Laughlin, Ozarkian Midwife," by Meda Feasel.

, May, 1970: "The Charm of Ha Ha Tonka," by Opal Stewart Butts; and "History of Price Mill," by Russ How.

Palmer Family Quarterly, Fall, 1969: "Ratliff Boone Palmer, Missouri Pioneer, His Ancestors, His Descendants and Allied Families," compiled by Barbara Crawford LeDoux.

Pony Express, March, 1970: "Frederick Bee Organized the Pony Express—1859."

Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, April, 1970: "Mark Twain, Unreconstructed Southerner, and His View of the Negro, 1835-1860," by Arthur Gordon Pettit.

Trail Guide, December, 1969: "The Rhetoric of Alexander W. Doniphan," by R. Kenneth Elliott.

True West, April, 1970: "Captain [William Sloan] Tough and His Buckskin Scouts," by Joseph W. Snell.


True West, June, 1970: "When the Last Trumpet Sounds '—I want to stand up with my men.'—Black Jack Pershing," by Agnes Wright Spring.

Western Historical Quarterly, January, 1970: "The Mining Promoter in the Trans-Mississippi West," by Lewis Atherton; and "Mark Twain's Attitude Toward The Negro in the West, 1861-1867," by Arthur G. Pettit.

Westport Historical Quarterly, March, 1970: "Westport's First Woman Realtor and Her Descendants," by Helen Waskey Embree; "Franz Hahn, the Village Blacksmith," by Adrienne Christopher; "The Old Vogel Saloon," by Adrienne Christopher; "Tecumseh's Tomahawk in Possession of Bettis Family," reprinted from old newspaper clipping; "The First Battle of Westport, June 17, 1863," by William A. Goff; "Ezra Meeker—Apostle of the Oregon Trail," by Mrs. Mildred Miles Main; "When Signboard Hill Was a Picnic Place"; and " 'Telegraph' Aubry: A Riding Man," by Marc Simmons.

Wi-Iyohi, Bulletin of the South Dakota Historical Society, February 1, 1970: "The Saga of a Pioneer Nurse," by Mrs. Freda Marburger Kappner.

The Mortality in Flies Was Terrific Kansas City Times, June 1, 1943.

The old adage about building a better mousetrap was exemplified by B. F. Douglass, who died a few days ago at Fulton, Mo. Mr. Douglass, a former screen company head at St. Louis, conceived, in 1900, the idea of making a fly swatter out of a square of common wire screen on a handle.

His invention was perfected shortly before S. J. Crumbine, of the Kansas State Board of Health, launched his famous "swat the fly" campaign, which popularized a cause medical men had been agitating for years, by making vivid to the average person the disease and filth-carrying proclivities of the house fly.

Eagerly the population began swatting flies. Before the Douglass era, various clumsy devices had been used—whisks made of horsehair, folded newspapers, and the like. The defect of these was that the corporosity of a fly is very light, and the solid-faced swatter created air pressures in descending which seemed to whisk the fly out from under the sweeping doom in many instances.

The screen-wire swatter had the merit of letting the air through as it descended and the fly received no help in the form of a friendly boost to safety.

The result was that fly-swatting became a national pastime, and the mortality among the flies was terrific.

An Old-Fashioned Remedy Linn Unterrified Democrat, January 16, 1908.

An old physician of the last generation was noted for his brusque manner and old-fashioned methods. One time a lady called on him to treat her baby who was lightly ailing. The doctor prescribed castor oil. "But, doctor," protested the young mother, "castor oil is such an old-fashioned remedy." "Madam," replied the doctor, "babies are old-fashioned things."


IN MEMORIAM

<>. J. RAY

Silvey J. Ray, editorial cartoonist for the Kansas City Star from 1931 until 1963, died in North Kansas City, February 3, at the age of 78. Mr. Ray was born on a farm in Chariton County and there he attended grade school. Following service in World War I, he attended the Art Students League in New York, 1919-1920.

During the time Ray served as regular cartoonist for the Kansas City Star, he drew an estimated 10,000 editorial cartoons which appeared daily on the editorial page. Many were reproduced around the world. His drawings are included in the permanent collections at the National Press Club in Washington, D. C , and the Huntington Gallery in Pasadena, California. Some 1500 are also included in the cartoon collection at the State Historical Society of Missouri.

Ray was awarded a citation for distinguished services by the Treasury Department for cartoons promoting the sale of World War II bonds, and in 1951 he was the recipient of a medal from the Freedom Foundation, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, for outstanding achievement in bringing about a better understanding of the American way of life.

Ray is survived by his wife, Mrs. Claird Ray, also of North Kansas City.

ELLIS C. BROWNLEE Ellis C. Brownlee, retired Brookfield

banker, died, May 6, in Columbia. Mr. Brownlee attended the University of Missouri, and before his retirement in 1961, he was president of the Brownlee-Moore Banking Company, an institution founded by his grandfather, a pioneer Linn County settler. Mr. Brownlee was born, December 4, 1894, in Brookfield. He and his wife. Margaret Shore

Brownlee, moved to Columbia in 1963. Besides his wife he is survived by a son, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Columbia, director of the State Historical Society of Missouri; a daughter, Mrs. Frank Lee Martin, West Plains; and a brother, Rollins H. Brownlee, Brookfield.

ADAMS, CHARLES B., Silver Springs,

Maryland: May 18, 1882-July 27, 1968.

ADAMSON, H. C , Springfield: December 1, 1897-June 2, 1968.

ANDERSON, DR. ERNEST M., Pittsburg,

Kansas: May 7, 1888-September 24, 1969.

BARTLETT, MRS. EZEKIEL M., Clarks-

ville: July 3, 1883-March 2, 1969.

BELL, MARION A., Los Angeles, Cali

fornia: March 15, 1886-November 23, 1969.

BERKOWITZ, MRS. WALTER J., Kansas

City: April 16, 1905-January 28, 1970.

BERRY, BENJAMIN M., Walnut Creek,

California: March 1, 1893-March 18, 1970.

BOWMAN, CHARLES, Larchmont, New

York: October 6, 1898-February 20, 1970.

BRIGGS, HAROLD E., Green Ridge: September 29, 1896-April 25, 1970.

CAMPBELL, VIRGIL MARTIN, Hannibal:

March 2, 1895-September 1, 1968.

CARY, HENRY MCKAY, Carrollton:

September 29, 1903-February 17, 1970.

CHEESMAN, EARL F., Carrollton: Sep

tember 16, 1896-February 28, 1970.

CLAYTOR, MRS. FA YE, Richmond, California: March 6. 1892-Mav 16 1969..


CROWELL, NEWTON H., Hillsboro,

Oregon: July 12, 1898-November 12, 1969.

CULVER, DALE E., Kansas City: May

25, 1905-November 16, 1969.

DAVIDSON, R. L., JR., Columbia: January 14, 1893-December 19, 1968.

DAVIS, THOMAS J., Wilmington, Illi

nois: June 1, 1898-January 10, 1970.

FELLOWS, BAIRD, Salisbury: Novem

ber 24, 1904-May 14, 1969.

FERGUSON, W. M,. Cape Girardeau: August 20, 1901-November 13, 1969.

HASWELL, KANAH E., Joplin: Febru

ary 14, 1888-September 16, 1969.

HOLMES, MRS. WILMA, Fort Collins,

Colorado: September 7, 1884-October 14, 1968.

JOHNSTON, GALE F., St. Louis: July

19, 1898-March 7, 1970.

KING, ROBERT P., Columbia: April 5,

1906-August 13, 1969.

KOONTZ, EARL S., Jefferson City: Oc

tober 23, 1891-February 17, 1970.

KRAMER, VERONICA FRANKEN, Her

mann: September 3, 1881-November 25, 1969.

LEHR, RALPH, Kirksville: October 24,

1895-September 23, 1969.

MAGILL, A. C , Cape Girardeau: October 12, 1881-February 28, 1970.

MCQUEEN, JOE W., Shawnee Mission, Kansas: December 8, 1891-April 19, 1969.

MEIER, CHARLES T., Springfield: Au

gust 24, 1924-July 24, 1969.

MOENTMANN, FRED, Norborne: No

vember 30, 1889-June 5, 1969.

MORTON, STRATFORD L., St. Louis: De

cember 14, 1887-February 18, 1970.

PENNEY, MRS. DAVID L., St. Louis:

May 23, 1900-March 27, 1969.

PUTZEL, H. V., St. Louis: February 20, 1879-December 6, 1969.

REYNOLDS, R. EDGAR, Chillicothe:

September 6, 1885-January 10, 1970.

RINKER, WALTER N., JR., Kansas City:

May 25, 1928-March 16, 1970.

SANDERSON, JOHN R. C , Topeka, Kan

sas: June 3, 1909-November 11, 1969.

SARGENT, LENA M., Sacramento, California: February 13, 1866-January 29, 1970.

SCHMITT, MRS. JOHN H., Moberly:

Born 1894-February 22, 1970.

SMITH, LOUIS A., Edwardsville, Illi

nois: May 28, 1880-November 10, 1969.

SMITH, WADDELL F., San Rafael, California: September 26, 1899-January 8, 1970.

STANFORD, W. E., Tahlequah, Oklahoma: March 18, 1900-January 19, 1970.

STEVENS, E. F., Webster Groves: April 25; 1890-November 3, 1969.

TOFFLEMIRE, MRS. CHARLES D., Mar

shall: February 20, 1896-January 10, 1970.

TUTTLE, MORTON, Prairie Home:

March 1, 1895-April 14, 1969.

Looking Toward the Future Paris Mercury, September 30, 1873.

A Justice of the Peace in marrying his first couple got the ceremony slightly mixed. He wound up by saying: "Suffer little children to come unto them."


BOOK REVIEWS The Vncorrupted Heart: Journal and Letters of Frederick

Julius Gustorf, 1800-1845. Edited, introduction, and notes by Fred Gustorf; translation by Fred and Gisela Kramm Gustorf (Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1969) . 182 pp. Notes. Index. $6.50.

The German settlements in Missouri and Illinois founded in the eighteen-thirties, often referred to as "Latin" settlements, have supplied the student of the German immigration with a rich storehouse of information. Unfortunately, most of it remains in the German language despite the irregular appearance of translated and edited fragments. The Vncorrupted Heart, consisting of the impressions and observations of one educated middle-class German, Frederick Julius Gustorf, is more than a fragment. It is a substantial contribution to both the available literature and to our understanding of these important settlements.

What Gustorf saw fit to record often can be said to have escaped the attention of natives as well as German participants in the colonization. The rough hewn towns, the restlessness of its people, the frustrations of pioneer life, and the hardened personalities of river towns, all, are vividly reconstructed. Occasionally, the reader finds glimpses of a developing country from a pioneer to a civilized state. For example, Gustorf describes the dramatics of speculation in town lots, a horse-powered Rratwurst factory in St. Louis, a teeming, commercially oriented waterfront.

Underneath his recorded observations emerges a man undergoing a complete metamorphosis. When Gustorf left Philadelphia in the spring of 1835 he was a romantic in search of paradise; when


he returned in the fall of 1836 he was broken of spirit and generally disillusioned about the vitality of the much talked about German settlements. While the transformation from optimism to pessimism was in progress Gustorf allowed his personal dislikes to color his objectivity resulting in serious distortions of reality. He found most Americans "repulsive." Kentuckians carried bowie knives, were less "civilized than Indians," and lived "in company with wolves." The foreign inhabitants of St. Louis and Cincinnati were labeled "rotten riffraff while Germans of working-class backgrounds lived "like vegetables" and comprised the "excrement" of Europe. The countryside, too, did not escape his caustic pen. Originally, mountains and dense forests contained charm and romanticism, later they became symbols for a miserable environment. Yet within this literature of disenchantment are contained the seeds of Gustorfs contribution for all too frequently such literature had to give way to the sweep of a triumphant westward movement.

While the translation of Gustorf s journal appears well done, the editor's comments and explanatory remarks leave much to be desired. Errors of fact and interpretation, the misspelling of several author s names, and footnotes without proper citations detract from the scholarly value of the book. One must also mention that the editor failed to inform the reader that a significant portion of the journal had been previously published. In addition, two maps, one detailing the route of Gustorf s travels, the other showing the German settlements in Missouri and Illinois, and a reproduced page of the original German manuscript would have been a welcome addition to the book.

Rhode Island College George H. Kellner

The Great Platte River Road: The Covered Wagon Mainline via Fort Kearny to Fort Laramie. By Merrill J. Mattes (Lincoln, Nebr.: Nebraska State Historical Society, Publications, Volume XXV, 1969) . 583 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $7.95.

In more than 30 years as a historian with the National Park Service Merrill Mattes has become well-known to students of the trans-Mississippi West, particularly to those with a major interest


in the covered wagon migrations of the mid-19th century. Beginning with his unravelling of the tragic story behind the naming of Scotts Bluffs in western Nebraska, Mattes has had an almost unequalled variety of responsibilities and opportunities for delving deeply into the history of the trans-Mississippi West. It is not at all surprising, therefore, that he has now made a monumental contribution to the history of America's westward expansion.

Its title, The Great Platte River Road, is based on the author's thesis that the broad valley of the Platte River across Nebraska and eastern Wyoming was the grand corridor of America's westward expansion. In that valley converged the trappers' trail, the Council Bluffs road, the California road, the military road from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Laramie, and others, forming a primitive superhighway to the West.

While the Platte River on which it focuses attention bisects a neighboring state, this book should be of great and lasting interest to Missourians. Many of the notable "jumping off places" the author describes were located in Missouri, and all were reached via the Missouri River. Some of the earliest travelers of the routes which converged on the Platte were also Missourians, while Missouri financiers and entrepreneurs were deeply involved in many aspects of the traffic on the Great Platte River Road, and Missouri journalists provided historic coverage of both its routine uses and the tragic events which often beset its travelers.

Throughout his career, Mattes has been seeking out original overland journals and similar primary sources, and this encyclopedic book is based on 700 or more of these contemporary sources. From these he quotes at length, carefully developing pictures of each route, site or event in the original language of the fur traders, emigrants, soldiers and other travelers. He has applied this technique not only to in-depth studies of the border towns, trail routes, river crossings, stage stations, military posts and the famous North Platte Valley landmarks, but also to encounters with the Indian, and the cultural aspects of the covered wagon migration. Such matters as the equipment, organization, provisions, traffic patterns, camping techniques, manners, morals, religion, crime, diseases, death and burial customs are treated from this unequaled base of primary source materials.

As the converging trails formed the true Great Platte River Road near Fort Kearny in central Nebraska, the author presents


a detailed picture of that historic military post and its role. Then his pictures of the road to the West become most detailed and eloquent as he presents the travelers' reactions to such key sites as Ash Hollow, Courthouse Rock, Chimney Rock and Scotts Bluffs. These landmarks along the North Platte River he treats with great authority. Just as the historic travelers looked to their arrival at Fort Laramie as the end of a major portion of their westward journey, so the author has chosen to conclude his picture of the Platte River Road with two chapters on that most historic site.

Some historians may deplore the absence of footnotes from this volume, but the average reader will certainly enjoy it much more for that reason, and even the professional should find the system which Mattes has utilized acceptable. His thousands of direct quotations may be readily traced to a bibliography of more than 700 primary sources which is probably the most extensive yet compiled in this field, and of great value. Fine original maps, contemporary sketches, modern photographs and a chronology are other valuable aids contained in this book.

In short, if you are interested in America's westward expansion, you must own and read The Great Platte River Road.

National Park Service David L. Hieb Diamond, Missouri

Books reviewed and noted in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL

REVIEW cannot be purchased through the Society. Inquiries for purchases should be made to the publishers.

No "Hand to Mouth" Pacifier Hannibal True American, February 22, 1855.

Means have been discovered for keeping babies from two to ten months old, perfectly quiet for hours. The modus operandi is as follows: As soon as the squaller awakes, set the child up, propped by pillows if it cannot sit alone, and smear its fingers with thick molasses. Then put half a dozen feathers into its hand, and the young one will set and pick the feathers from one hand to another until it drops asleep. As soon as it wakes more molasses and more feathers, and in place of nerve-astounding yells, there will be silence and enjoyment unspeakable! . ' ,


BOOK NOTES

My Journey to America, 1836-1843. Edited by Anna Hesse (Hermann, 1969). 52 pp. $2.00.

Unlike Gottfried Duden's 1829 Report, delineating the golden opportunities to be found in America and especially in Missouri, Jacob Nauman's diary deals with the difficulties of transportation, the hazards of unemployment and the hardships of pioneer life. "Uncle" Nauman, according to Mrs. Hesse, tried many kinds of work in America and liked none. Traveling here and there, he was never content to remain long in one place. But with an observant eye and a facile pen he chronicled many details about his journey to and from America. Although he bought land near Hermann, where his Gaebler and Kroeber relatives had settled, clearing the land was difficult, life in an isolated log cabin was lonely for a bachelor and Jacob Nauman soon moved to other Missouri towns. He tried his hand at teaching school in Warren County and St. Charles County, but eventually his yearning for the homeland prevailed and he returned to Germany in 1846.

Appended to the diary are comments about forest fires near the Missouri River, the cold wave at Hermann in 1842-1843, the appearance of frontier villages and an assortment of other subjects ranging from varieties of songbirds to the saltpetre cave near Hermann. The work is dedicated to Mrs. Hesse's mother Anna Gaebler Kemper. Included in the booklet is a genealogical chart of the Gaebler family.

Ozark Stories of the Upper Current River. By Margaret Ray Vickery (Salem: Salem News, 1969). 95 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $5.00.

Dedicated to those who love the river, Ozark Stories of the Upper Current River is a beautiful example of printing and photographic art. The author's fascinating stories of Ozark life are placed like jewels in a glamorous setting. A professional photographer and newspaperwoman, Margaret Vickery has produced a volume of historical worth with much aesthetic appeal. Full-page photographs depict the natural beauty of the Ozark hills and Ozark life and personalities. A fold-out map serves as a guide to those who may wish to tour the region. A native of the Ozarks, Mrs. Vickery has


captured the authentic flavor of the picturesque Upper Current River Country in narrative and illustration.

History and Program, St. Charles, Missouri Ricentennial Celebration. By the historical book staff (St. Charles, 1969). 80 pp. Illustrations. Not indexed.

The centennial celebration of the founding of a town is an important event and even more noteworthy is a bicentennial commemoration. St. Charles is one of the few Missouri towns that has attained that age. Founded in 1769, in 1969 St. Charles citizens observed their 200th anniversary with various community events and the publication of a historical booklet.

