The spark

MARCH 4, 1861: LincolnMARCH 4, 1861: Lincoln’’s First s First Inaugural AddressInaugural Address

March 4, 1861 – Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, 1861 – Lincoln was inaugurated in Washington D.C. He promised to in Washington D.C. He promised to ““preserve, protect, and defend the Union.preserve, protect, and defend the Union.”” Several tense weeks followed. The Several tense weeks followed. The country was heading for war.country was heading for war.

THE SPARKTHE SPARK

APRIL 12, 1861: Fort Sumter - 4 APRIL 12, 1861: Fort Sumter - 4 More States SecedeMore States Secede

Since Fort Sumter was in SC, the S asked the US Fort to surrender Since Fort Sumter was in SC, the S asked the US Fort to surrender to the CSA. The Fort did not. to the CSA. The Fort did not.

On April 12, 1861, Davis ordered his men to attack. Lincoln sent On April 12, 1861, Davis ordered his men to attack. Lincoln sent Fort Sumter supplies, but no men or ammunition. Confederates Fort Sumter supplies, but no men or ammunition. Confederates under General Beauregard fired 50 cannons at the fort. under General Beauregard fired 50 cannons at the fort.

After 2 days and 4000 shots the S took the Fort. The N fired 2000 After 2 days and 4000 shots the S took the Fort. The N fired 2000 shots. No man was killed, only a horse.shots. No man was killed, only a horse.

Major Anderson surrendered the fort April 14th. (Although no man Major Anderson surrendered the fort April 14th. (Although no man was killed, 1 union artillerist was killed and 3 wounded when a was killed, 1 union artillerist was killed and 3 wounded when a cannon backfired during a salute for evacuation). Immediately, VA, cannon backfired during a salute for evacuation). Immediately, VA, ARK, TENN, and NC left to join the CSA.ARK, TENN, and NC left to join the CSA.

Fort Sumter sparked the war. Now both sides had to put their Fort Sumter sparked the war. Now both sides had to put their armies together.armies together.

North & South ComparedNorth & South Compared

JULY 21, 1861 – The First Battle JULY 21, 1861 – The First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)of Bull Run (Manassas)

1st major battle of the war. N Gen. Irwin McDowell has 1st major battle of the war. N Gen. Irwin McDowell has pressure from Lincoln to capture Richmond and end the pressure from Lincoln to capture Richmond and end the war quickly. Lincolnwar quickly. Lincoln’’s 3 month enlistments are almost s 3 month enlistments are almost up. Confederates hear about the plan and dig in to up. Confederates hear about the plan and dig in to defend Richmond near Bull Run Creek. S. Gen. defend Richmond near Bull Run Creek. S. Gen. Beauregard sets up his men near Henry House Hill. The Beauregard sets up his men near Henry House Hill. The N chase the S up HH Hill, but they are stopped by N chase the S up HH Hill, but they are stopped by Jackson. Jackson and Johnston push the N to retreat.Jackson. Jackson and Johnston push the N to retreat.

Significance: 1st casualties of war; N loses 2,775/ S Significance: 1st casualties of war; N loses 2,775/ S loses 2,000; Thomas loses 2,000; Thomas ““Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson”” get his name get his name here; This battle proved the war would last longer than here; This battle proved the war would last longer than expected. expected. ““War will be no picnicWar will be no picnic””

MARCH 8, 1862 – Hampton MARCH 8, 1862 – Hampton Roads (Naval Battle)Roads (Naval Battle)

The harbor off VA was blocked by the N. The S’s Merrimack sinks 2 Union ships (the Congress and Cumberland). On March 9, the S expects to break the blockade. It’s the Merrimack v. the Monitor and Minnesota. There was no real victory, but the S did not break the N’s blockade.

Significance: 1st major battle on water. 1st revolving gun turret (monitor). It signified a new era of ironclad ships and an end to wooden battleships.

Sept 1862 Antietam (Sharpsburg)Sept 1862 Antietam (Sharpsburg)

Lee wanted to invade Maryland & bring the war to the N. He also was seeking supplies and local support. He first had to secure Harper’s Ferry. He issued order 191, sending Jackson and 2 others to capture the fort with Longstreet and 1 other behind the Blue Ridge Mtns. All would meet later in MD. The N finds a copy of 191 wrapped around 3 cigars in an abandoned campground. McClellan slow to act.

