THE ST. PAUL SUNDAY GLOBE. SUNDAY, JANUAKY 15, 1882 NIGHTFALL. .' Lie still, Oheart! Crash out thy vainness and unreached desires, Hart how the sunset-fires, . Which kindled all the west with red and gold, Are slumbering 'neath tke amethystine clow Cf the receding day, whose tale is told. Stay, stay thy questioning; what would'st thou know, O ions heart? Soft is the air; 1 ,nd not a leaflet rustles to the ground To break the calm around. ' Creep, little wakeful heart, into thy nest; The world is full of flowers even yet, Close fast thy dewy eyes, and be at rest Pour out thy plaint? at diy, if thou nTtT?t fret; Day is for care. ' Now, turn to God. 1 fightis too beautiful forus to cling ' To selfish sorrowing. ( 1memory! the grass is ever preen Above thy grave; but we have brighter things Than thou hast ever claimed or known, I ween. Day is for tears. At night,the soul hath wing* To leave the sod. The thought of night, That comes to us like breath of primrose-time, ' That comes like the sweet rhyme Cif a pure thought expressed, lulls all our fears, And stirs the angel that is in ns—night, Which is a sermon to the soul that hears. . Hush! for the heavens with starlets are alight. Thank God for night! Paris Cemeteries. Paris Cor. Home Journal. The three principal cemeteries of Par- is are Pere Lachaise, at the east; Mont- martre, at the north, and Montparnasse, at the south. The indigent, who com- prise two-thirds of the population, are puried gratuitously in common fosses. A temporary grave for one person costs $30, payable to the city treasury, and is granted foronly ten years. The smallest permanent grave, for a person over 7 tears of age, costs $ICO~ of which §S0 sire given to the city treasury and the remainder to the poor. "Concession a perpetuite" is engraved irpon most of the monuments over per- manent graves. All interments at Paris pre undertaken by a company author- ized by the city government, at fixed prices varying in their nine grades from :?3.75 to $1,436. The expenses of the church are defrayed by a collection at :iie funeral. Two priests are attached to £rvch cemetery to render the last honors ;to the poor. A short walk from the lA Place de la Bastile" brings us to Pere L*achaise, the most celebrated of the cemeteries, situated upon a fine elevated spot?, commanding a magnificent view of pie city. Passing up the broad avenue from the entrance to the chapel on the brow of jfche bill, we notice at our right the monu- inients erected to the memory of Arago, jthe astronomer; Auber, the composer; Consin, the writer and philosopher, and jLedru Rollin. At the left are the tombs of Viscomte Rossini and Alfred de Mus- ket. The weeping willow which was planted over the grave of de Musset, at pis request, died last winter. The chapel is very beautiful, and contains (many works of art; it marks the spot formerly occupied by the residence of Pere Lachaise, the Jesuit priest, con- fessor of Louis XIV. The powerful So- ciety of Jesus was the next proprietor; the expulsion of this society in 1763 caused it to change owners several times and itwas finallybought by the city in 1804 for its present use. The 18,000 monuments, mostly in the form of tem- ples, give the cemetery the appearance of a city of stone, hard'ancl cold, relieved only by a few shaded avenues. Look- ing into one of these sepulchers which vf§& in process of construction. I un- derstood how so small a space could be the burial place of a family. In a deep excavation, about four feet in widthand eight in length, walled with cement, there were at one side six shelves rising frpm the bottom, destined for the last resting of the six members of the family*. B; is considered quite a la mode to enter ift Pere Lachaise under tons of granite, fa&t that which most pleased mo in this cemetery was the burial place of the Hbravest of the brave. " Marshal Ney, a large plot of ground on which a fe*w rtees bloom, and where there is not re- corded even the name of the hero, yet up visitor fails to see his grave. The sarcophagus of the unfortunate lovers, Abelard and Heloise, constructed from njHrble from the ruins of the nunnery of which Heloise was abbess, was profusely (fecorated. Their recumbent statues, fflSe by side, recall their sad history, and one can read there his ambition and her sfflf-sacrificing love. Beranger's monu- ment is tenderly cared for by his cousin, 11, Engelbauer, who each year, as All- Saintß' day approaches, freshens the gilt letters which record the fame of the B&pular song-writer. Large crowds pressed around the graves of Corot, M. Thiers, and Lieut.-Gen. Hugo, father of yictor Hugo, which reminds me of the impromptu lines written by the latter on ttye shoulder blade of a skeleton in the study of M. Roger de Beauvoir. The Bohemian Girl at Home. A correspondent of the Philadelphia Bulletin writing from Carlsbad cays: The Bohemian girl, as she ap- pears on her native soil, does not look a§ if she had ever dreamt of marble balls as did the girl of the late Mr. BnKe's <Aera. She begins life swathed in a Bsiff pillow to straighten and strengthen lir back. Soon after she begins to walk Bhe takes lessons in bearing burdens on be.r back, and by the time she reaches Woman-hood can carry a ten-gallon cask of water, or a huge basket filled with fire-wood or soiled clothes up a steep l^pi twenty or thirtytimes without stop- ping torest. Advancing in yews, she ntay be bitched with a cow or*a big dog to pull a market wagon, driven by her beloved and loving husband. If she is a. very good wife she may be advanced to the dignity of being the off-horse, Trtth a dog for a near one, to haul a cdal-cart to a customer's door, and when Slhe unhitches herself she carries in a fnier the rusty looking coal of this atry up one, two or three pairs of rs, while the man and