THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE I. How are evolutionary relationships determined? – Structural similarities Homologous structures? – Breeding behavior – Geographical.

THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE

• I. How are evolutionary relationships determined?– Structural similarities• Homologous structures?

– Breeding behavior– Geographical distribution– Chromosome comparisons– Biochemistry• DNA sequences, proteins

II. Phylogenetic Classification

• Phylogeny:– The evolutionary history of a species

• Cladistics:– Biological classification system based on

phylogeny

• Cladogram:– A model of the phylogeny of a species– Similar to a pedigree

Cladogram

II. Phylogenetic Classification

• Fanlike Model:– Unlike a cladogram, fanlike model communicates

the time organisms became extinct or the relateive number of species in a group

– Also incorporates fossil information and information gained from anatomical, embryological, genetic, and cladistic studies

• Page 454-455 in textbook

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS

• A. Prokaryotes• Unicellular• Lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles• Heterotrophs• Autotrophs– Chemosynthetic– Photosynthetic

• Archaebacteria, Eubacteria

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS

• A. Prokaryotes• 1. Archaebacteria– Have different ribosomal DNA compared to other

prokaryotes– Live in extreme, harsh environments

• 2. Eubacteria– Include most bacterias and cyanobacteria

(photosynthetic)

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS

• B. Protists• protist: eukaryote that lacks complex organ

systems and lives in moist environments• Unicellular & multicellular• Animal-like heterotrophs• Plant-like autotrophs• Fungus-like heterotrophs

Protists

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS

• C. Fungi: Earth’s Decomposers• Fungus: unicellular/multicellular eukaryote

that absorbs nutrients from organic material in environment (dead/decaying material)

Fungi

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS

• D. Plants: Multicellular Oxygen Producers• Multicellular• Photosynthetic• Eukaryotic• Contain chloroplasts and cell walls composed

of cellulose• 250,000 known species including mosses,

ferns, and evergreens

Plants

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS

• E. Animals: Multicellular Consumers• Multicellular• Heterotrophs• No cell walls• Cells tissues organs organ systems• Have organ systems such as:– Nervous, circulatory, and muscular systems

Animals

How To Remember The 6 Kingdoms?

• AE/P/FPA– A: Archaebacteria– E: Eubacteria– P: Protists– F: Fungi– P: Plants– A: Animals

• Moneran Kingdom: = Archaea and Eubacteria