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Embodying the Spirit of the Work of C.G.Jung Retreat/Conference
Mooroolbark Australia May 23-25 2014
Isabel Briggs Myers, Psychological Type, and the Spirit of
C.G.Jung
Peter GeyerWerribee, Australia
[email protected]
When we trace the genealogy of a concept we uncover the
different ways in which it may have been used in earlier times.
We thereby equip ourselves with a means of reflecting critically
on how it is currently understood.Quentin Skinner
Every conceptual formula is psychological in its essenceC.G.
Jung
C.G. Jungs theory of psychological types was stimulated by his
differences with Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler, although the theme
of types, a common area of contemporary discussion, can be seen in
his early work. Jung thought that a persons type influenced the
kind of ideas they might put forward. and so his typology is a
theory of both ideas and people, with the latter strongly
predominating, both in his own work and with those who used this
idea. Jungs core text on this topic, Psychological Types was
published in German in 1921 and English in 1923. There were several
short pieces written by him on the topic throughout the 1920s and
1930s and various seminars and other writings contain typological
commentary and information. In his Dream Seminars of the late
1920s, given in English, Jung pithily explained:
Thinking tells you what things mean, Feeling tells you what they
are worth,
Sensation tells you what they really are, and Intuition tells
you the possibilities of a situation
A compass description of Jungs core ideas
My concepts are based on empirical findings and are nothing but
names for certain areas of experienceC.G. Jung
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His typology was presented as a theory of consciousness, not
behaviour and in that context he rejected the classical
temperaments, as they were about affects, and so not something that
people would agree that identifies them.Jungs typology was the core
of his concept of individuation, which can be described as a
process of becoming yourself, or becoming a personality. He
considered personality a calling, bot a given for everyone.
Individuation for him appears to be about wholeness _ the
integrating of both good and evil aspects of an individual, rather
than perfection, or achieving higher states etc. Jung never
considered his typology as a measurement construct.
Jungs Typology Compass
A typology is a great help in understanding the wide variations
that occur in individuals, and it also furnishes a clue to the
fundamental differences in the psychological theories now
current
C.G. Jung
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Measuring Jungs TypologyAttempts to construct questionnaires
based on Jungs typology appear to be first made in 1941-2, in the
United States, firstly with the Gray-Wheelwrights Jungian Type
Survey by Jungians based in California and the Briggs-Myers Type
Indicator (later renamed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI)
in areas close to Washington D.C. The latter was a response to
World War II aiming to assist the war effort by helping people to
get jobs that were typologically suitable, although it appears this
was never achieved. Post-war, it was used in a program with the
American Medical Students Association, main author Isabel Briggs
Myers considering this field, as well as education, were
appropriate areas for helping people. There doesnt appear to have
been an external stimulus for the Jungian Type Survey.Earlier
efforts at measuring Jungs constructs focused on
extraversion-introversion, variously spelt and defined: essentially
as traits and in a clinical context. These terms also became part
of general discourse, in the USA in particular. The period between
the two world wars was a time of development of various kinds of
personality inventories, of uneven standard.Measurement of Jungs
typology appears to be something that Katharine Briggs and Isabel
Myers expected others would do, and when that didnt happen in the
18 years since the publication of Psychological Types in English in
1923, they decided to do it themselves, presuming that this was the
best way of using type to help people. Their cultural presumptions
about measurement werent shared by Jung, who was wary of
classification, thinking it missed the point. What Jung thought of
the Jungian Type Survey appears unknown. Isabel Myers sent her
questionnaire to Jung in 1950; what he thought about it is
conjectural. During this time and afterwards, the USA and the UK
emphasised measurement in psychology more than other cultures,
although it appears less pervasive in the UK. Other cultures have
taken up this approach relatively recently as part of a general
increase in the pursuit of certainty via the use of quantifiable
data.
Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs MyersWithin any school
of thought, partial themes exert an attraction:
disciples students and other interested persons move in, attach
themselves to the movement and take the parts they like best for
the whole
Wolfgang HochheimerKatharine Briggs, a middle-class American
woman raised and living in a professional/academic milieu,
encountered Jungs book in 1923, after reading a review of it. A
sometime writer, she had constructed her own personality typology
Meditative, Executive, Sociable, Spontaneous which she discarded on
reading Jung, to the latters expressed disappointment. Jungs ideas
became part of family discourse. Briggs read Psychological Types in
great detail. She corresponded with him, and he sent her seminar
notes. Two articles of hers on Jungs typology were published in the
respected magazine New Republic in 1926 and 1928. Her daughter
Isabel Myers used type ideas in her efforts as a crime novelist and
playwright.Today, Jungs typology is predominantly seen through the
lens of their creation the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) amid
a coterie of similar measurements of varying quality, under the
broad umbrella of personality type a term not used by Jung covering
a number of not always compatible ideas. Along with a lack of
interest in his typology by contemporary Jungians, his broader and
deeper ideas have been obscured, or adapted in various ways..
Isabel Myers herself saw Jungs typology as able to be separated
from his other ideas, while at the same time seeking to implement
his idea of types in the same kind of spirit.The MBTI has also been
conflated with type for many, ibeing seen (particularly on the
internet and in training courses) as an outcome of completing a
questionnaire in a subjective, shifting, moment, attached to scores
and How did I come out this time?, submerging Myers idea of her
creation as an Indicator. Important distinctions, Clouded by
thinking that type preferences (Myers term) are behaviour,
important distinctions have been missed, in particular regarding
differences between individuals, or a trait perspective, and
different kinds of individuals, a type perspective.
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The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorHaving neither invented nor
discovered the opposites, we do not presume to define them,
to say that introversion or intuition or feeling or any other
process is thus such and such, precisely that and nothing more.
Isabel Briggs MyersIsabel Myers once stated that in developing
the MBTI there was never any attempt to measure, in the strict
sense, a factor still bewildering to many professionals and some
researchers.Developing the questionnaire was essentially a family
project, funded by family members and assisted by family
connections, notably Myers father who was a senior federal public
servant and noted scientist. Its items (questions) were derived
from Jungs text and also developed by the broader family in that
context. The broader family contributed to the item pool in that
context. Other instruments were not consulted, due to their
pathological bias. The questionnaire initially contained phrase
questions only, mostly a or b options. Word pairs were added in the
mid 1950s to eliminate situational contexts. Some items were not
scored for type but were about type development as understood by
the authors and were essentially secret until relatively recently.
Myers preferred forced choice for responses and omissions were
allowed and encouraged because she didnt want to receive false
data. True-False questions were excluded because of problems with
social desirability with that method.The core of Myers and Briggs
interpretation of Jungs typology was their understanding of Jungs
functions of Perception and Judgement, which he introduced and
identified as the four basic functions of consciousness viz.,:
Functions of Judgement Thinking and Feeling. Also called the
rational functions. Functions of Perception Sensation and
Intuition. Also called the irrational functions.
The idea was to construct scales i.e. groups of questions or
items relating to the same construct, representing Jungs categories
of opposites. The items were written in plain language, aiming to
appeal to all types. Isabel Myers accordingly changed the name of
Jungs construct Sensation to Sensing, to avoid sensational as a
term, amongst other attempts at language clarification, the
avoidance of the term irrational for instance, whilst attempting to
retain its meaning in other ways.Myers and Briggs also used Jungs
brief comments on the direction of the auxiliary function i.e. the
second-most in consciousness, together with the insights Briggs had
gained from her own research to construct an extra scale,
Judging-Perceiving which would indicate which function was
extraverted, and also provide a simple means for introverted
feeling types in particular to be able to say something about
themselves. The content of these questions was intended as
inferential, not literal, although a deeper interpretation engaged
in language content
My mother was not interested in the Dark Side. But my
grandmother was.Peter Briggs Myers
The part of Jung that I care about is the type part and it seems
to me that it is a completely integrated thing in itself
and does not rest on the symbolism, does not rest on the deep
and hard-to-follow partsIsabel Briggs Myers
Myers, unlike her mother, was predominantly interested in the
conscious, and typological development in that context. She sought
to implement Jungs typology in that way, considering it as a
standalone idea.So, apart from formulating an order of function
preferences in which she followed Jung, she didnt elaborate
further. Her idea of the shadow appears to be the preferences not
preferred introverted Sensing and Feeling, for instance, for
someone preferring extraverted thinking with intuition. She
functioned as an empirical scientist, interested in data and
evidence. A Report Form follows for the Briggs-Myers Type
Indicator, containing Myers categories.