dog repose in street. It is thus that the native Bohemian girl often fulfills her destiny in this historic and chivalric land. Women is the drudge and the beast of burden here, as inmany other parts of the Continent. There are fine horses fsr driving heavy vehicles, and there are donkeys that pull fat dowagers or iazy little boys up the hills. But there are" no equestrian displays, a riding lArse is more rarely seen in Carlsbad tljan a pretty German woman, and yet there are scores of cavaliers in cavalry Uniforms and wearing spurs that ought fbe pricking the sides of the best ooded steeds of the orient. But there not much need of horses ina country where women are the laborors, and the treasure horse is an expensive luxury, the sand business m Albany, .N. V., amounts to quite an industry. Mold- ing sand is shipped in large quantities from that city to California. One man ships about 25,000 tons yearly. The Jewish population of Italyis not oyeTonetna thousand- but there are eifeht Jews in the Italian Parliament. A Touching Story. Calamity is the name of a man who lives at the gold camp of Cummins City. He has another name, but nobody seems to know what it is. It has been torn off the wrappers someway, and so the boys call him Calamity. He is a man of singular mind and eccentric construo- tion. The most noticeable feature about Calamity is his superstitious dread of muscular activity. Some people will not tackle any kind of business enter- prise onFriday. Calamity is even more the victim of vague superstition, and has a dread of beginning work on any clay of the week, for fear that some disaster should befall him. Last spring he had a little domestic trouble, and his wife made complaints that Calamity had worn out an old long- handled shovel on her, trying to con- vince her about some abstruse theory of Iris. The testimony seemed rather against Calamity, and the miners told liim that as soon as they got over the rush a little, and had the 'leisure, they would have tohang him. They hoped he would take advantage of the hurry of business and go away, because they did not want to hang him so early in the season. But Calamity did not go away. He stayed because it was easier to stay than to go. He did not, of course, pine for the notoriety of being the first man hung in the camp, but rather than pull up stakes and move away from a place where there are so many pleasant associ- ations, he concluded to stay and meet death calmly, in whatever form it might come. One evening, after the workof the day was done and the boys had eaten their suppers, one of them suggested that it would be a good time to hang Calamity. So they got things in shape and went down to the bigLaramie bridge. Calam- ity was with them. They got things all ready for the exercises to begin, and then asked the victimifhe had anything to say. He loosened the rope around his neck a little with one hand so that he could speak withmore freedom, and holding his pantaloons with the oilier, said: "Gentlemen of the convention, I call you to witness that this public demon- stration toward me is entirely unsought on my part. I have never courted no- toriety. Plugging along in comparative obscurity is good enough for me. This is the first time I have ever addressed an audience. That is why I am embar- rassed and ill at ease. You have brought me here tohang me because I seemed harsh and severe with my wife. You have entered tile hallowed presence of my home-life, and assumed the preroga- tive of subverting my household desci- pline. Itis well. Ido not care to live, so long as my authority is questioned. You have already changed my submis- sive wife into an arrogant, self-reliant woman. Yesterday I toldher to go out and grease the wagon, and she straight- ened up to her full height and told me to go and grease it myself. I have al- ways been kind and thoughtful to her. When she had to go up into the gulch in the winter after firewood, my coat shielded her from the storm, while I sat alone in the cabin, through the long hours. I could name other instances of unselfishness on my part, but I will not take your time. She uses my smoking tobacco, and kicks my vertebrae up into my hat on the most unlooked for occa- sions. She does not love me any more, and life to me is only a hollow mockery. Death, with its wide waste of eternal calm and its shoreless sea of rest, is a glad relief tome. I go, but I leave in your midst a skittish and able-bodied woman, who will make Rome howL I bequeath her to this camp. She is yours, gentlemen. She is all I have to give, but ingiving her to you I feel that my untimely death will always be looked upon in this gulch as a dire calamity. The day will come when you willlook back upon this awful night and wish that I was alive again, but it will be too late. I will be far away. My soul will be in a land where domestic infelicity and cold feet can never enter. Bury me at the foot of Vinegar Hill,where the sage- hen and the fuzzy bumblebee may gam- bol o'er my lowlygrave." When Calamity had finished, an im- promptu caucus was held. When itwas adjurned, Calamity went home to his cabin to surprise his wife. She has not yet fully recovered from her surprise. The Keason of Birds. Several years ago a pair of my canar- ies built; while the hen was sitting the weather became intensely hot. She drooped, and I began to fear that she would not be strong enough to hatch the eggs. I watched the birds closely, and soon found that the cock was a devoted nurse. He bathed in the fresh cold water I supplied every morning, then went to the edge of the nest, and the hen buried her head in his breast, and was refreshed. Without hands and without a sponge, what more could he have done? The following spring the same bird was hanging in a window with three other canaries, each in