Members of the publication staff were Clarence A. Goellner, chairman; Mrs. Theodosia Rauch, author; William Goellner, designing editor; Edna McElhiney Olson, archivist; John J. Buse, historian; and Reinhart Stiegemeier, photographer.

Pages of the booklet are sponsored by business firms, educational institutions and organizations. There are no advertisements but credit is given to the sponsors of the pages. Inserted in the center of the booklet are yellow pages with the program of the bicentennial celebration and a listing of the names of the bicentennial guarantors and businessmen bicentennial certificate guarantors.

The history of St. Charles, a town originally French in culture, which was selected as the site of the temporary capital of Missouri in 1821, is attractively presented and carefully researched. The front cover, printed in color, depicts the seal of tho bicentennial. Copies of letters of congratulation from President Richard Nixon and Governor Warren Hearnes are used in the introduction. The book is dedicated "to our ancestors" and "to our descendants." More than 150 photographs and line drawings supplement the text. The full-page guide map of St. Charles' historic places and sites used on the inside front cover and the rare map showing the St. Charles commons are of special interest.

According to the staff, the purpose of the booklet is primarily documentary as distinguished from historical. This thin line of distinction, however, fades as documentation becomes the stuff of history. The booklet is a lasting memorial to the St. Charles bicentennial.


History of Forest Hill and Vicinity. By John Steele McCormick. Not indexed. $7.50.

In 1935 the author published a series of historical and genealogical sketches of Crawford County families entitled "Forest Hill and Vicinity" in the Rourbon Standard. In this updated version, the original title of the newspaper sketches has been retained because the old settlement and school district included the area from Leasburg to Hinch and from Nixon to beyond Bourbon.

To obtain added information for this volume, Mrs. Helen Coulson Land, of Leasburg, made countless interviews and wrote hundreds of letters in order to locate exact names and find missing links in the original series. Some of the family history data is brought up to the present time.

In addition to family histories and genealogies brief chapters are included on the origins of various Crawford County communities, histories of schools and churches and a description of the old-fashioned singing school, all related with a wealth of personal detail which only those old-timers who were native to the community and the county could remember.

John Steele McCormick, a former teacher at the Forest Hill School, now teaches Spanish and History in Beaumont High School, Beaumont, California.

Missouri Writers. By Literary Landmarks Committee of Missouri Association of Teachers of English (Kirksville, 1970). 61 pp. $1.00.

In 1967 the Missouri Association of Teachers of English initiated a literary landmarks project, proposed in 1966 by the National Council of the Teachers of English. Miss Mareta Beatrice Williams, Springfield, served as chairman of the committee for the implementation of the project. Other committee members were Virgil Albertini, Maryville; Mrs. Eutopia Bailey, Centralia; Mrs. Enid Blevins, Carl Junction; Mrs. Berniece Craig, Warrensburg; Miss Berthe Daniel, Springfield; Robert Eastin, Columbia; Mrs. Richard Irwin, Jefferson City; Hubert Moore and Mrs. Madelene Sykes, Kirksville; Miss Lucy Schwienher, St. Louis; Miss Veva Tomlinson, St. Joseph; Dr. Jean Walker, Rolla; and Mrs. Ellamae Wilkins, Sikeston.

The objectives of the committee, as stated in the introduction


birthplaces or homes and to publish biographical data about Missouri writers. The task was difficult and the results are incomplete. Some of the fifty authors chosen for inclusion are famous, while others are comparatively unknown; some are authors of published books in the literary field, while others are historians, columnists or feature writers. The committee plans future publications as a part of the project.

Missouri writers of both the past and the present are so numerous and have published books dealing with such varied subjects, that prior guidelines about types of publication, the fame of the authors, or the era in w7hich they wrote, should be established. With these guidelines, the committee could present in certain categories the biographies of the authors of published books before attempting the still greater task of recognizing the writers of newspaper columns and feature articles.

The National Register of Historic Places, 1969. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Prepared in the office of Archeology and Historic Preservation by the staff of the National Register of Historic Places (Washington, D. C , 1969). 852 pp. Illustrations. Index. $5.25.

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 provided for an expansion of the National Register of properties significant in American history, archeology and culture. The Register is the official statement by which agencies and individuals, public and private, may know which properties merit preservation. Originally the National Register of Historic Places included only properties of national significance and were either units of the National Park Service or qualified for status as National Historic Landmarks. The National Register, according to the provisions of the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act, now includes properties of national, state and local significance. The states have begun to make surveys and to prepare comprehensive historic preservation plans and on this basis to nominate properties to the National Register. Financial assistance was also authorized by the 1966 Act through a system of matching grants-in-aid to states for surveys and plans and to states, local governments, private organizations and individuals for preservation of properties in the National Register. Although appropriations have not equaled authorization, grants-in-aid have been initiated on a moderate scale.


In this first edition of the National Register states and counties within the state are listed alphabetically. The site location, the date or period of origin, and the name of the architect or architectural firm if the site is a structure, and brief historical and descriptive narrative are presented with each listing. Excellent photographs are included for selected sites in each state.

Photographs of the Jefferson Expansion Memorial and Eads Bridge, St. Louis; Watkins Mill, Excelsior (Springs) vicinity; Bol-duc House, Ste. Genevieve; George Caleb Bingham Home, Arrow Rock; the Mitchell Petroglyph Archeological Site near Cairo, and the Missouri State Capitol, Jefferson City, are included with the fifty-two archeological and historic sites listed in the National Register from thirty-three Missouri counties and the City of St. Louis. After each entry is a statement of ownership, accessibility to the public and the designation NHL (National Historic Landmark), or NPS (National Park Service), and/or HABS (Historic American Buildings Survey).

A National Historic Landmark is a building, structure, site, object or district of national historic importance not administered by the National Park Service. Every National Park Service entry is administered by the National Park Service or by state or private organizations in cooperation with the National Park Service. In the Historic American Buildings Survey, National Park Service, documentation by photographs, measured drawings and/or data sheets has been made as a testament to a building's architectural or historical significance. Records are deposited in the Library of Congress.

Mighty Mo, The U.S.S. Missouri, A Riography of the Last Rattleship. By Gordon Newell and Vice Admiral Allan E. Smith, U.S.N. (Ret.) (Seattle: Superior Publishing Company, 1969). 190 pp. Indexed. Illustrations. Bibliography. $12.95.

From her christening by Margaret Truman, January, 1944, until 1969, the story of the battleship Missouri is skillfully told through narrative and handsome illustrations. Former captains, fleet commanders and other officers associated with the ship, recorded first-hand accounts of her exploits providing the authors with valuable primary sources.

Commissioned, June, 1944, Mighty Mo, the navy's most powerful warship, was commanded by Captain William M. Callaghan.


She became a part of Task Force 58 in support of the Iwo Jima and Okinawa invasions against Japan. The ship was engaged in naval bombardment of the Japanese mainland at the time the atomic bombs were dropped and word of surrender reached the crew. It was at the end of World War II, however, that the Missouri had her day of glory. On her decks, September 2, 1945, while anchored in Tokyo Bay, Japan surrendered to the allied powers bringing a close to the Second World War. Mighty Mo became a symbol of victory and a household word throughout the world.

Despite the fact that most naval warships were put into retirement, the Missouri maintained a busy schedule in peacetime operations from 1946 through 1949. In January 1950, the ship ran aground at Hampton Roads, Virginia, presenting the navy with an embarrassing and colossal salvage problem. Mighty Mo actually suffered little physical damage and entered the Korean War a short time later.

Retirement was inevitable, however. In 1955 Missouri was decommissioned and placed in mothballs at the Puget Sound naval shipyard near Seattle. It is here at Bremerton that she remains today, a symbol of peace, visited each year by thousands of people. Should she ever be needed, the Missouri would be ready to sail again.

The book is appropriately dedicated to Harry S. Truman, who was junior senator from Missouri when the ship was christened by his daughter and named in honor of his home state, and who was commander in chief at the time of the World War II surrender.

Three Mile Square. By Mildred Steuck Marquardt (Rich Hill: The Mining Review Printing Co., Inc., 1969). 33 pp. Illustrated. $2.00.

Mildred Steuck Marquardt became interested in preserving the history of Three Mile Square when news began circulating about the proposed Kaysinger Dam. Using newspapers, letters, records, abstracts, deeds, the 1928 Bates County Plat Book, reminiscences and a few "tall tales," she has prepared a brief, nostalgic but informative history of the three mile square that eventually became known as Pappinville. Among the twenty-three pages of narrative, the author covers the earliest settlers, the Civil War and the rise and fall of the community.


St. Louis Globe-Democrat

The Experiment That Failed BY HAROLD CALVERT

Fifty years ago the prohibition era was launched in this country. During the years of its existence, 1919-1933, disrespect for the unpopular law, the Volstead Act, brought law enforcement in general into disrepute. Probably a great majority of the country's police officers tried conscientiously to enforce the prohibition law, but so many of their colleagues either winked at offenders or openly aided them that respect for law enforcement of all kinds was at a low ebb.

My father was sheriff of one of Missouri's rural counties when prohibition came into being in 1919. The county had been dry since 1916 due to local option laws. Previously, saloons were in vogue throughout the county, but when local option was voted in, they closed their doors for keeps.

The nearest place local citizens could go to "wet their whistle" after 1916 was a small town across the Missouri river—in a wet county—a few miles south of the river and inhabited almost entirely by Germans. The river ferryboat between the counties involved enjoyed a considerable increase in patronage due to this pilgrimage until 1919 when the entire country went dry.

Between 1916 and 1919 bootlegging wasn't much of a problem in our county. Now and then some would-be enterprising dispenser of cheer would import a supply for resale purposes, but they were soon reported and put out of business. In fact, I recall when my father took office for his second term in 1917 the outgoing sheriff had confiscated around 100 half-pints of legal stuff from a "traveling saloon" operator. I watched the prosecuting attorney and my dad flush all this evidence down the stool after the owner had been con-


victed. It is possible my dad might have liked to save a few "jugs" for later use—medicinal purposes, of course—but the prosecutor was a fervid prohibitionist and would have frowned on such an idea.

When the boys returned from World War I and found the country dry, some of them, having been enticed by the wine-loving Frenchman's habits, were disappointed. They, along with many others, sought solace in various alcoholic substitutes. For a few years such things as cooking extracts—vanilla and almond were local favorites—canned heat, a terrible tasting concoction intended for outdoor cooking, rubbing alcohol, and Jamaica ginger were used in experiments. "Jake," a mixture of ingredients none of which was ever intended for internal use, was a potion which, if used too frequently, sometimes gave the imbiber what was called "jake-leg"—a slightly weaving and stringhal-tered walking gait even when sober. Returning servicemen were by no means the only seekers after liquid stimulation.

Illegal stills began to crop up in the willows along the river and elsewhere. They distilled corn whiskey—some of it an improvement over those first-mentioned items and some of it probably even worse. However, there was no doubt about its potency. The distillers were in and out of jail frequently because, as a rule, they were their own best customer. But a jail sentence seldom cured them from setting up business again. It was said that in the eastern part of the county bootleggers at one time wore badges of identification to keep from soliciting each other.

I recall very well one still my dad and his deputy raided. They brought the copper cooking unit to the jail, smashed it thoroughly with an axe, and told my brother Herb and me that we could sell the copper as junk. Several months later they raided another location and found the same copper unit, straightened, patched up, and steaming merrily away. It had been retrieved from the junk yard and rehabilitated. The officers made sure this time the tiling was completely destroyed.

The "better-type" moonshiner distilled a "superior" grade of liquor and sold his product in white-oak charred kegs to regular customers. But for every one of this kind, there were dozens of others manufacturing stuff that wasn't fit for man, let alone beast. But people drank it. I have seen contemporary companions take a swig of the stuff, go into a near epileptic fit trying to swallow it, finally get it down, smack their lips and exclaim, "Boy! that's good stuff, ain't it?"

The bootlegger himself was usually a middleman between the distiller and the consumer. He bottled and sold pints and half-pints at his home or on the streets. There was one bootlegger in a town south of the river who always wore an old dilapidated overcoat—even in pretty warm weather. He must have had at least a dozen pockets, each one containing a half-pint, in that old overcoat. He was a walking saloon.

The only legal whiskey available was reserved for medicinal purposes. A doctor was issued scrip books and could reissue an order for a pint, provided he thought his patient was in dire need. He usually had a line of patients in dire need at his door.

During prohibition many large breweries continued to manufacture near


beer—beer with all alcohol removed—but, as with cigarettes without nicotine, near beer, by itself, never became very popular. Spiked or "shot" illegally with grain alcohol, however, this form of beer proved to be a good source of revenue for bootleg joints. When legal near beer parlors first opened, signs such as the following cornball play on words frequently appeared—"Although there is no beer near here, there is near beer here."

But the most universally manufactured booze during prohibition was home-brew. Homemade wine was also fermented frequently, but home-brew was easier and quicker to manufacture. There were many different recipes, but they were all basically the same. Malt, yeast, sugar, a large crock or jar, some bottles and a capper were about all you needed to manufacture the drink. It would not only blow your hat off, but frequently blew the bottle caps off before it was "ripe."

Many times after capping his supply of bottled brew, the inexperienced brewer would be awakened in the middle of the night by exploding bottles in his basement. He hadn't timed his operation right and dared not go into the basement until he was sure every bottle had exploded. Flying glass and beer all over the place gave his basement the appearance of a first-class disaster area. For some this was their last effort, but others cleaned up their mess, tried again, and finally mastered the procedure.

Looking back, we see the era as being somewhat fascinating but actually it was morally deteriorating. The prohibition law was unpopular with too many people and because it wasn't always enforced, it led to a disrespect for other laws and law officers. Gangsters all over the country flourished financially through the sale of illegal liquor. As my dad, a peace officer intermittently from 1908 to 1934, often said, "We had less lawlessness with open saloons."

Repeal of the prohibition law came in 1933 and the "Great Experiment," admirable perhaps in theory but definitely unworkable in practice, came to an end. Those of us who had been underground for so long conducting our "investigations" were self-conscious and ill at ease, even years later, bending an elbow in public. Somehow it still didn't seem quite legal.

The Ephs and Cays Were Missing Chillicothe Constitution, May 25, 1891.

A new paper out west started under difficulties. It tells its own story as follows:

"We began the publication of The Rocey Mountain Cyclone with some phew diphiculties in the way. The type phounder phrom whom we bought our outphit phor the ophice phailed to supply us with any ephs or cays, and it will be phour or phive weex bephore we can get any. The mistache was not phound out till a day or two ago. We have ordered the missing letters, and we will have to get along without them until they come. We don't lique the loox ov this variety ov spelling, but mistaix will happen in the best ov phamilies, and iph the p's and c's and x's and q's hold out we'll ceep (sound the c hard) , the Cyclone whirling aphter a phasion till the sorts arrive. It is no joce to us—it's a serious matter.

INDEX TO VOLUME LXIV COMPILED BY MRS. MARY M. MORRIS

Academy of Squires, new members, 222 Adair, Mr. & Mrs. Clay, 485 Adair, Wilson, 487 Adams, Charles B., obit., 504 Adamson, H. C , obit., 504 Adreon, William Clark, 367 Aid-Hodgson Water Mill, art. on,

listed, 378 Akers, Muriel E., donor, 108 Akins, Zoe, verso back cover Oct.

issue (illus.) Alexian Brothers Hospital, art. on,

listed, 375 Alfred Payne Farm, art. on, listed, 498 "Alienation of The South: A Crisis

for Harry S. Truman and the Democratic Party, 1945-1948," by Robert A. Garson, 448-471; (illus.)

Allen, Curtis, obit., 121 Allen, John S., 362 Allouez, Pere Claude, 83, 84 Allton, John L., obit., 251 Alma, art. on, listed, 116 American Refrigerator Transportation

Company, 26 " 'And All For Nothing,' Early Ex

periences of John M. Schofield in Missouri," by James L. McDonough, 306-321; (illus.)

Anderger, John, donor, 108 Anders, Theodor, art. on, listed, 499 Anderson, Bill, art. on, listed, 120 Anderson, Dr. Ernest M., obit., 504 Anderson, Dr. George L., 364 Anson, Francis, Willow Springs, black

smith, art. on, listed, 120 Arator, art. on, listed, 246 Archambault, Auguste, 231 Argent, Mr. & Mrs. C , 484 Arnholt, Gerald L., donor, 239 Arnold, Mrs. Nettie, 480 Arrow Rock, arts, on, listed, 116, 497 Arrowsmith, Mrs. George M., obit.,

379 Ashby, Capt. Daniel, 399 Atchison County Historical Society, 99,

358, 480 Atchison, David Rice, 42, 265 Athay, Bill, 363 Atherton, Dr. Lewis, 218 Atkinson, Col. Henry, 13, 14; 13 (il

lus.) Atteberry, James, 490 Atwood, Elizabeth Cunningham, do

nor, 108

Audrain County Historical Society, 358 Audubon, J. J., art. on, listed, 120 Aull, James, 205 Aurora, art. on, listed, 502 Austin, Emily, 57 Automobile, art. on, listed, 499 Avery, Mayor Clarence, 482 Aviation, arts, on, listed, 116, 120,

374, 375

B

Babbitt Family, 229 Babbs, Francis, 487 Bain, Mrs. Bernice, 234 Baker, Mrs. Lucile B., 304 Baldwin, Mrs. Lucille, 366 Balloon ascensions, art. on, listed, 119 Balsiger, Fred R., obit., 379 Bankhead, John H., 455, 456 Banking in Mid-America: A History

of Missouri's Banks, by Timothy W. Hubbard and Lewis E. Davids, reviewed, 381-382

Bannon, John F., "Jacques Marquette 1637-1675," 81-87; (illus.)

Barber, Andrew, 49 ârenholtz, Bernard M., 104 Barkley, Alben W., 456, 461, 463 Barnes, Charles M., Jr., obit., 121 Barnes, Gerald, 101 Barnes, Lakenan, 358 Barnett, Ray, 234 Barras, Charles M., 134 Barry County Historical Society, 226,

480 Bartlett, Mrs. Ezekiel M., obit., 504 Barton, Sen. David, 78 Barton, Morton D., 103 Barton, Ruth, 358 Bartram, Mrs. Gene, 366 Bartshe, Frankie, 103, 486 Bass, Dr. B. J., 484 Bass, Helen, 105 Bass, Mrs. James L., donor, 108 Bass, Lawrence, art. on, listed, 112 Bates County,

—Courthouses, art. on, listed, 242 —Extension Guidance, art. on, listed,

242 —F. M. Allen Family, art. on, listed,

242 Bates County Historical Society, 226,

358, 480 Bates, Edward, 163 (illus.) Battle of Boonville, 337 (illus.)