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BriggsMyers Type IndicatorCopyright, 1946 by
Katharine C. Briggs & Isabel Briggs Myers
Name! ! John Doe! ! Date 3 - 5 - 46 Sex M
Age 25 Work Salesman Unit W G L Co
Type ESFP! ! ! ! ! ! Form C
TYPE PROFILE
Extraversion of Introversion of favorite function favorite
function
Sense Intuitive perception perception
Thinking Feeling judgment judgment
Judging function Perceptive function extraverted extraverted
FAVORITE FUNCTION
Senseperception thinkingjudgment
/ with
Intuitiveperception feelingjudgment
Extraverted extraverted )
Introverted introverted )
Thinkingjudgment senseperception
/ with
Feelingjudgment intuitiveperception
INTERPRETIVE BREAKDOWN
E - I S - I T - F J - P
! ! Friend! Insight Appreci- Planned
! ! ship ation Life
! ! Detach! Observa Harmony Adjustment
! ! ment! tion! ! to Routine
! ! Group! Accept! Logic! Decisive
! Sociability ance! ! ness
! Freedom of Enjoy! Typical! Made-up
! Expression ment! Action Mind
What the MBTI DoesIt would be a fallacy to assume that the
essence of an attitude or of a perceptive or judging process
is definedby the test items that reflect it, or by the words
used to describe itIsabel Briggs Myers
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is simply a renaming of Myers
and Briggs original work, with a difference that, over time, items
not scored and related to type development, were progressively
eliminated from its standard and advanced forms and have only
recently reappeared as MBTI Step III for which special training and
qualifications are required. In understanding Isabel Myers work,
its important to note the fundamentals of her questionnaire and how
it relates to Jungs typology.As the BMTI Report Form shows, it
gives results on responses to items attached to one of four scales.
The scales are bipolar, so the scores are presented as votes for
either scale construct e.g 17 for E and 4 for I are a result for E.
Results on all scales e.g. E, N, T, J are grouped into a code or
formula ENTJ in this instance. Equal results are inferred as I, N,
F, P for reasons of social desirability. These codes infer an order
of functions consistent with Jungs typology e.g. extraverted
thinking with intuition for ENTJ. The MBTI doesnt measure type
dynamics, simply infers to a theory. The MBTI is also a sorting
device, so it doesnt measure preference strength. The scores are
levels of confidence in the questions and are never indicators of a
dominant function, as is the case with the Jungian Type Survey.MBTI
language can be separate to Jungian language about the functions
and attitudes. Its four scales enable discussion about its four
sets of opposite preferences a term coined by Isabel Myers,
possibly from measurement writings and as a useful way to
distinguish the constructs from being labelled abilities. The 8
terms or labels for these opposites, derived from Jung, can be
usefully applied to individuals and groups, even as constructs to
interpret organisations, policies and cultures. Extraverts,
intuitives, thinkers, judgers etc. are all able to be used in this
way, and have specific meaning in this context e.g. a judging type
is specifically someone who prefers Judging to Perceiving as
understood in the MBTI and does not relate to Jungs theory of basic
functions.
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Heres some examples: Introverts with Intuition IN Introverted
intuitive IN, IN_J or INJ (Dominant) judging type (T or F)
ENTJ ESTJ ENFJ ESFJISTP INTP ISFP INFP
How you come out on the Indicator can change, but I dont nail my
flag to the mast that how you come out on the Indicator is
necessarily your type.
Its a working hypothesis. Its a starting pointIsabel Briggs
Myers
The MBTI also requires a feedback process and is not a
standalone product. Its results have to be discussed, albeit not in
the manner of running through a profile, but an explanation of the
ideas, a self-rating on that basis beforehand, as well as specific
instructions for completion. Reference to scores is also avoided,
with comparative categories of clarity used instead, a distinction
from trait approaches. Reliability of a result is with the category
sort, not the score.