a separate cage. I was sitting in the room and heard my littlefavorite give a peculiar cry. I looked up and saw all the birds crouching on their perches, paralyzed with fright. On going to the window to ascertain the cause of their terror I saw a large balloon passing along over the end of the street. The birds did not move till it was out of sight, when they all gave a chirp of relief. The balloon was only in sight of the bird who gave the alarm, and I have no doubt he mis- took it for a bird of prey. I have a green and a yellow canary hanging side by side. They are treated alike and are warm friends. One has often refused to partake of some delicacy till the other was supplied with it. One day I had five blossoms of dandelion; I gave three to the green, two to the yellow one. The latter flew about his cage, singing in a shrill voice, and showing unmistakable signs of angel. Guessing the cause I took away one of the three flowers, when both birds settled down quietly to enjoy their feast Bfg- Things. The largest deposits of anthracite coal in the worldare inPennsylvania. The greatest river inthe world is the Mississippi, which is 4,100 miles long. The largest lake inthe world is Lake Superior, being 430 miles long and 1,000 feet deep. The largest valley inthe worldis the Valley of the Mississippi. It contains 500,000 square miles. The greatest cave in the world is the MamiDoth cave in Kentucky, which contains a navigable lake abounding in eyeless fish. ' The greatest mass of solid iron in the worldis the great Iron mountain inMis- souri. It is 350 feet high and two miles in circuit. The greatest cataract in the world Js the Falls of Niagara, which plunges over the rocks in two columns to the depth of170 feet each. The greatest natural bridge inthe world is the natural bridge over Cedar creek in Virginia. It extends across a chasm eighty feet inwidth and 250 feet in depth. The Green Fisherman. Sam Davis, of the Carson, (Nev.) Ap- peal, tells the following, which though funny, is very true. Those who have done'much fishing have often seen the green fisherman. On /Sunday last there was about a doz- en of Carson's crack fishermen at the Mexican dam. Mr. Gilligan and Gus Lewis headed the crowd. There are many persons who fish at the dam who never think of casting their lines with- out first getting the opinion of Lewis and Gilliganas to the best locality. On Sunday, jnst as the two experts were getting ready to fish, an old wagon drove up, containing an old iarmer and his family. He tied his horses to a tree, and then pulling out a crooked hickory pole, proceeded to tie a line to the end. "Wonder ifthe old coon is going to come here and scare all the fish away Ly splashing water?" said Lewis. "If he does on r sport is all gone for to-day, " said Gilligan. Suddenly an idea struck Gilligan; he toldLewis he would get the man an- chored near some stagnant pool where a trout would never think of coming, and thus keep him away from the good places. The man was just getting his tackle in shape as Gilligan strolled slow- ly up. "Going to try yer luck?" "Thought I would." "Ever fish much?" "Back in the States about twelve years ago, for bull-heads, suckers and such. " "You can't catch anything with that pole; where is your reel?" "Never use 'em; I jest yank 'em right over my head. " "Your hook is big for the season." "All I got." Galligan hated to see a man fish with such poor tackle, and offered nim some hooks and leaders; but the old fellow said he would be sure to bust them, and he would rather use old tackle he was used to. He tied a nail to the line and then got out a box of worms. "Youcan't use worms here, on a day like this you must use a brown hackle fly with a littlered on the body," said Galligan. "Don't go much on your new-fangled flies. Worms is my best hold." "That is not a bad place," pointing to a spot where there was not a ripple or any sign of current. "Jest the place I was going to tackle," said the man. Gilligan went down ant told Lewis he had got the old fellow fixed where he would not get a bite insixmonths. "It amuses me to see those green fishermen bring their old-fashioned lines and hickory poles, and fool away their time expecting to catch fish. Thunder! If he hasn't landed one a footlong!" ex- claimed Lewis. Sure enough, he had his fish on the bank, and it was a two-pounder. Pro- bably he would not happen to do that again in six months. The two experts continued to fish, wondering how a trout ever strayed into such water, and in about five minutes another trout described a half circle over the old man's head. He threw the fish on the bank above him, and his wife took it off the line and baited the hook, and then he just slammed the tackle into the water as if he was threshing wheat. He kept this up for a couple of hours, and when he wound up his line he had thirteen fine trout, while the others had failed to get a nibble. "You were right about that place, stranger," he said to Gilligan. "I have got some worms left, if you think you need them. How've you been gettin' along up here?" "We ain't after trout," said Lewis, "we are ju3t catching minnows to bait withthis evening." The Ambitious Lover. "I am very rich, my darling," she said softly, punctuating her sentences with soft, warm kisses. "Already I have $100,000 worth of 4 per cents reg- istered in my name, and when the leaves are turning red in the golden October days and the fields are laughing in the rich abundance of a bountiful harvest, I shall cut; off the coupons. And when papa dies he will leave me nearly $200,- -000 more. Yes, my sweetheart, lam a very happy girl," and a fair young head nestled confidingly on the shoulder of the strong limbed, hazel-eyed young man to whom this avowal was made. He looked tenderly down at the brown treeses and the