The Spread Of Islam

The Spread Of The Spread Of IslamIslamChapter 10 section 2 page 238Chapter 10 section 2 page 238

A Review-A Review- What is the difference between Islam and What is the difference between Islam and

Muslim?Muslim? Islam is the religion, Muslim is a person Islam is the religion, Muslim is a person

belonging to the religionbelonging to the religion Which 3 continents did Arabia connect?Which 3 continents did Arabia connect? Europe, Asia, AfricaEurope, Asia, Africa Who are considered “people of the book”?Who are considered “people of the book”? Christians, Jews, MuslimsChristians, Jews, Muslims Who is the founder of the Islam religion?Who is the founder of the Islam religion? MuhammadMuhammad

Muhammad’s Sucessors Muhammad’s Sucessors Spread IslamSpread Islam

When Muhammad died in 632, When Muhammad died in 632, community wasn’t sure how to choose a community wasn’t sure how to choose a leader, but are sure they need to spread leader, but are sure they need to spread the message of Allahthe message of Allah

Muhammad didn’t name a successor, so Muhammad didn’t name a successor, so Muslim community selected Abu-Bakr, Muslim community selected Abu-Bakr, his friend and follower to become the first his friend and follower to become the first “caliph”- or successor“caliph”- or successor

Rightly Guided CaliphsRightly Guided Caliphs Abu-Bakr and next 3 elected caliphs- Abu-Bakr and next 3 elected caliphs-

Umar, Uthman and Ali all knew Umar, Uthman and Ali all knew Muhammad, and used Qur’an and Muhammad, and used Qur’an and actions as guides to leadershipactions as guides to leadership

This is why they are known as “rightly This is why they are known as “rightly guided caliphs”guided caliphs”

Period of rule is called caliphate Period of rule is called caliphate

Abu-BakrAbu-Bakr Promised he would uphold what Promised he would uphold what

Muhammad stood forMuhammad stood for But after the prophets death some tribes But after the prophets death some tribes

abandoned Islam and refused to pay taxesabandoned Islam and refused to pay taxes Some people declared themselves as Some people declared themselves as

prophetsprophets Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert

Muhammad’s efforts in the community and Muhammad’s efforts in the community and the army became well trained and the army became well trained and disciplineddisciplined

Muslim state controlled all of ArabiaMuslim state controlled all of Arabia

UmarUmar Became second caliph in 634 after Abu-Became second caliph in 634 after Abu-

Bakr diedBakr died Highly disciplined armies conquered Highly disciplined armies conquered

Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

Also took parts of Persian EmpireAlso took parts of Persian Empire

Muslim Empire under Muslim Empire under UmarUmar

Uthman and AliUthman and Ali Next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali expanded Next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali expanded

Muslim territory east and westMuslim territory east and west Were able to gain support of armies and Were able to gain support of armies and

navies of conquered landnavies of conquered land Used these forces to help conquer more landUsed these forces to help conquer more land By 750, Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 By 750, Muslim Empire stretched 6,000

miles- 2 times the distance across the United miles- 2 times the distance across the United StatesStates

Twice the Distance of the Twice the Distance of the U.S!U.S!

Muslims were willing to struggle to Muslims were willing to struggle to defend Islamdefend Islam

Drew energy and inspiration from faithDrew energy and inspiration from faith

Success of the MilitarySuccess of the Military Muslim military successful due to faith of Muslim military successful due to faith of

soldierssoldiers Armies were well disciplined and well Armies were well disciplined and well

commandedcommanded Took advantage of weaknesses in other Took advantage of weaknesses in other

empires: the Byzantine and Persian empires: the Byzantine and Persian empiresempires

Persian and Byzantine empires had been in Persian and Byzantine empires had been in conflict for a long timeconflict for a long time

By the time Muslim armies invaded their By the time Muslim armies invaded their lands both empires were exhausted lands both empires were exhausted militarily militarily

People in those regions who didn’t support People in those regions who didn’t support the official religions (Christianity or the official religions (Christianity or Zoroastrianism) had been persecutedZoroastrianism) had been persecuted

These people saw the Muslims as These people saw the Muslims as liberatorsliberators

Treatment of Conquered Treatment of Conquered PeoplePeople

Many conquered people chose to accept Many conquered people chose to accept IslamIslam