Discussing the PreferencesNo-one develops their personality
because someone told them it would be useful or advisable for
them to do so C.G.Jung
Excepting the term preferences the following points would appear
consistently held by both C.G. Jung and Isabel Briggs Myers
according to available documentation of what they said and
wrote:Core principles: Type preferences are a result of interaction
between nature and nurture People are born with a predisposition to
a type preference Type preferences are developed through a response
to individual experience Culture mediates the expression of type
preferences Living according to type preferences defines
psychological health True adaptability, necessary for health, is in
the context of these preferences These type preferences: Are
expressed as sets of psychological opposites, much like the
Yin/Yang of Taosim Are concerned with psychological orientation,
rather than personality per se Are seen as fundamental
psychological principles behind behaviours Help explain why people
can do the same thing, but for different reasons Are a component of
his theory of the Self The points below have been derived from
MBTIrelated research: The types are not evenly distributed i.e.
there are more of some than others Some gender differences can be
better ascribed to type differences Different types predominate in
different professions or activities Different types become stressed
in different ways People learn and teach differently according to
their type preferences
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Here are some claims for discussion about the MBTI type
preferences, with comments from JungExtraversionIntroversion
An Attitude or Orientation Direction of energy flow; Source of
personal energy; favourite place to be
Some core points: Orientation of personal energy internal or
external Introversion is not shyness; Extraversion is not
sociability Extraversion in theory different to extroversion and
has a number of definitions Introversion is not pathological
Sometimes more extraverts in a society, sometimes not
Extraverted and Introverted Psychology are as different as day
and nightC.G. Jung
In presenting his idea of extraversion-introversion Jung was
arguing for the legitimacy of the introverted perspective that
wasnt related to pathological labels such as introspection,
rumination and morbidity. This idea appealed to the introverted
Myers and Briggs families for obvious reasons. As with the other
sets of opposites, Myers aim was to argue for the legitimacy of
each perspective. Discussions on the revised DSM 5 Manual included
pathologising introversion. I played a role in the development of a
submission from the Association for Psychological Type
(International) an American-based professional interest group
setting out reasons why this proposal should not be accepted. An
interesting aspect of this very lengthy debate is that many people
arguing for this definition of introversion appear themselves to be
introverts.However, as Jung commented in his time regarding the
USA, introversion in Western countries is effectively pathologised
in social interactions, definitions of social anxiety and
depression, happiness movements and some mental health strategies.
Some therapeutic group strategies people sitting in a circle for
instance, presume extraversion, possibly extraverted feeling and
may inhibit notions of safety and disclosure. On the other hand,
Elaine Aron has written about sensitive people a category which
includes some introverts and a few extraverts a construct she
derived from comments by Jung and also work by researchers in early
childhood development such as Jerome Kagan, who uses the terms
inhibited and uninhibited. Kagan likes Jung, but dislikes
self-report instrumentsExtraversion-Introversion appears the only
one of Jungs ideas that, regardless of definition, is
scientifically accepted as an attribute of human beings, even as a
cross-species attribute. The trait perspective of personality
favours extraversion. Recent discussions, possibly influenced by
postmodern themes and denials of a self, have revived the notion of
ambiverts, an idea of E.S. Conklins from the 1920s, describing
people who act according to the situation. Jung thought that many
people were neither one or the other, and also thought that most
people were unconscious; these two statements may be connected. The
MBTI gives a result, but not whether a person is conscious or
unconscious according to Jung. The psychometrician Mark Majors, who
worked in the most recent Forms of the MBTI and has his own type
questionnaire, thinks Jung treated introversion-extraversion and
the basic functions separately, so there is the attitude type of
extravert or introvert, and then the function types, which may be
directed in either an extraverted or introverted process.
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SensingIntuitionPerceiving Function or Mental Activity
Arranges information to personal interest; Irrational; Observing
(not a critique or evaluation)Some core points: Information of
personal interest what we pay attention to Sensing facts and
experience; practical Intuition interpretation and meaning;
possibilities Usually 23 times more sensing people in a society
Almost the reverse at universities etc.
The psychological function of sensation is the perception of
reality, and the standpoint of the sensation type is simply the
standpoint of facts.
When a person practices recognition of facts he is doing
something for his sensation....C.G. Jung
Many years ago, contributors to the Journal of Analytical
Psychology observed that a key distinction between Freudian and
Jungian analysts appeared to be that the former appeared to
overwhelmingly prefer sensation, whilst the latter overwhelmingly
preferred intuition.In my teaching of MBTI Accreditation,
intuitives outnumbered sensing types 3 to 1 (See Attachment 1).
