The spanish civil war

The Spanish Civil War

                        The Spanish Civil WAr by Gema de la Torre is licensed

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The Spanish Civil War

When?

Sides:-Republicans-Rebels

International Support

How?(Phases)

Internal situation

Consequences

When?• The Coup d’état started the 17th of July 1936.

• The Spanish civil war finished on 1st April 1939.

Sides• Republicans: – Political parties loyal to the Republic.• Republican Parties (left-wing), Socialist party,

Communist party• Nationalist parties

– Anarchists, trade unions.– Progressive sectors of the army (most generals of

the Air Force and Navy).– Peasants– Lower-middle class.

Sides• Rebels: – Parties not loyal to the Republic:

• Monarchists, Carlists, Falangists, CEDA…• Republicans (Right-wing)

– Conservative sector of the army (most generals of the land army).

– The Church– Landowners– Factory owners and bankers– Upper-middle class– Later they will be called “Nationals”.

International Support• Rebels: – They were helped by the Nazi Germany and the

Fascist Italy.• Republicans:– Although they represented the legality they only

received help by the USSR.– The International Brigades

• Policy of Non-Intervention by Great Britain, France and the countries of the League of Nations.

Phases• July, 1936: at the very beginning the military uprising

triumphed in rural areas of the north and in the Spanish Morocco.

1936•They took Badajoz (Massacre of Badajoz) and advanced towards Toledo and Madrid (Madrid will resist the attacks)•At the North they took Oviedo (at the west) and San Sebastian (at the east).

1937•In the South they conquered Malaga (Massacre of “La Desbandá”)•All the North was conquered: Bilbao (bombing of Gernika), Santander and Gijón. (All the industries and mines will be controlled by the Rebels).•Republican offensives of Brunete and Belchite.

1938•The Rebels took Teruel and advanced to the coast (Castellón and Valencia) in order to isolate Catalonia.•Battle of the Ebro (with the intention of stopping the advance of the Nationals).– In this battle the Republicans were defeated and it marks

the end of any hope of winning the conflict for the Republicans.

•Conquest of Catalonia

1939•The conquest of Catalonia is completed.•After this conquest the rest of the territory will fall under the control of the Nationals•29th March they will conquer Madrid, that will surrender without resistance. •After the occupation of Madrid the rest of the regions will be controlled too:– 29th March: Ciudad Real, Jaén, Cuenca, Albacete y Almería– 30th March: Alicante and Valencia– 31st March: The last cities that surrendered were

Cartagena and Murcia.

•1st April 1939 Franco announced the end of the war.

Internal SituationRepublican Side•This side underwent a period of revolution with collectivization of the land and industry.•There was also a strong anticlericalism and persecution of any one accused of collaborationism.•There was a strong division and confrontation the anarchists and the communists. This confrontation will weaken the government.The last governments were:The government of Largo Caballero (Socialist)The government of Juan Negrín (pro-communist)

Internal SituationNational Side•All the Republican reforms were stopped•Repression was used to finish with any opposition. •Franco managed to get all the power and unify all the factions under his rule.•He was named the leader of the only political party that was permitted: “Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS (Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista”.•The deaths of General Sanjujo, General Mola and Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera are going to appoint him as the best positioned leader.

Consequences Humanitarian consequences:

Almost 400.000 people died 350.000 political exiles (that will establish in refugee

camps) 100.000 missing people (Spain is the second country of

the world after Cambodia with more missing people). Different Massacres suffered by civilians:

Massacre in Badajoz: between 1.800 and 4.000 peopled died under the orders of General Yagüe.

Massacre of the road Málaga – Almería: between 3000 and 5000 civilians died.

Massacre in Málaga: 4000 people executed Bombings of Gernika, Lérida, Madrid, Barcelona… Repressions suffered in both sides.

Economic Consequences:• Destruction of infrastructures, land fields,

factories, economic debt… Cultural Consequences:• Cultural Impoverishment due to the control of

traditional sectors and the Church, and also due to the exile of many artists, intellectuals and scientists.

Moral Consequences:• The end of the Republic will also imply the end of

any hope in the modernisation of Spain. A long dictatorship will start And also a period of international isolation.

Último parte de guerra del 1 de Abril de 1939:

«En el día de hoy, cautivo y desarmado el Ejército Rojo, han alcanzado las tropas nacionales sus últimos objetivos militares. La guerra ha terminado». Generalísimo Franco, Burgos 1º Abril 1939.