The battle ends in a draw, but S pulls out on the night of the 18th,; it was the bloodiest one day of fighting in the war – 20,000 dead. Lincoln calls it a Union Victory; it allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The battle kept France and England from joining the war for the S. (Jackson and the others did capture HF and its supplies, but McClellan took it back shortly after Antietam).

SEPTEMBER 22, 1862 – SEPTEMBER 22, 1862 – Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

Frees only Frees only ““Slaves still in rebellion.Slaves still in rebellion.”” Purpose was to take away the SPurpose was to take away the S’’s labor s labor force (slaves) & give the Union more force (slaves) & give the Union more men (blacks) to fight in the war.men (blacks) to fight in the war.

Increased troop morale in the N.Increased troop morale in the N. Keeps England & France from fully Keeps England & France from fully

supporting Ssupporting S

DECEMBER 13, 1862 – DECEMBER 13, 1862 – FredericksburgFredericksburg

Burnside replaces McClellan as N Gen. Burnside replaces McClellan as N Gen. Burnside wants to take Richmond before winter Burnside wants to take Richmond before winter

and before Jackson can arrive to back up Lee and before Jackson can arrive to back up Lee and Longstreet. He wants to attack in Nov, but and Longstreet. He wants to attack in Nov, but the pontoon bridges arrive late. By Dec, the pontoon bridges arrive late. By Dec, Longstreet had dug in on MaryeLongstreet had dug in on Marye’’s Heights s Heights behind a stone wall. N attacks 14 times and behind a stone wall. N attacks 14 times and failed every time. S victory.failed every time. S victory.

Significance: N loses 12,600/ S loses 5,300. It Significance: N loses 12,600/ S loses 5,300. It shows the importance of your position in battle. shows the importance of your position in battle.

MAY 1-5, 1863 – ChancellorsvilleMAY 1-5, 1863 – Chancellorsville

Hooker replaces Burnside as N Gen. Lee gets word of Hooker replaces Burnside as N Gen. Lee gets word of the N around Chancellorsville & that their rt side is weak. the N around Chancellorsville & that their rt side is weak. Jackson attacks the rt on May 2nd. Jackson was Jackson attacks the rt on May 2nd. Jackson was accidentally shot while scouting the area. Jackson dies accidentally shot while scouting the area. Jackson dies 8 days later. Hill takes over & is shot. Stuart then takes 8 days later. Hill takes over & is shot. Stuart then takes over & pushes the N back. N retreats.over & pushes the N back. N retreats.

Significance: The Confederates managed to defeat a Significance: The Confederates managed to defeat a force over twice their size. Stopped Union plans for an force over twice their size. Stopped Union plans for an assault on Richmond and made possible Leeassault on Richmond and made possible Lee’’s s subsequent invasion of the North, resulting in the Battle subsequent invasion of the North, resulting in the Battle of Gettysburg. Union casualties totaled about 17,300; of Gettysburg. Union casualties totaled about 17,300; Confederate losses were about 12,750.Confederate losses were about 12,750.

Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863

Lee invades the Pennsylvania—looking for Lee invades the Pennsylvania—looking for supplies and “decisive blow” Army is split supplies and “decisive blow” Army is split up again.up again.

Day 1Day 1 Armies converge on Gettysburg. South Armies converge on Gettysburg. South

captures city, but Union cavalry holds off captures city, but Union cavalry holds off Confederates long enough to secure high Confederates long enough to secure high ground.ground.

Gettysburg—Day 1

Day 2Day 2

Union reinforcements arrive—dig in on Union reinforcements arrive—dig in on high ground. (Meade is Union Gen.)high ground. (Meade is Union Gen.)

Lee attacks Union left at Little Round Top.Lee attacks Union left at Little Round Top. Joshua Chamberlain and the 20Joshua Chamberlain and the 20thth Maine Maine

save the day. Out of ammo—use a save the day. Out of ammo—use a bayonet charge they had only read about bayonet charge they had only read about in a textbook.in a textbook.