Curiously, this clear majority invariably were interested in using
the MBTI more than finding out facts about the theory. Relevant
LinkedIn groups are the easiest place to observe what seems to be a
universal perspective. One of the clearest and most informative
books on Jungs ideas was by the sensation type Mary Ann Mattoon,
who also identified as an ISTJ.
Sensation is not what one usually understands having sensations
of touch, light etc.
it is simply an awareness of things as they are Differentiated
sensation is the perception of reality
and it has nothing to do with the functions of the body.C.G.
Jung
Some current descriptions of introverted and extraverted sensing
make claims about associations with the body for those
function-attitudes, making comparisons with an intuitives relative
(or complete) obliviousness in that regard. Others merely point out
that sensing types tend to trust their 5 senses seeing is believing
as opposed to an intuitive experience of seeing which isnt grounded
in the senses.Perception as a term in psychological science is
usually associated with physiological characteristics which are
more easily connectable with concrete reality. In this way,
intuition and gut feel a visceral experience being associated.In
the neurosciences, intuition appears to have little to do with
Jungs concept as the new or novel appears to be excluded from its
definition. Essentially, Jungs construct is rarely used outside
Jungian or typological circles. Intuition can also be about gaining
meaning or understanding of ideas rather than anything related to
the future, as some contend. One of the reasons for the lack of
success in some quarters of climate change issues may be that dates
projected into the future, particularly toward the end of the
century, but even 2030 or 2020, are seen as simply speculation
useful for sensing types. The moral associations attached to such
arguments may also annoy thinking types in particular, as well as
those who have other values.Isabel Myers commented once that she
didnt mind intuitives changing or adapting what she had done,
because that was what intuitives naturally did. However she also
wished that these people would ask her why she did what she did
before going on to change it.
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ThinkingFeelingJudging Function or Mental Activity
Decision; Closure; Rational; Sorting for prioritySome core
points: Making rational decisions Thinking is objective : Feeling
is subjective Thinking is not intellect : Feeling is not emotion
Males usually prefer Thinking (c5560%) Females prefer Feeling
(c5560%) Successful females in business, politics, tend to prefer
Thinking Some cultures prefer Thinking, others Feeling
If you are a thinking type everything that is decent in you is
linked up with that; In your thinking you are a decent fellow.
In your feeling you show another character C.G. Jung
Jungs opposites of thinking and feeling are a significant
contribution to social thought, as they challenge what is an
unhelpful stereotype in many cultures, at the same time as saying
that there are different kinds of males and different kinds of
females regarding values and principles. That this idea has a long
way to go to be understood is exemplified in recent comments, often
vitriolic, about women in public office who unstereotypically
appear to prefer thinking.
The feeling function has to do with the feeling of values and
that has nothing necessarily to do with love. Love is relatedness.
One can feel without having relationship. If love had only to do
with feeling, a thinking type couldnt love
C.G.JungOne of the problems here may be Jungs dissassociation of
the feeling function about values from the terms usual use as
emotions called feelings, including the paradox that feeling types
can pay more attention to emotions than thinking types, who in
particular circumstances may be put into disarray by their
expression, irrespective of gender. In addition, disciplines like
cognitive science, economics and marketing invariably use a
thinking-emotion dichotomy. This dichotomy is also seen in tabloid
newspapers fomenting anger and fury, for the logical reason that it
assists sales and you dont have to think about it much, because it
appears to work pretty well. Gordon Lawrence, who wrote and taught
on type and education pointed out that there were three ways of
deciding: thinking judgement, feeling judgement and emotion. Where
emotion was used as a decision maker, the thinking or feeling
functions were not involved or used.
A thinker has the right to be criticalIsabel Briggs Myers
Isabel Myers, after her empirical fashion, conducted her
research separately on males and females, to ascertain whether
gender was a factor in Jungs sets of opposites and found a gender
difference in responses to thinking and feeling questions. Her MBTI
Forms (F and G) operating on prediction ratio, gave different
points according to gender for responses to TF items. TF items on
current MBTI Forms are of equal score value irrespective of gender,
but the gender difference outcome remains. The information in
Appendix 1 contains results from both kinds of Forms.Apart from
cultural differences, Thinking and feeling can also represent ideas
about society. Rational choice theory is a fundamental
presupposition of economic and political perspectives, even
political commentary and advice, which you can see regularly on ABC
TVs The Drum and other shows of that kind.