519

520 Index

Battle of Wilson's Creek, 306-312; 308 (illus.)

Baugher, Rolla A., obit., 251 Bauman, G. Duncan, 94 (illus.) Baume, E. V., 101 Baxter, William, 404 Bean, Col. J. H., 304 Bean, Major Jonathan L., 401 Bearden, John, 99 Bearss, Edwin C , Steele's Retreat from

Camden and the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, noted, 257-258, 482

Bebber, G. T . Van, 490 Beck, Paul R., donor, 239, 492 Becknell, William, art. on, listed, 243 Beckwourth, James P., art. on, listed,

245 Bedford, Stephen R., 178 Bee Hunting in Missouri, art. on, 130-

132; 130 (illus.) Beggs, Berenice B., donor, 239 Beinfeld, Dr. Solon, 364 Belk, Mrs. Coleene, 491 Bell, Keller, 228, 360 Bell, Luanna, 227 Bell, Marion A., obit., 504 Beltrami, Giacomo Constantine, art.

on, listed, 378 Bender, Fannie L., 103 Bennett, David, 47 Bennett, James H., 178 Bennett, Mrs. Julia M., 290 Bennett, Rev. Marvin, 480 Bennett Spring, art. on, listed, 114 Bentley, Jordan, 100, 227, 359, 482 Benton Creek teachers, art. on, listed,

499 Benton County Historical Society, 99,

226, 481 Benton, Mrs. Rita, 472 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 88-89,

218, 219, 223, 497, 499, 502; art. on, listed, 248; 363, 472 (illus.)

Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 155, 162, 185, 214, 273, 281

Berg, Richard, 367 Berger, Dr. William E., 102, 362, 359 Berkowitz, Mrs. Walter J., obit., 504 Bernard, Burton C , 103 Bernard, Mrs. Ida, 485 Bernard, Isaac N., 77 Berry, Benjamin M., obit., 504 Berry, Mrs. Emmitt, 229 Bethel, Shiloh Baptist Church, art.

on, listed, 117 Beveridge, Dr. T. R., 489 Beyer, Arthur K., 359 Biemiller, Andrew, 471 "Big Neck," front cover July issue

(illus.); art. on, 392-412

"Big Neck Affair: Tragedy and Farce on the Missouri Frontier," by Dorothy J. Caldwell, 391-412; (illus.)

Big Sugar Creek Country, by Joe C. Schell, noted, 385

Bilbo, Theodore G., 457, 461, 467 Bingel, William, 436 Bingham, George Caleb, 71, 72, 216,

224; "Emigration of Daniel Boone," painting by, 67

Bingham, Henry V., 71 Bingham, Mrs. Henry V., 216 Birbeck, Robert, donor, 108 Birch, James H., 407, 410; 408 (illus.) Black Crook, 133-149 Black, Mrs. Sam K., Jr., donor, 369 Blackburn, Mary, 230 Blackwell, William, 396, 397 Blackwood, Dr. Byrne, 485 Blair, Francis P., Jr., 263-288, 307-310;

263, 265 (illus.); thesis on, noted, 249

Blair, Mrs. Grace Ray, 361 Blair, Gov. James T., 361 Blair, Miss Jesse, obit., 121 Blair, Montgomery, 265-288, 310; 275

(illus.); art. on, listed, 497 Blakey, Bernard B., donor, 369 Blalock, Myron, 467 Blanchette, Louis, 106; arts, on, listed,

498 Blankenship, Mrs. Stella, 237 Bloch, Charles, 471 Bloch, E. Maurice, 224 Blow, Susan Elizabeth, art. on, listed,

114 Blunt, Gen. James G., 317, 320 Boder, Bartlett, art. on, listed, 248 Boggess, Mrs. Harry L., Sr., 101, 239 Boggs, Lt. Gov. Lilburn W., 50-52,

54-56, 76, 78; 55 (illus.) Bogie, Mrs. T. D., 293 Bohl, Mrs. Frederick, donor, 369 Bohley, Wilfred W., donor, 369 Bolinger, A. J., 105 Bond, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur, 222 Bond, James, 483 Book Notes, 126-129, 255-259, 385-386,

510-515 Book Reviews, 122-125, 253-254, 381-

384, 506-509 Boone, Alice H., 485 Boone County, arts on, listed, 373

—Courthouse, arts, on, listed, 373 —Hotels, art. on, listed, 242 —Mexican War, art. on, listed, 242 —Schools, art. on, listed, 373 —Towns, art. on, listed, 242

Boone County Historical Society, 99, 226, 358, 481

Boone, Daniel, arts, on, listed, 378

Index 521

Boone, Nathan, art. on, listed, 244 Boonslick Area, 64-80, 322-350; Gun

smiths, art. on, listed, 119; art. on, listed, 243

Boonslick Historical Society, 226, 481 Boonville, art. on, listed, 376; Thes

pian Hall, art. on, listed, 499 Booth, Acena, donor, 108 Booth, Jennie, donor, 108 Botts, Mrs. Virginia, 481; donor, 239 Bounds, M. S., art. on, listed, 498 Bowen, Mrs. Edward A., donor, 492 Bowen, Mrs. John Stevens, 292 Bowen, Mrs. Ward, 101 Bowles, Chester, 457 Bowles, George H., obit., 251 Bowles, Mrs. Joe Ed., 484 Bowlin, Rep. James, 159, 162, 172 Bowman, Charles, obit., 504 Bowman, Mrs. Maggie A., 293 Bowman, Tony, 95 Boyce, James R., 193 Boykin, Frank W., 454 Brackenbury, John, 44 Bradford, Dr. Charles M., 216 Bradford, Louise, 484 Bradley, Mrs. George, donor, 492 Bradley, H. E., donor, 239 Bradshaw, Mrs. William, donor, 492 Bragg, Gen. Braxton, 278 Brandt, William, 436, 437 Branyan, Dr. Robert L., 487 Braun, Hazel, 359 Bray, Robert T., 101 Brazeal, Hugh L., 49 Breckenridge, Donald, 360 Breckenridge, Henry M., art. on,

listed, 114 Breckinridge, John, 272 Breen, George F., obit., 121 Brett, Bradford, 358 Breuer, J. I., 229, 239, 361, 483 Breuer, Mrs. Jewel, 483 Brewer Fieldhouse, art. on, listed, 242 Bricken, Richard, 487 Bridges, Mrs. George, 365 Bridges, Mrs. Homer L., donor, 369 Brietzke, Milton W., 486 Briggs, Blanche, 297 Briggs, Harold E., obit., 504 Briggs, Jerry, 485 Bright Glowed My Hills, by Douglas

Mahnkey, noted, 127 Brinkley, Mrs. Thelma, 233 Bristow, Mrs. Robert, 367 Broderick, Mrs. Curtis, 105 Broerman, Harry, 358 Brooks, Dr. Phillip C , 364 Brophy, Dixie, 368 Brown, Mrs. Audley, 488 Brown, B. Gratz, art. on, listed, 114,

274, 281

Brown, Gen. Eghert Benson, art. on, listed, 376

Brown, Leslie, 490 Brown, Mrs. Louise, donor, 239 Brown, Mrs. R. L., 484 Brown Station, art. on, listed, 242 Brown, W. Crosby, 105, 365, 366 Brownlee, Ellis C , obit., 504 Brownlee, Dr. Richard S., 91, 100, 102,

218, 222, 236, 368, 472; 94, 219 (illus.)

Broyles, Dr. Watkins Andrew, 362 Bruns, Mrs. W. A., 102 Brush, John, 59 Buchanan, George, 137 Buck, Archie, 358 Buckner, Mrs. J. T., 359 Budde, G. Edward, 367, 483 Buecher, Robert, donor, 492 Buehs, Mrs. Hazel, 229 Bundy, Rex, donor, 108 Burch, William S., 178 Burgess, Mrs. Clifford, 485 Burlison, Mrs. Grace E., donor, 109 Burnett, J. G., 141 Burns, Mrs. W. A., Sr., 230 Burrill, Mabel, 231 Busch, August A., Jr., art. on, listed,

499 Bush, Mrs. Charles M., obit., 121 Bush, Robert D., 255 Butler County,

—History of, art. on, listed, 245 —Opera House, art. on, listed, 242 —Public Education, art. on, listed,

115 —Water Mills, art. on, listed, 498

Butler County Historical Society, 99, 227, 481

Butler, John Jeremiah, art. on, listed, 248

Butterfield, David G., 60 Byrd, Harry F., 458 Byrd, Mrs. Lucille, donor, 108, 369 Byrnes, James F., 449; 453 (illus.)

Caldwell, Dorothy J., 230, 481; book review by, 382-384; "Big Neck Affair: Tragedy and Farce on the Missouri Frontier," 391-412; (illus.)

Caledonia, history of, arts, on, listed, 112

Calhoun, Agustus Neuton, art. on, listed, 502

Calhoun, Colt Show, art. on, listed, 246 Calhoun, John C , 9, 10, 12; 4 (illus.) Callaway, Capt. James, 233 Calvert, Harold, "Experiment That

Failed," art. on, 516-518; 516 (illus.) Calvird, Charles, 363

522 Index

Camden County Historical Society, 99, 227, 358, 481

Camden County, history of, art. on, listed, 118; Court House, art. on, listed 496

Cameron, Simon, 311 Campbell, E. Taylor, donor, 492 Campbell, Mrs. E. Taylor, 367 Campbell, Mrs. Enid, 365 Campbell, Capt. James, art. on, listed,

115 Campbell, Mr. & Mrs. V. H., 487 Campbell, Vance Murray, 404 Campbell, Virgil Martin, obit, 504 Cape Girardeau, arts, on, listed, 374

—Buildings, arts, on, listed, 243 —County Court Building, art. on,

listed, 497 —History of, arts, on, listed, 113 —Movie Theaters, arts, on, listed, 243 - O r d e r of Odd Fellows No. 675, art.

on, listed, 497 —Rebekah Lodge, No. 508, art. on,

listed, 497 Cape Girardeau County, Extension

Club Women, arts, on, listed, 243 Cape Girardeau County Historical As

sociation, 481 Cape, Jim, 228 Capitol murals, art. on, listed, 248 Carl, Eugene H., 487 Carlin, Col. William P., 310 Carmichael, Dr. Emmett B., donor, 108 Carnegie Library, art. on, listed, 501 Carnell, Mrs. Pauline, 365, 488 Carondelet Historical Society, 99, 227,

358, 481 Carpenter, Mrs. C. S., donor, 239 Carpenter, Claude, 103 Carpenter, Mrs. D. B., donor, 108 Carpenter, Donna, 103 Carr, Fred, 489 Carr, Mrs. Fred, 367 Carr, Miss Sherrill, 101 Carrington, Mrs. H. W., donor, 492 Carroll County Historical Society, 100,

129, 227, 482 Carroll County, Missouri, 1910-1968,

noted, 129 Carter, Hodding, 469 Carter, Mrs. Leah, 363 Carver, George Washington, 233 Cary, Henry McKay, obit., 504 Casebolt, Miss A. V., 290 Cass County Historical Society, 100,

359 Caswell, Lucretia, 185 Cauger, Theodore R., 364 Centenarians of Brick, Wood, and

Stone, Hermann, Missouri, by Anna Hesse, noted, 255

Centennial History of the First Baptist Church, Kirksville, Missouri, Walter H. Ryle, noted, 127-128

Centennial Norborne, Missouri, 1868-1968, noted, 129

Centerview, art. on, listed, 116 Central Missouri State College Thea

tre, thesis on, noted, 249 Centralia, Bushwhackers raid, art. on,

listed, 112 Chambers, Alice, donor, 492 Chambers, Charles, art. on, listed, 247 Chambers, Mrs. D. R., donor, 239 Chambers, Jane, art. on, listed, 501 Chambers, Maurice R., 222 Chambers, Col. Talbot, 5, 14 Chandler, Zachariah, art. on, listed,

119 Chariton County Blackberries, art. on,

listed, 118 Chariton County Historical Society,

100, 227, 359, 482 Charles I, King of England, 82 Charleston (steamboat), 55 Chase, Dr. A. V., 488 Chase, Bremer, 488 Chase, Henry, 488 Chase, Salmon P., 264-288; 282 (illus.) Chautauqua, arts, on, listed, 248, 373 Cheesman, Earl F., obit., 504 Child, Catherine E., 191 Childress, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest, 104 Chilhowee, art. on, listed, 116 Chitwood, Neuma, 238 Chitwood, Ray, 484 Christman, Paul, art. on, listed, 499 Christopher, Mrs. O. H., 368 Churches,

—Ashland Church, art. on, listed, 242 —Cape Girardeau and Jackson Area

Churches, history of, art. on, listed, 243

—Chariton County Church, history of, art. on, listed, 248

—Church of God, St. Charles, art. on, listed, 498

—County Line Church, art. on, listed, 117

—First Presbyterian, Kirkwood, art. on, listed, 501

—Florida Presbyterian Church, art. on, listed, 245

—Freedom Church, history of, art. on, listed, 246

—Holy Cross Lutheran, Stover, art. on, listed, 500

—Little Bonne Femme Church, history of, art. on, listed, 242

—New Hanover Lutheran Church, art. on, listed, 374

—Oakland Church, history of, art. on, listed, 112

Index 523

—Olean Church, art. on, listed, 113 —Olivet Methodist Church, history

of, art. on, listed, 245 —Pisgah Church, art. on, listed, 112 —Saint Boniface Parish, Koeltztown,

art. on, listed, 498 —Shiloh Church, art. on, listed, 117

Churchill, Winston, 233; art. on, listed, 115

Civil War, - a r t s , on, 263-288, 306-321, 334-349 -a r t s , on, listed, 373, 378, 496, 503 —Battle of Lone Jack, art. on, listed,

243 —Battle of Pilot Knob, art. on,

listed, 243 —Battle of Wilson's Creek, art. on,

listed, 242 —Cedar Twp., art. on, listed, 112 —Fort Donelson, art. on, listed, 118 —Gen. Egbert Benson Brown, art.

on, listed, 376 —Hickman Mills, art. on, listed, 244 —Independence County (Arkansas),

art. on, listed, 247 —Thesis on, noted, 249 —Vicksburg Campaign, art. on,

listed, 501 Civil War Round Table of Kansas

City, 100, 227, 359, 482 Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks,

100, 228, 359, 482 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis,

228, 359, 482 Clark, Mrs. Harry L., Sr., donor, 369 Clark, John B., 400, 402, 403, 411 Clark, Joseph, 442 Clark, Dr. M. Graham, 368 Clark, R. A., 232 Clark, Tom C , 458 Clark, William, 3, 392, 394, 401, 404,

405, 407, 408; arts, on, listed 118, 119; 405 (illus.)

Clary, Mrs. Mary Newland, 230 Clay County, art. on, listed, 247; Cros-

sett Family, art. on, listed, 501 Clay County Museum Association, 100,

228, 360, 482 Clay-Platte Baptist Association, donor,

369 Clayton, art. on, listed, 245 Clayton, Mrs. Edward, 489 Claytor, Mrs. Faye, obit., 504 Clemens, Cyril, donor, 108, 369, 492 Clemens, John Sam, art. on, listed, 502 Clifford, Clark M., 467; 465 (illus.) Climax Springs, art. on, listed, 246 Clinton, art. on, listed, 116 Clinton County Historical Society, 360,

483 Closser, Robert A., 235

Cockrell, Francis Marion, arts, on, listed, 118, 246

Coder, Vern, 367 Coffee, John T., 316 Coffelt, Faye, 103 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 84 Colborn, R. I., donor, 108, 369 Cold Water Cemetery, art. on, listed,

502 Cole County Historical Society, 101,

228, 360, 483 Cole, Hannah, 72 Colesville School, 59 Colesville Settlement, 44, 45, 57 Colfax, Schuyler, 273 Collins, Sherod J., donor, 492 Colmer, William H., 467 Columbia,

—Boone County National Bank, art. on, listed, 112

—Hays Hardware Company, art. on, listed, 112

—J. L. Stephens Store, art. on, listed, 112

—Stage Coach, art. on, listed, 112 —Streets, 1843, art. on, listed, 242

"Columbia Female Academy, A Pioneer in Education for Women," by John Crighton, 177-196; 183 (illus.)

Columbia Female Academy Trustees, 178

Combs, Rep. Ralph, 101 Comfort, Mrs. Elizabeth, donor, 239 Commerce Town, Tyawapatia (Ty-

wappity) Bottom, 153 (illus.) Community Newspapers and Printing,

Ben H. Nordmann, thesis on, noted, 249

Concordia, art. on, listed, 116 Concordia Historical Institute, 228, 360 Concordia Publishing House, arts, on,

listed, 246, 377 Condit, Effie May, 304 Condon, Clare, 365 Conservation and Pollution, arts, on,

listed, 496 Conway, Capt. Joseph, arts, on, listed,

248 Cook, S. B., 303 Coon Creek Days, art. on, listed, 502 Cooper, Col. Douglas H., 317 Cooper, Mrs. Glenn, 365 Cooper, Lena, 232 Cooper, Mr. & Mrs. Mac, 485 Coppage, A. Maxim, III, donor, 239 Corbin, Mrs. Wilma, 485 Corder, art. on, listed, 116 Cornelius, Dr. J. L., 104, 487 Cornelius, William, 182, 209 Corrill, John, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54 Costello, Mr. & Mrs. Dan, 484

524 Index

County government finances, thesis on, noted, 249

Courtney, Miss Jimmie Lou, donor, 109, 360

Courtney, Pauline, 360 Cow Island (Isle des Vaches) ,5-15 Cowan, Elmer, 102, 230 Cowden, Marvin, obit., 121 Cox, Eugene, 452, 459, 467 Cox, John C , Sr., 232 Cox, Leroy, 236 Craig, Hardin, obit., 251 Cramer, Buell B., donor, 109 Crank, Rose, 489 Crawford County Historical Society,

101, 228, 361, 483 Crawford County, history of, arts on,

listed, 376 Crews, Nelson C , 425, 430, 431; 424

(illus.) Crighton, John, "Columbia Female

Academy, A Pioneer in Education for Women," 177-196; (illus.)