Day 3Day 3

Lee gambles everything on an attack of the Union center of Cemetary Ridge.

“Pickett’s Charge” = S Gen Pickett w/ 13,000 men are to advance on Union troops

The S is destroyed. Lee failed. Huge victory for Meade

The Gettysburg Address—Nov. 19, 1863The Gettysburg Address—Nov. 19, 1863

N turned part of the battlefield into a cemetery. At the dedication of the cemetery, Lincoln gave a 2 minute speech which called for a “New birth of Freedom.”—echoed Declaration of Independence. “Equality”

Explains the war—why they are fighting. Country is going through a test. He was not the main speaker – Edward

Everett was.

North’s Original Plan—Anaconda PlanNavy Blockade, control Miss. River

LincolnLincoln’’s 3 Part Plan:s 3 Part Plan:(After Gettysburg)(After Gettysburg)

1. Gen. William Sherman will destroy the infrastructure of the South. Know as “Sherman’s March to the Sea.” Destroys South’s economy. Helps Lincoln get re-elected in 1864.

2. General Phillip Sheridan will destroy the breadbasket of the South. (Shenandoah Valley, Virginia)

3. General U.S. Grant will chase Lee’s army.

Lincoln’s 10% Reconstruction Plan—Dec, 1863

Expecting the war to end, Lincoln announced a plan for Reconstruction or putting the country back together. Lincoln’s plan reflected his approach, “Let ‘em up easy.” His plan was broken into 2 parts: Amnesty. All Southerners, except Confederate

leaders, could be pardoned and regain citizenship by taking an oath to support the Constitution and a proposed 13th Amendment to end slavery.

When 10% of a state’s registered voters took the oath, that state could re-establish its ties to the union.

Trench Warfare 1864-1865Trench Warfare 1864-1865

1. Lee heads back to VA—will only fight defensive war.

2. Introduces trench warfare. Cold Harbor (May-June 1864)

• Grant vs. Lee• Lee in trenches• Grant attacks, 7000 dead in 20 minutes• Grant gets nickname “the Butcher.”• Grant to use a battle of attrition

STRONG LINES OF ENTRENCHMENTS STRETCHED FOR NEARLY SEVEN MILES THROUGH THE COLD HARBOR AREA.

JUNE 1864 – PetersburgJUNE 1864 – Petersburg

LeeLee’’s men were starving/low on supplies. Needs s men were starving/low on supplies. Needs to reach a RR town, & Grant stops him every time. to reach a RR town, & Grant stops him every time. stopped the N army outside Petersburg (RR town stopped the N army outside Petersburg (RR town S of Richmond). Grant placed the city under S of Richmond). Grant placed the city under siege. Both sides dug in – trenches stretched for siege. Both sides dug in – trenches stretched for miles around the city. Lee held for 9 months.miles around the city. Lee held for 9 months.Grant built tunnel w/ explosives; the explosives Grant built tunnel w/ explosives; the explosives created a huge crater. N ran through tunnel into created a huge crater. N ran through tunnel into the crater. S surrounds crater.the crater. S surrounds crater.

Lee leaves Petersburg to re-supply & help Lee leaves Petersburg to re-supply & help Johnston fight Sherman. N takes Petersburg Johnston fight Sherman. N takes Petersburg calls it a N victory.calls it a N victory.

Significance:Significance: Signifies a change in fighting to Signifies a change in fighting to trench warfare. Lee never gets his supplies. trench warfare. Lee never gets his supplies. The chase continues until Lee is surrounded by The chase continues until Lee is surrounded by Grant at a small RR town called Appomattox. Grant at a small RR town called Appomattox.

May-Dec 1864 - ShermanMay-Dec 1864 - Sherman’’s March s March to the Seato the Sea

ShermanSherman’’s army of 60,000 marched s army of 60,000 marched through Georgia. Main goal was to through Georgia. Main goal was to destroy the RRs, but he destroyed destroy the RRs, but he destroyed everything in his path & burned Atlanta. everything in his path & burned Atlanta. After capturing part of Savannah, he After capturing part of Savannah, he moved up through S & N Carolina.moved up through S & N Carolina.