Judgment [is] a disciplined power of choice in accord with
permanent standards. Where thinking is destined to be the judging
function the standards will be rather impersonal principles.
Where feeling is to be the judging function the standards will
be quite personal values.Isabel Briggs Myers
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JudgingPerceivingAttitude or Orientation
Indicates function mostly used outwardly; Public PersonaSome
core points: How people prefer to live their lives Judging
schedules, order, organisation Perceiving spontaneity, flow, casual
Judging predominates in schools and workplaces Some cultures
Judging, others Perceiving
The J or P at the end of the formula always describes outer
behaviourIsabel Briggs Myers
Isabel Myers thought that Jungs attitudes and functions were
possibly innate, although she didnt know whether Jung himself had
that perspective. She made no such claim for her JP scale, thinking
it merely an additive and an assistance in helping people ascertain
their type in a congenial way. so that both Judging and Perceptive
people could see merit in being what they are. Interestingly
enough, this kind of idea has proven fruitful, particularly in
trait psychology, albeit with a less positive approach.She used
Jungs term attitude to describe this scale, an orientation taken
toward a persons environment. By inference this indicated the
nature of whichever process was extraverted. There was no claim
that the extraverted process was solely used in this manner, as
these were behaviours, but it was presumed that it would be the
case more than 50% of the time. The real point, regardless, was to
help identify dominant and auxiliary functions, although there were
some behavioural insights. For example, she wrote that Js can like
matters decided and settled without doing the settling themselves
and that Ps tend to perceive external difficulties more fully than
Js, particularly if they were introverts in comparison with
extraverted judgers.To paraphrase, Myers contended that people with
a Judging attitude, using T or F, would live life in a planned,
orderly way, aiming to regulate and control it. For introverts,
these characteristics would be somewhat modified by the perceptive
nature of the dominant process. People with a Perceptive attitude,
using S or N, would live in a flexible, spontaneous way, aiming to
understand life and adapt to it. For introverts, these
characteristics would be somewhat modified by the judging nature of
the dominant process.
In the Spirit of JungI am glad I am Jung, and not a Jungian
C.G. JungWhat does it mean to be or act in the spirit of C.G.
Jung? Although Jung wrote and spoke of the Zurich School of
psychoanalysis, comparing it with the Vienna School of Freud and
applied names such as complex and analytical to his method, the
evidence is that he didnt want to found a school, or have
followers. For Isabel Myers, Jungians were always someone else,
perhaps analysts, or clinical professionals.Jung also appeared to
not be proprietary about his ideas to say that someone could or
couldnt use them notwithstanding there were a number of texts
written by others for a general readership to which he contributed
an endorsement or foreword. On the other hand, he regularly stated
that his views were not understood.Its not generally known what
Isabel Myers read of Jung other than Psychological Types. She
references J.H. van der Hoops Conscious Orientation as a valued
text on Jungs typology. Her collaborator, Mary McCaulley, who
worked with Myers in the last decade or so of her life, said later
that she didnt know what she had read because whenever they met or
corresponded they just talked type. McCaulley experienced Myers as
being committed to Jungs theory.
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A lot of people say well, she made this big contribution with J
and P butI never heard her say I am trying to go beyond Jung, make
the next step; I am doing what Jung would have done if he had
stayed with this or whatever.
Everything she did tried to be very true to the theoryMary
McCaulley
Of course, the MBTI was not something Jung would have
contemplated, and Myers use of the conscious and unconscious
aspects of his ideas were limited by intention and preference to
the typology and excluded symbols, archetypes and the transcendent
function, which she considered fairly unattainable. Perhaps, in the
pragmatic spirit of her culture, the important thing was to focus
on helping normal people in their daily lives by introducing the
idea that normality has many faces and approaches to life, all of
which are useful and desirable ways to live. The questionnaire was
simply a method for facilitating that idea.
