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Slide 1
The South and the West Transformed (1865-1900) Chapter 8
Slide 2
The New South New industries spread throughout the South In the
1880s, northern money backed textile factories in western North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as well as cigar and lumber
production, especially in North Carolina and Virginia. Farming
became more diversified with an increase in grain, tobacco, and
fruit crops. Small farms were replacing large plantations.
Railroads link cities and towns Southerners lobbied the federal
government for economic help and used prison labor to keep railroad
construction costs down. Rail expansions were linking together the
southern cities, not just in urban areas, but rural as well.
Slide 3
The New South Southern Economic Recovery is Limited Despite
many changes in the South, the southern economy was lagging behind
the rest of the country. The North was able to build on its strong
industrial base, whereas the South needed to repair damages of war.
The South had plenty of natural resources but lacked labor and
capital investment. The South spent less than any other part of the
country on education and it lacked technical and engineering
schools. Low wages discouraged skilled workers from coming down to
the South. Most of the Souths wealth was concentrated in the hands
of a few people. They lacked strong banks with strong
investments.
Slide 4
Southern Farmers Face Hard Times Cotton Dominates Agriculture
The lure of cash crops did not encourage diversity on farms. Cotton
remained the centerpiece of the southern agricultural economy.
Prices, however, fell due to European competitors and the massive
abundance of cotton in the South The boll weevil, a beetle which
destroys cotton, appeared in Texas in the 1890s. Over the next
decade, the yield from cotton cultivation in some states dropped by
more than 50 percent. Farmers Band Together Beginning in the 1870s
farmers were coming together to try to gain lower prices for
supplies Local organizations linked together in what will become
known as the Farmers Alliance which soon connected farmers not only
in the South but also in the West. Alliance members sought to
convince the government to force railroads to lower freight prices
so members could get their crops to markets outside the South at
reduced rates. The Alliances also wanted the government to regulate
the interest that banks could charge for loans.
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Slide 6
Black Southerners Gain and Lose Political and Economic Gains
Citizenship afforded black southerners the right to vote in local
and federal elections, and for a few African Americans it provided
the means to serve the country in government or in the military.
Some African Americans opened urban businesses or bought farmland.
Farmers Alliances invited African Americans to join offering
interracial cooperation. An important gain for African Americans
was the access to education. Hundreds of schools in the South
enabled African Americans to read and write.
Slide 7
Black Southerners Gain and Lose White Backlash Begins Some
white southerners focused their own frustrations on trying to
reverse the gains African Americans had achieved during
Reconstruction. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan used violence and
terror. Churches became segregated. New laws supported the
elimination of black government officials. Congresss enactment of
the Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed black patrons the right to
ride on trains and use public facilities such as hotels. However, a
series of Supreme Court cases in 1883, ruled that decisions of
public accommodations was a local issue. Areas in the South will
take advantage of this ruling to limit African American rights.
(Separate but equal)
Slide 8
Westward Expansion and the American Indians Cultures Under
Pressure By the end of the American Civil War, about 250,000 Native
Americans lived in the region west of the Mississippi River
referred to as The Great American Desert. Native American tribes
such as the Klamaths, Chinooks, Shastas, Sioux, Blackfeet, Crows,
Cheyenne, and Comanches, all had different cultures and different
diets. They did have one thing in common though; they saw
themselves as part of nature and viewed nature as sacred. By
contrast many white people viewed Indian land as a resource to
produce wealth. These differing views will lead to conflict.
Slide 9
Slide 10
American Indians Threats by Advancing Settlers In the early
1800s, the government carried out a policy of moving Native
Americans out of the way of white settlers. President Jackson
originally moved many tribes out to the west. The land out west was
originally thought to be uninhabitable. However, with the discovery
of gold and silver, Americans wanted to push west. The creation of
the Transcontinental Railroad made many Americans wanting to cross
the continent. In 1851, the federal government began to restrict
Native Americans to smaller areas and by the late 1860s, Native
Americans were forced onto reservations or specific areas set aside
by the government for Native American use. No longer free to roam
the Plains, Indians faced suppression and poverty. White settlers
introduced Indians to new diseases and killed a lot of the buffalo
in the west.
Slide 11
New Settlers and Native Americans Clash The rapid industrial
development and expansion following the Civil War set Native
Americans and white settlers on a collision course. Native
Americans inhabited half of the area of the United States. Violence
occurs in the Plains with a group of Sioux Indians, who resisted
threats to their land in Minnesota in 1862. The Sioux would attack
white settlements. In the fall of 1864, a band of Colorado militia
came upon an unarmed camp of Native Americans at Sand Creek and
killed several men, women, and children. This became known as the
Sand Creek Massacre. Once the Civil War ended, regiments of Union
troops both white and African American were sent to the West to
subdue the Native Americans. Recruitment posters for volunteer
cavalry promised that soldiers could claim any horses or other
plunder taken from the Native Americans. The federal government
defended its decision to send troops as necessary to maintain
order.