invisible net that bound them to the fair forehead. Gently lift- ing the beautiful face tohis, he pressed a passionate kiss on the full, red lips that seemed only made for osculation. Turning his head away, Herbert Ains- leigh appeared for a moment to be wrapped inthought. Then, kissing Mir- iam with a rich, warm, two-for-a-quarter kiss, he said : "Do you love me, Birdie ?" She gave answer by placing her soft, white arms around his neck, and throw- ing herself madly on his shirt front. "Do not hug so hard, darling, 'an you love me, or my collar-stud will raise a carbuncle on the back of my necJj," he said in low, mellow tones. " It is only the deep, passionate long- ing of my love, Herbert. It recks not of carbuncles. But you are right. Too much pressure on the cervical vertebra will cause an exostosis. My Professor of Anatomy told me that." " And we will be married in the fall, my sweet?" "Yes, Hejbert, inthe rich, hazy, sens- uous days ofIndian summer, when the low note of the farmer's boy seeking the lost cow is heard as he sits on the vine- embowered stile and blasphemes until must take all my money, Herbert ; it must be yours to do as you will withit; to attain glorious fame that awaits you, for I know that mylove's name will some day be known through the length and breadth of the land. Surely, you have an ambition ?" "I have," said Herbert, Mssing her while she caught her breath. " And you will not let any false pride stand in the way of using my money to attain the height you fain would reach ?" "No, darling, I willnot. You say you have $100,000 iv4 per cents. It is enough. To-morrow I will act, and in less than a day my name will be as familiar throughout the world as that of En- gland's proud Queen." " Oh, Herbert, what will you do ?" " I shall purchase Maud S." Two minutes later a human form fell with a dull thud on the front porch of the haughty pork-packer's residence. It was Herbert Ainsleigh. The old man had fired him out. — Chicago Trib- une. "Your meal is ready, sir," said the waiter, to Hayseed, just from the rural districts. "Meal!" exclaimed Hayseed, contemptiously. "Do yer think I'm a hoss? Get me some corned beef and cabbage, young man." When a married woman buys a pug dog for a price, she gets a bargain, ano her Husband gets something to boot Briggs' Centenarian. [Exchange.] The usual crowd was down in the store the other evening, when the con- versation turned on old men, Squire Pit- kins saying that he knew an old man, aged ninety-five, who had recently walked eight miles in the burning sun to purchase a hobby-horse. This brought Briggs to his feet. He slowly rolled around the cud of tobacco in his mouth, and remarked: "That 'ere mau of yours, Pitkins, was a ragged old slouch, a no-account nig- ger, compared to an old rooster that I know." "What about your friend?" inquired Pitkins. "Wouldn't you think that a venerable, gray-haired old man who can skip rope for two hours, at the age of one hundred and seventeen, and not feel tired, is some- thing remarkable?" "Yes." / "And when the same individual draws his wife and daughter in a hand-cart to to the circus, four miles distant, and then wins five dollars by riding the trick mule, don't you admire him?" "Of course." "And when you continue to hear that he ploughed a ten acre lot yesterday, and after he got through played leap- frog all the evening for relaxation, does not your admiration fade into venera- tion?" Pitkins said that he guessed so, and then asked the name of the gay and fes- tive old gentleman. "Knott," replied Briggs, warming up to his subject Abijah Knott, and a tough knot he is. Now, gentlemen, maybe you'll think I'm lying when I tell you that he attributes the longness of his life to his always smoking seventeen cigars a day, and never forgetting to wash the back of his neck. In fact, I never saw such a lively old potato bug. We had a ball a week or so ago, and he was there, every time. Danced all the time, played the fiddle for the Virgina reel, helped get supper ready, and sang *AuldLang Syne' like a lark, coming home in the morning. "He's got an amazhigj. muscle for a man of his age too. What do you think of carrying a piano up four pairs of stairs and lowering a Herring's safe out of the window. "Besides he likes his fun, the old man does. He went down to a wrestling match the other night, threw the champion of the United State over his head and won the belt. And, come to think, have any of you noticed that gor- geous vest he wears?" Briggs waited for a moment, but as nobody seemed tohave noticed it he con- tinued: "Well, he got that as first prize for climbing the greased pole at the state fair. Itmade quite a talk at the time, and one of the Yorkpicture papers had an illustration of him, as he appeared at the top of the pole, waving his vest in triumpth, and scraping the grease from his Sunday pantaloons." "Is — is Mr. Knott married?" feebly inquired a timid-hearted auditor. "Muchly," sententiously replied Briggs. "He had six wives, and it looks simply beautiful to see how nice he keeps their graves. Got a big sunflower at the head of each, and weepin' wilier planted square inthe middle. "But he ain't a going to join them yet. Not much. He is on the lookout for material to make a seventh funeral, and it would do your heart good to view the old feller's rig out. He's parted his wig in the center, got his false teeth patched up, and wears kaleidescope stockings withlow-necked shoes. Tell you what, he runs the young men close. "But he never allows pleasure to in- terfere with business. The very day after his third mother-in-law's' funeral he went right to work and dug up over two thousand hills of potatoes, just as if nothing had happened." "Didhe know any of our' Revolution- ary heroes?" asked Squire Pitkin. ""Didhe? You bet! Played