Sheridan leads a similar campaign in Sheridan leads a similar campaign in Shenandoah Valley.Shenandoah Valley.

Total Warfare needed to end war.Total Warfare needed to end war. War is hellWar is hell

Sheridan’s Shenandoah Raids Sheridan’s Shenandoah Raids

MARCH 4, 1865 – LincolnMARCH 4, 1865 – Lincoln’’s s Second Inaugural AddressSecond Inaugural Address

After winning re-election in November After winning re-election in November 1864, Lincoln called for a time of healing. 1864, Lincoln called for a time of healing. He said, He said, ““With malice toward none; with With malice toward none; with charity toward all; with firmness in the charity toward all; with firmness in the right…let us strive on to finish the work we right…let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nationare in; to bind up the nation’’s wounds…to s wounds…to do all which may achieve and cherish a do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace.just, and a lasting peace.””

APRIL 3, 1865 – The Burning of APRIL 3, 1865 – The Burning of Richmond, VirginiaRichmond, Virginia

Realizing the end of the war was near, the Realizing the end of the war was near, the S didnS didn’’t want the N to have the glory of t want the N to have the glory of taking Richmond. So they burnt their taking Richmond. So they burnt their capital to the ground. Jefferson Davis and capital to the ground. Jefferson Davis and his cabinet fled the city. Davis was later his cabinet fled the city. Davis was later caught and put in prison. After 2 years, he caught and put in prison. After 2 years, he was released and lived the rest of his life a was released and lived the rest of his life a freeman. freeman.

APRIL 9, 1865 – The Surrender at APRIL 9, 1865 – The Surrender at Appomattox CourthouseAppomattox Courthouse

Lee surrendered. Grant and the rest of Lee surrendered. Grant and the rest of the country were anxious to put the nation the country were anxious to put the nation back together. Grant went easy on Lee back together. Grant went easy on Lee and let Leeand let Lee’’s men return home unharmed. s men return home unharmed.

APRIL 14, 1865 President APRIL 14, 1865 President LincolnLincoln’’s Assassinations Assassination

President and Mrs. Lincoln attended a play President and Mrs. Lincoln attended a play at Fordat Ford’’s Theatre. During the play, S s Theatre. During the play, S sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shot the sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shot the President in the back of the head. Lincoln President in the back of the head. Lincoln died 8 hours later. Booth escaped for 2 died 8 hours later. Booth escaped for 2 weeks, but was eventually caught and weeks, but was eventually caught and killed. People on both sides were shocked killed. People on both sides were shocked and grief stricken. The S had and grief stricken. The S had surrendered, but the nation was still badly surrendered, but the nation was still badly divided. divided.

Andersonville PrisonAndersonville Prison13,000 Union soldiers died from malnutrition or disease

Term “deadline” attributed to Andersonville

Andersonville PrisonAndersonville Prison

MinieMinie’’ Ball Ball

On its way, the iron bullet expanded, On its way, the iron bullet expanded, gripping the spiral rifling and spinning so gripping the spiral rifling and spinning so tightly along its course that its range and tightly along its course that its range and accuracy were greatly increased, with accuracy were greatly increased, with fewer misfires. The effective range of a fewer misfires. The effective range of a minié bullet was from 200 to 250 yards, a minié bullet was from 200 to 250 yards, a huge improvement on earlier ammunition. huge improvement on earlier ammunition.

Amputation of a wounded Amputation of a wounded arm or leg was the most arm or leg was the most common operation, due common operation, due largely to the .58 caliber largely to the .58 caliber Minie ball ammunition used Minie ball ammunition used during the war. This heavy during the war. This heavy conical-shaped bullet of conical-shaped bullet of soft lead distorted on soft lead distorted on impact causing large, impact causing large, gaping wounds filled with gaping wounds filled with dirt and pieces of clothing. dirt and pieces of clothing. Its heavy weight shattered Its heavy weight shattered any bone it contacted. any bone it contacted. Because of the severity of Because of the severity of the wounds and the the wounds and the overwhelming case load, overwhelming case load, surgeons usually elected surgeons usually elected for fast and easy for fast and easy amputation over trying to amputation over trying to remove the bullet and save remove the bullet and save the limb. the limb.