Cross Timbers, art. on, listed, 499 Cross, William, obit., 251 Crow, Mrs. E. K., 364 Crow, Ronald B., donor, 369 Crowdus, William W., donor, 369 Crowell, Mrs. Frank G., obit., 380 Crowell, Newton H., obit., 505 Croy, Thelma Lee, donor, 109 Crumbaugh, Eva, 298 Crumbaugh, Marie, 297, 298 Crump, E. H., 470 Cullom, Mrs. William H., 487 Culver, Dale E., obit., 505 Culver, Fred J., donor, 239 Cummings, Col. Albert D., 368 Cunningham, Harold E., obit., 251 Cunningham, Oliver, 187 Current River, art. on, listed, 502 Curtis, Gen. Samuel R., 312-321; 316

(illus.)

D

Dabner, John, art. on, listed, 247 Dade County Historical Society, 229,

361, 483 Dale, A. D., donor, 239 Dale, E. L., obit., 379 Dallas County Historical Society, 101,

229, 483 Dames, Omer J., obit., 251 Daniels, Mrs. Jessie, 485 Daniels, Otis, obit., 380 Daughters of Old Westport, 229 David, John Russell, "Genesis of the

Variety Theatre, Black Crook Comes to St. Louis," 133-149; (illus.)

Davids, Lewis E., Banking in Mid-America: A History of Missouri's Banks, reviewed, 381-382

Davidson, John, 368 Davidson, R. L., Jr., obit., 505 Davis, Brooks, 227 Davis, Jefferson, art. on, listed, 496 Davis, Lowell, 488 Davis, Sam, donor, 369 Davis, Thomas J., obit., 505 Davis, Walter M., obit., 380 Davison, Mrs. Leslie, 231, 484 Davison, Walter, Jr., donor, 492 Dawson, Dr. Earl B., 222 Day, Mrs. Holden E., 304 Deagle, George J., 135-148; 136 (illus.) Deatherage, Alexander, art. on, listed,

248 DeBar, Ben, 140 Degenhardt, Martin P., obit., 380 DeKalb County Historical Society, 101,

229, 361, 483 Delaney, Col. D. J., 100 Demand, Vernon, donor, 370 Demarce, Mrs. James L., donor, 370 Denny, James, 235; donor, 493 Denslow, Mrs. L. H., 292 Denslow, William, 102 Dent County Historical Society, 101,

361, 484 Dent, Mrs. Winnett, 361 Dentistry, history of, art. on, listed, 247 DePaul School of Nursing, art. on,

listed, 245 DeSmet, Pierre-Jean, art. on, listed,

374 De Soto, Don Hernando, 85 De Soto, education, art. on, listed, 243;

history of, arts, on, listed, 113, 243, 496

De Soto Public Library, donor, 109 Desrioux, Henri, 193 Dewey, Thomas E., 465 Dewitt, Earl, 488 DeWitt, Mrs. Marilyn, 231 Dibble, Philo, 43, 49 Dickerson, Mrs. Grace, 302 Dickey, O. H., obit., 251 Dickinson, Lelia Clayton, obit., 121 Dickman, Marvin, 232 Dickson, Rep. Harold, 235, 366 Dietrich, Hugo, art. on, listed, 112 Dillmon, Martin, 437 Dixon, arts, on, listed, 245, 373 Dixon, Ben F., donor, 240 Dobyns, Clara B., 297 Donan, Dr. A. W., donor, 240 Donan, Pat, art. on, listed, 120 Doniphan, Alexander W., 42, 497; art.

on, listed, 502 Donnelly, H. K., 367 Dorn, Dr. O. A., 224, 360

Index 525

Dougherty, Cary M., 359 Dougherty, Major John, 402; 401

(illus.) Douglas, Dr. James, art. on, listed, 377 Dover, art. on, listed, 246 Doyle, Mrs. Tom, 489 Drake, Daniel, 388; art. on, listed, 497 Drumm, Andrew, art. on, listed, 374 DuBois, W. E. B., 418 Duden, Gottfried, 388 Dudley, McCune, 489 Dugan, Allie, 305 Dugan, Elizabeth, 293, 304-305 Duley, Florence, 297 Duncan, Joseph G., donor, 370 Duncan, Dr. William H., 191 Dunham, Tom, 233, 365 Dunklin County Drainage Ditch, 175

(illus.) Dunklin, Gov. Daniel, 42, 52 DuSable Memorial Society, art. on,

listed, 498 Dye, Mrs. Ida Miller, obit., 379 Dyer, David Patterson, 425 Dyer, William H., 181

Eads, Daniel M., art. on, listed, 377 Fads, Mrs. David F., 230 Eads, James B., art, on, listed, 118 Eagleton, Sen. Thomas F., 222 Earnest, Mrs. Milton, 99 Eastland, James O., 455, 469 Eaton, B. D. M., 135 Eaton, Ella, 298 Ebbs, Mrs. Gertrude, 297 Eddins, Frankie, 296 Edgan, Robert L., obit., 121 Edgar, William R., obit., 121 Edinger, C. C , art. on, listed, 378 Edom, Clifton C , art. on, listed, 497 Edrington, Dr. Loula Larue, obit., 251 Edwards, art. on, listed, 499 Edwards, Gov. John C , 215 Eichenlaub, Martin, donor, 370 Eichholtz, Walter H., donor, 109 Elder, William, 487 Eldon, art. on, listed, 496; Olean Bap

tist Church, art. on, listed, 113 Eldridge, Mrs. W. E., 483 Eldridge, William, 360 Electric Springs, history of, art. on,

listed, 247 Elkin, John C , 410, 411 Elkington, Robert, 235 Ellender, Allen J., 461 Elliff, Mrs. Ina, 365 Elliott, Judge R. Kenneth, 233 Ellis, Mrs. Anna, 361 Ellis, Dr. Elmer, 219 (illus.) Ellis, Mrs. Loyd, 487

Ellis, Mrs. S. B., 293 Elm Ridge, art. on, listed, 243 Elmore, Ace, 360 Elwell, Don, 229 "Emigration of Daniel Boone," paint

ing by George Caleb Bingham, 67 (illus.)

Empty Pocket, art. on, listed, 377 Engle, Mrs. Wanda, 361 English Village in the Ozarks, The

Story of Hollister, Missouri, by Edith McCall, noted, 126

English, W. Francis, book review by, 381-382

Epperly, Mrs. Delia, 480 Eppright, Patti, 105 Erickson, Kenneth, 105 Erker, Otto R., 104 Erlbacher, Mr. & Mrs. Robert, 363 Esher, Jake, 140 Eudaly, John, art. on, listed, 115 Evans, Bob, 365 Evans, Estwick, 154 Evans, Julian, 483 Evans, Mrs. Laura A., 364 Evans, Mrs. R. C , 228 Everett's Ferry, 58 "Experiment Tha t Failed," by Harold

Calvert, art. on, 516-518; 516 (illus.) "Expulsion of the Mormons from

Jackson County, Missouri," by Warren A. Jennings, 41-63; (illus.)

Fairfield, art. on, listed, 246 Fairport Centennial, noted, 386 Farner, Mrs. Alice, obit., 121 Fashions, art. on, listed, 496 Faulk, Odie B., 232 Fayette Academy, 181 Federal Interstate Commerce Commis

sion, 31 Federer, Richard L., 100 Fellows, Aubrey, 100 Fellows, Baird, obit., 505 Fersruson, arts, on, listed, 118, 247,

377, 501 Ferguson, Richard F., donor, 109 Ferguson, W. M., obit., 505 Ferns, J. R., 436 Ferren, Rev. William W., donor, 493 Ferril, Howard, 360 Field, Eugene, 290; art. on, listed, 502 Field, Lt. Gabriel, 12 Field, John H., 193 Field, Lyman, 363 Fike, W. D., 355 Fillmore, Millard, 163 Finch, Mrs. James A., Jr., 360 Fink, Gary M., "Unwanted Conflict:

Missouri Labor and the CIO," 432-445; (illus.)

526 Index

First 100 Years, A Souvenir History of the City of Higginsville, Missouri, noted, 386

Fischer, Dr. Roger A., 228 Fisher, Mrs. Susie McK., 291-293, 299 Fisher, Theodore D., 291 Fitzgerald, Mrs. Elsie, 361 Fitzpatrick, Daniel R., art. on, 88, 219;

90 (illus.) obit., 121 Fitzpatrick, Teresa, 228 Fleming, Beulah, 232 Fleming, Dick, 232 Fletcher, Thomas Clement, art. on,

listed, 116 Flint, Timothy, 152, 154; art. on,

listed, 114 Floris«ant,

—Bank, art. on, listed, 113 —Convent, art. on, listed, 247 —History of, arts, on, listed, 113, 243,

248, 501 Florissant Valley Historical Society,

101, 230, 361, 484 Forests, art. on, listed, 498 Forrest, Nathan B., 277 Forshey, Gen. A. O., 191 Forsythe, Irene A., obit., 380 Fort Donelson, art. on, listed, 118 Fort Leavenworth, art. on, listed, 243 Fort Orleans, art. on, listed, 112 Fort Orleans Historical Society, 230 Fort Osage,

—art. on, listed, 116 —history of, art. on, listed, 245

Fort Smith, 1863, arts, on, listed, 118, 377

Fort, Dr. William, 410, 411 Fortuna, art. on, listed, 500 Foundation for Restoration of Ste.

Genevieve, 101 Four-H Clubs, history of, arts, on,

listed, 245, 374 Foutch, Mrs. Harriet, 367 Foutch, Larry, 367 Fowler, Mrs. Frank, 364 France, Sarah Katherine, 367 Francis, Kathy, 105 Francisco, Clay, 485 Frank, Bishop Eugene M., 222 "Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional

Spokesman," by Leonard B. Wurthman, Jr., 263-288; (illus.)

Franklin, C. A., 425 Franklin County Historical Society,

102, 230, 361, 484 Frazier, Mary, 365 Frazier, Michael, 490 "Frederick D o u g l a s s Years," 473

(illus.) Freeland, W. E., 301; obit., 380 Fremont, Jesse, 273

Fremont, John Charles, 231, 264-288, 307-311; arts, on, listed, 118, 119, 378; 268, 269 (illus.)

Friends of Arrow Rock, 230, 361 Friends of Florida, 102, 362 Frissel, N. C , 174 Frittz, Ralph, 226 Frost, Daniel M., arts, on, listed, 247,

377 Fuhrman, Ed, 105 Fuller, A., 79 Fullerton, Dr. Frank, 234 Furry, Edith, 482 Fusco, Tony, 362, 481

Gage, John C , art. on, listed, 374 Gale, Surgeon John, book on, re

viewed, 253-254 Gamble, Hamilton Rowan, 28, 78, 311,

316 Gammon, James Roger, donor, 370 Gannon, Mrs. Thelma, 485 Gardner, Mark, 361 Garner, Jim, 365 Garnett, John, 202 Garrison, R. C , 106 Garson, Robert A., "Alienation of the

South: A Crisis for Harry S. Truman and the Democratic Party, 1945-1948," 448-471; (illus.)

Gasconade County Historical Society, 230

Gates, Paul, 162 Gaylord, Gleed, obit., 121 Geary, Fred, 88, 89 (illus.) , 219 Gehrig, Mrs. R. A., 227 Genealogical Forum, Portland, Oregon,

donor, 240 "Genesis of the Variety Theatre,

Black Crook Comes to St. Louis," by John Russell David, 133-149, (illus.)

Gentry, Ann Hawkins, 178 Gentry County Historical Society, 102,

230, 362, 484 Gentry, Col. Richard, 74, 178, 186; 75,

179 (illus.) George, B. James, Sr., donor, 370 George, Walter F., 455 Gerhardt, Mae, 227 Gerhardt, Paul, 227 German migration, art. on, listed, 498 Gibbany, Mrs. E. H., obit., 121 Gibbons, Harold J., arts, on, listed, 116 Gibson, Mrs. Ruth McCann, 102 Gifts, 108-111, 239-241, 360-372, 492-

495 Gilbert, A. S., 46, 50, 51 Gilbert, Elsie, 368 Giles, Mrs. Thomas P., 190

Index 527

Giles, Gov. William C, 190 Gill, Ed, 484 Gilleland, Mrs. Howard, 365 Gillham, Robert, art. on, listed, 114 Gilliam, Mrs. Richard H., Jr., donor,

240 Gilmore, Dr. Robert K., 486 Gilpin, William, arts, on, listed, 119,

247 Givens, Spenser H., donor, 228 Gladbach, Mrs. Fred, 231 Gladden, Sanford C, donor, 370 "Glasgow," painting by Cornelia A.

Kuemmel, 73 (illus.) Gleick, Harry S., obit., 121 Glenn, Edward, 489 Glosier, Tim, 490 Glosier, Tom, 106 Goff, Mrs. Virginia, 368 Goff, W. A., donor, 370 Gompers, Samuel, 433 Goodell, Mrs. Clark, 367 Goodman, Ken, 105 Goodrich, James W., 94, 101, 228; book

reviews by, 124-125, 253-254 Goodrich, Marion E., donor, 240 Goodwin, J. West, 293, 305 Gordon, John B., 209; art. on, listed,

248 Gould, E. A., obit., 121 Gould, John, 55, 56 "Governmental Efforts at Reclamation

in the Southeast Missouri Lowlands," by Leon Parker Ogilvie, 150-176; 150 (illus.)

Governor's Mansion, arts, on, listed, 375

Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 249

Graf Zeppelin, art. on, listed, 244 Graham, Ella, donor, 370 Graham, Harry R., 430 Graham Historical Society, 230, 484 Graham, Mrs. Kenneth L., 103 Granby area schools, arts, on, listed,

498 Grand River Historical Society, 362 Grant, Ulysses S., 102, 277, 313; 278

(illus.) Grant, Mrs. Ulysses S., art. on, listed,

243 Graves, Mary, 365 Gravois Mills, art. on, listed, 246 Gray, Mrs. F. L., obit., 251 Gray, Mrs. Gertrude, 230 Great Platte River Road: The Covered

Wagon Mainline via Fort Kearny to Fort Laramie, by Merrill J. Mattes, reviewed, 507-509

Greathouse, Delores, 473 (illus.) Greeley, Horace, 280 Green, A. P., donor, 222

Green, Mr. & Mrs. Bud, 235 Green, George Fuller, 95, 238; donor,

240 Green, Katharine H., 293 Green, William, 432, 437, 438, 440,

441; 435 (illus.) Greene County Historical Society, 102,

230, 362, 485 Gregg, Sheriff Jacob, 51 Gregg, Josiah, 53, 61 Gregory, Mrs. Adele, 362 Gregory, Mrs. Lillie, 304 Gregory, Ralph, 102, 235, 366; donor,

370, 493 Griesse, Rev. Arnold, donor, 493 Griffin, Frank, 294 Griffin, Lulu, 294 Griffin, Mrs. Norman, donor, 109 Griffin, Pearl, 294 Griffin, Rose, 294 Griffin, Zoe, 294 Griffith, Arnold, 436, 437, 441 Griffith, Dale, 485 Grimes, Mrs. Champ, 489 Grinnell, Josiah B., 282 Groom, Michael Arthur, art. on, listed,

247 Gross, Isaac, 391 Gross, Jacob, 396 Gross, Stephen, 391, 393, 394 Grover, Thomas Howard, obit., 121 Groves, Mrs. Veta Spence, obit., 121 Grubb, Mrs. Bessie, donor, 240 Grundy County Historical Society,

102, 231, 485 Guion, Capt. W. B., 156 Guitar, Mrs. A. Leonard, 481 Guitar, Odon, 95; art. on, listed, 373 Gulliford, James, 368 Gump, Henry, donor, 370 Gunn, Mrs. Festus, obit., 251 Gunnels, Jay, 359 Gupp, Jacob, 391 Gustorf, Fred, Uncorrupted Heart:

Journal and Letters of Frederick Julius Gustorf, 1800-1845, reviewed, 506-507

H

Ha Ha Tonka, art. on, listed, 502 Hadley, Gov. Herbert S., 422 £Iagan, Mrs. Linda, 234 Hagee, Rev. Robert, 237 Hahn, Franz, art. on, listed, 503 Haile, Pat, 105 Halderman, Capt. John A., 399 Hall, Gene, obit., 121 Hall, Hazel, 297 Hall, Mrs. John R., 230 Hall, Willard P., art. on, listed, 374

528 Index

Halleck, Gen. Henry W., 311-321; 320 (illus.)

Haller, D. Pierce, obit., 251 Hallsville, history of, art. on, listed,

373 Halsey, Lt. Col. Milton B., Jr., 103 Hamann, Mrs. Nellie G., obit., 251 Hamilton, Mrs. Henry, 230; donor,

493 Hamilton, Henry W., 107 Hamilton, James, art. on, listed, 378 Hamilton, Mr. & Mrs. T. M., 107 Hamlin, Mrs. Charley, 487 Hammond, Loy L., 230 Hancock, Solomon, 59 Haney, Alanzo Frank, obit., 121 Hannan, Nellie, 302 Hannan, Viola, 302 Hannibal,

—history of, arts, on, listed, 113, 114 —Rockcliffe Mansion, art. on, listed,

116 Hannibal Festivals, Inc., Sesquicen

tennial, 1819-1969, Hannibal, Missouri, noted, 255

Haralson, Mrs. H. I., 228 Hardeman, Dr. John W., 217 Hardin, Arethusa J., 185 Hardin, Mrs. Charles, 187 (illus.) Hardin, Charles H., 185, 187; art. on,

listed, 114 Harlan, J. D., donor, 240 Harlin, H. T., donor, 370 Harrell, David E., Jr., 218 Harrington, Harry F., 222 Harris, Mrs. Cora E., 297 Harris, John Woods, 214, 215 (illus.) Harris, Mrs. Paul, 359 Harris, Sallie Hall, donor, 493 Harris, Rev. Tyre C , 193, 194, 195 Harrison County Historical Society,

102, 231, 362 Harryman, Eugene, 103, 485 Hart, Dr. M. M., 484 Hartsburg, Peace United Church of

Christ, history of, art. on, listed, 242 Haseman, Mrs. Leonard, donor, 240 Hassler, William G., 487 Hassler, William W., 482 Haswell, Kanah E., obit., 505 Hatch, John F., obit., 251 Hatch, William Henry, art. on, listed,

374 Hatcher, Rep. Robert A., 165 Hattaway, Herman, 100, 482 Haukenberry, Mrs. Herbert H., 364 Hawgood, Dr. John A., 104 Hawken rifle, art. on, listed, 374 Hawkins, Mrs. Bessie, 484 Hawkins, Lewis, 237 Hays, Paul C. Jr., 227

Heard, Mrs. Lou, 485 Hearnes, Mrs. Warren E., 223, 481, 488 Heath, Jennie, 297, 299 Hebert, F. Edward, 459 Hedges, Ralph C , 235 Heege, Mr. & Mrs. George, 104 Heil, Karen, 227 Heimbeck, Dr. A. W., 235 Heine, Eldon E., obit., 121 Heinicke, Donald, 105 Hemingway, Ernest, art. on, listed, 498 Henderson, Darla, 106 Henderson, Mrs. Frances, 362 Henderson, Joseph, donor, 240 Henderson, Orval, 100, 358 Henderson, Wynn, 358 Hendren, Mrs. John H., 360 Henry County Historical Society, 231,

363, 485 Henry, Marjorie, 359 Henry, Robert, 489 Hentoff, Nat, 223 Herculaneum, art. on, listed, 374 Herron, Gen. Francis J., 317-321 Hert, Laurence, 366 Hess, Hertha Helen, 301 Hesse, Anna, Centenarians of Brick,

Wood and Stone, Hermann, Missouri, noted, 255

Hesse, Mr. & Mrs. Clarence, 224 Hibbard, Benjamin, 162 Hickory County Historical Society, 103,

231, 363, 485 Hicks, Mrs. Jennie M., 290 Hicks, Russel, 55 Hieb, David L., book review by, 507-

509 Higgins, Rev. Oscar, 226 Higginsville, history of, art. on, listed,

246 Hilbert, Mrs. Grace, 362 Hill, Alice, 368 Hill, Mary B., 194 Hill, Robert E. Lee, verso front cover

April issue Hill, Mrs. Roy F., 483 Hillman, Sidney, 449, 450, 452, 453, 457 Hilsabeck, Mrs. Lotty, 230 Historic Florissant, 231 Historical Association of Greater Cape

Girardeau, 363 Historical Association of Greater St.