tag with George Washington, hooked apples with Tommy Jefferson, and he told me him- self how he and Miles Standish lamed old Powhattan by hitting him with a brick whileplaying "Duck on a Bock." "That centenarian of yours," inter- rupted Baldwick, "is an unblushing old liar. Admitting that he is one hundred and seventeen, how could he knowMiles Standish?" "By gum!" cried Briggs, "that's so!" And then he retired to the darkest cor- ner of the store, and kicked himself all the evening for not being able to tell a story straight. Ruskin's Advice to Young Ladies. In order to investigate one's self it is well to find out what one is now. Don't think vaguely about it. Take pen and paper and write down as accurate a description ofyourself as is possible, and, ifyou dare not, find out why you dare not, and try to get strength of heart enough to "look yourself in the face, mind as wellas body. Always have two mirrors on your dressing-table, and with proper care dress mind and body at the same time. Put your best intelligence 1 to finding out what you are g®od for and what you can be made into. The mere resoive not to be useless, and the honest desire to help other people, will in the quickest and most delicate way improve one's self. All accomplishments should be considered as means of assisting others. In music get the voice disciplined ana clear, and think only of accuracy; ex- pression and effect will take care of them- selves. So indrawing, learn to set down the right shape of anything, and there- by explain its character to another per- son; but ifyou tryonly to make showy drawings for praise; or pretty ones for amusement, your drawings will have lit- tle or no intrest for others, and no edu- cational power. Eesolve to do each day something useful in the vulgar sense. Learn the economy of the kitchen, the good and bad qualities of every common article of food, and the simplest and best modes of their preparation. One should at the end of every day be able to say as proud- lyas any peasant that she has not eaten of the bread of idleness. Get quit of the absurd idea that heaven will interfere to correct great errors, while allowingits laws to take its own course in punishing small ones. If food is carelessly prepared .no one expects providence to make it palatable; neither if through years of folly you mJ3guide your own life, raay yoa expect divine in- terference tobring around everything at last for the best. I tell you positvely the world is not bo constituted. The consequences of great mistakes are just as sure as those of small ones; and the happiness of your whole life, and of all the lives over which you have power, depends as literallyupon your common sense and discretion as does the excel- lence and order of day. Perhaps the fact that over 150,000 pounds of opium are used annually by smokers and eaters in this country may have something to do with the rapid in- crease of insanity. Carrying Pare Air in a Knapsack. Successful experiments have been carried on by Mr. Warrington Smythe, at the New Seaham Colliery, near New- castle, England, with what is termed the Fleuss breathing apparatus. The importance of this invention will at once be apparent to those who are in any way acquainted with the risks from suffocation run by firemen and tilose employed under ground, where poison- ous fumes are so liable to break forth and suffocate those who may be subject to them. With the .aid of the Fleuss machine men can work without danger under all these inimical conditions. . The apparatus has the size and shape of a soldier's knapsack, its principal por- tion being a case of sheet copper, twelve inches long, twelve inches wide, and two and a half inches deep. The case is in- ternally divided into four longitudinal compartments, fitted up so as to secure the complete circulation through them of the air that has been robbed of its oxygen by passage through the lungs. Each compartment is fitted with small cubes of India rubber sponge, coated with speciallyprepared caustic soda. The air that passes from the lungs of the man fitted with the apparatus passes through one side of a mouthpiece and down the corresponding short length of pipe over his left shoulder to the first compartment of the case. There it goes through a finely-balanced valve, which gives way to the softest breath passing from the mouth, but is immovable to anything from the inside of the case. The partition of the first compartment fits closely up to the top of the case, but is about one inch open at the bottom. This arrangement thus permits the re- spired air to pass down the first chamber and to enter the second at the bottom. Here it circu- lates to the top, where an inch opening in the next partition gives it passage into tho third compartment, which it descends, to find a similar out- let at the bottbm;into the fourth cham- ber. Rising to the head of this com- partment, the air thus purified from the deleterious matter that it has carried from the lungs passes through a valve into a pipe laid over the right shoulder of the operator. Oxygen is added by means of a small pipe that runs from the cylinder at the bottom of the case, and finds its opening close to the junc- tion of the clean air-pipe and the before mentioned India-rubber bag. This lat- ter performs the part of a reservoir of pure and properly oxygenated air, and by itspresence the act of breathing is rendered easy and natural. Infact, the only limit to the space of time during which the apparatus enables the man to move about in the midst of poisonous gases is the capacity of the oxygen cylin- der and the individual's physical ability to carry the copper knapsack about with him. The capacity of the cylinders at present in use is one-fourth of a cubic foot, and as the oxygen is pumped in under pressure of