Qur’an forbade forced conversion, so Qur’an forbade forced conversion, so Muslims allowed people to keep own Muslims allowed people to keep own religionreligion

Christians, Jews and Christians, Jews and MuslimsMuslims

Jews and Christians were “people of the Jews and Christians were “people of the book” and received special considerationbook” and received special consideration

They paid a poll tax each year so they They paid a poll tax each year so they wouldn’t have to serve in the military wouldn’t have to serve in the military

Even though there was religious tolerance, Even though there was religious tolerance, other religions not allowed to spread other religions not allowed to spread religionreligion

Christians and Jews played important roles Christians and Jews played important roles as officials and scholars in the Muslim stateas officials and scholars in the Muslim state

The Torah, Bible, Qur’anThe Torah, Bible, Qur’an

Internal Conflict Creates Internal Conflict Creates a Crisisa Crisis

Murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil Murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil warwar

Ali, Muhammads cousin and son-in-law, Ali, Muhammads cousin and son-in-law, was the natural choice for replacement, was the natural choice for replacement, but he was assassinatedbut he was assassinated

The system of electing a caliph died with The system of electing a caliph died with himhim

The UmayyadsThe Umayyads A family known as the Umayyads came A family known as the Umayyads came

to powerto power Set up hereditary system of successionSet up hereditary system of succession Changed the capital from Mecca to Changed the capital from Mecca to

Damascus in recently conquered SyriaDamascus in recently conquered Syria Thought it would be easier to control Thought it would be easier to control

conquered territories from new locationconquered territories from new location

Arab Muslims felt capital was too far Arab Muslims felt capital was too far away from their landsaway from their lands

Umayyads abandoned the simple life of Umayyads abandoned the simple life of caliphs and surrounded themselves with caliphs and surrounded themselves with wealth and extravagances wealth and extravagances

The Shi’aThe Shi’a Wealth and luxury angered the Muslim Wealth and luxury angered the Muslim

community, but accepted their rule to community, but accepted their rule to keep peacekeep peace

A minority did resist and believed the A minority did resist and believed the caliph should be a relative of the prophetcaliph should be a relative of the prophet

This group was called Shi’a meaning This group was called Shi’a meaning “party” of Ali“party” of Ali

The SunniThe Sunni Those who didn’t resist the rule of the Those who didn’t resist the rule of the

Umayyads became known as Sunni, Umayyads became known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s meaning followers of Muhammad’s exampleexample

However, some Sunni were concerned However, some Sunni were concerned with the lifestyle of the Umayyads and with the lifestyle of the Umayyads and worried they had become to involved in worried they had become to involved in worldly affairs and lost touch with religionworldly affairs and lost touch with religion

The SufiThe Sufi

Another group who reacted to the lush Another group who reacted to the lush life of the Umayyadslife of the Umayyads

Chose a life of poverty and devotion, Chose a life of poverty and devotion, similar to a Christian monksimilar to a Christian monk

End of the UmayyadsEnd of the Umayyads Religious and political opposition to the Religious and political opposition to the

Umayyad caliphate led to its downfallUmayyad caliphate led to its downfall Rebel groups overthrew the Umayadds in Rebel groups overthrew the Umayadds in

750750 The Abbasids, a powerful rebel group The Abbasids, a powerful rebel group

took control of the empiretook control of the empire

Murder of the UmayyadsMurder of the Umayyads After the Abbasids took control in 750, After the Abbasids took control in 750,

they murder members of the Umayyad they murder members of the Umayyad familyfamily

Only Prince Abd al-Rahman escaped, Only Prince Abd al-Rahman escaped, and moved to Spain and moved to Spain

Prince al-Rahman set up a new Prince al-Rahman set up a new Umayyad dynasty in SpainUmayyad dynasty in Spain

Spain had already been conquered and Spain had already been conquered and settled by Muslims from North Africa, settled by Muslims from North Africa, known as the Berbersknown as the Berbers

The Berbers formed the extraordinary The Berbers formed the extraordinary Muslim state called al-AndalusMuslim state called al-Andalus

The AbbasidsThe Abbasids Their strength lay in the lands of Iraq, Their strength lay in the lands of Iraq,

Iran and central Asia, the former lands of Iran and central Asia, the former lands of the Persian Empirethe Persian Empire

Moved the capital from Damascus to Moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad in south IraqBaghdad in south Iraq