Louis, 103, 362 Historical Notes and Comments, 88-

132, 222-262, 354-386, 472-518 History of Forest Hill and Vicinity,

by John Steele McCormick, noted, 512

"History of Mosquito Occurrence in Missouri," by L. W. Smith, Jr., 387-390; (illus.)

Index 529

History and Program, St. Charles, Missouri Bicentennial Celebration, noted, 511

Hodkins, Rev. Robert Earl, donor, 493 Hoffhaus, Charles E., 364 Hoffman, Mrs. Katie, donor, 370 Hoffstetter, Ray, 360 Hofstadter, Richard, 223 Holcombe, Return I., 58 Holden, Mamie E., donor, 370 Holman, Haskell, 367 Holman, John T., obit., 121 Holman, Thomas L., 232, 486 Holmes, Mrs. M. Patricia, donor, 240 Holmes, Mrs. Wilma, obit., 505 Holt, Mrs. Amanda, 101 Homer, Winslow, art. on, listed, 502 Hood, John B., 321 Hood, Robert, 77 Hooper, Tom, 105 Hoover, Mrs. David, 486 Hoover, Dr. H. Lee, 485 Hopper, Leo, 362 Horak, Ella, 486 Horner, Col. Major, 399 Hoskins, Mrs. Charles, 360 Houck, Louis, arts, on, listed, 112,

151 House, William C , 473 Houston, Ethel, 227 Houstonia, art. on, listed, 499 Hovey, Horace C , art. on, listed, 243 Howard County, courthouse, art. on,

listed 375 Howard, Joseph B., 178, 192 Howard, Mrs. Oliver, donor, 493 Howell County,

—Churches, art. on, listed, 501 —Courthouse, art. on, listed, 501 —School, art. on, listed, 501

Howell County Historical Society, 232, 486

Howells, W. D., art. on, listed, 502 Hubbard, Lee, 366 Hubbard, Timothy W., Banking in

Mid-America: A History of Missouri's Banks, reviewed, 381, 382

Huddleston, Mrs. Charles, 99 Hudlin, R. A., 429 Hudson, Mrs. Myrtle, 298 Huff, Fred W., obit., 121 Huff, Leo E., 100, 228, 485 Hughes, Gen. Andrew, 395, 401, 402,

404, 405 Hughes, James M., 404-407 Hughes, John T., 316 Hughesville, art. on, listed, 116 Hulsebus, Carolyn, 233 Humane Society, art. on, listed, 499 Hume, Miss Etta L., 290 Humphrey, Hubert H., 471 Hunt, Richard, 227

Hunter, David, 272 Hunter, Mrs. Robert N., 360 Hunton, Moss, 501 Hurley, art. on, listed, 120 Hurliman, Mrs. Freda, 489 Husted, B. M., 489 Hutchison, Mrs. Preston, 366, 488 Hutton, Mrs. Melvin, 360 Hutton Valley, art. on, listed, 501 Hyde, Fred A., 490 Hyde, Mr. & Mrs. Ira Ben, III, donors,

493 Hyde, Orson, 55, 56 Hyland, Robert, 222 Hyman, Lawrence C , obit., 251

Ickes, Harold L., 457 Ide, Fred, 237 Illinois State Historical Library, donor,

370 Immell, Michael, 2 In Memoriam, 121, 251-252, 379-380,

504-505 Independence, art. on, listed, 119 Indians,

- a r t . on, 391-412 -a r t s , on, listed, 248, 373 —Big Neck War, art. on, listed, 114 -Kansa (Kansas), 10, 11, 12 —Shawnee, art. on, listed, 120

Ingenthron, Elmo, 359, 368 Inglish, Hugh, 366 Ionia, art. on, listed, 376 Iowa-Missouri Boundary Dispute, art.

on, listed, 247 Ioway Jim, 397-399 Isle des Vaches (Cow Island) , 5, 6

j

"Jack Mormons," 62 Jackson,

—Buildings, arts, on, listed, 243 —Community Concert, history of,

art. on, listed, 497 —Exchange Bank, history of, art. on,

listed, 374 - H i g h School Basketball Team, art.

on, listed, 374 —History of, arts, on, listed, 113 —A. F. Lorberg House, art. on,

listed, 497 —Lutheran School of St. Paul, art.

on, listed, 497 —Mills, arts, on, listed, 497 —Movie Theaters, arts, on, listed,

243 —Passover Methodist Church, art.

on, listed, 113

530 Index

—William William's Home, art. on, listed, 497

Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 78, 215, 217, 265, 347-348; 347 (illus.)

Jackson, Howard Lee, 215 Jackson, J. R., donor, 109 Jackson, Merle M., donor, 240 Jackson, Stonewall, 287 Jacksonian Politics, art. on, listed, 247 "Jacques Marquette, 1637-1675," by

John F. Bannon, 81-87; (illus.) Jagger, Mrs. Jean, 367 James, Frank, art. on, listed, 118 James, Henry, art. on, listed, 502 James, Mrs. J. D., 483 James, Jesse, 100; arts, on, listed, 118,

244, 247 James, Larry, donor, 493 Jarrett, Henry C , 133, 134 Jefferson Barracks, arts, on, listed, 243,

245, 501 Jefferson City in the mid-1800s, 197

(illus.) Jefferson, Thomas, 3, 213 Jeffries, Don, 354 (illus.) Jekel, Oscar H., 365 Jenkins, Herald, donor, 370 Jenkins, Mary B., 187 Jennens, Bill, 359 Jennings, Warren A., "The Expulsion

of the Mormons from Jackson County," 41-63; (illus.)

Jent, Rev. John, 365 Jesse, C. G., 294, 295 Jewell, Dr. William, 178, 182, 185, 400 Jewish Historical Association of Great

er St. Louis, 103, 364 Jinkens, Nannie, 103, 485; donor, 493 Johnson, Lt. Gov. Charles P., 137 Johnson County Historical Society,

103, 232, 363, 486 Johnson, Dr. Franklin P., 490 Johnson, James, 3, 16 Johnson, John, 236 Johnson, Robert, 45, 235 Johnston, Gale F., obit., 505 Johnston, Olin D., 453, 469 Jolliet, Louis, 85, 86 Jolly, Carmen, 102 Jones, Charles H., 304 Jones, Harold, 362 Jones, Jane, 237, 490 Jones, John Rice, art. on, listed, 374 Jones, Mrs. Kate M., 290, 292 Jones, Paul M., 107 Jones, Robert Nagel, 354 (illus.) Joplin Historical Society, 103, 232, 486 Joshua Pilcher: Fur Trader and Indian

Agent, by John E. Sunder, reviewed, 124-125

Julian, Col. Allen P., 228 Jung, T . George, art. on, listed, 115

Junge, Albert, 232 Junior Historical Societies, 97-9

Kansa or Kansas Indians, 9, 11 (illus.) Kansas City,

—art. on, listed, 374 —Aviation history, art. on, listed, 114 —B'nai Jehudah, art. on, listed, 497 —Education, art. on, listed, 244 —Folly Theater, art. on, listed, 374 —Graf Zeppelin, art. on, listed, 244 —Harry S. Truman, art. on, listed,

114 —Historical sites, arts, on, listed, 243 —History of, arts, on, listed, 113-114 —Nathan Scarritt House, art. on,

listed, 374 —O'Hara Stadium, art. on, listed,

114 —Quality Hill, art. on, listed, 119 —Railroading, art. on, listed, 114 —Roads, art. on, listed, 114 —St. Joseph Railroad Bridge, art.

on, listed, 114 —Sixth Missouri Infantry, art. on,

listed, 114 —South Central Business Associa

tion, history of, art. on, listed, 244 —Steamboat Race, art. on, listed, 114 —Stockyards, art. on, listed, 244 —Street Scenes, arts, on, listed, 114 —Tornados, art. on, listed, 114 —Union Station, art. on, listed, 244 —Washington Park, art. on, listed,

—in 1857, art. on, listed, 377 Kansas City Call, 414 Kansas City Community Image, thesis

on, noted, 249 Kansas City, Nelson's Star, thesis on,

noted, 249 Kansas City, Theatre Buildings, thesis

on, noted, 249 Kansas City Westerners, 103, 232, 364,

486 Kansas-Missouri Border Frontier, art.

on, listed, 119 Kansas Pacific Railroad, art. on, listed,

118 Kartsonis, Paul, 235 Keelboat, 1 (illus.) Keirsey, Sam, 226 Keller, Laura St. Ann, 227 Keller, Lucille, 227 Kellner, George H., book review by,

506-507 Kelty, Mrs. Dan, donor, 109 Kempton, Greta, 223 Kennedy, Mrs. Jewel, 236 Kennerly, Augustine, 407

Index 531

Kerr, Charles, 228 Kerr, Gerald, 365 Ketchen, Mrs. Guy, 229 Ketterlin, F. J., 366 Keune, Russell V., 236 Kiel, Henry, 425 Kieper, Mrs. Ida Ray, 236 King, Austin A., 165, 168, 178, 215;

167 (illus.) King, George, home, art. on, listed, 113 King, Lloyd, obit., 380 King, Robert P., obit., 505 King, Wyllys, art. on, listed, 497 Kingdom of Callaway Historical So

ciety, 104, 233 Kingrey, Patricia, donor, 371 Kingsbury, Lilburn, 481 Kingsville, art. on, listed, 116; Mas

sacre, art. on, listed, 247 Kirkendall, Richard S., book review

by, 122-124; 473 (illus.) Kirkland, Edward Earl, art. on, listed,

501 Kirkpatrick, James C, 223 Kirksville, Manufacturing Industries,

thesis on, noted, 249 Kirkwood Historical Society, 104, 365 Kirtley, Sinclair, 182, 400 Kjar, Rolland W., 97, 106, 490 Kjar, Ron W., 237 Klein, Mrs. Rachel, obit., 121 Kline, Patton, 364 Kling, Mrs. Emmett J., Sr., obit., 251 Klondike, art. on, listed, 496 Kneale, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest, 484 Knehaus, Mrs. Jack O., 229 Knob Noster, art. on, listed, 499 Knox County Historical Society, 233,

365, 487 Koenig, Mrs. Joe, donor, 493 Koontz, Earl S., obit., 505 Koury, Capt. Michael, 104 Kramer, Gerhardt, 224, 360 Kramer, Veronica Franken, obit., 505 Krone, Charles, 146 Kuehn, Gerald, 484 Kuemmel, Cornelia A., "Glasgow,"

painting by, 73 (illus.) Kurth, Woodrow Wilson, 487 Kuzmic, Mrs. John, donor, 371

LaBudde, Dr. Kenneth J., 365 Lafayette County Historical Society,

487 Lafitte, Jean, art. on, listed, 374 Lake, Delmar, 233 Lamar, Stephen G., donor, 493 Lamme, David S., 182 Lamme, William, 72 Lamotte, Ellen Chambers, art. on,

listed, 501

Lampe, Dr. A. B., 103 Lampe, Michael, 485 Land, Mrs. Helen C , 229 Landes, Mrs. Louise, 488 Lane, George, 106, 236 Lane, Rose Wilder, verso back cover

Jan. issue (illus.) Laney, Ben, 470 Langham, Angus L., 75 Langley, Lloyd E., donor, 109 Langsdale, Mrs. Clara, 360 Larkin, Lew, 360, 481, 489 Larsen, Dr. Lawrence H., 364 Larson, Oscar L., donor, 493 Larson, Sidney, 472 Laughlin, Delphia Hall, art. on, listed,

502 Lawhorn, George E., donor, 371 Lawrence County,

—Hillhouse Family, art. on, listed, 248

—Lee Cemetery and Church, art. on, listed, 377

—Settlers, art. on, listed, 119 Lawrence County Historical Society,

104, 233, 487 Lawrence Massacre, art. on, listed, 378 Lawton, Mary Florence, 237 Leach, Mrs. Nolen, 487 Lead Belt Railroad, history of, art. on,

listed, 116 League of Women Voters, art. on,

listed, 247 Leavenworth, Gen. Henry, 400, 401,

402, 403, 405; 403 (illus.) Lee, Fred L., 364, 368 Lee, Stephen D., 100 Leech, Howard, 362 Lefebvre, Gene E., 364 LeGrand, Roy F., 481 Lehman, Mrs. Kate, 487 Lehmann-Haupt, Dr. Hellmut, 223 Lehr, Ralph, obit., 505 Leist, Mrs. Vernon E., donor, 109 Leitch, Mrs. Margaret H., obit., 121 Lemert, Harold W., Jr., donor, 493 Lenoir, Walter R., 210 Leonard, Abiel, 400 Leonard, Abigail, 49 Leonard, Edward, art. on, listed, 114 Leonard, Lyman, 49 Leonard, Nathaniel, 202, 203, 213 Lesueur Charles Alexander, New Mad

rid, sketch of, 151 (illus); Tyawapa-tia (Tywappity) Bottom, sketch of, 153 (illus.)

Leusenderfer, John, 136 Levis, Will, art. on, listed, 248 Lewis, Mrs. Charles E., Jr., donor, 240 Lewis County Historical Society, 233,

487

532 Index

Lewis, Henry (artist), sketch, front cover, Jan. issue

Lewis, John L., 432, 435, 436, 440, 441

Lewis, Joshua, 48 Lewis, Mrs. M. B., donor, 371 Lewis, Meriwether, art. on, listed, 119 Lewis, Simeon E., obit., 251 Lexington, arts, on, listed, 246, 247 Liberty Arsenal, art. on, listed, 374 Liberty, ladies colleges, art. on, listed,

501 Liberty Landing, art. on, listed, 118 Liberty Memorial, thesis on, noted, 249 Lienhard, Oliver Wm., donor, 493 Lightfoot, Dr. B. B., 102, 482, 485 Lilly, Frank, obit., 251 Lincoln, Abraham, 263-288; 264 (il

lus.) Lincoln Family, history of, art. on,

listed, 497 Lindenwood College, history of, art.

on, listed, 245 Linderer, Col. L. W., obit., 251 Lindholm, Mary, 488 Lindoman, Dr. J., 140 Linn, Mrs. Joe D., 234 Linn, Lewis F., art. on, listed, 115 Linn Memorial Methodist Church, do

nor, 371 Linville, Thomas, 49 Lisa, Manuel, 2; art. on, listed, 243 Lisak, Harold, 484 Lloyd, Robert A., obit., 121 Local Historical Societies, 97-107, 225-

238, 356-368, 478-491 Lockhart, Lora, 229, 483 Lockwood, Delphine, 297 Loehr, Dr. Rodney C , 359 Logan, Florence, 237 Logan, John A., 278 Logan, Olive, 143, 144 Logan, Rufus L., 429 Logan, Sheridan, 367, 489 Lonliest Campaign: The Truman Vic

tory of 1948, by Irwin Ross, reviewed, 122-124

Long, Maj. Stephen H., 3 Looney, Jack, 136 Lorenz, William, 489 Losos, Joseph O., 103 Loughead, George R., 227 Louis XIII, King of France, 82 Louis XIV, King of France, 86 Love, Mrs. Lucy A., 194 Lowe, Dr. James, 231, 488 Lowell, Arthur E., 368 Lowrance, Pearl Edwin, 482 Lowry, John, 58, 410, 411 Lucas, Mrs. Anna E. Foster, 484 Lucas, Charles, 72 Lucas, Gen. S. D., 52, 53, 56

Luck, Robert L., 364 Luehrs, Marvin, 231 Lugar, Charles H., obit., 380 Lying, John, 234 Lyle, Alexander Lacey, 223 Lynch, Catherine, 193 Lynch, Edwin Parker, donor, 494 Lynch, Sophiah, 189 Lyon, Nathaniel, 268-271, 306; 271

(illus.)