sixteen atmospheres, they hold four cubic feet of gas. The supply, which can be regulated through the medium of a valve, is calculated to last for a four hours' shift of work, al- though no man employed under such conditions of danger as require its use is kept at labor more than three hours. An essential portion of the apparatus is the mask, to which is attached a mouthpiece screwed on one side to the pure-air pipe and India-rubber bag, and on the other to the pipe conveying the expired air back to the compartment in the knapsack case — Rubber Era. The Repoblic of France. Since 1792, French history has been the history of a people in a state of po- litical transition. The first republic, so called, covering the period from 1792 to 1804, comprised three distinct forms of Government. The "convention" en- dured for three years ; the " directory " for four years, and the "consulate" for four. In1804, Consul Bonaparte set up as Emperor, and the empire endured, after a fashion, for a dozen years. Then the Bourbon restoration covered the pe- riod from 1814 to 1830, when the Orleans dynasty began, and lasted eighteen years. The period of forty-four years between the first and the second repub- lican experiment witnessed three revolu- tions of the French constitution. The second "republic" lasted only four years, and. like the first, ended in the usurpation of absolute power by the re- publican executive — in both cases a Bo- naparte. The second Napoleonic em- pire had the same duration as the Or- ieans regime^ — eighteen years. The de- feat of Louis Napoleon, in 1870, brought in the third republican experi- ment, which was prefaced for a year by the so-called " Government of the na- tional defense." The present constitu- tion of France bears date Feb. 25, 1875, the time of its formal promulgation, though the republic of which it is the organic lawreally began with the Presi- dency of M. Thiers in1871. It has ex- isted ten years, nearly as long as both the previous republican experiments. Inits most essentail arrangements, the French constitution is modeled up- on the English and the American. The principal American features are a repre- sentative assembly chosen by "man- hood " suffrage, and an elective chief magistrate. The principal English features are the movability of the elec- tions, requirement that every act of the President shall be countersigned by a Minister, responsibility of the Cabinet to the representative chamber, and power in the President (the Senate concurring) to dissolve that chamber. The " Presi- dential term " is seven years, but i 3 not, as in this country, arbitrarily fixed and dated as to its beginning and ending. Whenever and however a vacancy oc- curs in the Presidency, it is filledby an election (by the two legislative cham- bers) of an incumbent for seven years. The absurd American superfluity called the Vice President, seen to be an appen- dage neither useful nor ornamental, has wisely been omitted. The legal "term" for which repre- sentatives are chosen is four years ; but a dissolution of the chamber would ab- breviate it,and the new chamber, chosen after dissolution, would be chosen for a term of four years, beginning at the date of its election. — Chicago Times. The Two Sexes. Thero is nearly always something of nature's own gentility in all young wom- en, oxeapt, indeed, when they get . to- gether and fall a giggling. It shaffies us men to see how much sooner they are polif.hed into conventional shape than cur rough masculine angels. An un- couth boy requires, heaven knows what assiduity, to move three steps, we do not say like a gentleman, but like a boy with a soul in him • but give the least advantage of society or tuition to a peasant girl, and a hundred to one but she will glide into refinement before the boy can make a bow without upsetting the table. There is sentiment in all women ; and that gives delicacy to thought and taste to manner ; withmen it is generally acquired ; an offspring of the intellectual quality; not, as with the other sex, of the moral. Abont Sneezing. bneezing and the manner in wh ich the sneeze is sneezed is an interesting; study initself. No two people sneeze alike, A two months' study of this spasmodic practice has fully demonstrated tbe fact that there is as much individuality in the sneeze of the average man or wo nan as there is in the laugh, the conversation, the walk or the nandwriting. Some men and women sneeze as though the effort caused them intense pain, while others seem to enjoy the titillating sen- sation in the nostrils and enter ii to the spirit of the act with pleasure d jpicted upon every lineament of their features. The little boarding-school mits tripe jauntily along the street and inlurning to note if she is attracting due attention happens toinadvertently look at tie sun. In a moment her nostrils begin to tickle, and, burying her face in the foldf. of the neatest of cambric hankerehie :'s, she contracts her shoulders and give i utter- ance to the daintiest " skick-skick-Bkick" imaginable. The fat woman with a basket upon her arm — the one you cAi always mt et with in the market house — halts suddenly upon the street, bows her head rever- ently, remains so for a few minutes in wild expectation and then, straightening up a little, inhales tne air vi.til she swells up like a balloon, then " ah-h-h- -choooooo ! ah-h-h-hschoooo ! at -ah-ah- skitch-tschooo !oh my!"' and rabbles along wiping her inflamed nose- on her apron. The dapper little 1 clerk walks briskly along the street wondering if tiis new clothes fit him as he hopes they do, and when the unfailing symptoms tell him that he must sneeze he turns his head over his shoulder, and without tlacking his pace gives vent to several short, sharp " woosh "-es, and flies aleng as if nothing had