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Appendix 1
MBTI Qualifying Workshop Participants**for courses conducted by
Peter Geyer 1993-2006
Appendix 1
MBTI
Qualifying Workshop Participants**for courses conducted by Peter
Geyer 1993-2006
N = 1025M: 319 31.12%
F: 706 68.88%
ISTJTotal: 59%: 5.76
[710]
M: 21 ; F: 38******
ISFJ Total: 29
%: 2.83
[710]
M: 11 ; F: 18***
INFJ Total: 54
%: 5.27
[23]
M: 12 ; F: 42******
INTJTotal: 70%: 6.83
[23]
M: 22 ; F: 48*******
ST: 153
SF: 105
ISTP Total: 19
%: 1.86
[47]
M: 14 ; F: 5**
ISFP Total: 17
%: 1.66
[57]
M: 7 ; F: 10**
INFP Total: 116
%: 11.31
[34]
M: 34 ; F: 82**********
INTP Total: 82
%: 8.00
[34]
M: 42 ; F: 40********
NF: 408
NT: 359
ESTP Total: 19
%: 1.86
[68]
M: 6 ; F: 13**
ESFPTotal: 24%: 2.34
[810]
M: 4 ; F= 20***
ENFPTotal: 176%: 17.17
[67]
M: 46 ; F: 130***************
ENTP Total: 124 %: 12.10
[46]
M: 34 ; F: 90*************
SJ: 179
SP: 79
ESTJTotal: 56%: 5.46
[1215]
M: 18 ; F: 38******
ESFJTotal: 35%: 3.41
[710]
M: 7 ; F: 28***
ENFJ Total: 62
%: 6.05
[35]
M: 14 ; F: 48******
ENTJ Total: 83
%: 8.10
[35]
M: 27 ; F: 56*********
TJ = 267 26.05%
Group Type E 578 56.39% 43.61% 447 I
E N F P S 258 25.17% P 74.83% 767 N
T 512 49.95% J 50.05% 513 F
Modal Type J 447 43.61% 56.37% 578 P
E N F P
Peter Geyer 2006
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ReferencesElaine Aron (2004) Revisiting Jungs concept of innate
sensitiveness Journal of Analytical Psychology Vol 49 pp
337-367Elaine Aron (2006) Highly Sensitive Person: How to thrive
when the world overwhelms you Birch Lane PressKatharine Briggs
(1926) Meet Yourself: Using the Personality Paint Box New
RepublicKatharine Briggs (1928) Up From Barbarism New
RepublicKatharine Cook Briggs & Isabel Briggs Myers (1944) The
Briggs-Myers Type Indicator Handbook Part I Privately
PublishedPeter Geyer (1995) Quantifying Jung: The Origin and
Development of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator MSc Thesis University
of MelbournePeter Geyer (2003) Why is the future that's so clear to
me so opaque to you? and other issues: Mary McCaulley in
conversation with Peter Geyer Australian Psychological Type Review
Vol 5, No 3. Dec pp5-17Peter Geyer (2010) Perception and Judgment:
Isabel Myers; measuring type and the MBTI Step III Manual
Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 12 No 1 August 2010
pp3-8Peter Geyer (2011) Pioneers and Fellow Travellers? A brief
note on Positive Psychology; Isabel Briggs Myers and C.G. Jung
Bulletin of Psychological Type Peter Geyer (2012) Liking Jung,
without wanting to be seen as Jungian a contribution to Jung at
Heart: Reactions to Jungs work Bulletin of Psychological TypePeter
Geyer (2012) What is a Function? Tenth AusAPT Biennial Conference
Melbourne, Australia October 2527Peter Geyer (2012) Extraversion
Introversion: what C.G. Jung meant and how contemporaries responded
Tenth AusAPT Biennial Conference Melbourne, Australia October
2527Wolfgang Hochheimer (1969) The Psychotherapy of C.G.Jung
C.G.Jung FoundationC.G. Jung (1910) The Association Method American
Journal of Psychology Vol 21 No 2 pp 219-269C.G. Jung (1914) On
Psychological Understanding Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol IX
pp 385-399C.G. Jung (1916) Psychology of the Unconscious: A Study
of the Transformation and Symbols of the Libido. A Contribution to
the History of the Evolution of Thought. trans. and introd.