Mc

McBride, W. A., 406 McCall, Edith, English Village in the

Ozarks, The Story of Hollister, Missouri, noted, 126; donor, 240

McCann, Charles, 102 McCarty, Richard, 46, 50, 55 McCaskill, Mrs. C. M., obit., 380 McClellan, John L., 455 McClernand, John A., 277 McClurg, Joseph, 284-286; 286 (illus.) McCollum, Clarence, 231 McConnell, Mrs. Norma, 229 McConnell, Oscar, 484 McCormack, John W., 459, 460 McCormick, John Steele, History of

Forest Hill and Vicinity, noted, 512 McCormick, Mamie J., donor, 109, 240 McCoy, Bruce, 106 McCoy, Mrs. W. C , 293 McCrae, Charles M., 295 McCrae, Edwarda, 295 McCue, George, 218 McCullagh, Joseph B., art. on, listed,

375 McCurdy, Edith, 368 McCurdy, Frances Lea, Stump, Bar

and Pulpit: Speechmaking on the Missouri Frontier, reviewed, 382-384

McDannold, Mrs. Addison, 105 McDonald County Historical Society,

234, 365, 487 McDonough, Dayle C , 361 McDonough, James L., " 'And All For

Nothing' Early Experiences of John M. Schofield in Missouri," 306-321

McGee, Milt, art. on, listed, 497 McGhee, Harriet, 191 McGrath, J. Howard, 467, 468 McGuire, Everette, obit., 251 Mcintosh, Catherine Kennedy, art. on,

listed, 378 Mcintosh, John L., 234 Mcintosh, Nina, 231 Mcintosh, Robert, 102, 231 Mclntyre, Dr. Donald J., 104 McKee, Mrs. Juanita, 105 McKellar, Kenneth D., 453, 458, 469 McKenney, Col. Thomas L., 392, 394

Index 533

McKinley, Mrs. Alice M., 238, 368 McKinney, A. J., 488 McKinney, Mrs. Virginia Ray, 236 McLean, Dr. Mary Hancock, verso

back cover April issue (illus.) McLellin, William, 50 McLeod, Mrs. J. D., Sr., obit., 251 McMahon, Mrs. Esther L., obit, 251 McManus, Mrs. O. O., donor, 371 McManus, Mrs. Thelma S., donor, 109 McNallie, J. F., 21 McNally, Martin, 489 McNeal, H. H., 232 McNeely, Raymond, 481 McNeil, Pearl, 304 McNutt, Anna M., obit., 380 McQueen, Joe W., obit., 505 McQuitty, Ada, 298

M

Macon County Historical Society, 233, 365, 487

Maddin, Mrs. Ella, 487 Mades, Doug, 361 Magill, A. C , obit., 505 Mahnkey, Douglas, Bright Glowed My

Hills, noted, 127 Mahnkey, Mary Elizabeth (Prather),

301; 303 (illus.) Majors, Alexander, 51; 50 (illus.) Makeever, Mrs. Effie, 232 Makovsky, Mrs. Donald I., 364 Mandan Indian Villages, 4, 15 Maness, Mrs. Thomas Benjamin, art.

on, listed, 496 Manship, George, 47 Maps,

—Central Missouri, 1830, 78 —Central Missouri Railroads, 1880,

350 —Railroads of Five-County Area, 25 —Strawberry Acreage, 36

"March of the Caravans," 205 (illus.) Marion County Historical Society, 234 Marionville, Cumberland Presbyterian

and Methodist Churches, art. on, listed, 119

Marks, Quentin, 229 Marmaduke, John S., art. on, listed,

243 Marmaduke, M. M., 213, 215, 216 Marquardt, Mildred Steuck, Three

Mile Square, noted, 515 Marquette, Jacques, art. on, 81-87; art.

on, listed, 248; 81, 84 (illus.) Marrs, Mrs. Alice, 365 Marsh, Robert, donor, 371 Marsh, Thomas B., 48, 57 "Martin Cantonment and American

Expansion in the Missouri Valley," by Roger L. Nichols, 1-17; (illus.)

Martin, Greenbury, 404, 405 Martin, Homer, 443; 444 (illus.) Martin, Rolla Lee, 358 Martin, Mrs. Ross, 105 Martin, Mrs. Sophie, 489 Martin, Capt. Wyly, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10,

11, 12 Marvel, Mrs. Mitchel A., 227 Massie, Mrs. Gerald R., 360 Masters, Major Jack, 484 Mathias, Mrs. John, 483 Mathis, Mayor Jack, 482 Mattes, Merrill J., Great Platte River

Road: The Covered Wagon Mainline via Fort Kearny to Fort Laramie, reviewed, 507-509

Mauntel, Mrs. Fred, 235 Mauntel, Mrs. Lucille, 361 Maxey, Mrs. Ethel, 480 Mayer, Dr. Herbert T., 224 Maynard, William, 291 Mayo, James R., 368 Meador, L. E., 218 Medsker, Mrs. Billy Bob, 484 Meek, Fred J., obit., 380 Meek, Hazel A., obit., 380 Meeker, Ezra, art. on, listed, 503 Meier, Charles T., obit., 505 Meier, Herbert G., 365 Meier, Tom, 100 Melchert, Dr. Dennis, 359 Melton, Emory, 480 Menefee, Mrs. C. S., 366 Mercer County Historical Society, 234 Mercile, Earl, 95 Meredith, Judge James H., 222 Meriwether, Heath, 234 Mermoud, Mrs. J. Fred, donor, 109,

480 Merrifield, Mayor Douglas, 106, 489 Merriwether, Charles, 489 Mexican War, art. on, listed, 242 Meyer, Alberta J., donor, 371 Meyer, Dr. Carl S., 224 Meyer, Derald, 233 Meyer, Nancy Frazer, 365 Miami, art. on, listed, 116 Mieswinkel, Fred G., 233, 487; donor,

110 Mighty Ma., The U. S. S. Missouri,

A Biography of the Last Battleship, by Gordon Newell and Vice Admiral Allan E. Smith, noted, 514-515

Miles, Mrs. Dan, 481 Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 232 Military life, book on, reviewed, 253-

254 Miller, Mrs. Charles I., donor, 494 Miller, Edward, donor, 240, 371 Miller, Mrs. Erma, 365 Miller, Everett, 485 Miller, Hamlin, 364

534 Index

Miller, Dr. Howard, obit., 251 Miller, Ida, 96 Miller, J. D., 428, 429 Miller, Mrs. Jessie C , 487 Miller, Joe, 137, 482 Miller, Gov. John G., 78, 215, 395,

400, 402, 403, 406, 410; 409 (illus.) Miller, Owen, 433 Miller, Steve, 102 Miller, Thomas, 216 Miller, Mr. & Mrs. William, 230 Milligan, Ruth, 231 Mills, John, 107, 490 Miner, Mary, 106 Mining,

—Arcadia Valley, art. on, listed, 248 —St. Joe Lead, art. on, listed, 248 —Trans-Mississippi West, art. on,

listed, 503 Mississippi County Historical Society,

234, 365, 488 "Missouri Bee Hunt," 130-132 Missouri Bluebook, art. on, listed, 375 Missouri City, history of, arts, on,

listed, 374 Missouri Editors' and Publishers' As

sociation, 290 Missouri Expedition 1818-1820: The

Journal of Surgeon John Gale with Related Documents, by Roger L. Nichols, reviewed, 253-254

Missouri, First Mental Institution, 212 (illus.)

Missouri Fruit Exchange, 29 Missouri Governors, art. on, listed, 374 Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis,

104, 234, 365, 488 Missouri History in Magazines, 118-

120, 247-248, 377-378, 501-503 Missouri History in Newspapers, 112-

117, 242-246, 373-376, 496-500 Missouri-Iowa Boundary Dispute, art.

on, listed, 247 Missouri-Kansas,

—Border Frontier, art. on, listed, 119 —Border Wars, art. on, listed, 244

Missouri Lodge of Research, donor, 110

Missouri Mansion, arts, on, listed, 375 "Missouri Negro Press, 1875-1920,"

by George Everett Slavens, 413-431; (illus.)

Missouri Press Association, art. on, listed, 114, 290

"Missouri Rah Missouri," art. on, 260-261

Missouri River, art. on, listed, 501 Missouri River Improvement, art. on,

listed, 118 Missouri River Steamer (Bertrand),

art. on, listed, 244 Missouri "Show Me" Club, 488

Missouri State Horticulture Society, 26, 27, 31

Missouri State Library, donor, 110 Missouri State Penitentiary, art. on,

listed, 377 Missouri University Cornerstone Lay

ing, 1840, 177 (illus.) Missouri Women in History, series,

—Zoe Akins, verso back cover Oct. issue (illus.)

—Rose Wilder Lane, verso back cover Jan. issue (illus.)

—Dr. Mary Hancock McLean, verso back cover April issue (illus.)

—Mary Alicia Owen, verso back cover July issue (illus.)

Missouri Women's Press Association, 304

Missouri Writers, noted, 512-513 Missouri's Struggle for Statehood,

1804-1821, by Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, noted, 255

Mitchell, James, art. on, listed, 377 Mize, Eva, 299, 305 Mize, Fidelia, 299, 305 Moanahonga (Big Neck), Iowa Chief,

392 Moentmann, Fred, obit., 505 "MonChonsia, a Kansas Chief," front

cover Oct. issue (illus.) Monett, history of, art. on, listed, 114 Moniteau County Historical Society,

104, 235, 366 Moniteau County, history of, art. on,

listed, 112 Monnett, Howard N., 482 Monroe County,

—Area Businesses, arts, on, listed, 245, 375, 498

—Florida Presbyterian Church, history of, art. on, listed, 245

—Four-H Club Week, art. on, listed, 245

—History of, arts, on, listed, 115, 244, 375, 498

—Olivet Methodist Church, history of, art. on, listed, 245

Monroe County Historical Society, 366 Monroe, James, 3, 78 Monroe, John C , Jr., 364 Montez, Lola, 144 Montgomery, Mrs. A. Clark, donor, 240 Montgomery, L. J., 295 Moody, Dan, 470 Moore, Albert C , 232 Moore, Amanda E., 301 Moore, Mrs. Dorothy O., 484 Moore, Hunt C , obit., 251 Moore, Joseph H., 218 Moore, Lavinia, 187 Moore, Samuel, 400 Mora, art. on, listed, 116

Index 535

Morgan, Asa, 72 Morgan County Historical Society,

105, 235, 366, 488 Morgan County Junior Historical So

ciety, 105, 366 Morgan, Lt. Col. Willoughby, 14 Morgenhalter, Mr. & Mrs. Charles, 484 Morley, Isaac, 50, 51, 52, 58 Mormons, art. on, 41-63; 41, 42, 60

(illus.) Morris, Belle, 303 Morris, Mrs. J. Paul, 232 Morrison, Alfred, 213 Morrison, Tom, art. on, listed, 120 Morton, Stratford L., obit., 505 Mosby, John B., 287 Moscow Mills, Old Rock House, art.

on, listed, 116 Moser, Arthur Paul, donor, 494 Moser, Mrs. Boyce, 105 Moss, Noel, obit., 251 Mouck, Mrs. Clarence, 365 Mount Angel Abbey, art. on, listed,

502 Mountain View, art. on, listed, 501 Mounts, John F., 295 Mounts, Nannie E., 295 Mudd, Mike, 106 Mueller, Harvey, 365 Muff, Carl, 231 Mulligan, Col. James A., 272 Murphy, Melvin, 483 Murphy, Porter, 483 Murray, Phillip H., 428, 431 Music, "Views from the Past," 352-353

(illus.) My Journey to America, 1836-1843,

noted, 510 Myers, A. E., obit., 121 Myers, Mrs. Florence, 361 Myers, James, 391, 393, 394, 395, 396,

397, 398 Myers, John W., 396, 397, 399, 401 Myers, Robert, 396 Myers, Thursey, 393 Myrtle, Reuben, 391

N

Nash, Ira P., art. on, listed, 112 Nashville Flood, 1844, art. on, listed,

112 National Register of Historic Places,

noted, 513-514 National Society of Colonial Dames

in Missouri, donor, 110 Native Sons of Kansas City, 105, 235,

366, 488 Neal, Mary, 185 Neal, Minor, 178 Neely, Homer Elisha, art. on, listed,

377

Neely's Landing, arts, on, listed, 374 Neff, Roy, 107, 490 Negro Hanging, 1853, art. on, listed,

112 Negro Press, thesis on, noted, 249 Negroes, art. on, 413-431; art. on,

listed, 497 Neihoff, Mr. & Mrs. Cyril, 484 Nelson, Vera Joyce, donor, 241 Netzeband, W. F., 486 New Madrid, sketch by Charles Alex

andre Lesueur, 151 (illus.) "New Madrid," painting by Henry

Lewis, front cover Jan. issue New Madrid Earthquake, 151, 152; 70

(illus); art. on, listed, 120 Newell, Gordon, Mighty Mo, The

U. S. S. Missouri, A Biography of the Last Battleship, noted, 514-515

Newman, Rex, 486 News in Brief, 94-96, 222-224, 354-355,

476-477 Newspapers, art. on, 289-305; art. on,

listed, 497 Nichols, Roger L., "Martin Canton

ment and American Expansion in the Missouri Valley," 1-17; (illus.); The Journal of Surgeon John Gale with Related Documents, reviewed, 253-254

Nicolay, Louis H., 100 Nicolet, Jean, 83 Nodaway County Historical Society,

105, 488 Noel, Mrs. Dora B., obit., 251 Nohl, Fred, 360 Nolan, Mary, 292 Northcott, Col. B. F., 296 Northcott, Lizzie Helen, 296 Northcutt, C. W., 301 Northwest, early history of, book on,

reviewed, 253-254 Norton, Mrs. Elsie, 361 Norton, Mary T., 454 Notable Lawyers and Criminal Trials,

by Hugh P. Williamson, noted, 128 Nouss, Rence, 102, 230 Noxon, Annie Robertson, 293 Noxon, Thomas C , 140 Nunn, W. R., 229 Nuttall, Thomas, 152 Nye, R. Glen, donor, 494

O

O'Fallon, Benjamin, 3; 2 (illus.) O'Fallon, John, 2 (illus.) O'Gara, Rep. Frank, 472 O'Keefe, Robert, 235 O'Neill, Mary, 294 O'Reilly, Melva, 489 Oechsle, Albert H., obit., 121

536 Index

Ogilvie, Leon Parker, "Governmental Efforts at Reclamation in the Southeast Missouri Lowlands," 150-176; (illus.)

Ohmer, Russell J., obit., 380 Oklahoma, Madstones, art. on, listed,

118 Old Hemp Press, 201 (illus.) Old Trails Historical Society, 105,

235, 366 Oliva, Dr. Leo E., 104 Oliver, Allen L., donor, 110; obit., 379 Olson, Mrs. Edna McElhiney, 237,

241; donor, 110; obit., 251 Oran Centennial, 1869-1969, noted, 258 Orf, Roger, 106 Ormiston, David, 296 Ormiston, Nellie, 296 Osage Beach, art. on, listed, 112 Osage County, history of, arts, on,

listed, 114, 244, 375, 498 Otten, Mrs. M. S., 235 Otto, Mrs. Carl, donor, 371 Overton, John H., 455, 461 Owen, Ignatius P., 400, 402, 410, 411,

412 Owen, Mrs. Loren, 483 Owen, Mary Alicia, verso back cover

July issue (illus.) Owenby, Powell, 399, 401 Owens, Sen. Don, 102 Owens, Col. Samuel C , 50, 53 "Ozark Berry Belt," 19 Ozark Fruit Growers' Association, 28-

30 Ozark Stories of the Upper Current

River, by Margaret Ray Vickery, noted, 510-511

Ozarks, —art. on, listed, 497 —Fruit Tree Peddler, art. on, listed

377 —History of, art. on, listed, 119 —Ozark Water Mill Trail, arts, on,

listed 112, 119

Page, Hiram, 48 Palmer, Harry, 133, 134 Palmer, Ratliff Boone, art. on, listed,

502 Parcell, Roy, 104 Paris, history of businesses, art. on,

listed, 115 Paris, Mrs. Walda Ann, 489 Parish, Mary, 227 Park, Jesse, 303 Parker, George W., donor, 241 Parker, John, 329-330 Parker, Nathan, Missouri As It Is, 154 Parker, Mrs. Nelle, 485

Parks, Capt. Joseph, art. on, listed, 120 Parrish, Dr. William E., 95, 228 Parsons, Mrs. Laura, 297 Parsons, Mary, 295, 297 Partridge, Bishop Edward, 41, 52 Patten, Eliza, 289 Patten, Nathaniel, 289, 399 Patterson, Jimmy, 102 Patterson, Mrs. Ralph, 359 Payne, Moses U., 178, 182 Pearce, Opal, 101 Pearson, Mrs. Thomas H., 365 Peck, John Mason, 68 Pemiscot County Bayou, 166 (illus.) Penney, Mrs. David L., obit., 505 Penninger, Grace, 232 Penter, Eli, art. on, listed, 496 Perkins, Marlin, art. on, listed, 499 Perry, Bliss, 430 Perryman, Tohn D., 190, 191 Pershing, John T-> art. on, listed, 503 Peterman, Bill, 365 Peterson, William T-, 237 Petrovic, Judge Alex, 236 Petrowski, Dr. William, 489 Pettijohn, James H., obit., 121 Pettis County Courthouse, art. on,

listed, 116 Petty, Gerald M., donor, 371 Petty, Rubey, obit., 380 Pharis, Donald C , 101, 236 Phelps County Historical Society, 489 Phelps, William, 50 Philips, Mrs. Margaret, 193, 194 Phillipi, Louis, 433 Phister, Lawrence C , 368 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical

Society, 2*1, 363 Pickens, Buford L., 103 Pickett, Gelbert, 367 Pickler Memorial Library, donor, 494 Pictorial History of St. Louis, by

Norbury L. Wayman, noted, 385 Pierce, Lester, 362 Pike County Historical Society, 105,

235, 367, 489 Pike, Zebulon, art. on, listed, 114 Pilcher, Joshua, book on, reviewed,

124-125 Pilug, E. Leffen, 486 Pinkard, Elias, 232 "Pioneer Women of the Missouri

Press," by Alma F. Vaughan, 289-305; (illus.)