happened. The tall,cadaverous man, whose every look indicates the presence of consump- tion, stops short on the sidewalk, ner- vously runs his hands into half a dozen pockets before he can find his handker- chief, throws his head backward until his nose points at the City Ha J clock, and electrifies all withinhearing with a spasmodic " witchoo-witchoo--nitcho-o- o-o-o-wi-wi-witcho-o-o-o-o — (larnthe- luck!" then gives his peaked nasal or- gan a swipe or two and moves j ainfully along. Two neat littledaughters of fashion trip along the avenue, confiding to each other their bits of choice scanckJ, when one of them says : "Oh, dear! Jennie, I believe I'm going to sneeze !" "Oh, please don't," cries the other in horror. "It wii] be awful to sneeze right here on the street! Ctn't you hold it?" "Oh I — I — must. Indeed I — sck — indeed I ca — can't hel — schick— -help it. I mu — niu — sck — must — ah — ah — scheet ah — ah — oh dear ! ah — ooh—h — h — h — ah — scheet — chick — ah — oh — ! Jennie ! ah — ah— schloo — oo — oot — ah — s ihloot !" And then she wipes her pet rly nose and trips along with tears in her eyes and tells Jennie it's just too awr'ully aw- ful for any use and she does aope no- body saw her. The sedate matron goes at out her sneezing in a matter-of-fact ws.y. She simply stops, bows her head aad gives utterance to a few well-ddveloped " achoo's " and moves along not caring a continental who was observing her. The nervous man stops whilea look of pain crosses his face, draws two or three long breaths to hurry the thii.g along, then doubles himself up as if endeavor- ing to shoulder the heaviest portion of his body, twists his face out of all sem- blace of a human being and s:iorts out his ' ' kroo-whah-kroo-whah-l oosh-ah- kroo-whah-whah-oh Lord ! " aid leaves the spot wearing a look of the :nost dis- consolate pain. Itdoes one good to see the jolly fat man sneeze. He throws back his mas- sive shoulders, opens his cavernous mouth to its fullest capacity, sl.uts both eyes and fairly raises tne dead with " ah-stfioooo I ah-scHOOOo ! ah-ah- SCHOOOO! whoopee! woosh-al - schoooo •wagh-hooo-physchoooo ! Lordy, but that was a good 'un ! " There are a thousand and one other styles of accomplished sneezing, and it will repay any one to note tt c variety and style of the various sneezers to be met with daily upon the streets. — M. Quad. Host and <*uost in England. The universal deference psrid to a man's right to himself inEngland makes duties as well as social pleasure j far less onerous than they are with us. In America the relation of host tnd guest i 3 a double slavery. The host has the com-ort and amusement of his guest so painfully at heart that he often becomes his officious slave for the time being, while the guest, unable to refuse ais host's continual and pressing offers of indis- criminate kindness, becomes in turn the slave to his host's notions oi amuse- ment. He has either to blindly follow out his host's programme, or has to rack his own brain to furnish Ihe latter with opportunities to show him atten- tion. The typical American er tertainer cannot leave his guest alone ; with the very best and most friendly intentions in the world, he begins by imploring him to "make himself thorc ughly at home," and immediately proceeds to make his house as little lise home as lies within human power. " What world you like to do to-cay?" or "Would you not like to, etc. etc., to- day ?" are the standard break fast- table questions. In Englandjhosts let their guests do just what they please. Go to spend a week in an Englishman's house and you may be sure j our host will not put himself out for y)u in the least, unless you expressly desire it. Everything in the house go«J8 on as usual, just as if you were not there. But, per contra, the house and all that is in it are practically yours while you stay within its walls. Your host puts his servants, his wine cellar, hia larder, often his horses and bis game preserves, absolutely at your disposal. "Sou are at liberty to act, and are expected to act, precisely as if you were in your own house. You can order a san hvich, a bowl of broth, a glass of wine or spirits whenever you please ; you can i .nnounce your intention of going off shooting the very morning after your arrival, and guns and dogs are waiting for iyou. It is tile commonest occurrence ior men, arriving in the afternoon at a friend's house, to send their dress suite down to the laundress to be pressed before din- ner. In England guests are not only told to "make themselves ai home," bu* are actually allowed to do i o. — Bos- ton Transcript. An Impassable Distance. Mr. Quincy says that youn % people revered Charming, but the disi ance be- tween them was impassable. One day on a fishing excursion he frig i toned a timid girl into awestruck silence by asking her :"Do these waves look to you as ifthey were moved by tie wind, or as ifeach wave were propelled by the impulse it receives from the on 3 follow- ing it ?" " THE SWEET BY.ASD-BY. A Talk With tbe Composer of tbe Beautiful Hymn. Dr. S. Fillmore Bennett, a practicing physician of Richmond, 111., a small town southeast of Lake Geneva, was visited and conversed withby a Chicago News reporter with reference to the authorship of the words and music of that remarkably popular Christian hymn called "The Sweet By-and-By." Dr. Bennett is 45 years old, and the father of a considerable family, including a son who is a recent graduate of Rush Medi- cal College. In stature the doctor is of medium height, and quite spare. He is thin-visaged, wears a thin mus- tache and goatee, and is of a not very light complexion. He has a lock of hair, slightly gray, overhanging his brow, which gives him the look of a person with the poetical f ulty. In his conversation he is clear, practical, serious