Slide 12
Slide 13
New Settlers and Native Americans Clash The United States
Indian Peace Commission concluded that lasting peace would only
come if Native Americans settled on farms and adapted to the
civilization of whites. Native Americans would get federal money
mismanaged by government and several peace plans/treaties were
broken.
Slide 14
Lasting Battles of the Indian Wars The Red River War led to the
final defeat of the powerful southern Plains Indians. It marked the
end of the southern buffalo herds and the opening of the western
Texas panhandle for white settlement. The lure of gold led to the
defeat of the Indians in the northern Plains. The Black Hills Gold
Rush of 1875 drew prospectors into Sioux hunting grounds in the
Dakotas and Montana. The Sioux assembled by Crazy Horse and Sitting
Bull sought to drive the white settlers out. The U.S. Army sent in
troops of their own. In June 1976, General George Custer and his
U.S. Cavalry went near Little Bighorn River in modern day Montana.
Custer and his men were outnumbered by Native Americans 2,000-250.
Crazy Horse led the charge known as the Battle of Little Big Horn,
killing Custer and all of his men. Cries for revenge motivated army
forces to track down the Indians. Sitting Bull and a small group of
followers escaped to Canada. Crazy Horse and his followers
surrendered, beaten by weather and starvation.
Slide 15
Slide 16
Lasting Battles of the Indian Wars In 1877, the federal
government sought to move the Nez Perce's in Idaho to a smaller
reservation to make room for more white settlers. Trying to evade
federal troops the Nez Perce leader Chief Joseph and his group of
refugees tried to escape to Canada. Stopped just short of the
border they surrendered. Banished with his group to a barren
reservation in Oklahoma, Chief Joseph traveled twice to Washington
DC to lobby for mercy for his people.
Slide 17
Lasting Battles of the Indian Wars With the loss of many
leaders and the destruction of their economy, Native Americans
ability to resist diminished. In response many Native Americans
welcomed a religious revival called the Ghost Dance. As the
popularity of the movement continued many government officials
became concerned as to where it may lead. In 1890, in an effort to
curtail these activities, the government ordered the arrest of
Sitting Bull. In the confrontation, he and several others were
killed. Troops then set out after the group of Indians as they
fled. Hostilities broke out at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, when the
federal cavalry killed more than 100 men, women, and children. The
tragic end to the Ghost Dance War at Wounded Knee sealed the
Indians demise.
Slide 18
Slide 19
The Government Promotes Assimilation The reservation policy was
a failure. Making Indians live in confined areas as wards of the
government was costly in human and economic terms. Policy makers
hoped that as buffalo became extinct, Indians would become farmers
and be assimilated into national life by adopting the culture and
civilization of whites. In 1871, Congress passes a law stating the
no Indian nation or tribe within the United States would be
recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the
United States may contract a treaty. Indians were now to be treated
as individuals. Congress passes the Dawes General Allotment Act
which replaces the reservation system with an allotment system.
Each Indian family was granted a 160-acre farmstead. The Dawes Act
specified the family could not sell or transfer the land for 25
years. To further speed assimilation, missionaries and reformers
established boarding schools, to which Indian parents were
encouraged to send their children.
Slide 20
Transforming the West Mining towns spring up, especially in the
Sierra Nevada region to the Black Hills region. The discovery of
gold and silver can be credited to the surge of people, even in
areas like Pikes Peak, Colorado and the Carson River valley in
Nevada. Vigilantes were self-appointed law enforcers in the west.
Some towns would be boom towns meaning they would only last as long
as the gold/silver was present. Large companies turned mining into
a big business.
Slide 21
Transforming the West The Transcontinental Railroad was a rail
link between the East and the West once joined together it
increased the population in the west and sped up travel times of
supplies. Ranchers in the west used the open-range system, where
property was not fenced in. They would round up their cattle when
necessary. Rodeo sports are developed during this time as well as
cow ranches. The invention of the barbed wire would put an end to
the open range system.
Slide 22
Slide 23
Transforming the West Under the Homestead Act which offered
farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for
five years, created many settled areas in the west. New plows made
farming easier and many trained farmers went to agricultural
colleges established by the Morrill Act. There would often be
conflicts between miners, ranchers, sheepherders, and farmers in
land disputes that would sometimes lead to violence. A resource
commonly fought over would be water. Discrimination would be
present in the west as racial slurs would be created for certain
ethnic groups based on the work they did. In 1890, the western
frontier was declared closed. The frontier was meant to be vacant,
uninhabitable land. However, in 1890, there were families living in
every area of the west.