Beatrice M. Hinkle Moffat, YardC.G. Jung (1916/1966) The Structure
of the Unconscious Two Essays in Analytical Psychology CW7
PrincetonC.G. Jung (1920) Collected Papers in Analytical Psychology
(ed Constance Long) Second Edition Bailliere, Tindall and
CoxC.G.Jung (1921/1938) Psychological Types or the Psychology of
Individuation Trans. H.G. Baynes Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner &
CoC.G.Jung (1921/1971) Psychological Types Trans R.F.C. Hull CW6
PrincetonC.G. Jung (1978) The Houston Tapes in McGuire and Hull
(eds) C.G.Jung Speaking: Interviews and Encounters Thames and
Hudson.C.G. Jung (1984) The Development of Personality CW17
PrincetonC.G. Jung (1984) Dream Seminars: Notes of the Seminar
given in 1928-30 (ed. Wm. McGuire) PrincetonC.G. Jung and Hans
Schmid-Guisan (2013) The Question of Psychological Types
Correspondence edited by John Beebe and Ernst Falzeder
PhilemonJerome Kagan (2010) The Temperamental Thread: How genes,
culture, time and luck make us who we are Dana PressJerome Kagan
(2013) The Human Spark: The Science of Human Development Basic
BooksGordon Lawrence (1997) Looking at Type and Learning Styles
CAPTMary McCaulley and Isabel Briggs Myers (1975) Skill Session
Myers-Briggs Conference 14 October Transcript CAPT/Private
CollectionMary McCaulley and Isabel Briggs Myers (1975) Opening
Session Myers-Briggs Conference 15 October Transcript CAPT/Private
Collection
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Mary H. McCaulley (1988) Isabel Myers: The Person Behind The
MBTI Audiotape Transcript CAPT/Private CollectionIsabel Briggs
Myers (und.) Construction of the Type Indicator; Forms Zero to F
UnpublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (und.) Validation of the Four
Dichotomies Which Underlie Function-Type by the Briggs-Myers Type
Indicator UnpublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (vs) Audiotapes and
Transcripts: IBM 11.7.72; IBM Construction; IBM History 6.10.72
South Carolina; IBM 4/77 (CAPT; Private Collection)Isabel Briggs
Myers (1945) Type as the Index To Personality Privately
PublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (1958) Some Findings With Regard To
Type and Manual for Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Form E Privately
PublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (1962) Manual (1962) The MyersBriggs
Type Indicator Educational Testing ServiceIsabel Briggs Myers
(1970) Introduction to Type First Edition Privately PublishedIsabel
Briggs Myers (1972) Consequences of Psychological Type Manuscript
10 Privately PublishedIsabel Briggs Myers and Mary McCaulley (vs.)
Letters and other correspondence Private collectionIsabel Briggs
Myers and Mary H. McCaulley; Naomi L. Quenk; Janie D. Sweet and
Cecil L. Williams (1977/1987) Conversations with Isabel Video
Transcript CAPTIsabel Briggs Myers; Mary H. McCaulley (1985)
Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the MyersBriggs Type
Indicator Second Edition CPP Isabel Briggs Myers with Peter B.
Myers (1990) Gifts Differing 10th Anniversary Edition Davies
BlackIsabel Briggs Myers; Mary H. McCaulley; Naomi L.Quenk; Allen
L.Hammer (1998) MBTI Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of
the MyersBriggs Type Indicator Third Edition CPPPeter Briggs Myers
(2001) Introduction to pre-conference research presentation by Otto
Kroeger APTi biennial conference Minneapolis (personal notes)Naomi
Quenk (1979) On Empirical Studies of Jungian Typology Journal of
Analytical Psychology 24; 219-255Quentin Skinner (2009) A Genealogy
of the Modern State Proceedings of the British Academy 162:
325-370J.H. van der Hoop (1939) Conscious Orientation: A Study of
Personality Types in Relation to Neurosis and Psychosis Kegan Paul,
Trench, Trubner & Co.Joseph B Wheelwright; Jane H Wheelwright;
John A Buehler (1964) Jungian Type Survey Manual: The
Gray-Wheelwrights Test 16th Revision Society of Jungian Analysts of
Northern California
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