and positive. He said : " The story of the origin of the hymn, 'The Sweet By-and-By,' is a short one and soon told. From 1861 to 1871 I re- sided inElkhart, Wis., where I kept an apothecary store. And during that pe- riod was associated with Joseph P. Web- ster, a music teacher, in the production of musical works, I composing the words, and he the music. Our first publication was the 'Signet Ring,' our second, 'The Beatitudes,' our third, ' The Sunday- School Cantata,' and our fourth and last, 'The Great Rebellion.' It was in the fall of 1874, when we were at work on 'The Signet Ring,' that we composed 'The Sweet By-and-By.' It was com- posed for that work, and published first in it. And thif was the way we hap- pened to compose it. Webster was an extremely sensitive and melancholy man, and very prone to think that others had slighted ~him f He was always imagining that some old friend had spoken to him coolly and then dropping into bottomless despondency about it until some casual meeting afterward dispelled the illusion. After while I understood this weakness so wellthat I knew how to take it, and it gave me no trouble at all. On the contra- ry, I used to aid himin getting over those spells', generally by putting him to work, which, I learned by experience, was sure to relieve him. So one day in the fall of1874—1 could give you the day if I had the copyright here — I was stand- ing at my desk inmy drug store writing up my books, when in came Webster, looking uncommonly blue. I knew at a glance what ailed him, but said to him, pleasantly, ' Webster, what is the matter with you?' 'Ah,' he said, 'nothing much. It will be ail right by-and-inr? 'That is so,' I said, 'and T.iiat ut the reason that wouldn't be a good subject for a song — By-and-by ? ' With that, I snatched up a piece of paper and went to writing, and within fif tten minutes I handed him the paper with these words vritten on it: " There's a land thit is fairer than day, And by faith we may see itafar, And the Father stands over the way, To prepare us a dwelling place there. " We shall sing, on that beautiful shore, The melodious songs of the blest, And onr spirits shall sorrow no more, Not a sigh for the blessing of rest ! " To our bountiful Father above We willoffer the tribute of praise ; For tbe glorious gift of His love, And the blessing-* that hai.'ow our days. "'There,' I said, 'write a tune for that.' Webster looked it over, and then turned to a man named Bright, in the store, and said: ' Hand me my fiddle over the counter, please.' The fiddle was passed to him, and he went to work at once to make a tune. And I hardly think it was more than thirty minutes from the time when he came into the store that he and I were singing togeth- er the words and music just as you see them here, on the ninetieth page of 'The Signet Ring.' We liked them very much, and were singing our song, off and on, the rest of the day. Toward evening, Uncle Crosby, as we used to call him, my wife's uncle, came into the store and we sang it to him. He was deeply affected by it, and when it was ended the spirit of prophecy came over him, and he said, ' That piece is immor- tal.' And he was right." Aunt Susan's Suggestions to a Fretful Wife. "Hester;" exclaimed Aunt Susan, ceasing her rocking and knitting, and sitting unpright. "Do you know what your husband will do when you are dead?" " What do you mean ?" was the start- ledreply. " He will marry the sweetest- tempered girl he can find." " Oh, auntie !"Hester began. "Don't interrupt me until I've fin- ished," said Aunt Susan, leaning back and takingup her knitting. " She may not be as good a housekeeper as you are ; in fact, I think not, but she will be good- natured. She may not even love him as wellas you do, but she will be good-na- tured." # "Why, auntie —" " That isn't all," continued Aunt Su- san. "Every day you live you are mak- ing your husband more and mor£ in love with that good-natured woman, who may take your place some day. After Mr. and Mrs. Harrison left you the other night, the only remark he mado about them was : ' She is a sweet wom- an.'" "Oh, auntie —" "That isn't all," composedly contin- ued Aunt Susan. "To-day your hus- band was half way across the kitchen floor, bringing you the first ripe peach- es, and all you did was to look on and say : • There, Will, just see your tracks on my clean floor ! I won't have my floor all tracked up.' Some men would have thrown the peaches out of the win- dow. To-day you screwed up your face when he kissed you, because bis mus- tache was damp, and said, ' I never want you to kiss me again. ' When he empties anything you tell him not to spill ii ; when he liftsanything you tellhim not to break it. From morning unlil night your sharp voice is heard complaining and fault-finding. And last winter, when you were sick, you scolded him about his allowing the pump to freeze, and took no notice when he said. ' I was .so anxious about you that I did not think of the pump.'*" " But, auntie—" " Hearken, child. The strongest and most intelligent of them all care more for a woman's tenderness than for any- thing else inthe world, and without this the cleverest and most perfecr house- keeper is sure to lose her husband'sv af- fection in time. There may be a few more men like Will — as gentle, as lov- ing, as chivalrous, as forgetful of self, and so satisfied with loving that their affections willdie a long, struggling death ; but in most cases it takes but a few years of fretfulness and fault-finding to turn a husband's love into irritated indifference. "But, auntie—" " Yes, well I you are not dead yet, and that sweet-natured woman has not been found : so yon have time to be- come so serene and sweet that your hus- band can never imagine that there is a better-tempered votnan in existence."