Pitcher, Lt. Col. Thomas, 52, 53, 54, 56

Plank Road, art. on, listed, 116 Planthold, Mrs. Mildred, 94 Plater, Mrs. M. E., 297 Platte County Historical Society, 236,

489 Pleuard, Mrs. Evelynne, 236

Index 537

Pleyer, Tony, 359 Plume, Pam, 106 Poindexter, John A., 316 Points, James, art. on, listed, 242 Pollock, Elizabeth, 233 Pollock, G. E., 486 Pollock, Mrs. Kathleen Bishop, obit.,

251 Pollock, Samuel H., 368 Pollock, Thomas H., obit., 251 Pomeroy, Samuel, 284 Pony Express, art. on, listed, 502 Pony Express Historical Association,

105, 367, 489 Porteau, Mrs. Rene, donor, 371 Porter, Col. Joseph, 95, 316 Porter, P. W., 489 Powell, Mrs. W. J., 297 Powell, Dr. William, 227 "Prairie Park," home of William

Sappington, 217 (illus.) Prather, Alonzo S., 301 Prather, Mary Elizabeth, 301 Pratt, Parley P., 44, 45, 48, 57, 58, 61;

46 (illus.) Prentiss, Benjamin M., 311, 362; 313

(illus.) Preston, art. on, listed, 499 Preus, Dr. J. A., 224 Prewitt, Moss, 182, 185, 192 Price, Mrs. Acel, 106, 236 Price, James, 99 Price Mill, art. on, listed, 502 Price, R. B., art. on, listed, 496 Price, Gov. Sterling, 171, 215, 268 Price, Dr. William, 216 Princeton Courthouse, art. on, listed,

114 Printery, Clinton, donor, 108 Pritchard, Jacob Leroy, 229 Prohibition, art. on, 516-518 Provines, Frances A., 185 Provines, William, 178 Public Library, De Soto, donor, 494 Pulaski, art. on, listed, 244 Pulaski County Historical Society, 106,

236 Pulitzer, Joseph, art. o», listed, 497 Purinton, Julia, 292 Pursell, Mrs. Damon, 228 Putnam County Historical Society, 489 Putzel, H. V., obit., 505 Pyle, Mrs. Bessie E., donor, 494 Pyle, C. Homer, obit., 121 Pyle, Mrs. C. Homer, 231

Quackenbush, James, 367

R

Ragsdale, A. C , obit., 251 Ragsdale, Edward, 364 Rahm, Mrs. Phillip E., 364 Railroads,

- a r t s , on, listed, 119, 373, 374, 376, 496, 497

—Bonne Terre railroad, art. on, listed, 245

—Burlington railroad, arts, on, listed, 248

—Mississippi River railroad, art. on, listed, 245

—Missouri-Illinois line, art. on, listed, 246

—Observation Cars, art. on, listed, 244

—Santa Fe, history of, art. on, listed, 498

—"Town Growth in Central Missouri," by Stuart F. Voss, Part III, 322-350 (illus.)

Ralph, Mrs. Kenneth, 473, (illus.) Randall, Jack, 482 Randall, William J., 236 Rankin, John E., 468 Rataczak, Mrs. E. L., 365 Rathbun, Hiram, 46 Rathgeber, Paul J., 100 Rauch, Julius F., art. on, listed, 115 Ray County Historical Society, 236 Ray, S. J., obit., 504 Ray, S. K., obit., 121 Ray, William, 236 Rayburn, Sam, 452, 453, 459, 460, 463;

460 (illus.) Raytown,

—arts, on, listed, 244 —Blacksmith, arts, on, listed, 245

Raytown Historical Society, 236 Rea, Frank G., 482 Rea, J. W. (family), 227, 482 Reagan, Mrs. O. F., 290 Reagan, Gov. Ronald, 363 Reavis, Dorothea, 232, 486 Rechtermann, Rev. Julius, 487 Reed, O. E., obit., 252 Reeves, Col. Benjamin H., 400 Reiter, Ebert, 233 Reitz, Charles H., 100 Renault, Philip Francis, art. on, listed,

114 Renner, G. K., "Strawberry Culture in

Southwest Missouri," 18-40; (illus.) Repp, Dr. Arthur C , 360 Reynolds, R. Edgar, obit., 505 Reynolds, Gov. Thomas, 215 Reynolds, Virginia H., 195 Rhinehart, M. Charles, 365 Rhodes, Mattie, 297 Rice, J. M., 26 Rice, Pat, 236

538 Index

Richards, J. F., art. on, listed, 501 Richardson, Mrs. Bobbie Hatton, do

nor, 494 Richardson, James, 178 Richardson, Nathan, 391 Richardson, W. A., obit., 121 Richison, Nathan, 393 Richmond, Robert W., 365 Richter, Anna B., art. on, listed, 119 Rickenbrode, Miss Francyl, 362 Riddle, Al, 488 Rindisbacher, Peter, art. on, listed, 501 Rinker, Walter N., Jr., obit., 505 Riordan, Dr. & Mrs. John J., donors,

241 Ripley County Historical Society, 106,

236 Rittenhouse, Mrs. Sue J., 296 Rivers, Herbert, 436 Rizer, Mrs. Virginia Vancil, obit., 252 Robb, Fay G., 102 Roberts, Dellie, 292 Roberts, Nellie, 292 Roberts, Seva J., 103 Roberts, Thomas H., 292 Robertson, Charles, 226 Robertson, Edgar Lee, 226, 237 Robertson, Mrs. James A., donor, 241 Robertson, Rev. W. W., 233 Robins, Mrs. Ruby M., 368 Robinson, A. M., 400 Robinson, E. C , obit., 252 Robinson, Dr. James F., 227 Rocheport,

- a r t . on, listed, 373, 496 —Russell Green House, art. on,

listed, 243 Roddy, Woodson, 485 Rodgers, Rev. Ebenezer, 180 Rogers, David B., 481 Rogers, H. Lang, 222 Rollins, Anthony Wayne, 202, 209;

203 (illus.) Rollins, James S., 193, 209, 210, 214,

216, 326; 211 (illus.) Rombauer, art. on, listed, 498 Romjue, Hon. M. A., obit., 121 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 173, 437, 442,

443, 449, 450, 451, 452; 451 (illus.) Root, Eleazer, 188, 189; 190 (illus.) Ross, Irwin, The Lonliest Campaign:

The Truman Victory of 1948, reviewed, 122-124

Ross, Lyman L., 367 Rotary, art. on, listed, 499 Rowe, Burt H., obit., 121 Rowe, Paul, donor, 494 Rozelle, Alice C. (Creswell) 301; 302

(illus.) Rozelle, Arthur, 301 Rubottom, Mrs. Cora, 481 Rucker, Mrs. Jessie, 489

Ruckert, Mrs. Wesley, 104 "Rules and Regulations of the Varie

ties Theatre, St. Louis, Mo.," 141, 142

Runion, Mrs. H. R., obit., 252 Rural Church, theses on, noted, 249 Russell, Oland D., obit., 252 Russell, Richard, 471 Ryland, John F., 48, 78, 408; 47, 411

(illus.) Ryle, Walter H., Centennial History

of the First Baptist Church, Kirksville, Missouri, noted, 127-128

St.

St. Charles, - D A R , arts, on, listed, 498 —history of, arts, on, listed, 115, 498 —St. Joe Hospital, art. on, listed, 498

St. Charles County Historical Society, 106, 236, 367, 490

St. Charles County Junior Historical Society, 106, 237, 490

St. Clair County Historical Society, 106, 237, 490

St. Cyr, Stephen, 404 Ste. Genevieve,

—Bolduc-LeMeilleur House, art. on, listed, 245

—history of, arts, on, listed, 115, 245, 375, 498

St. John, Stephen, art. on, listed, 496 St. John's Lutheran Church, Jefferson

City, donor, 494 St. John's Lutheran Church, Schubert,

art. on, listed, 113 St. Joseph City Park, art. on, listed,

377 St. Joseph Historical Society, 237, 367 St. Joseph Railroad Bridge, art. on,

listed, 114 St. Louis,

—Alexian Brothers Hospital, art. on, listed, 375

—American Legion, art. on, listed, 115

—Community Image, thesis on, noted, 249

—Gateway Arch, art. on, listed, 113 —German Press, thesis on, noted, 249 —Lambert Field, art. on, listed, 376 —Sales and Marketing Executives,

art. on, listed, 499 —Urban League, thesis on, noted, 249

St. Louis American, 414 St. Louis Argus, 414 St. Louis Republic, 20, 33 St. Louis Westerners, 237, 367 St. Omer Commandery, art. on, listed,

246

Index 539

Sabath, Adolph J., 454 Salem, Old Salem Cemetery, art. on,

listed, 248 Saline County Historical Society, 107 Salley, Mrs. Laura Lee, 99 Saloons, art. on, listed, 496 Sampson, Jerry P., donor, 241 Sandehn, Henry C , 367 Sandehn, Nancy, 367 Sanders, Mrs. Hazel Rennolds, donor,

241 Sanderson, John R. C , obit., 505 Sankey, Mrs. Dora, 290 Sappington, Mrs. Clarence, 104 Sappington, Dr. John, 216, 389-390;

389 (illus.) Sappington, William B., 213, 217

(illus.) Sarcoxie Horticultural Association, 27 Sargent, Lena M., 301; obit., 505 Saunders, Mr. and Mrs. Ed, 358 Sawyer, Mrs. Deva, 231, 485 Sawyer, Tom, art. on, listed, 248, 502 Scarritt, Rev. Nathan, 107 Scarritt, William H., obit., 121 Schaberg, Tom, 490 Schell, Joe C , 234; Big Sugar Creek

Country, noted, 385 Schewe, Elenore, 358 Schmitt, Mrs. John H., obit., 505 Schneider, Aleene K., 103 Schoenberg, William, 437 Schofield, John M., 280-281; art. on,

listed, 247; " 'And All For Nothing', Early Experiences of John M. Schofield in Missouri," 306-321; 309 (illus.)

Schowengerdt, M. N., donor, 110 Schowengerdt, Margaret, 480 Schultehenrich, Jay, 106 Schwada, Chanc. John W., 222 Schwartz, Charles W., 222 Scientific Expedition in 1819, 3 Sconce, Capt. John, 399 Scott, Elizabeth, 233 Scott, Herbert H., 229 Scott, Ross, Jr., 488 Scruggs, Enos, 421 Scruton, George H., donor, 110, 241 Seagraves, Mrs. K. J., donor, 494 Sechler, Rev. and Mrs. E. T., 229 Second Baptist Church, Jefferson City,

donor, 494 Sedalia,

—County Line Baptist Church, art. on, listed, 116

—Pettis County Courthouse, art. on, listed, 116

See, Joe B., donor, 110 Seehler, E. T., 483 Seifert Robert, 227

Selby, P. O., donor, 110 Selby, Thomas, 192 Seligson, Theodore, 488 Sellers, Paul, 233 Sesler, Mrs. J. A., donor, 494 Sesquicentennial, 1819-1969, Hannibal,

Missouri, by Hannibal Festivals, Inc., Robert D. Bush, director, noted, 255

Setzer, Glen, 367 Shain, Marshall, 481 Shamski, Mrs. William E., 364 Shankland, Wilbur Morse, donor, 110,

371 Shanks, John, 96 Shanks, John P. C , 270 Shannon, George, 408 Shannon, James, 191 Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration,

art. on, listed, 377 Sharon, Mrs. Naomi, 485 Shaver, Mrs. Virginia, 487 Shaw, Dr. B. E., obit., 121 Sheaff, Virginia, 491 Sheets, Mrs. Eveleyn, 231 Shelby County Herald, art. on, listed,

376 Shelby County Historical Society, 107,

237, 367, 490 Shelby, Joseph O., 287, 317 Shelby, V. L., donor, 371; 362 (illus.) Shell, Mr. & Mrs. Theodore R., do

nors, 494 Shemwell, Mrs. Max, 106 Shepherd, Capt. James, 400 Sherman, William, 265, 321 Sherrick, Fannie Isabelle, 293 Sherwood, Ben, 139, 140 Shibley, Harry B., donor, 241 Shields, William, 178 Shirky, James, donor, 371 Shockley, Dr. J. M., donor, 241 Shoemaker, Floyd Calvin, Missouri's

Struggle for Statehood, 1804-1821, noted, 255

Shoemaker, Mrs. M. C , donor, 372 Sibley, George Champlin, thesis on,

noted, 249 Sigel, Col. Franz, 312; 314 (illus.) Sillers, Walter, 470 Simcoe, Bernard "Doc," 95 Simon, John Y., 482 Simpson, Mrs. Jessie, donor, 372 Simpson, Joseph, 77 Simrall, H. F., 100, 360 Sims, Lee T., 105 Sites, John P., Jr., art. on, listed, 119 Sites, John P., Sr., art. on, listed, 119,

230 Sixth Missouri Infantry art. on, listed,

114 Skeens, Ruth, 358

540 Index

Slack, William Yarnel, art. on, listed, 243

Slaughter, Carl, 102, 231 Slaughter, Col. S. D., Jr., 364 Slave Hanging, art. on, listed, 242 Slavens, George Everett, "Missouri

Negro Press, 1875-1920," 413-431; (illus.)

Slavery, art. on, listed, 496, 498, 501 Sloan, T. J., 195 Smallwood, Mrs. Charles, 489 Smiser, Mrs. A. Lee, 232; donor, 372 Smith, Allan E., Mighty Mo The U.S.S.

Missouri, A Biography of the Last Battleship, noted, 514-515

Smith, Mrs. Charlotte, 292 Smith, David, donor, 110 Smith, Mrs. Emmett, donor, 241 Smith, Dr. H. Eugene, 486 Smith, Harry, 360 Smith, Dr. John R., 237 Smith, Joseph, 42, 54 Smith, L. W., Jr., "History of Mosqui

to Occurrence in Missouri," 387-390; (illus.)

Smith, Laura, 300 Smith, Louis A., obit., 505 Smith, Mrs. M. A., 297 Smith, Ruby, 231 Smith, Dr. Seymour A., 358 Smith, Solomon F., 148; art. on, listed,

116 Smith, T. O., 296 Smith, Gen. Thomas A., 4-5, 6, 10 Smith, Mrs. W. T., 297 Smith, W. Wallace, 218 Smith, Waddell F., 233, 367; obit., 505 Smith, Walter, 105 Smith, William E., donor, 241 Smithey, Anne, 366 Smithton, art. on, listed, 116 Smithton Company, 182 Smithville Historical Society, 237, 367,

490 Snider, Dr. Felix, 363 Snider, M. J., 229 Snider, Mrs. Nettie, 361 Soldiers' uniforms, 1890, 16 (illus.) Somerville, Ronald L., 218 "Sorghum Makin," front cover April

issue, painting by William Howard French

Souchek, Diane, 490 Southeast Missouri District Fair, his

tory of, arts, on, listed, 243 Southeast Missouri Lowlands, Map, 157

(illus.) Southeast Missouri State College, his

tory of, art. on, listed, 246 Southwest Fruit Growers' Cooperative

Union, 28

Spanish-American War, art. on, listed, 114

Spiers, Martha, 229 Spratt, W. R., 489 Stafford, Mrs. Belva, 483 Stahl, Glenn W., 232 Staley, Dr. & Mrs. Walter, 222 Staley, Mrs. Walter G., 358 Standlee, Mrs. Dorothy, 368 Stanford, W. E., obit., 505 Stapleton, Jack, Sr., 218 Stapleton Mills, art. on, listed, 373 Stark, Harlan R., 487 Stark, Lloyd C , art. on, listed, 376;

441 (illus.) Starnes, Lee, 367 Starnes, Mrs. Lee, 367 State Board of Railway Commissioners,

31 State Historical Society of Missouri,

—art. on, listed, 242 —Officers and Trustees, verso front

cover Oct., Jan., April, July issues Steamboats,

—Bertrand, arts, on, listed, 244, 375 —Stonewall, art. on, listed, 374

Stearns, Anna, 483 Stearns, Dan, 487 Steele's Retreat from Camden and the

Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, by Edwin C. Bearss, noted, 257-258

Steeleville, —Blue Spring School, art. on, listed,

500 —Cooper Lumber and Furniture

Company, history of, art. on, listed, 246

—Fleming-Thompson School, art. on, listed, 500

—High Point School, art. on, listed, 500

—Normal and Business Institute, arts, on, listed, 499

Stees, Mary Ann, donor, 110 Steinestal, Emily R., 293 Stephens College, Senior Hall, art. on,

listed, 242 Stephens, Earl, 231 Stephens, Mrs. Lora Ruth, donor, 110 Sterrett, Betty, 368 Stevens, E. F., obit., 505 Stevens, Mr. & Mrs. Joe, 472 Stevens, Thaddeus, 264-288; 28(f (il

lus.) Stevenson, Dr. A. L., 232 Stewart, Mary Lou, 230 Still, Dr. Andrew T., art. on, listed,

497 Stinson, Dr. David, 358 Stockton, Mrs. Jesse, 366 Stoddard, Amos, 153, 154

Index 541

Stoddard County Historical Society, 368

Stone, Mrs. Frank N., 292 Stone, Steve, 105 Stoutland, art. on, listed, 118 Stover, art. on, listed, 246 "Strawberry Culture in Southwest

Missouri," by G. K. Renner, 18-40; (illus.)

Strawberry Gaumers, 34 Streck, Col. Edwin P., 230 Strickland, Dr. Arvarh, 473 (illus.) Strom, Clarence W., obit., 252 Strothmann, William, 102, 230 Stubblefield, Mrs. Reva, 226, 358 Stuck, Sanford W., 235 Stump, Bar and Pulpit: Speechmaking

on the Missouri Frontier, by Frances Lea McCurdy, reviewed, 382-384

Sturgis, Major Samuel D., 307 Suchman, Stan, 106 Suggett, Rev. James, 399 Sullivan, John L., donor, 111, 494 Summers, Frances, 237 Sumner, Charles, 264 Sunday, Billy, art. on, listed, 374 Sunder, John E., Joshua Pilcher: Fur

Trader and Indian Agent, reviewed, 124

Swallow, Mrs. George, 195 Swallow, George C , 344 (illus.) Sweatnam, Martha Ellen, 237 Switzler, Ellen, 195 Switzler, W. F., 186, 192, 299, 326-331;

331 (illus.)

Taft, Dr. William H., donor, 495 Talbot, Bishop Ethelbert, art. on,

listed, 244 Talmadge, Eugene, 458 Talon, Jean, 84, 85 Tandy, C. H., 425 Tandy, Daisy, 297 Taney County, Marriage Records, arts.

on, listed, 120, 378 Tarkio College Library, donor, 495 Tarleton, Bennett, 473 (illus.) Taubeneck, H. E., 294 Taylor, Glen H., 461 Taylor, Lucille, 237, 490 Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 218-219;

219 (illus.) Taylor, William, 400 Taylor, Mrs. William, 359 Teed, Cecil, 223 Teegarden, Earl, 362 Teel, Mrs. Fern, 488 Television, history of, arts, on, listed,

244

Templeman, Mr. & Mrs. Robert S., 362 (illus.)