Location gave access to goods, trade Location gave access to goods, trade routes, gold and information on the rest of routes, gold and information on the rest of the empirethe empire

Under the AbbasidsUnder the Abbasids Developed strong bureaucracy Developed strong bureaucracy Treasury kept track of money flowTreasury kept track of money flow Chancery prepared letters and documents Chancery prepared letters and documents Special dept. managed the armySpecial dept. managed the army Sent diplomats to other royal courts Sent diplomats to other royal courts

throughout Europe to develop good throughout Europe to develop good relationshipsrelationships

Taxed land, imports, exports and non-Taxed land, imports, exports and non-Muslim’s wealth to pay for bureaucracyMuslim’s wealth to pay for bureaucracy

Elephant DiplomacyElephant Diplomacy Abbasids constantly trying to hold empire Abbasids constantly trying to hold empire

together, and hold off outside attacks. They together, and hold off outside attacks. They viewed their relationship with the Kingdom viewed their relationship with the Kingdom of Franks ruled by Charlemagne extremely of Franks ruled by Charlemagne extremely important, and viewed the Franks as important, and viewed the Franks as possible allies against the Umayyads in possible allies against the Umayyads in Spain. Caliph Harun al-Rashid sent an Spain. Caliph Harun al-Rashid sent an envoy with gifts to Charlemagne's court envoy with gifts to Charlemagne's court including an elephant named Abu al-Abbas, including an elephant named Abu al-Abbas, the only elephant the caliph owned. The trip the only elephant the caliph owned. The trip was a success- Charlemagne defeated the was a success- Charlemagne defeated the Umayyads early in his reignUmayyads early in his reign

Kingdom of FranksKingdom of Franks

CharlemagneCharlemagne

Rival Groups Dominated Rival Groups Dominated Muslim LandsMuslim Lands

Abbasid caliphate lasted 750- 1258Abbasid caliphate lasted 750- 1258 during that time they were able to increase during that time they were able to increase

authority by consulting with religious leadersauthority by consulting with religious leaders But they failed to keep control of enormous But they failed to keep control of enormous

territoryterritory Independent Muslim states sprang up and Independent Muslim states sprang up and

local leaders dominated many smaller local leaders dominated many smaller regionsregions

Fatimid DynastyFatimid Dynasty Named after Muhammad’s daughter Named after Muhammad’s daughter

FatimaFatima Began in north Africa, spreading to Began in north Africa, spreading to

western Arabia and Syriawestern Arabia and Syria

Although they were politically divided, the Although they were politically divided, the Abbasid Empire and smaller powers Abbasid Empire and smaller powers stayed unified through religion, language, stayed unified through religion, language, trade, and the economytrade, and the economy

Muslim Trade NetworkMuslim Trade Network 2 major sea-trading zones:2 major sea-trading zones: 1. Mediterranean Sea1. Mediterranean Sea 2. Indian Ocean2. Indian Ocean Water linked the Muslim Empire into sea Water linked the Muslim Empire into sea

networknetwork The land connected the Silk Roads of The land connected the Silk Roads of

China and India with Europe and AsiaChina and India with Europe and Asia

1 Language, 1 Currency1 Language, 1 Currency Muslims merchants realize they only Muslims merchants realize they only

needed a single language, Arabic and needed a single language, Arabic and single currency, the Abbasid dinar to travel single currency, the Abbasid dinar to travel from Cordoba to Baghdad and onto Chinafrom Cordoba to Baghdad and onto China

Muslims create banks to encourage flow Muslims create banks to encourage flow of tradeof trade

Offered letters of credit called sakks (in Offered letters of credit called sakks (in Europe, the pronunciation is check)Europe, the pronunciation is check)

The idea of using checks dates back to The idea of using checks dates back to the Muslim Empirethe Muslim Empire

CordobaCordoba Mix of Muslims, Christians and Jews Mix of Muslims, Christians and Jews

created a cosmopolitan atmosphere in the created a cosmopolitan atmosphere in the city of Cordoba (Spain)city of Cordoba (Spain)

City attracted poets, philosophers, City attracted poets, philosophers, scientists and doctorsscientists and doctors

City became the center of Muslim culture City became the center of Muslim culture with 70 libraries, 700 mosques and 27 with 70 libraries, 700 mosques and 27 free schoolsfree schools

Period of achievements in the arts and Period of achievements in the arts and sciences followed sciences followed