Templeton, Claude A., donor, 111 Templin, Lucinda De L., obit., 121 Tennis Courts, art on, listed, 377 Terry, Mrs. Pauline, 229 Thayer, Capt. Isaac, 186 Thayer, Norton, 186 Theaters,

—art. on, listed, 375 - S t . Louis, 133-149

Theobald, E. I., 484 Thias, Mr. & Mrs. Edwin, 484 Thomas, George, 287, 321 Thomas, Jerry, obit., 252 Thomas, Lorenzo, 311 Thompson, Mrs. A. Paul, 486 Thompson, Henry C , 218 Thompson, M. Jeff, 310 Thompson, R. C , obit., 121 Thompson, William P., 411 Thompson, Mrs. Willie, 229 Thornton, A. B., 295 Thornton, Miss Artie, 483 Thornton, Col. John, 401 Thornton, Mrs. Ophelia, 295 Thorp, Judge Joseph, 61, 62 Three Mile Square, by Mildred Steuck

Marquardt, noted, 515 Thro, Jeanne, 106 Thruston, Mrs. Charles, 364 Thruston, Henry, art. on, listed, 501 Thurman, Mrs. Howard, 360 Thurmond, J. Strom, 468 Thurston, M. F., obit., 252 Tietzen, Dr. John, 224 Timmons, Charles, 490 Tipton, Dillon, 103 Titus, Dr. Sterrett S., 235 Toal, Mrs. Archie Carey, donor, 111 Todd, Judge David, 78; art. on, listed,

242 Todd, Madora, 189 Todd, Mrs. Minnie F., obit., 380 Todd, Roger N., 178; art. on, listed,

242 Tofflemire, Mrs. Charles D., obit., 505 Toler, Jim, 490 Toomer, Mrs. Adele, 304 Totten, Gen. James, 317 Tough, William Sloan, art. on, listed,

502 "Town Growth in Central Missouri,

1815-1880, An Urban Chaparral," by Stuart F. Voss, Part I, 64-80; Part II, 197-217; Part III, 322-350; (illus.)

Townsend, John H., obit., 252 Traber, Mrs. Hortense S., obit., 252 Tracy, Marquis de, 83 Tracy, Judge Winton, 365

542 Index

Transportation, —Aviation, history of, arts, on, listed,

114, 116 —Bus, art. on, listed, 244 —Kansas Pacific Railroad, art. on,

listed, 118 —Lead Belt Railroad, art. on, listed,

116 —Mississippi River and Bonne Terre

Railroad, art. on, listed, 245 —Missouri-Illinois Line, art. on,

listed, 246 —Railroads, art. on, listed, 115, 244 —St. Joseph Railroad Bridge, art. on,

listed, 114 —Stage Coach, art. on, listed, 112

Traughber, R. W., 227 Trawer, Rev. Joseph J., donor, 495 Trent, G. L., 487 Trigg, Gen. Stephen, 402 Troxell, Col. A. R., 481 Truman, Harry S., arts, on, listed, 223,

377; art. on, 448-471; (illus.) Tuck, William, 470 Tucker, O. H., 485 Turgeon, Cy, 359 Turner, Evalene Baker, art. on, listed,

499 Turner, Mrs. J. Marvin, obit., 252 Turner, James Milton, 422 Turner, Thomas, art. on, listed, 112 Tutt , George, 233 Tuttle, Morton, obit., 505 Twain, Mark, arts, on, listed, 115, 375,

377, 497, 502, 503 Tyawapatia (Tywappity) B o t t o m

(Commerce Town) , 153 (illus.)

U

Uhlig, Walter W., 224 Uhlmeyer, Karen, 233 Uncorrupted Heart: Journal and Let

ters of Frederick Julius Gustorf, 1800-1845, by Fred Gustorf, reviewed, 506-507

Unions, art. on, 432-447; CIO and Democratic Party, 449-458

University of Missouri, —Brewer Fieldhouse, art. on, listed,

242 -Football , art. on, 260-262; (illus.) —148th Birthday, art. on, listed, 242

"Unwanted Conflict: Missouri Labor and the CIO," by Gary M. Fink, 432-445; (illus.)

Urich, art. on, listed, 499 Usry, John M., donor, 111, 241, 372

Vaccarezza, Victor A., 94 (illus.) Valchich, Mrs. Mildred Gleis, obit.,

252 Vance, Kate, 144 Vandiver, John W., art. on, listed, 499 Vandiver, Louis H., donor, 111 Vandiver, Mrs. Virgil, 237 Varieties Theater, 138 (illus.) Vaughan, Alma F., "Pioneer Women

of the Missouri Press," 289-305 (illus.)

Vaughan, G. W., donor, 241 Vernon County Historical Society, 368,

490 Versailles library, art. on, listed, 500 Vest, Sen. George Graham, arts, on,

listed, 375, 378 Vickery, Mrs. Margaret, 101 Vickery, Margaret Ray, Ozark Stories

of the Upper Current River, noted, 510-511

Vickrey, Matt, obit., 121 Views from the Past,

—"Advertisements of Yesteryear," 220-221 (illus.)

—"Missouri Courthouses," 474-475 (illus.)

-"Missouri Music," 352-353 (illus.) —"Missourians at Work," 92-93

(illus.) Voagel, A. E., 102 Voertman, Fred W., obit., 252 Vogel, Fred, donor, 495 Voluntary Health Agencies, thesis on,

noted, 249 Voss, Stuart F., "Town Growth in Cen

tral Missouri, 1815-1880, An Urban Chaparral," Part I, 64-80; Part II, 197-217; Part III, 322-350; (illus.)

Vredenburgh, Walter J., obit., 121 Vulcan Iron Works, art. on, listed, 501

W

Waddell, William B., 233 Waldo, Ray, 367 Wales, Lucy, 184, 185, 186, 187; 177,

181 (illus.) Wales, Mrs. Lydia, 186 Walker, Sen. Ben, 173 Walker, Mrs. Frank, 234 Walker, Howard, obit., 252 Walker, Lucien Marsh, art. on, listed,

243 Walker, Mrs. Rose, 304 Wall, Samuel, 178 Wallace, Bob, 99 Wallace, Henry A., 449, 457, 465, 468;

451 (illus.) Walthausen, Art L., obit., 380

Index 543

Wamble, Hugh, 354 Waring, J. Waties, 464 Warner, Major William, 364 Warren, W. P., obit., 252 Washburn, Mr. & Mrs. James, 365 Washburn, Mrs. Newell R., donor, 372 Washington, Booker T., 421; 420

(illus.) Washington, William T., 431; 430

(illus.) Watkins, Mrs. Kermit, donor, 495 Watkins Mill, art. on, listed, 375, 498,

499 Watkins, Waltus Jewell, Frontier

Dentist, art. on, listed, 247 Watson, Jerry, 234 Watson, Thomas M., 364 Watters, T. Ballard, 218, 472; 219,

472 (illus.); donor, 495 Watts, Opel C , 368 Waverly, art. on, listed, 246 Wayman, Norbury L., Pictorial His

tory of St. Louis, noted, 385 Weather conditions, art. on, listed, 499 Weaubleau, art. on, listed, 376 Webb City, art. on, listed, 376, 500 Webb City Historical Society, 491 Webb, Mrs. Laura, 292 Webb, Walter Prescott, 236 Webber, Marie, obit., 380 Weber, Mrs. Elizabeth, 367 Webster, Mrs. Oren, 359 Weier, George W., obit., 121 Weir, Earnest L., 361 Welker, Jack, 233 Welles, Gideon, 282-283; 283 (illus.) Wellington, William Edwin, art. on,

listed, 378 Wells, Delbert, 105 Wells, Gen. Robert W., 400, 401, 407,

408 Wentzville,

—art. on, listed, 376 —Mercantile Store, art. on, listed, 376

Western Eagle, 164, 165 Western Engineer (steamboat) , 3 Western travel, art. on, listed, 501 Weston, art. on, listed, 497 Weston—Queen of the Platte Pur

chase, 1837-1900, The Rise and Fall of a River Empire, noted, 256

Weston, Samuel, 46 Westover Mill, art. on, listed, 119 Westport,

—Captain Joseph Parks, art. on, listed, 120

—Four-Horse Buses, art. on, listed, 120

—History of, art. on, listed, 120 —Horse-racing, art. on, listed, 120 —Tom Morrison, art. on, listed, 120 —Vogel Saloon, art. on, listed, 503

Westport Historical Society, 107, 237, 368, 491

Westport Press, donor, 495 Westwood, Howard C , 359 Wheatland, art. on, listed, 376 Wheatley, William, 133, 134 Wheeler, John W., 428, 429, 430, 431;

429 (illus.) White, E. B., 355 White, Florence, 304 White, Mrs. Herbert H., 103 White, John R., 204 White, Mahlon N., 99 White, Mrs. Orlyn, 366 White, Mrs. R. M., 303 White River Area,

—Bill Anderson, art. on, listed, 120 —History of, art. on, listed, 120 —Hurley, art. on, listed, 120 —Marriage Records of Taney Coun

ty, art. on, listed, 120 —Reeds Spring, art. on, listed, 120

White River Valley Historical Society, 368

White, Sen. Robert, 165, 218 White, Robert M., II, 358 White, Walter, 461, 464 Whitlow, Mrs. M. L., 359 Whitmer, David, 48, 49 Whitmer Settlement, 43, 57 Whittington, Mrs. George, 484 Whitton, Joseph, 146 Wight, Lyman, 53, 54, 55, 57 Wight, Mrs. Lyman, 57 Wightman, Ada L., 302 (illus.) Wightman, W. Sam, 302 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, Museum, art.

on, listed, 244 Wilkerson, Catherine D., 101, 360 Wilkerson, Junior, 104, 365, 487 Wilkerson, Mrs. Junior, 487 Wilkinson, Gen. James, art. on, listed,

497 Wilkinson, Mrs. W. F., obit., 252 Wilkison, Mike, 106 Williams, Abraham J., 215 Williams, Ben, 436 Williams, Clarence, 229 Williams, Mayor Don, 236 Williams Ferry, 60 Williams, Frank L., donor, 372 Williams, James A., 95 Williams, Mrs. John A., 228 Williams, John Augustus, 192 Williams, John Bell, 468, 469 Williams, L. A., 227 Williams, Mrs. Larkin, 231 Williams, Mrs. Robert, 100 Williams, Mrs. Shelly V., donor, 111 Williams, Dr. T . Harry, 227 Williams, W. G., obit., 121

544 Index

Williams, Walter, 297, 300, 302; thesis on, noted, 249

Williamson, Mrs. Handy, 473 (illus.) Williamson, Judge Hugh P., Notable

Lawyers and Criminal Trials, noted, 128

Willis, Clarence, 361 Willow Springs, Blacksmith, art. on,

listed, 120 Wilma, arts, on, listed, 377, 502 Wilmes, Mr. & Mrs. H. H., 361 Wilson, Mrs. Anna, 475 Wilson, Fred, 140 Wilson, John, 411 Wilson, Moses G., 48, 50 Wilson, Nathaniel W., 192 Wilson, Mrs. Ola B., 367 Wilson, Richard, 358 Wilson, Thomas, 52 Wilson, Woodrow, 427 Winans, Mrs. Ralph, 362 Windsor, art. on, listed, 376 Winfrey, James C , donor, 111 Winklemann, Ernest E., 100 Winn, James, 399, 401 Winona, Falling Spring Mill, art. on,

listed, 116 Wiseman, Mrs. D. P., 487 Witherspoon, Mrs. Birdie Parks, 231 Witten, Mrs. Alfred, 485 Wolfe, Byron B., 364 Wood, Lewis, 429; 430 (illus.) Wood, Reuben L., 440; 439 (illus.) Woodbury, Levi, 155 Woodcock, Helen L., donor, 495 Woodcock, Myron, 230 Woodruff, Mrs. Howard W., donor,

495 Woods, Anderson, 70, 74 Woods, Dr. Farris H., 481 Woods, Robert Gail, donor, 495

Woodson, Mrs. Amanda B., 193 Woodson, Olivia, 185, 189 Woodson, Samuel Hughes, art. on,

listed, 114 Woodson, Susan, 185 Woodson, Judge Warren, 185, 192,

209; 210 (illus.) Woodworth, Dr. Phillip J., 96 Woolf, J. W., 301 Wright, Mrs. Audra, 229 Wright, Cora Grover, 295 Wright, Edward, 295 Wright, Gov. Fielding, 467, 468, 470 Wright, Mrs. Nina, 229 Wuensche, Rev. R. W., 224 Wurthman, Leonard B., Jr., "Frank

Blair: L i n c o l n ' s Congressional Spokesman," 263-288; (illus.)

Wymore, Jack, 360

Yancey, Mrs. Russel, 237 Yantis, Rev. J. L., 185 Yarger, David, 105 Yarnell, Mrs. Ilene Sims, donor, 241,

372, 495 Yealy, Rev. Francis J., 102 Yoacham, Daniel, art. on, listed, 378 Young, Beverly Hanshaw, donor, 495 Young, Mrs. D. O., obit., 380 Young, Mrs. Grover, donor, 111 Younger, Cole, art. on, listed, 118

Zebu Ion Pike Expedition, 3 Zimmerman, Mrs. H. M., 231 Zink, Wilbur A., 103 Zobrist, Dr. Benedict K., 223

MISSOURI

HISTORICAL

REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

VOLUME LXIV

OCTOBER, 1969-

JULY, 1970

CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXIV

CALDWELL, DOROTHY J., associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia,

Missouri.

BANNON, JOHN F., S.J., professor of History, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.

CRIGHTON, JOHN, professor of History, Stephens College, Columbia, Missouri.

DAVID, JOHN RUSSELL, instructor in American Studies, Wydown Junior High School, Clayton, Missouri.

FINK, GARY M., assistant professor of History, Mankato State College, Mankato, Minnesota.

GARSON, ROBERT A., doctoral candidate, London School of Economics, London, England.

JENNINGS, WARREN A., associate professor of History, Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, Missouri.

MCDONOUGH, JAMES L., assistant professor of History, David Lipscomb College, Nashville, Tennessee.

NICHOLS, ROGER L., associate professor of History, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

OGILVIE, LEON PARKER, associate professor of History, Francis T . Nicholls State College, Thibodaux, Louisiana.

RENNER, G. K., member of the faculty, Missouri Southern College, Joplin, Missouri.

SLAVENS, GEORGE EVERETT, professor of History, Quachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas.

VAUGHAN, ALMA F., newspaper librarian, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

Voss, STUART F., doctoral candidate in History, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

WURTHMAN, LEONARD B., JR., assistant professor of Speech, San Fernando Valley State College, Northridge, California.

CONTENTS

VOLUME LXIV

Page

T H E A L I E N A T I O N O F T H E S O U T H : A CRISIS FOR H A R R Y S. T R U M A N AND T H E

D E M O C R A T I C P A R T Y , 1945-1948.

By Robert A. Garson 448

" A N D A L L F O R N O T H I N G " E A R L Y EXPERIENCES O F J O H N M. SCHOFIELD IN

MISSOURI.

By James L. McDonough 306

T H E B I G N E C K A F F A I R : TRAGEDY AND FARCE ON THE MISSOURI FRONTIER.

By Dorothy J. Caldwell . . 391

FRANK B L A I R : L I N C O L N ' S CONGRESSIONAL SPOKESMAN.

By Leonard B. Wurthman, Jr 263

T H E C O L U M B I A F E M A L E A C A D E M Y : A P I O N E E R IN EDUCATION FOR W O M E N .

By John Crighton 177

T H E EXPULSION OF T H E M O R M O N S FROM JACKSON C O U N T Y , MISSOURI.

By Warren A. Jennings 41

T H E GENESIS O F T H E VARIETY T H E A T R E : The Black Crook Comes to St. Louis.

By John Russell David 133

GOVERNMENTAL E F F O R T S AT R E C L A M A T I O N IN T H E SOUTHEAST MISSOURI

LOWLANDS.

By Leon Parker Ogilvie 150

JACQUES M A R Q U E T T E , 1637-1675.

By John F. Bannon, S.J 81

M A R T I N C A N T O N M E N T AND AMERICAN EXPANSION IN T H E MISSOURI V A L L E Y .

By Roger L. Nichols 1

T H E MISSOURI NEGRO PRESS, 1875-1920.

By George Everett Slavens 413

P I O N E E R W O M E N O F T H E MISSOURI PRESS.

By Alma F. Vaughan 289

STRAWBERRY CULTURE IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI.

By G. K. Renner 18

T O W N G R O W T H IN CENTRAL MISSOURI, 1815-1860: A N U R B A N CHAPARRAL,

PARTS I , I I , I I I .

By Stuart F. Voss 64 ,197 , 322

T H E U N W A N T E D C O N F L I C T : MISSOURI L A B O R AND T H E C I O .

By Gary M. Fink 432

Missouri Women In History

Mary Alicia Owen Mary Alicia Owen, writer, folklorist

and ethnologist, was born in St. Joseph, Missouri, January 29, 1858, the daughter of James Alfred Owen and Agnes Jeanette Cargill Owen. Educated at private schools and a student at Vas-sar College 1868-1869, she began her literary career by contributing a column on old settlers to the St. Joseph Saturday Democrat. Many of her early stories were published in Century and Overland Monthly under the pseudonym of Julia Abbott. From childhood, Mary Alicia was interested in folk tales which she heard from the people of different races who had settled in the river town of St. Joseph, including Negroes, Indians and French-Canadians. After reading a book of Indian legends by Charles Godfrey Leland, she corresponded with the author and sent him samples of folklore which she had written. Leland suggested that she publish her work. With Mr. and Mrs. Leland, she went to London in 1892 where she read a paper on Voodoo tales before the International Folklore Congress. Her paper was so well received that she readily found a British publisher for her first book, entitled Voodoo Tales, As Told Among the Negroes of the Southwest. Published in 1893, five years later the book was reprinted in America with the title Ole Rabbit's Plantation Stories. Her sister, Juliette A. Owen, and Louis Wain illustrated the book. In 1892 she was admitted to tribal membership with the Sac Indians, joined their secret societies and wrote about their beliefs and customs. Among her other published works were Folklore of the Musquakie Indians, The Daughter of Alouette and an Ozark Gypsy and Oracles and Witches.

She was an honorary member of the English Folklore Society, councilor and life member of the American Folklore Society and president of the Missouri Folklore Society from 1908 until her death in 1935. In 1940, Dr. H. M. Belden, editor of the University of Missouri Study, Ballads and Songs, dedicated the volume to the Missouri Folklore Society and to the memory of Mary Alicia Owen. Her article entitled "Social Customs and Usages in Missouri During the Last Century" was published in the October 1920, issue of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. She was the first individual life member of the State Historical Society of Missouri. For many years her biography was included in the British Who's Who and in Who's Who in America. She made friends with the people whose tales she recorded in their own vernacular. At her funeral in St. Joseph, January 2, 1935, six Negro men served as active pallbearers while the honorary pallbearers were men of civic and social prominence.